istoria saertasoriso literaturuli -...

1

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

qarTuli literatura

istoria saerTaSoriso literaturuli

procesebis prizmaSi

(Suasaukuneebidan postsabWoTa epoqamde)

nawili II

Tbilisi2016

2

UDC(uak)

aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis

erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis

`qarTuli literatura da msoflio literaturuli

procesi~ (proeqti № 31/55) farglebSi.

redaqtoriirma ratiani

saredaqcio kolegia:ivane amirxanaSvilimaka elbaqiZegaga lomiZe

operator-damkabadonebeliTinaTin duglaZe

Yydis dizainerirevaz mirianaSvili

wignis saredaqcio kolegia madlobas uxdis mxatvar levan WoRoS-vils gamocemaSi misi namuSevrebis gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis. aseve, madlobas movaxsenebT baton Tengiz mirzaSvilis ojaxs mxat-vris namuSevris – `Semodgoma~ wignSi gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis.

gamomcemloba `saari~, 2016

ISBN 978-9941-461-25-5 (orive tomis)978-9941-461-27-9 (II tomis)

3

Sinaarsi

gaga lomiZeqarTuli romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti.....................................................................5

irma ratianirealizmis literaturuli modeli qarTul mwerlobaSi....................................................31

bela wifuriamodernizmi – kulturuli da literaturuli stili...............................................................47

konstantine bregaZe qarTuli literaturuli modernizmissociokulturuli, esTetikuri da poetologiuri konteqstebi....................................................71

inga milorava qarTuli modernistuli proza..............................................92

gaga lomiZesimbolizmi da avangardizmi saqarTveloSi.....................111

maia jaliaSvilisocialisturi realizmi rogorc diskursi......................................................................149

irma ratianiqarTuli mwerloba kulturuli izolaciis winaaRmdeg..............................................................164

4

manana kvaWantiraZeneorealizmis dasavluri modeli daqarTuli liberaluri diskursi..........................................181

irma ratianiTanamedrove qarTuli poeziis formireba.......................211

Tamar ciciSvili, irine modebaZe`feriscvalebis molodinSi~ (80-ani wlebis `axalgazrduli~ qarTuli proza)..........................................................................221

pirTa saZiebeli..............................................................................241

5

gaga lomiZe

qarTuli romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

termini `romantizmi~ me-18 saukuneSi `warmosaxulis~, `fantastikuris~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda da ukavSirde-boda sityva `romans~*. Tavdapirvelad `romani~ romelime romanul enaze daweril Txzulebas ewodeboda. me-18 sauku-nidan es sityva inglisur literaturaSi Suasaukuneebisa da aRorZinebis xanis literaturis aRniSnavs. am periodSi `romantikuli~ niSnavda araCveulebrivs, saidumloebiT moculs, saswaulebrivs, fantastiurs – imas, rac `raciona-lur~ upirispirdeboda.

romantizmis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba samyaros wina-aRmdegobriobas, rac aucileblobasa da arsebuls, idealsa da sinamdviles Soris ufskruls gulisxmobs. ganmanaTle-blobis mier SemoTavazebuli idealebis ganuxorcieleb-lobis gamo, romantizmma SeimuSava sinamdvilis dagmobis da idealebis samyaroSi Caketvis pozicia. swored aqedan momdinareobs ori samyaros arsebobis aRiareba romantiko-sebis mxridan. amitomac cdiloben romantikosi avtorebi, rom winaaRmdegobebi xilul samyaroSi ki ar moarigon, aramed mTlianad warmosaxvebis samyaroSi gadainacvlon. amgvarad, romantizmis mTavari principia ori samyaros aRiareba: re-aluris da warmosaxuli samyaroebis dapirispireba.

sinamdvilis simyifis da warmavlobis aRiarebam roman-tizmis esTetikaSi ararealuris da fantastikuris kulti daamkvidra. romantikosTa azriT, mSvenieria is, rac ar xi-lul sinamdviles scdeba da fantastiuris sferoSia. nova-lisi werda: `me mgonia, rom Cemi sulis mdgomareobas yvelaze kargad zRaparSi gamovxatav, yvelaferi zRaparia~.

* liriuli da sagmiro saqmeebis amsaxveli simRera espaneTSi da raindebis Tavgadasavalze agebuli epikuri poema. liriuli da sagmiro saqmeebis am-saxveli simRera espaneTSi da raindebis Tavgadasavalze agebuli epikuri poema.

6

ganmanaTleblobiseuli samyaros meqanistur models sa-fuZvlad edo galilei-niutonis bunebismetyveleba. is ro-mantizmiseulma dinamikurma modelma Caanacvla.

`romantizmis moZRvreba absolutis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTulia ganmanaTleblebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-li deizmis winaaRmdeg. am filosofiur-Teologiuri do-qtrinis Tanaxmad, RmerTi, marTalia, qmnis samyaros, magram Semdeg aRar ereva masSi mimdinare procesebSi. deiste-bis sayvareli analogia iyo RmerTis Sedareba mesaaTesTan, romelic amzadebs saaTs, magram Semdeg es saaTi ostatisgan damoukideblad agrZelebs muSaobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxo-lod meqanikuri kanonebiT aixsneba. swored aseve samyaro, marTalia, RvTis qmnilebaa, magram igi SeiZleba mTlianad meqanikuri kanonebiT aixsnas. amrigad, ganmanaTleblebi, garkveuli azriT, erTmaneTisgan wyvetdnen RmerTs da sam-yaros. amis sapirispirod romantizmis filosofia Teizmis poziciaze dgas~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 13).

romantizmis warmoSobis winapirobebi da mizezebi

am mimdinareobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Taviseburi gamov-lineba hqonda, vinaidan is araerTgvarovani ideuri, socia-luri da literaturuli movlenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. dasavleT evropuli romantizmis socialuri foni safran-geTis didi revolucia iyo, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi igi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobas daukavSirda, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ki erovnuli TviTdamkvidreb-is niSniT viTardeboda. amave dros, germanuli romantizmi fixtes idealuri filosofiis gavlenas ganicdida, frangu-li romantizmi ki rusos moZRvrebaTa safuZvelze aRmocenda.

romantizmma umaRles safexurs miaRwia evropuli revo-luciebis da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis xa-naSi, xolo misma Teoriulma safuZvlebma gavlena iqonia me-19 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis aRorZi-nebisken swrafvaze.

7

safrangeTis revoluciis marcxma imedgacrueba gamo-iwvia. revolucia, romelsac maRali idealebi asuldgmu-lebda, bolos terorsa da ZaladobaSi gadaizarda. jer revoluciis dros daingra Zveli, TiTqosda racionalurad organizebuli samyaro (romelsac vxedavdiT klasicistebis SemoqmedebaSi), xolo Semdeg is idealebic, romlebiTac re-volucia sazrdoobda, magram romlebic sinamdvileSi ganu-xorcielebeli aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive is, rac aqamde myarad da udavod miiCneoda, azri da avtoriteti dakarga. aRmoCnda, rom samyaro maradiuli qmnadobis procesia.

romantizmis Teoria ukavSirdeba Zmebi Slegelebisa da Selingis naazrevs. swored maT SeimuSaves am mimdinareobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. me-18 saukunis bolos, maT Tanamed-rove xelovneba klasicistur xelovnebas daupirispires – ase gaCnda romantikulisa da klasikuris opozicia, romelic mTels evropaSi popularuli gaxada frangma mweralma da moazrovnem J. de stalma.

romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori samyaros arse-bobis aRiareba, sadac xelovneba Semoqmedebis umaRles sfe-rodaa miCneuli. ase iyo klasicizmSic, magram klasicizmi aRiarebda danawilebebs – erTi mxriv, arsebobs yoveldRi-uroba da meore mxriv – arsebobs xelovneba. isini sulac ar unda iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. romantikosebTan potenciuri aqtualuri xdeba. es aris erTgvarad kantise-uli SekiTxvis gadaazrebis interpretaciebi: ra mimarTebaa arssa da movlenas Soris? es aris sakiTxis xelaxali for-mulireba, sakiTxis, romelic me-17 saukuneSi, barokos xanaSi iyo aqtualuri: iyo raime da Tavi moaCveno raimed.

amitomac romantizmis Teoria gulisxmobs da moiTxovs imas, rom cxovreba da xelovneba erTi iyos. amitomac iyo, rom imdroindeli poetebi (baironi, lermontovi) demonebs TamaSobdnen sinamdvileSi, riTac sazogadoebriv normebs upirispirdebodnen.

romantizmis xanis Semoqmedebi da moazrovneebi TiTqos Suasaukuneebis moazrovneebis msgavsad, sicocxlis Semdgom

8

arsebobaSi xedaven potenciuris da aqtualuris Tanxvedris ganxorcielebas, radgan am dros ukve Cven da Cveni potenci-uri SesaZleblobebi verTiandebiT. Selingis azriT, absolu-ti aris obieqtisa da subieqtis sruli identoba. absoluti SelingTan xasiaTdeba, rogorc erTgvari arara, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs yvela SesaZlo potencias. samyaros yve-la movlena, yovelive obieqturi da subieqturi, gaiazreba, rogorc am potenciebis gaSla. `absoluti aris `SekumSuli~ samyaro, xolo samyaro – gaSlili absoluti. Tavisi Sinagani aucileblobidan gamomdinare, absoluti unda gaiSalos, ga-davides samyaroSi da misi yvela safexuris gavliT daubrun-des sakuTar Tavs. esaa absolutis gagebis umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelic saerToa hegelTan da romantikosebTan~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 13-14)

hofmani socialuri cxovrebis gameorebiTobis autan-lobaze gvesaubreba Tavis zRaprebSi. mas yoveldRiurobis avtomatizebulobis Tema Semoaqvs. magram mis samyaroSi, paralelurad, fantasmagoriuli rameebic xdeba. magaliTad, mis mier aRweril drezdenSi vaSlis gamyidveli qalebi si-namdvileSi kudianebi aRmoCndebian. amiT is igulisxmeba, rom Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi mudmivad iWreba raRac, romelsac axsna ar aqvs.

hofmaniseul samyaros tragikulobis ieric aqvs. arse-bobs yoveldRiuroba da, aseve, arsebobs idealebis samyaro, sadac Cveni potencialebi imaleba. tragikuloba imaSia, rom adamians ar SeuZlia imis zustad gansazRvra, ramdenad re-aluria es yvelaferi. iqneb es yvelaferi misi warmosaxvis nayofia. hofmaniseul samyaroSi erTmaneTs xvdeba yovel-dRiurobis autanloba da uamrav SesaZleblobaTa samyaro, romlis Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT araferi viciT – arsebobs Tu ara is sinamdvileSi. amitomac erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba daupirispirdes socialuri cxovrebis, yoveldRiurobis autanlobas – fantaziaa.

klasicisturi literaturis gmirs romantikosebma me-ocnebe daupirispires, gonebas – grZnobebis da warmosaxvis

9

kulti. moTxrobaSi `qviSis kaci~, romelic leo delibis ba-let `kopelias~ daedo safuZvlad, hofmani mogviTxrobs ro-mantikosi axalgazrda naTanielis Sesaxeb, romelic mezobe-li olimpiaTi moixibleba. bolos ki aRmoCndeba, rom olimpia adamiani ki ara, Tojinaa. aris amaSic erTgvari ironia. Tavisi SemoqmedebiT, hofmani gveubneba, rom adamianebSi miRmuri bunebis Zieba SeiZleba Cveni fantazirebis survilidan mo-diodes da sinamdvileSi SeiZleba yvelaferi sxvanairadaa.

renesansis xanaSi individualuri cnobierebisTvis auci-lebelia “me” da misi, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis aRi-areba. sazogadoeba mTlianad mainc koleqtiuria am dros da Suasaukuneobrivi avtoritetebiT cxovrobs. ganmanaTleb-lobis xanaSi ukve idealebs dabali fena, masa ukveTavs da inividualuri cnobierebac koleqtiuri, masobrivi xdeba. mogvianebiT adamiani acnobierebs sakuTar individualobas. am dros adamiani or mocemulobas Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is e.w. `socialuri cxovelia~, romelic sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi wesebiT cxovrobs, magram amiT adamiani cxovelTa samyaros-gan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba. meore mxriv – adamians aqvs ise-Ti ram, rac ar aqvT cxovelebs da esaa kultura. adamianebs undaT ara marto bednierebi iyvnen, akeTon is, rac maT sixa-ruls mianiWebs, aramed maT kiTxvebic uCndebaT – ratom aris esa Tu is movlena konkretuli saxis; saidan modis yvelaferi da a.S. aqedan samyaro SefasebiT xasiaTs iRebs – Cveni saubar-ic SefasebiTia TiTqmis yovelTvis. amitomacaa adamiani dilemis winaSe. kanonebi, romlebic fizikur sferos, Cvens instinqtebs aregulirebs, gansxvavdeba imisgan, romlebic Cvens saazrovno saqmianobas ganapirobebs.

romantizmSi mikro da makro kosmosi, iseve rogorc Si-nagani da garegani, erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. es daax-loeba yvelaze kargad gadmocemulia novalisis aforizmSi: `Cemi satrfo miniaturaSi mocemuli samyaroa, xolo samyaro ganvrcobili Cemi satrfoa~. novalisis Tanaxmad, samyaros ori dapirispirebuli rigidan (Sinagani-garegani, obieqturi-subieqturi, mikrokosmosi-makrokosmosi) erTi meoris aRm-

10

niSvnelia. `samyaro SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Tav-iseburi kosmiuri ena, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba vwvdeT imas, rac Cveulebrivi enisTvis dafarulia (Sdr. baraTaSvi-lis: `mwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo~)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 15)

potencialobis sakiTxi

ZvelberZnuli cnobierebisTvis da kulturisTvis ar-sebobs ukve miRweulis, ganxorcielebulis gageba. raimes Canafiqri, dapireba – maTTvis araaqtualuria. heroikuli tragedia klasicizmSi, aseve, ganxorcielebuls aniWebda upiratesobas. erTi mxriv, cxadia – aqtualuria is, rac gan-xorcielda, magram meore mxriv, cxovrebaSi aris dafaruli raRac, rac aseve mniSvnelovania. es aris yofierebis sisru-le, romelic potencialobisgan Sedgeba. adamianSi mocemu-lia garkveuli potenciali imTaviTve, magram garemo pirobeb-ma unda Seuwyos mas xeli, rom ganxorcieldes es yvelaferi. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ojaxs, skolas, radganac cxovreba SemTxveviTobebis nakrebia.

magram sad arian adamianebi, romlebsac imTaviTve po-tenciali qondaT, magram sxva gziT warimarTa maTi cxovreba da ver ganxorcielda maTi potenciali? amaze romantikosebi ityvian: is, rac adamianma ver moaxerxa, rom socialur sinam-dvileSi ganexorcielebina, mis Sinagan arsebaSi ganagrZobs sicocxles da mis arsebaSive ixrwneba. maTi azriT, samyaros Sefaseba mxolod imis mixedviT, rac ganxorcielda, uaz-robaa. amitomac isini moiTxoven ara marto mocemuli so-cialuri sinamdvilis ganxilvas, aramed nebismieri sociumi, iseve rogorc adamiani, bevrad metia, vidre am socialur mo-cemulobaSi, sinamdvileSi vlindeba da xorcieldeba. imitom, rom maTi azriT, arsebobs raRac maradiuli suli, romelic ama Tu im konkretuli formis saxiT xorcieldeba. magali-Tad, es suli ganxorcielda, vTqvaT, baraTaSvilSi, romel-sac `miesaja~, rom baraTaSvili yofiliyo da ise ecxovra,

11

rogorc mocemul sinamdvileSi eZleoda saSualeba. magram TviTonac grZnobda, rom mocemul sinamdvileSi mas ar eZ-leoda Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis sa-Sualeba da es potenciuroba mudmivad wina planze gamodis misi arsebidan. is amis demonstrirebas axdenda kidec sazoga-doebis winaSe, misi skandaluri bunebac aqedan momdinareobs. magaliTad, iuri lotmani baironze saubrisas wers: ̀ dendizm-ma romantikuli amboxis elferi miiRo. is maRali sazogado-ebisTvis Seuracxmyofel qcevis eqstravagantulobasa da romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel romantikul kultze iyo orientirebuli. maRali sazogadoebisTvis Seuracxmyofeli qcevis manera, Jestebis `uxamsi~ siTamame, aSkara Sokingi – maRali wris mier dawesebuli akrZalvebis yvela forma poet-urad aRiqmeboda. cxovrebis amgvari niri damaxasiaTebeli iyo baironisTvis~ (lotmani 1994: 29).

igive niSnebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qarTuli romantiz-mis liderTan, baraTaSvilTanac. fixte werda, rom adamianis CaxSobili buneba wina planze gamodis da gzad yvelafers an-adgurebs. adamianuri buneba javrs iyris yvelaferze, rac mas axSobs. es yvelaferi Zalian uaxlovdeba froidiseul anTropologiur models. albaT amitomac, ojaxSi, despoti mamisgan daTrgunuli, jer skolaSi da megobar-Tanatolebis wreSi ixarjeboda, xolo Semdeg TbilisSi gamarTul wveu-lebebze. albaT, misi cvalebadi xasiaTic aqedan momdina-reobda – zogjer metismetad mxiaruli yofila da ucbad moiwyenda xolme, fiqrSi gaerToboda. leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts ax-senebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!./ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/ Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqonebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTvaliswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive su-peregoa, sadac iseve rogorc `tyis mefeSi~ (goeTe) tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cdune-

12

ba da tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da meore mxriv – superegomde mivyavarT. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebisken drostarebisadmi mis midrekile-baSi aisaxeba da Tan, poeziaSi – rogorc represirebuli fan-taziebis realizebis asparezSi. romantizmSi xom represire-buli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT vlindeba.

baraTaSvilis wregadasuli garTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebs araerTi wyaro gadmogvcems. celq, mousvenar, emociur, ena-maxvil baraTaSvils yvela erideboda. mis biografiaSi iyo erTi duelic – saqarTveloSi gamarTul duelebs Soris pirveli, romlis Sesaxebac aris mosazreba, rom garkveul wres poetis mokvla hqonda gadawyvetili, Tumca amis dama-dasturebeli utyuari sabuTi ar arsebobs. arc erTi qor-wili, RamisTeva, Sekreba ar imarTeboda TbilisSi, sadac axalgazrda poets ar naxavdiT. Tumca es arcaa gasakviri, warCinebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlis, SesaniSnavi gamrTobis, banqos azartulad moTamaSisa da mocekvavisTvis xom yvelas saxlis kari Ria iqneboda. Tumca mesame klasSi, baraTaSvili gimnaziis kibidan gadmovarda da orive fexi moitexa, Zlivs gamojanmrTelda da mTeli darCenili sicocxle koWlobda, riTac bedisweram bairons daamsgavsa. rogorc Cans, araer-Txel gamxdara miTqma-moTqmis obieqti da arc TviTon ixevda ukan. saRamo ise ar gaivlida, sam-oTx ojaxs ar swveoda da ambebi da Worebi ar gamoetana iqedan. baraTaSvili mudmivi stumari da mxiarulebis Semtani iyo yvelgan. am Sekrebebze TamaSobda banqos, moilxenda, xumrobda, earSiyeboda qalebs. mogvianebiT TviTonve werda erT megobars: `mxolod tfili-sis saucxovo saRamoebi gamomacocxleben xolme!~

magram misi poezia da sxva werilebi sruliad gansxvave-bul baraTaSvils gviCveneben – gulCaTxrobils, sevdians, martosuls, baironis msgavsad. TiTqos orives mobezrda amqveyniuri amaoeba. oRond bairons yvelaferi nanaxi aqvs, yvela ocneba ausrulda da bunebasTan ganmartoebas amitom eswrafvis. baraTaSvilisTvis mtkvris piras ganmartoeba an mTawmindaze xetiali ki `suliT oblobiTaa~ gamowveuli.

13

erT werilSi wers kidec: `guSin, erT saRamois dros, wa-vedi saxetialod. uecrad sasaflaozed gavCndi. marTali giTxra, cota ar iyos, gavocdi, aq dasadgurebuls idu-malobas rom Sevxede: Ramis 11 saaTia, arc erTi sulieri ar WaWanobs. irgvliv saukuno araraobaa; mimqralebuli mTvare mowyeniT danaTis sasaflaoebs, rogorc cxedarTan dadgmu-li mbJutavi sanTeli. Cumad da nelad moRelavs mtkvari, TiTqo eSinian am daRvremil midamos myudroebis darRvevao. mSvenieri mogonilia sasaflao, miucilebelia igi, raTa mok-vdavma waikiTxos iq Tavis cxovrebis ambavi: nugeSi ubedurTa aris bednierebis dasasruli~.

rodesac Cveni `me~ ver ixsneba im socialur CarCoebSi, romelic gveZleva, iwyeba e.w. msoflio sevda; sevda imis Se-saxeb, rac mocemulobaSi ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, vinaidan mocemuloba sazRvrulia.

romantizmis Tanaxmad, adamiani unda eswrafvodes miR-murs, absoluturs. magram, Tavisi sasrulobis gamo, aras-dros ZaluZs misi miRweva. romantizmi aris `ubeduri cnobiereba~ (hegeli), romelsac Tavisi arsebobis mizani usasrulobaSi, grZnobadi samyaros miRma egulvis da kargad esmis, rom is miuRwevelia. amave dros, ar SeuZlia, rom am mi-uRweveli miznisken ar iltvodes: `raRac umaRlesi sibrZne gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobam did SecdomaSi Cavardnis gamo samSoblo dakarga. amdenad misi miwieri yofnis daniSnuleba isaa, rom ukan (dakarguli samSoblosken) unda iswrafodes, sadamde miRwevasac Tavis Tavs mindobili adamiani ver axer-xebs. aqedan warmodgeba maTi (axali drois xalxebis) poezi-is ltolva am or samyaros – grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis – SeerTebisken, romelTa Sorisac vmoZraobT~, – werda avgust Slegeli. romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi, `miwieri~ da `ciuri~ samyaroebis dapirispire-bis gageba. (kacitaZe ... 2012: 32)

am SemTxvevaSi adamians mxsnelad warmosaxva evlineba. adamiani eswrafvis imas, rasac sasrulobis gamo ver aRwevs, magram, amave dros, masTan miaxloeba mas warmosaxvis saSu-alebiT SeuZlia.

14

amis paralelurad Cndeba romantikuli ironia, rac imis dacinvas gulisxmobs, rom samyaros ar gaaCnia ama Tu im ada-mianis potencialis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebis unari. imavdroulad, es TviTironiacaa. esaa Tavdacvis meqanizmi ganuxorcielebeli sinamdvilis mimarT.

romantizms ar uyvars xasiaTi (vinaidan is gulisxmobs ganxorcielebuls), mas uyvars lirika, sulis poezia. misT-vis damaxasiaTebelia infantilizmi. sezonuri metafora rom gamoviyenoT, is axalgazrdobasaviTaa, sanam bevri SesaZleb-lobebidan arcerTi ar ganxorcielebula jer da mis winaSe bevri potenciuri SesaZleblobaa. qarTuli romantizmic am konceptis nawilia.

qarTuli romantizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. dodaSvili da baraTaSvili

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli romantizmis msoflmxed-velobrivi safuZvlebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis solomon dodaSvils – pirovnebas, romel-mac didi roli iTamaSa nikoloz baraTaSvilis cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze da romelic cnobilia, rogorc 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi monawile da organizatori.

cnobilia, rom dodaSvilis naazrevSi bevri saerTo ik-veTeba Selingis da Zmebi Slegelebis naazrevTan. Tumca mas mainc `pirveli qarTveli kantianelis~ saxeliT moixsenieben. 1827 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli naSromi `logika~ kan-tis filosofiis erTgvari interpretacia da qarTul nia-dagze misi danergva, an misi saSualebiT sakuTari filoso-fiuri sistemis Seqmnaa.

zogadad, germanul idealistur filosofiasTan solo-mon dodaSvilis naazrevis Tanxvedra aSkaraa.

dodaSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs bunebis da adami-anur `me~-s: `azrovnebis TviT Tavdapirvel moqmedebaSic ki naTlad SevicnobT, rom me aris me da ara-me (buneba) aris ara-

15

me, rogorc amas fixte ambobs~. bunebisa da `me~-s erTmaneTis-gan gamijvna ukve gulisxmobs mzeris mobrunebas gareganidan Sinaganisken, sakuTari Tavis Semecnebisken da sulieri har-moniis miRwevisken swrafvas. swored aq iwyeba TviTSemecne-bis procesi: `filosofia rom viswavloT, saWiroa filoso-fosoba, filosofosoba ki niSnavs yuradReba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, CavwvdeT Cvens Tavs, raTa gamovicnoT da gavigoT TviT Cveni Tavi da amiT CvenSi da Cvens irgvliv simSvide da-vamyaroT. yuradReba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, niSnavs, ganvaye-noT igi yovelive imisgan, rac Cven ar gvekuTvnis: es xdeba, roca azrobrivad ganveyenebiT yovelive garegnuls da TviT Cvens Tavs warvmarTavT martooden Sinaganisken. CavwvdeT Cvens Tavs niSnavs – guldasmiT vifiqroT CvenSi mimdinare Sinagan movlenebze, vaqcioT Cveni Tavi gamokvlevis uSualo sagnad. Cveni Tavis Secnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara unari imisa, rom sworad vimsjeloT mTels Cvens qmediT Zalaze; es ki Se-saZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca CvenTvis cnobili gaxdeba Cveni bunebis moqmedebis kanonebi, am moqmedebis sazRvrebi da mizani. gavigebT Cvens Tavs, Tu SegviZlia moviyvanoT Cveni azrebis, codnisa da qcevis sakmao mizezebi. CvenSi da Cvens irgvliv simSvides davamyarebT, rodesac CvenSi Camovaya-libebT harmoniul moqmedebas, mivmarTavT ra mas Cveni daniS-nulebisken. amrigad ganyeneba da ganazreba TviT Cveni Tavis Secnoba da gageba, dakmayofileba sakuTari Tavis amgvari TviTSemecnebiT – ai filosofiuri gamokvlevis sami sagani~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 36-37)

Cvens azrebsa da gancdebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, unda CavwvdeT sakuTar Tavs, unda davadginoT adamianuri bunebis sazRvrebi da miznebi. TviTCaRrmavebis Sedegad ki miiRweva umTavresi mizani – sulieri simSvide da harmonia.

xelnawerSi `logikuri meTodologia~ solomon dodaS-vili wers: `ramdenadac adamiani SezRuduli arsebaa, mas ar SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilebas~. anu es yvelaferi zustad igives gulisxmobs, rac romantikosi avtorebis msoflmxed-velobaze saubrisas aRvniSneT, baironis Tu baraTaSvilis

16

magaliTze – adamianis arsebobis sazRvrebze, romelTa rRve-visken/gadalaxvisken/daZlevisken swrafvac vlindeba maT SemoqmedebaSi.

romantikosebis TvalsazrisiT, swrafva, ltolva yoveli arsebulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. magram mcenareul da cxovelur samyaroebSi gvxvdeba gaucnobierebeli swraf-va, romelic mimarTulia uSualo moTxovnilebaTa dakma-yofilebisken. adamiani ki, ramdenadac is umaRles arsebadaa miCneuli, ufro maRali idealebi amoZravebs da misi miza-ni miRmurisken, usasrulobisken, `ciurisken~ swrafvaa. ìm swrafvaTa Soris, adamianis cxovrebas mravalferovnad rom aqceven, aris. swrafva idealisken. Cven vnaxeT, ganvixileT amaRlebulis gancda da idealisken swrafva. Cven unda avideT kidev ufro maRal safexurze da davinaxoT saerTo orives sawyisSi, romelic maT gamaSualebel elements Seadgens. esaa ltolva usasrulobisadmi da amaze maRali adamianSi arafe-ria~, – werda fridrix Slegeli.

swrafva solomon dodaSvilisTvisac yofierebis prin-cipia: àha, yovelsa cocxalsa arsebasa aqvs miswrafeba, anu mimarTeba sxvisa mis mier ara xilulisa sagnisadmi, ra-Tamca aRavlinos Tvalni sxva da sxva saxilvebaTa Sina war-moebisTvis cxovrebis dasasrulisa (sagnisa) da wyaroisa keTilSemTxvevisa misisa~.

maSasadame, solomon dodaSvilis azriT, filosofosis azriT: `1. yovel arsebulSi, yovelTvis da yvelgan mocemu-lia absoluti (àmaRlebul ZalTasa gonieri suli~); 2. abso-luti sxvadasxva arsebulSi (`saxeebSi~) sxvadasxva formiT (`xarisxiT~) vlindeba; 3. absoluti am sagnebSi vlindeba ma-radiulad moqmedi kanonebis mixedviT~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 50)

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli leqsis evropeizacia, ro-melzec Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZe saubrobda da rac evro-puli literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi motive-bisa da tendenciebis danergvasTan asocirdeboda qarTul poeziaSi, swored dodaSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba. is, rom dodaSvilma didi gavlena moaxdina baraTaSvilze, adas-

17

turebs vaxtang orbelianis gancxadeba, romelsac zaqaria WiWinaZe moixmobs: `nikoloz baraTaSvili gamoiwurTna so-lomon dodaSvilTan. Tu sol. dodaSvili ar yofiliyos, ma-Sin SeiZleba arc baraTaSvili ar yofiliyos~.

rogorc aRniSnaven: `baraTaSvilisa da dodaSvilis po-ziciebi erTmaneTis axlos dgas Semdeg sakiTxebSi: 1. samya-ros dayofa movlenaTa da miRmur samyaroebad; 2. am ori samyaros radikaluri dapirispireba; 3. aqcentireba subi-eqtze; 4. yofierebis principad swrafvis gageba; 5. adamianis gansakuTrebulad, kerZod cnobierad mswrafvel arsebad gaazreba; 6. adamianis gageba, rogorc zegrZnobadi miRmuri sinamdvilisken mswrafveli arsebisa; cnobieri swrafvis ge-nezisis romantikuli gageba (romelic, Tavis mxriv, fixte-dan modis)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 48-49)

`adamiani, poetis mixedviT, raRac gansakuTrebul, miR-mur da zegrZnobad sinamdviles rom eswrafvis, naTlad Cans baraTaSvilis Semdegi striqonebidan:

oh, viT yoveli bunebac maSin iyo lamazi, minazebuli!

he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs daCneuli!

awca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni Senda

moiswrafian,

--------------------------------------

me, Sensa mWvretels, maviwydebis sawuTroeba,

gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa.. eZiebs sadgurs,

zenaarT samyofT, rom daSTos is amaoeba.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es striqonebi miRmuris wvdomis saSualebad pirdapir asaxelebs cnobier swrafvas (`fiqrni Senda moiswrafian~)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 43)

sagulisxmoa romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli totalu-robis gageba da masTan dodaSvilis naazrevis erTgvari iri-bi kavSiri, rasac Semdeg baraTaSviliseul striqonebamde mivyavarT. germanuli idealizmis warmomadgenelTaTvis Cveuli totalurobis ideali, romelic `kantma Semoitana da fixtem aitaca, romantikosebma da Selingma organul tota-

18

lurobad gaiazres. hegeli ki nawilebs mTlianis Semadgen-lad miiCnevs, romlebic erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli~ (limnatisi 2008: 276-277). amave rigis movlenaa germanul ide-alizmTan dakavSirebuli naturfilosofia, romelic bunebas mTlianobaSi ganixilavs da ramac safuZveli daudo sabune-bismetyvelo mecnierebebs. romantikosebis da idealistebi-sTvis usasrulo mTlianoba igive usasrulo sicocxle iyo, rac bunebaSi sasruli sagnebiT vlindeba. aqedan gamomdinare, usasrulobis miRweva sasrulis wvdomis Sedegad iyo SesaZ-lebeli. totalobis, universalobisken swrafva gamoixateba saxelwodebebsa Tu disciplinebis gaerTianebaSi, magali-Tad, novalisis naSromSi `universaluri gegma~; an, Tundac, goeTes gamonaTqvamSi `msoflio literaturebi~, rac msof-lios literaturebis erTianobas gulisxmobda.

swored nawilis mTelis Semadgenlad warmodgenas iTva-liswinebs sinekdoqe, rogorc aseTi. solomon dodaSvili mi-si ganmartebisas werda: `sinekdoxas ganmartebisas s. dodaS-vili wers: “sinekdoxa ars tropi, romelsaca Sina daidebis yovladi nacvlad kerZoisa Tvisisa, naTesavi nacvlad saxe-lisa da ukuqceviT. mag.: mokvdavi nacvlad kacisa~. sinekdo-qes dodaSviliseuli ganmartebis safuZvelze, k. kacitaZe da k. jamburia nikoloz baraTaSvilTan amgvari konstruqci-ebis sixSireze miuTiTeben: amgvar konstruqciebs xSirad nikoloz baraTaSvilic iyenebs: `mokvdavsa enas ar ZaluZs ukvdavTa grZnobaT gamoTqma~, an: `magram ver scnoben, glax, mokvdavni gangebas ciurs!~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 55)

CanarTi: teqstis analizi/paralelebi

imis dasadgenad, Tu, erTi mxriv, ra mimarTebaa roman-tizmamdel ganmanaTleblur poziciasa da TviT mas da, meore mxriv, evropul da qarTul romantikul msoflmxedvelobas Soris, paralelurad ganvixiloT ori leqsi – goeTes `tyis mefe~ da baraTaSvilis `xma idumali~. davinaxavT, rom `tyis

19

mefe~ aseTi fraziT iwyeba: “Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?”. nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis `xma idumali~ pirveli striqoni aseTia: `visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ aris udavo Tanxvedra am or leqss Soris, ara poeturi leqsikis, aramed konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT. goeTes `tyis mefe~ roman-tizmze gadasvlis etapis momaswavebelia, sadac mamis pozicia ganmanaTleblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiTaa daRdasmuli, romelic Svilis idumalebiT mocul kiTxvebs, TiTqosda, bunebis movlenebiT xsnis – anu aq cxadad aris dapirispirebuli racionalizmi da romantizmi, goneba da warmosaxva, mgrZnobeloba. tyis mefe igive bavSvis mamaa – bavSvis warmosaxvaSi arsebuli mamis gansxvavebuli buneba, misi proeqcia.

sagulisxmoa, rom orive leqsSi, is, rac ganmanaTleblo-bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiT ver aixsneba – JRe-radobiT, xmis saSualebiT Semodis. `xma idumalis~ saerTo konteqstis gasaTvaliswineblad aucilebelia goeTes `tyis mefe~, romlis saSualebiTac ikiTxeba baraTaSvilis leqsi. leqsi, sadac, erTi mxriv, romantizmis kanonebis Sesabamisad, misticizmi, ezoTeruli codnis saSualebiT samyaros Secno-bis wyurvili da am samyaros winaSe martoobis gancdac cxa-dia da, meore mxriv, ukavSirdeba adamianis ganviTarebis im etaps, rodesac is Semecnebas iwyebs da warsuls – bavSvobas, rogorc samoTxes igonebs (`ra vscan pirvelad wuTisofeli,/ davSTe adgili, sadaca wrfeli/ rbioda naTlad dro ymaw-vilobis/ sworTa, TanzrdilTa, megobarT Soris~). leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ Cem-Ta zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/ Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqone-bis konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTvaliswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da isic, rom ̀ sindisis xma” igive superegoa, sadac iseve rogorc `tyis mefeSi~ tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cduneba

20

da tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da me-ore mxriv – superegomde mivyavarT. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebisken realur cxovrebaSi drostarebi-sadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba da Tan, poeziaSi – rogorc represirebuli fantaziebis realizebis asparezSi, iseve rogorc goeTeseuli `tyis mefeSi~ bavSvis represirebuli warmosaxvebi moCvenebebis – tyis mefis da misi amalis saxiT vlindeba, romelsac yovlismcodne mama axSobs. romantizmSi xom represirebuli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT Cndeba.

germanuli romantikuli ferweris warmomadgenlis – kas-par david fridrixis namuSevarSi `martoxela moxetiale romelic nislis zRvas gadmoyurebs~ fermkrTali da bundo-vani landSaftis fonze, gamosaxulia kldis wverze mdgari yaribi, rogorc martoobis da bundovani momavlis gamoxatu-leba, sadac RmerTis Secnobisadmi adamianis iracionaluri survili ikveTeba. yaribis Tvalwin gadaSlilia gaurkveve-li momavali – ufskruli, romlisken gadasadgmeladac mas nabiji aqvs momzadebuli. es erTgvari metaforaa rogorc martoobis da sasowarkveTilebis, ise didebulebis da mSve-nierebis, zogadad, adamianuri cxovrebis, rogorc mogzau-robis, romelic sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi, an usasrulobaSi gadadis. garkveulwilad, esec orbunebovnebaa – nebismieri saSualebiT samyaros saidumlos SecnobisTvis mzadyofna.

rogorc aRniSnaven, `gmiri ver poulobs `sulis gansas-venebels” verc bunebaSi, verc siyvarulSi, verc religiaSi. misi suli veRar uZlebs realuri samyaros dawolas da ims-xvreva. gmiris Sinagani gaoreba, romelic e.T.a. hofmanTan da e.a. posTan `oreulebis poetikaSi”, anu erTi gmiris ori personaJis saxiT gamoxatvaSi aisaxa, n. baraTaSvilTan Si-nagani monologis formiTaa warmodgenili. `xma idumali~ gmiris gaorebuli sulis erTi nawilia da erTdroulad aris angelozic da demonic. es ori urTierTgamomricxavi polusi (angelozi da demoni), romantikosTa TvalsazrisiT, erTmane-Tis gverdigverd Tanaarsebobs adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi. erT-erT leqsSi (`sulo boroto~) am Sinagan xmas, anu Tavis

21

meore me-s, n. baraTaSvili ukve gamokveTilad uwodebs borot suls, radgan misgan aRZruli romantikuli swrafva iluziebis msxvreviT damTavrda. sulis erTi nawili, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevs gmirs da idealisken mouwodebs, misi meore nawilis aRSfoTebas iwvevs, romelic daRala usazR-vroebisken ltolvam da obivateluri simSvidisken gadaixa\ra~ (nakudaSvili 2010: 51) baraTaSvilis `xma idumalSi~ gvxvde[\ba striqonebi: `angelozi

xar, mfarveli Cemi,/ an Tu eSmaki, macTuri Cemi?/vinca xar, marqvi, ras momiswaveb,/ sicocxles Cemsa ras ganumzadeb?/ ros vscna me Seni saidumloba~, sadac bundovnad miniSneba-sac vxvdebiT imdroindel literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul motivze – luciferTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, rogorc goeTes `faustSi~ Tu baironis `kaenSi~. rogorc aRniSnaven, adamianis buneba mudam zegrZnobadi sinamdvilis Secnobisken miiswrafvis, cdilobs movlenaTa samyaros miR-ma gavides. es zegrZnobadi samyaro, imavdroulad, sakuTar me–Si CaRrmavebaa.

romantizmSi movlenaTa samyaro adamianis `me~-s aqtivo-bis da miRmuri, zegrZnobadi samyaros zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. movlenaTa samyaros Seqmna adamianis aqtivobisganaa davalebuli. adamiani, Tavisi qmedebebiT, raRac gavlenas axdens movlenaTa samyaroze. igi movlenaTa samyaros Seqmnis Tanamoziarea. samyaros amgvar TanaSeqmnas germanul ide-alizmSi transcendentaluri konstruireba ewodeba. amiT romantizmi emijneba Sua saukuneebis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac sagnebi adamians ise ecxadebian, rogorc `Tavis-Tavad~ arseboben.

pirvelcodva da individualuri codva

cxovelebi erT sferoSi – instinqtebis sferoSi moqme-deben da amitomac es mdgomareoba ufro martivia. angelo-zebi sulier-azrobriv sivrceSi moqmedeben da esec gasage-bia. adamiani am or sferos Sorisaa moqceuli da maTi morigeba

22

SeuZlebelia. adamianis es mdgomareoba jer kidev bibliaSia miTiTebuli, rodesac adamis codvazea saubari. adamiani mud-mivad or arCevans Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is fizikuri arsebaa, romelmac unda daikmayofilos Tavisi elementaruli sur-vilebi. meore mxriv, adamiani imazec fiqrobs da icis, rom mas unda qondes sulieri Rirebulebebi da a.S. magram adamiani verasodes miuaxlovdeba im moralur magaliTs, romelsac TviTonve isaxavs.

adami maSin xdeba adamiani da codvili, rodesac borotis da keTilis garCevas iwyebs, cnobieris xis nayofs sinjavs. anu am metaforis mixedviT, adamiani ebmeba azrebis sivrceSi da uCndeba borotebis da sikeTis sainterpretacio sistema.

adamianis codvilobis gageba yovelTvis arsebobda fa-rulad mainc. magram koleqtiur sazogadoebaSi adamianis-Tvis arsebobs erTi, konkretuli faseuloba, romelic yve-lasTvis erTia. am dros SeiZleba codvis ganwmenda fari- sevlurad, monaniebiT da es SeiZleba bevrjer ganmeordes.aseTi koleqtiuri cnobierebis dros, ierarqiuloba Tavis-Tavad igulisxmeba. magaliTad, saeklesio piri gansazRvravs bevr rames. am dros pasuxismgeblobas sasuliero piri iRebs, adamians exsneba pasuxismgeblobis SegrZneba. adamiani am dros ar aris Tavisufali, mas garedan axveven normebs. xolo rodesac pasuxismgebloba – romel gadawyvetilebas avir-CevT konkretul SemTxvevaSi – socialurad ganpirobebuls Tu azrebis samyaros Sesabamiss – TiToeul adamians ekis-reba, is mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. individualisturi cnobierebis matarebeli adamianebisTvis es mdgomareoba adamis meore codviTdacemis tolfasia, rodesac ar arse-bobs sxva avtoriteti an is, vinc pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze aiRebs, sakuTari me-s garda.

qristianul cnobierebaSi yvelaferi garkveulia – boro-teba aris is, rac RvTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. magram rogorc ki RvTis monistur nebas gamoricxavT da gnostikurad aRi-arebT, rom samyaro borotebis da sikeTis mudmivi brZolaa, maSin pasuxismgebloba adamianze gadadis. individs roman-

252

uiliam bleiki. `codva da evas dacema~. 1808 w.(ilustracia miltonis `dakargulis samoTxisaTvis~)

23

tizmSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. is aris kidec Semoqmedi da boroteba-sikeTeze amaRlebulia, vinaidan aravin icis, ra aris sinamdvileSi boroteba da sikeTe. ro-mantizmis adamiani gardaqmnis cxovrebas Tavisi Sexedule-bisamebr, is monanie subieqti ar aris, magram imaze pasuxis-mgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebs, rac misi qmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. amiT – monaniebis uaryofiT da pasuxismgeblobis sa-kuTar Tavze aRebiT, isini RmerTs utoldebian. adamiani, garkveulwilad, Semoqmedad gardaiqmneba. da swored am dros Cndeba demonizmi, rasac, arsebiTad, baironis saxels ukavSireben.

meamboxes da romantikosis, sazogadoebisgan ukugde-bulis, Serisxulis da Tan sayovelTaod aRiarebuli poetis, baironis tragikuli bedi, raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, misi poemebis gmirebisas daemsgavsa. albaT, am polu-sebis erTianobis, winaaRmdegobebis erTobliobis wyalobi-Tac iwvevda is misi Tanamedroveebis mxridan, erTsa da imave dros, aRfrTovanebasac da gakicxvasac.

im dros, rodesac baironi samoRvaweo asparezze gamo-vida, ukmayofilebis gamoxatva, sibraze sazogadoebrivi dis-kursis nawilad iqca. miT umetes, safrangeTis didma re-voluciam sibrazis diskursis legitimacias Seuwyo xeli rogorc politikur, ise kulturul sferoSi. am periodSi, rusos gavleniT, poeziaSi warmmarTveli gaxda gulaxdilo-bis da mkiTxvelis TanagrZnobis Tu Tanagancdis esTetiku-ri principi. mTavari gaxda emociebis gulaxdili gamoxatva da gamomsaxvelobis Teatralurobisgan gaTavisufleba. ami-tomac ukmayofilebis emociuri gamoxatva mZafri, intensi-uri poeturi formebis ZiebaSi aisaxeboda. baironis poeziaSi am yvelafers dramatuli forma aqvs – misi lirikuli gmiri, rogorc usamarTlobis msxverpli, erTsa da imave dros, ebrZvis samyaros da uaRresi gulaxdilobis demonstrire-biT, misgan TiTqos Tanagancdasac moiTxovs (`uxeSia, Tumc gulwrfeli Cemi hangi~); an striqonebSi: `ukan waiReT roman-sebis tkbili tyuili,/sicruis xlarTi ugnurobis gamona-

24

goni,/ sulisSemkvreli mzeris sxivi momeciT rbili,/an aRtaceba siyvarulis pirveli kocnis./ pativs vcem sityvebs, nakadiviT amoxeTqilebs,/romelic feTqavs, siyvarulis pirveli koc-niT~ (`siyvarulis pirveli kocna~), sadac TiTqos platonis mimdevariviT uaryofs xelovnebis siyalbes, an, ufro, siyal-bes xelovnebaSi.

bunebrivia, baironiseuli es antiTeturoba, erosis da Tanatosis Tanaarseboba Tu narcisizmi TviTgadarCenis, Tavdacvis instinqtis gamovlinebaa, rasac poetis fsiqo-tipis zogierTi mkvlevari paranoiulobis Tavisebur gamov-linebad miiCnevda.

Tumca sikvdilisken swrafvis, TviTganadgurebis moti-vi ucxo rodi iyo imdroindeli esTetikisTvis. piriqiT, im-droindeli poezia da proza (amis dasturad Tundac meri Selis proza ikmarebda) savsea goTikuri esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiT – sasaflaoebiT, ConCxebiT da sikvdilis sxva atributebiT. iqneb swored amitomac miel-tvis baironis poeziis lirikuli `me~ sasaflaoze ganmar-toebas: `vnaxe adgilni, saaTobiT sadac vfiqrobdi,/roca mwuxrisas davjdebodi saflavis qvaze;/an sasaflaos gor-akze rom davseirnobdi,/rom ukeTesad damenaxa Camavali mze~ (`harous Soreuli xilvisas~) – striqonebi, romelmac Tavisi ganwyobiT SeiZleba baraTaSvilis poezia gagvaxsenos, radganac erTaderTi WeSmariteba – sikvdilia. amgvari gan-cda xom yvelasTvis saerToa da albaT, swored am dramatuli monologiT iwvevda is Tanadroul mkiTxvelSi Tanagancdas; ufro sworad, mkiTxvelic mis àlter egod~ iqceoda. magram, imavdroulad, sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris kavSiris uCve-ulo ganWvretiT, baironis poeziis lirikuli `me~, Tavisi protestiT, samyaros armiRebiT, yovelTvis ufro metia, vi-dre Cveulebrivi mokvdavi. amiT aixsneba, rom misTvis àravin aris, naTesavi msgavsi SegnebiT~ (`martosuloba~).

zogadad, inglisuri romantizmi samyaros iracionalur safuZvels aRiarebs, rac kargad Cans jon kitsis poemaSi ìzabeli anu qoTani rehaniT~. aq Seyvarebuli izabeli

25

Tavisi satrfos mokveTil Tavs qoTanSi rgavs, saidanac re-hani amodis. aq siyvarulis niSani – mcenare, rehania, romlis niadagSic, safuZvelSic – sikvdilia.

samyaros miuRebloba heroikuli gaqcevis aucileblobas warmoSobs: `netav frinvelis frTebi rosme mec gamomesxas,/rom SemZleboda mtredebiviT caSi navardi,/movaxerxebdi albaT zecis TaRis gakveTas/da samudamod am qveynisgan da-visvenebdi~ (`visurvebdi rom vyofiliyav bavSviviT laRi~). amgvari gaqceva xSirad warsulSi dabrunebas niSnavs; biolo-giur warsulSi, an bavSvobaSi, rogorc samoTxeSi, romlis-Tvisac ucxoa orbunebovneba da arc borotebad da sikeTed iyofa erTiani, monoliTuri samyaro. amitomac ambobs bai-ronis lirikuli gmiri leqsSi `harous Soreuli xilvisas~:`uperspeqtivo momavalSi radgan vrwmundebi,/sulisTvis xdeba miT Zvirfasi sxivi warsulis!~ magram Tuki baironi-seuli heroikuli gaqceva biologiur warsulTan mibrune-baa, qarTvel romantikosebTan samyaros armiReba da warsul-Si gaqceva – istoriul warsulSi dabrunebas gulisxmobs, romelic poetebis wodebriv privilegiebTan igivdeba (SaTi-riSvili). Tumca am mxriv, siRrmiseuli xedviT da globalu-ri msoflSegrZnebiT gamonaklisia baraTaSvili.

amgvari heroikuli gaqceva anaTesavebs baironis po-eziasTan baraTaSvilis leqsebs, gansakuTrebiT `meranis~ striqonebs da `evTanaziis~ Semdeg fragments: `nu movlen maSin megobrebi an memkvidreni,/iq an satirlad an qonebis dasataceblad,/nu mova satrfoc gaSlili TmiT da crem-lisdeniT,/Tavisi gancdis gulwrfelobis dasamtkiceblad~. orive SemTxvevaSi gaqcevis da Tavganwirvis heroikuli mo-tivi mis barokalurobaze miuTiTebs, sadac Rirseba, sxvisi TvaliT danaxuli `me~, sakuTari pirovnebisgan miTiuri ar-sebis Seqmna yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc baironis am striqonebSi: `man gadacura bevrjer dineba,/Tu im Zvel ambavs daejereba,/RmerTma xom uwyis, vis ra eneba – /mas siy-varuli, me ki – dideba~ (`dawerili sestodan abidosSi gada-curvis Semdeg~). zogjer ki gaqceva sikvdilisken swrafvad,

26

Trobis gziT eqstazs uaxlovdeba, rac sacnauri xdeba leqsSi `warwera Tavis qalisgan damzadebul sasmisze~ da sadac aR-mosavluri mgrZnobelobis gavlena Cans (`jobs naperwklian RviniT xSirad rom amavsebde,/vidre budobdnen CemSi miwis Wia-matlebi~) – aRmosavleTi, rogorc sanukvari mistikuri mxare.

baironis gmirebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia heroikuloba – rom isini unda SeebrZolon beds da bolomde Sedgen, rogorc adamianebi. baironis kaeni ukompromiso, marTali da meoc-nebe gmiria. luciferma icis kaenis buneba. axalgazrduli cnobiereba simarTles eZebs, magram Tuki sinamdvile, Tavisi orazrovnebiT da sirTuliT, misTvis gaugebaria, axalgaz-rdas is sicrued eCveneba. am logikiT, borotma RmerTma adamiani gandevna samoTxidan da wameba miusaja. adamianma borotebiT mofenil samyaroSi unda icxovros da pasuxi agos kidec. Tan, am RmerTs unda, rom uyvardeT da msxverp-lic Sewiron. is tirani gamodis, radgan sikvdiliT da cod-viT daamona adamianebi. ratom moawyo man ase cudad samyaro? oridan erTia: an sulelia an boroti. kaenisgan gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, Seqspiris hamleti araa axalgazrduli cnobierebis nayofi, is didxans fiqrobs, sanam gadawyvetilebas miiRebs. mis adgilas, kaeni maSinve imoqmedebda da moklavda mamamisis mkvlels.

me-19 saukunis istoriac kaenis msgavsma adamianebma Seq-mnes – adamianebma, romlebsac samarTlianoba da probleme-bis swrafad mogvareba, istoriaSi Sesvla da xalxisTvis bednierebis motana undodaT. gnostikuri pozicia vlindeba luciferis sityvebSi, rodesac is kaens esaubreba da rode-sac ara moTminebisken, samyarosadmi rwmenisken, azrovnebi-sken mouwodebs mas, aramed imisken, rom Tavis Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, TviTonve daiwyos Semecnebis procesi, RmerTis daxmarebis gareSe da Semdeg samyaros gardaqmnis gzisken. gnosticizmSi, romantizmis msgavsad, iwyeba materi-aluri samyaros da meore sinamdvilis dapirispireba, sadac adamianebis ganuxorcielebeli SesaZleblobebia. materi-

27

aluri sinamdvile am SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitomac adamianma Tavi unda daaRwios realobas. gnosticizmSi codnis gziT materialurobisgan gaTavisu-flebis Sedegad aRwevs adamiani Tavisuflebas. gnosticizmi amitomac upirispirebs erTmaneTs borots da keTils, mate-rias da suls da xsnis gzad codnas miiCnevs, rac ukve pozi-tivisturi midgomaa. aqedan iwyeba pozitivizmis da gnosti-cizmis siaxlove. maT safuZvelSivea relativisturi midgoma yvelafris, maT Soris borotebis da sikeTis raobis mimarT.

luciferi kaenis mosaxiblad amgvar, myife mdgomare-obas xatavs – yvelafris relatiurobas; sinamdvile, lu-ciferis azriT, aris daeWveba. magram arsebobs faseulobebi, romlebic nebismieri poziciidan ucvleli rCeba da masze araferi moqmedebs. es WeSmariteba qristianobaSi RmerTs da rwmenas ukavSirdeba, rodesac usasrulo sasrulSi, Cvens sam-yaroSi gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs. luciferma swored am postu-latze unda miitanos ieriSi – raimes mimarT rwmenaze, rasac abeli ganicdis. kaeni TviTon baironia, romelic saSiS kiTx-vebs svams da amiT Tavis pozicias da sakuTar Tavs bolomde anadgurebs.

analogiurad, goeTes „faustSi“ mefistofeli poziti-vistia. goeTe dacinis romantikosebs, rom araviTari enTu-ziazmi ar arsebobs, razec romantikosebi saubroben, Tuki ar iarsebebs cduneba da eSmaki. adamianebs iluziebis gareSe cxovreba ar SegviZlia, magram iluziebisTvis yovelTvis eS-maks unda mivmarToT.

baironis kaens eSinia sikvdilis manamdec ki, sanam TviTon sikvdili amqveynad gamoCndeba. adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, rom gaazviados movlenebi, amiT SeSindes, sakuTar TavSi Caiketos da gare samyaros gaemijnos. adamianisTvis Znelia, roca raimes racionalizebas ver axdens da amisi eSinia.

boroteba iwyeba maSin, rodesac moraliT – borote-bis da sikeTis codniT aRWurvili adamianis winaSe iqmneba arCevani, misi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis fonze. adamiani

28

verasodes iqneba Tavis moralur idealTan miaxloebuli. RmerTisgan Seqmnili adamiani verasodes ver aiRebs Rmer-Tis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze. amitomac RmerTTan misuli monanie adamiani pasuxismgeblobas gadacems mas da mas Seibraleben. magram manamde adamianma unda gaacnobieros Tavisi arsebobis sazrisi da Tavisi codvebic.

romantizmi mniSvnelovnadaa davalebuli goeTesgan da misi `axalgazrda verTeris vnebanisgan~. rodesac goeTes „axalgazrda verTeris vnebani“ gamoqveynda, evropaSi TviT-mkvlelobis seriebi moyva. eklesiam gaakritika. lesingi mis Sesaxeb werda, rom mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT romani kargia, magram moralurad albaT arasworia da TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZgebs adamianebs.

`verTerSi~ buneba adamianis bedis da ganwyobis Sesabami-sad icvleba: dadebiTidan uaryofiTidan. aq Tavidan idiliaa da yvelaferi mowons verTers axal garemoSi, sadac Tavidan samuSaod Cadis. aqvea lote, romlis keTilSobilebac, da-Zmebisadmi damokidebulebac xiblavs. adamiani iRebs gaSli-li guliT am idealur samyaros da aRmoCndeba, rom es xafangi iyo da am idealis miRma Turme boroteba da samyaros usa-marTloba imaleba. movlenebic analogiurad, uaryofiTad viTardeba, siyvarulSi xeli moecarebaT adamianebs, viRace-ebi iRupebian. irkveva, rom mSvenieri lotec sinamdvileSi arc ise mSvenieria. irkveva, rom lote sabediswero qalia. verTeri xvdeba axalgazrda kacs, romelic Wkuidan SeSli-lia. verTeri gaigebs, rom is lotes mamis mdivani iyo da lotesadmi upasuxo siyvarulis gamo Wkuidan SeiSala. ase rom, lote, bunebis msgavsad, misi mtrediseburi suli sinam-dvileSi eSmakebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. man da misma saqmrom, albertma kargad ician, rom verTers lote uyvars. magram es wyvili verTers Cuqnis bafTas lotes kabidan, rac mosvene-bas ukargavs verTers. es ukve dacinvaa. magram arc verTe-ria ucodveli. romanis dasawyisSi misive werilidan vigebT, rom verTeric cudad moeqca lenoras, romelsac uyvarda is. es yvelaferi ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom samyaro ar aris iseTi srulyofili, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes...

29

damowmebani:

abramsi 1975: Abrams M. H. English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism. Oxford: University Press; 1975

bregaZe 2012: bregaZe k. germanuli romantizmi. Tbilisi: `meridiani~,

2012.

dodaSvili 1986: dodaSvili s. saiubileo krebuli. miZRvnili s. do-

daSvilis dabadebis 180 wlisTavisadmi. Tbilisi: Tsu gam-ba, 1986.

epistoluri memkvidreoba 2011: XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTvel mweralTa

epistoluri memkvidreoba. t. I. Tbilisi: `universali~, 2011.

TevzaZe 2005: TevzaZe g. solomon dodaSvili. 1-li gamocema. Tbilisi:

`diogene~, 2005.

kacitaZe ... 2012: kacitaZe k., jamburia k. qarTuli romantizmis isto-

riul-kulturuli konteqsti. qarTuli romantizmi – nacionaluri da

internacionaluri sazRvrebi. Tbilisi: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti, 2012

limnatisi 2008: Limnatis, Nectarios G. German Idealism and the Problem of Knowl-edge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel Series: Studies in German Idealism. Vol. 8, Springer 2008.

lomiZe 1992: lomiZe T. „merani“ (struqturuli analizi). literatura

da xelovneba, № 1-2. 1992.

lomiZe 1995: lomiZe T. `mirbis, mimafrens~. leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi.

Tbilisi: 1995.

lomiZe 1998: lomiZe T. nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeturi stilis prob-

lema. axali paradigmebi, I. 1998.

lomiZe 1998: lomiZe T. „mxatvruli azrovnebis Taviseburebebi qarTul

romantizmSi“. literaturuli Ziebani. XIX. Tbilisi: 1998.

lomiZe 1999: lomiZe T. nikoloz baraTaSvilis „xma idumali“ (struq-

turuli analizi). literatura da xelovneba, № 3. Tbilisi: 1999.

lomiZe 2004: lomiZe T. „karnavaluri motivebi qarTvel romantikosTa

SemoqmedebaSi“. literaturuli Ziebani. XXV. Tbilisi: 2004.

lomiZe 2005: lomiZe T. „me“-s koncefcia qarTvel romantikosTa Semo-

qmedebaSi~. sjani. 6. Tbilisi: 2005.

lomiZe 2007: lomiZe T. filosofia da poezia – fixte da baraTaSvili.

semiotika, 2. Tbilisi: 2007.

30

lotmani 1994: Лотман Ю. Беседы о русской культуре. Быт и традиции русского дворянства (XVIII-начало XIX века). Санкт-Петербург: «Искусство СПБ» 1994.

nakudaSvili 2010: nakudaSvili n. literaturuli mimdinareobebi.

Tbilisi: 2010.

nucubiZe 2010: nucubiZe T. werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Ses-

axeb. Tbilisi: literaturis instituti, 2010.

romantikosebi 1980: qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da xe-

lovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi:L Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,

1980.

tilotama 2006: Tilottama, Rajan “The Prose of the World”: Romanticism, the Nine-teenth Century, and the Reorganization of Knowledge; Modern Language Quarterly De-cember 2006 67(4).

qoloni 1992: Calhoon, K.S. Fatherland: Novalis, Freud, and the Discipline of Ro-mance. Wayne: State Univ Press, 1992

qrestomaTia 2007: qarTuli publicistika. qrestomaTia (XIX saukune).

Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007.

SaTiriSvili 2010: SaTiriSvili z. qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xa-

naSi: 1859 – 1916. semiotika. 1. Tbilisi: 2010.

31

irma ratiani

realizmis literaturuli modeli

qarTul mwerlobaSi

me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerloba sruli-ad samarTlianad ixsenieba „qarTuli kritikuli realizmis” saxeliT. am epoqaSi safuZveli eyreba ara marto axal kon-ceptebsa da Rirebulebebs (antikoloniuri moZraobis gadan-acvleba erovnuli ideis sibrtyeze, axali identobis Zieba), aramed – axal Janrebs, Temebsa da gamomsaxvelobiT formebs. qarTuli kritikuli realizmi, erTi mxriv, mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba realizmis dasavlur modelTan, xolo meore mxriv – aRavsebs mas qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebiT.

realizmis dasavluri modeli, TavisTavad, warmoadgen-da reaqcias romantizmisaTvis niSandobliv subieqtivizmze: `romantizmi inarCunebda garkveul iluziebs da axali cxov-rebis arasrulyofilebis gancdas amkvidrebda. kritikuli realizmi ki iyo fxizeli analizi `dakarguli iluziebisa~, romelsac gacnobierebuli hqonda, rom samyaros `RvTaeb-rivi komedia~ TandaTan iZenda yofiT maxasiaTeblebs da `adamianur komediad~ yalibdeboda~ (borevi 2001: 390). es iyo `mkvdari sulebis~, `cocxali gvamebis~, `damcirebulebisa da Seuracxyofilebis~, `Raribi adamianebis~, agreTve – gori-oebis, CiCikovebis, oblomovebis samyaro, moTxrobili dinji, auCqarebeli da dakvirvebuli maneriT. mwerlebi ukirkiteb-dnen problemas – `adamiani da samyaro~, romelic dRevande-li gadasaxedidan ukve SeiZleba gadainaTlos problemad – `me da samyaro~ da ganisazRvros, rogorc garexedvis yvela-ze kritikuli poziia msoflio literaturis istoriaSi*.

* aq, cxadia, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom asaxvis re-alisturi maneriT Sesrulebuli pirvel teqsad fransua rables `gargantua da pantagrueli~ miiCneva. rables epoqaSi Zalze naadrevia realizmis lit-eraturul mimdinareobaze saubari – is mxolod XIX saukuneSi daimkvidrebs Tavs, magram realizmi, rogorc meTodi, srul asaxvas hpovebs aRorZinebis epoqis am genialuri avtoris TxzulebaSi.

32

realizmis epoqis wamyvani literaturuli Janrebi – ro-mani, moTxroba, poema da sxv. – warmatebiT iyeneben satirasa da iumors, grotesksa da ironias, raTa ukeT gamoxaton li-teraturis pozicia: idealis aRmoCena mxolod arsebulis kritikisa da uaryofis gziTaa SesaZlebeli! mwerlebi cdi-loben Caswvdnen ideals, saamisod ki metad unda SeiWran cxovrebaSi, iq, sadac adamiani mudmiv WidilSi imyofeba is-toriasTan. realizmis kulturuli misia xom adamianis is-toriuli daniSnulebisa da humanurobis Ziebaa! (borevi 2001b: 388).

realizms politikurad intensiur da socialurad di-ferencirebul epoqaSi uxdeboda muSaoba. martivi feoda-luri struqturebi didi xania Secvala socialurad aW-relebulma sazogadoebam: aristokratiis CrdilSi aqamde mokrZalebiT mdgarma burJuaziam istoriuli Zlevamosi-leba SeiZina da mTeli ZaliTa da energiiT aRiZra damsaxu-rebuli pativiscemis mosapoveblad. RirebulebaTa Widili – yvela saxisa da sirTulis – kritikuli realizmis ganmsazR-vrel maxasiaTeblad iqca: burJuaziuli msoflmxedveloba daupirispirda aristokratiuls, fuli – gvarsa da warmo-mavlobas, simdidre - saukuneobiT gamyarebul tradiciasa da etikets. socialuri sakiTxi erT-erT ZiriTad problemad Camoyalibda. gamoikveTa konceptualuri opoziciebi: fu-li/ufuloba, materialuri bedniereba/sulieri simdid-riT miRweuli bedniereba, „patiosani fuli~/`arapatiosani fuli~...

dasavleT evropis qveynebSi formirebuli kritikuli realizmisTvis (dikensi, stendali, balzaki, floberi) ur-Tules problemad Camoyalibda adamianis mier bednierebisa da damoukideblobis miRwevis SeuZlebloba fulis primatze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi. amgvar sazogadoebaSi bednie-rebis miRweva mxolod simdidris moxveWas ukavSirdeba, rac an miuRwevelia, anac – sulierad damangreveli amaRlebuli da sulierad mdidari pirovnebisTvis... adamianis mTavar amocanad alternativis miRweva isaxeba: man an unda eZios bed-

33

niereba simdidris miRma, anac gamdidrdes „TeTri xelebiT“, patiosnad. TavisTavad amgvari alternativis utopiuroba iqceva burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mwvave kritikis iaraRad, sazogadoebisa, romelic ayenebs pirovnebas esoden meryev da uperspeqtivo mdgomareobaSi“ (borevi 2001: 399).

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulma realizmma, misi formirebis adreul etapzeve, warmatebiT SeiTavsa kritikuli realizmis dasavleT evropuli gamocdileba (l. ardazianis „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“, g. erisTavis „gayra“, z. antonovis „mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi“) da xedvis arealSi Semoita-na diferencirebuli socialuri garemos aRwera da analizi, rogorc realobis Sefasebis utyuari kriteriumi.

mTavar personaJebad gamikveTnen, erTi mxriv, wvrili burJuebi – vaWrebi, xolo meore mxriv, „axal droebas~ viTom fexawyobili TavadiSvilebi, romlebmac TavianTi sagvare-ulo qoneba qars gaatanes, daiviwyes Rirseba da cdiloben, gadairCinon Tavi axladgamdidrebul burJuebTan aliansiT.

ras warmoadgenda „burJua“ rogorc klasi da ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo is qarTuli miznisTvis?

Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi – „burJua. istoriasa da literaturas Soris~, eZiebs ra burJuas cnebis axal gan-martebas, franko moreti imowmebs imanuil valerSteinis naSroms – „burJua, rovorc koncepti da realoba“: „burJua sadRac SuaSi aRmocenda. is arc glexi iyo, arc feodali da arc – didgvarovani~ da swored „SuaSimyofoba~ iyo barieri, romlis daZlevasac is gamudmebiT mieltvoda“ (valerSteini 1988: 98). Tu burJuaziis klasis aRmoceneba ekonomikuri procesebiT nakarnaxevi istoriuli aucilebloba iyo, me-19 saukunis Suawlebidan man politikuri mniSvnelobac SeiZenda da aqtiurad CaerTo sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (koka 1999: 193); burJuas „axali mdidris~ pirvandeli statusi, esoden arasasurveli da miuRebeli Tavad burJuebisTvis, sxva sta-tusebiT Seicvala – „energiuli~, „naTeli gonebis mqone~, „wesieri saqmismwarmoebeli~, „mizandasaxuli~ da sxv. Tum-caRa, es „kargi~ Tvisebebi mainc arasakmarisad kargi aRmoC-

34

nda saimisod, rom burJuasagan Seqmniliyo TxrobiTi Janris gmiri, iseTi, rogoric iyo meomari, raindi, dampyrobeli an avantiuristi – gmirebi, romelTac asobiT wlebis manZilze eyrdoboda dasavluri literaturis siuJetebi” (moreti 2014: 30). burJua ar iyo gmiri, aramed ufro – antigmiri, romel-mac calkeul SemTxvevebSi dadebiTi interpretacia SeiZina. aseTi warumateblobis mTavari mizezi, albaT, „im uzarmazar ganxeTqilebaSi unda veZioT, romelic Zvelsa da axal mmar-Tvel Zalebs Soris arebobda: Tuki aristokratias eyo Tav-xedoba, Seeqmna uSiSari da unaklo raindebis mTeli galerea da amiT moexdina sakuTari Tavis idealizacia, burJuaziam es ar Caidina. Tavgadasavlis diadi meqanizmi TandaTan daiSala axali burJuaziuli civilizaciiT, Tavgadasavlis gareSe ki gmirma dakarga unikaluroba, romelic moulodnelobasTan Sexvedris xibliT iyo gansazRvruli. raindTan SedarebiT burJua arafriT gamorCeuli da mouxelTebeli moCanda, ne-bismieri sxva burJuebis msgavsi” (moreti 2014: 31)...

me-19 saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis qarTuli proza da dra-maturgia jer Sors idga burJuas momwifebuli gagebisagan. burJuas socialurma klasma jer ver Seqmna saqarTveloSi is aucilebeli distancia, romelic ukve arsebobda evropasa da amerikaSi „Zalian mdidrebsa~ da „Zalian Raribebs~ Soris; arc „mesakuTreebisa~ da „sakuTrebas moklebuli mSromele-bis” an - „mwarmoeblebisa~ da „muSa-xelis~ gageba iyo dam-kvidrebuli*. Sesabamisad, am periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi burJuas jer ar hqonda SeZenili iseTi Tvisebebi, rogori-caa – mSromeli, seriozuli, ganaTlebuli, gamosadegari, komfortis moyvaruli, gavleniani**. is jer kidev umwifari, utifari, uinteleqto da usulgulo daxlidari iyo – mxo-lod daxlidari***. metic, dasavluri samyarosgan gansxvave-biT, sadac me-19-me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze burJua mmarTvel

* ix. emanuil valerSteini, „burJua rogorc koncepti da realoba“ (1988), iurgen koka, indrustriuli kultura da burJuaziuli sazogadoeba“ (1999), jeims mili, „esse mTavrobis Sesaxeb“ (1937) da sxv.** moretiseuli klasifikacia.*** klasifikacia Cvenia.

35

klasad iqceva, xolo burJuas cneba socialuri da kultu-ruli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebs gaivlis, saqarTvelos, misi istoriuli fatumis gamo, TiTqmis ar dascaldeba bur-Juas gaazrebis Canasaxovani fazis daZleva: sazogadoebriv-socialur arenaze mas marqsistul-bolSevikuri moZraoba da bolSevikuri revoluciis zvirTebi SaTnTqavs, litera-turis sibrtyeze ki jer „xalxosnuri~, xolo mogvianebiT – socialisturi mwerlobis ideologia daupirsipirdeba. da miuxedavad amisa, Tavisi istoriuli mocemulobis fargleb-Sic ki, qarTuli mwerloba SeZlebs burJuaziis funqciisa da rolis, agreTve, aristokratiasTan misi mimarTebis qarTu-li rakursis warmoCenas; eiqmneba araerTi saintereso lite-raturuli teqsti, sadac gamorCeul adgils udaod drama-turgiuli gamocdileba daikavebs.

burJuas saxe me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTul dramaturgiaSi (g. erisTavi, z. antonovi) asaxvis ironiul-groteskuli maneris CarCoebSia moqceuli. cneba burJua Canacvlebulia cnebiT vaWari, romelic burJuas gagebis SedarebiT adreuli da primitiuli modelis eqvivalentia, xolo mTavar opoziciad gansazRvrulia socialuri opo-zicia: vaWari/Tavadi, igive – wvrili burJua/aristokratia, sadac vaWari anu wvrili burJua fulis primatze dafuZne-buli axali droebis simboloa, Tavadi anu aristokrati ki – istoriulad, „Zvel droSi“ gamomuSavebuli qarTuli rainduli cnobierebis devalvaciisa. qarTuli dramatur-gia Seurigebelia rogorc erTis, ise – meores mimarT: mas jer ar sjera burJuaziis, romelic fuliT ikvlevs gzas da uk-ve aRar sjera aristokratiis, romelmac dakarga zneobrivi orientirebi. sruliad cxadia, rom am saxiT arc erTi maT-gani ar ergeba qarTul mizans.

magram, kritikuli realizmis esTetikuri da literatu-ruli modeli arc dasavlur da arc qarTul sinamdvileSi ar rCeba oden socialuri problemebis asaxvis doneze, aramed – mizandasaxulad farTovdeba axali horizontebisaken. re-alisti mwerlebis xedvis arealSi moqceulia cxovreba misi

36

yvela detaliTa da problemiT – realistebi farTod gaxe-lili TvalebiT Sehyureben cxovrebas da cdiloben asaxon is maqsimaluri SegrZnebiT. ase magaliTad, rusuli kritiku-li realizmi (gogoli, turgenevi, tolstoi, dostoevski, Cex-ovi) amuSavebs pirovnebisa da samyaros globaluri SeuTav-seblobis problemas: am koncefciis wiaRSi srulad vlindeba adamiansa da samyaros Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobani, ma-gram samyaros borotebis aRmofxvris gzas warmoadgens ara Zaladoba, romelic istoriulad saSiSi da gaumarTlebelia, aramed – misi gakeTilSobilebis mcdeloba: sxva gamosavals, Tu ara pirovnebis TviTsrulyofa da borotebaze SendobiT pasuxi, rusuli realizmi ver xedavs.

qarTveli realistebi, `Tergdaleulebi~*, kargad ic-noben msoflio realizmis literaturul kanons (rogorc originaluri, ise Targmnili teqstebis meSveobiT) da misi ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebis – gogolis, zolas, balzakis, dikensis, nekrasovis, tolstois, turgenevis, dostoevskisa da sxvaTa teqstebs; axdenen iseTi sabaziso realisturi Te-mebis adaptirebas, rogoricaa – pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis garTulebuli urTierTobebi, socialuri yofis detalebi, fsiqologiuri dilemebi da sxv. romantikosebis mier uaryo-fili da nivelirebuli awmyo TandaTan ibrunebs poziciebs, poeti/mwerali Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT eSveba „codvil mi-waze“ da farad realobas irgebs. realizmis es fuZemdeblu-ri maxasiaTebeli, gamyarebuli saerTo esTetikuri da poeti-kuri principebiT, gvevlineba kidevac msoflio realisturi skolebis, maT Soris qarTulis, interaqciis mizezad. rea-listi mwerlebi – qarTvelebi, frangebi, ingliselebi, ruse-bi, germanelebi Tu sxv. – xSirad erTsa da imave konceptebs utrialeben, TiTqos SeTanxmebulad arRveven romantikose-bis mier damkvidrebul Janrul da naraciul strategiebs. realisturi romani da moTxroba ipyrobs literaturul

* mweralTa am jgufis TiTqmis yvela TvalsaCino warmomadgenels ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda sankt-peternurgis universitetSi, rac, wminda geografi-uli TvalsazrisiT, gulisxmobda mdinare Tergis gadakveTas saqarTvelo-dan CrdiloeTisaken mimaval samxedro gzaze.

37

sivrces, poeturi Janrebidan ki yvelaze metad poema fasobs. literaturuli procesi arnaxulad gamWvirvale da, Tanac, marTvadi xdeba: avtoris figura romantikuli burusidan gamodis da teqstSi gadainacvlebs – ramdenadac mcirdeba mwerlis biografiis roli mis SemoqmedebaSi, imdenadve iz-rdeba misi Semoqmedebis roli biografiaSi. realizmis epo-qis avtori teqstis mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelic ostatu-rad iyenebs literaturas saWirboroto social-erovnuli, eTikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi xasiaTis problemebis gax-mianebis tribunad. garefaqtorebis aqtiuri CarTva lite-raturul procesSi gansakuTrebul mizandasaxulobas sZens maT: avtorebi yuradRebiT usmenen epoqis xmebs (baxtini). onore de balzaki, Carlz dikensi, lev tolstoi, fiodor dostoevski, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, aleqsandre yaz-begi, vaJa-fSavela – TavianT epoqaze miyuradebuli avtorebi arian: maTi Semoqmedebis metaforad ufro „inteleqtualu-ri mgrZnobeloba“ SeiZleba dasaxeldes, vidre – `mgrZnobi-are inteleqti“. realistebi ar ifarglebian mxolod saku-Tari azriT, aramed, ainteresebT sxvaTa azric TavianTi az-ris Sesaxeb: mkiTxveli aRar aris gareSe msmeneli, is inteleq-tualuri partnioria im uzarmazar realistur dialogSi, romelsac cxovreba hqvia. literatura oratoruli prag-matikis fazaSi Seabijebs. romantikuli introvertuloba TandaTan transformirdeba realistur eqstravertulo-baSi, literaturis politizacia da socializacia ki meti TvalsaCinoebiT avlens nacionalur gansxvavebebs: qarTuli realizmi „qarTuli sakiTxaviTaa“ datvirTuli, rac XIX sa-ukunis meore naxevridan gardauvlad ukavSirdeba axali na-cionaluri identobis Ziebas, rogorc mizandasaxulobas.

qveynis politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis brZola swo-red is lokaluri problemaa, romelsac gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT utrialebs klasikuri realizmis epoqis qarTuli mwerloba da, am TvalsazrisiT, is msoflio realizmis sak-maod specifikur frTas qmnis.

qarTuli realizmi Zaldautaneblad iTavsebs rogorc dasavleT evropul, ise rusul gamocdilebas (l. ardazianis

38

`solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~, g.erisTavis `gayra~, i. Wav-WavaZis `sarCobelazed~), magram Tavis mTavar saTqmelad sxva problemas gamokveTs: asaxvis realisturi maneris mra-valnair SesaZleblobebs saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani nacionaluri identobisa da erovnuli sa-kiTxis gadaWris saqmeSi! erovnuli TviTmyofadobis idea aris qarTuli kritikuli realizmis mTavari idea, rome-lic moicavs da faravs mis gzaze amosvetil mwvave social-politikur problemebs. erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideis gaaqtiurebisa da aRorZinebis gamo qarTuli kritikuli re-alizmi gansakuTrebul adgils imkvidrebs realisturi mwer-lobis saerTo evropul sivrceSi. am TvalsazrisiT saetapo mniSvnelobas iZens iseTi teqstebi, rogorebicaa ilia Wav-WavaZis `mgzavris werilebi~, akaki wereTlis `Tornike eris-Tavi~, aleqsande yazbegis `elguja~ da sxv.

qarTuli kritikuli realizmis erovnulis TviTmyofa-dobis idea pirdapir kavSirSia `kavkasielis~ cnebis istori-uli Rirebulebis aRorZinebasTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani devalvacia ganicada XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, romantizmis ambivalentur epoqaSi, cxadi gaxda, rom Tuki saqarTvelo gaemijneba kavkasiis darCenil regionebs, is aRmoCndeba izo-laciaSi, pirispir `rusul daTvTan~, romelic XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebiT aaqtiurebs Tavis imperi-alistur gegmebs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi. am fonze akaki wereTlis leqsi `Samilis sizmari~ (1859 w.) JRers rogorc mimarTva da pozicia: SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom akaki swored am leqss gadaugdebs xelTaTmaniviT qarTvel romantikos poets da rusuli armiis generals, grigol orbelians, riTac xazs gausvams `SvilTa~ banakis `mamebisagan~ gansxvavebul pozicias kavkasiis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. viTarebas gaam-wvavebs al. yazbegi, xazgasmulad gadaanacvlebs ra aRniS-nuli problemis literaturul interpretacias antirusul sibrtyeze: mis teqstebSi cxadad gamoikveTeba tragikuli SiSi im naciisadmi, romelic `ucxo~ eniT, zneobiTa da wes-CveulebebiT iWreba saqarTvelosa da, zogadad, kavkasiis

39

teritoriaze; rusul mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebuli per-sonaJebi imTaviTve uaryofiT konteqstSia gaazrebuli, an, piriqiT, Tuki personaJi uaryofiTia, is aucileblad aris dakavSirebuli rusul konteqstTan, samagierod, kavkasiis mTiani regionis xalxebi upiratesad gmirobasTan, Tavdade-basTan, keTilSobilebasTan, siyvarulTan asocirdeba. igive tendencias SeiZleba davakvirdeT akaki wereTlis poemaSi `gamzrdeli~, romelSic afxazi dadebiTi personaJic aris da uaryofiTic, xolo maTi brZeni aRmzrdeli sulac yabardo-elia*. nurc vaJa-fSavelas mucalsa da joyolas da maTdami qarTvel mTielTa damokidebulebas daviviwyebT. eTikuri da sazogadoebrivi Pro et Contra, romelsac vaJa-fSavela sa-fuZvlad udebs Tavisi personaJebis RirebulebaTa Skalas, scdeba viwro separatizmis standarts da humanizmis uRrme-si Sreebisaken miemarTeba. qarTveli realistebisaTvis eso-den mtkivneul `kavkasiis Temas~ mxatvruli virtuozulo-biT daagvirgvinebs iakob gogebaSvili teqstSi `iavnanam ra hqmna?~, rodesac qarTuli ojaxis tragikuli xvedris fon-ze gamwvavebuli eTnikuri dapirispireba qarTvelebsa da lekebs Soris moTxrobis bolos sayovelTao harmoniasa da idiliaSi gadaizrdeba. amrigad, XIX saukunis qarTuli sa-zogadoebis reaqcia rusul kolonializmze daufaravad icvlis saxes da romantizmis xanis ambivalentur statuss radikaluri dapirispireba cvlis: antikoloniuri moZrao-bis istoriulad gamomuSavebul sarwmunoebriv strategias erovnuli strategia Caanacvlebs. SemTxveviT ar CaeWideba qarTuli realizmis lideri, ilia WavWavaZe, nikoloz bara-TaSvilis figuras – is baraTaSvilistia ruseTis koloniur politikasTan mimarTebaSi** da ara mxolod is: erovnuli Rirebulebebis rekonstruqcia safuZvlad udevs qarTveli

* sagulisxmoa, rom realisti avtori, romelic tradiciulad eTikuri da zneobrivi normebis mkacr regulatorad gvevlineba teqstSi, arc erTxel ar axdens eTnikuri sxvaobebis aqcentirebas.** nikoloz baraTaSvils ekuTvnis cnobili fraza, romelic ilia WavWavaZisa da misi TaAnamoazreebisaTvis deklaraciis mniSvnelobas iZens: ̀ saxelmwifosa sjulis erToba araras argebs, odes Tviseba erTa mis Soris sxvadasxvaobdes~.

40

realisti mwerlebis Semoqmedebas (i. WavWavaZe – `aCrdili~, `mefe demetre Tavdadebuli~; ak wereTeli – `ganTiadi~, `Tornike erisTavi~; al. yazbegi – `elguja~, `xevisberi goCa~ da sxv.).

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideis warmatebiT realize-bas emsaxureba qarTuli kritikuli realizmisTvis pirveli niSandoblivi mZlavri tendenciac – socialuri problema-tikis aqcentireba. ilia WavWavaZis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe luarsab TaTqariZisa am TvalsazrisiT saetapo aRmoCn-deba: mweralma Seqmna TumcaRa uboroto, magram muqTaxora, zarmaci da inertuli xasiaTi-tipi, romelic ara mxolod imitomaa saSiSi, rom socialurad dromoWmuli da regresu-lia, aramed imitomac, rom misi gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sul ufro metad gauWirdeba misTvis esoden sanukvari miznis – damoukideblobis miRweva: damoukideb-lobis gza gadis bZolaze, romlis unaric TaTqariZes da misnairebs ar gaaCniaT. socialuri problema ar rCeba oden socialuri problemis doneze, aramed miemarTeba erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideas, rogorc qarTuli kritikuli rea-lizmis mTavar saTqmels.

erovnuli idea centralur idead ganixileba mweralTa axali, SedarebiT radikaluri dajgufebisTvisac, romle-bic qarTveli xalxosnebis (e.w. `narodnikebis~) saxeliTaa cnobili. miuxedavad misi dasaxelebis similarobisa analo-giur literaturul skolasTan ruseTSi, is ufro evrope-istuli iyo Tavisi amocanebiTa da mizandasaxulobebiT, vid-re prorusuli. qarTveli xalxosnebis didi nawili evropul mecnierebasa da kulturasTan daaxloebaSi xedavda qveynis swori ganviTarebis winapirobas; maTTvis erovnuli grZno-bis Rirebuleba imdenad iyo Rirsebis matarebeli, ramdena-dac is xalxis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas emsaxu-reboda. xalxosnebma Tamamad Semoitanes qarTul mwerlobaSi genderuli problemebi.

XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis esoden speqtruli da mra-valferovani qarTuli realizmi gviani realizmis fazaSi

258

ilia

Wav

Wav

aZe

– `

kac

ia-a

dam

iani

?!~

hen

rik

hr

inev

ski

41

gadainacvlebs da amiTac is `solidarobas~ umJRavnebs ev-ropul literaturul procesebs: qarTuli literatura warmatebiT eufleba gviani realizmis esTetikas, romelic ramdenadme gansxvavda kritikuli realizmis ZiriTadi tendenciebisgan.

realistma mwerlebma, romlebmac XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gviani realizmis mgrZnobelobaSi gadainacvles (dostoevski, Cexovi, gi de mopasani), mTeli sisruliT Se-imecnes is saSiSroeba, romelic arnaxulad gaaqtiurebul politikur utopiebsa da samecniero-teqnikur progress mohqonda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebul da dadge-nil sulier RirebulebaTa sistemisTvis. gangaSis zari ro-mantikosebma (meri Seli – `frankeStaini~) da filosofiis axali talRis warmomadgenlebma Semohkres: `pirveladi mniS-vnelobis problemas warmoadgenda ara mxolod Tanamedro-ve miRwevebis Sedegad gamefebuli Zaladobisa da teroris atmosfero, aramed individualurobis dakargvis saxifaTo tendencia `koleq tiu risa~ da `sayovelTaos~ wiaRSi. Sopen-haueris, kir kegorisa da nicSes filosofiaSi cxadad aisaxa kacobriobis winaSe wamomarTuli am safrTxis siRrmiseuli proeqcia. maT moZRvrebebSi gamoikveTa erTsulovani agre-sia pozitivizmisa da `moan gariSe-buxhaltruli~ teqnikuri azrovnebis mimarT, mwvaved daisva adamianis Tavisufali aq-tivobis, SemoqmedebiTi nebisa da individualuri azrovne-bis dakargvis problema... axali filosofiuri azrovnebis wiaRSi Camoyalibda pesimisturi ganwyobileba, Rrma skefsi-si arsebuli realobisadmi. `sicocxlis filosofiis~ mesve-urTa mizans warmoadgenda sicocxlis garegansazRvrulobis ideis Secvla TviTgansazRvrulobis ideiT, anu mimarTebis – `me da samyaro~ – tradiciuli da racionaluri garexed-vis poziciis transformireba grZnobadisa da aRqmadis pri-matze dafuZnebul Sigaxedvis poziciaSi. SigniT da Signidan xedvis proeqcia win wamoswevda me-s individualur aspeqtebs, amkvidrebda kondicias, romlis pirobebSic adamiani aRar sjerdeboda ukve arsebuli, gamyarebuli, TavisTavadi `sam-

42

yaros reproducirebas~ da koncentrirdeboda sakuTari individualuri SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis reali-zebaze... Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofia srul antagonizmSi aRmoCnda XIX saukuneSi ganviTarebul socialistur da demokratiul moZRvrebebTan, gabatonebul mecnierul progresTan da saerTo-revoluciur atmosfe-rosTan. maT naazrevSi cxadad aisaxa ara mxolod epoqis krizisi, aramed krizisuli epoqis CarCoebSi moqceuli ada-mianis tragedia~ (ratiani 2010: 36-40).

social-utopistebis moZRvrebebis, marqsisa da engel-sis `ziari sakuTrebis~ Teoriis, Carlz darvinis `evoluci-is Teoriis~, fizikosTa mier atomis aRmoCenis, didi qimi-uri Zvrebisa da biologiuri eqsperimentebis monacvleobis pirobebSi adamianebi daeWvdenen (remi de gurmoni) – isini daeWvdnen sakuTar warmomavlobasa da warmavlobaSi, Rmer-Tsa da samyaroSi. idealuri samyaro daingra, – acxadebda fridrix nicSe, – `kacobriobas gamoecala sayrdeni. adamiani rCeba orientirebis gareSe, is rCeba Tavisi Tavis anabara. ada-mianma aRar icis, Tu risTvis cxovrobs, saiT midis, ar icis riT gaamarTlos Tavisi moqmedeba da azrovneba. mas eufle-ba martoobis, uperspeqtivobis, uimedobis grZnoba~ (bua-CiZe 1970: 26). idealuri Rirebulebebi ufasurdeba, `RmerTi mokvda, RmerTis arsebobiT gamarTlebuli Rirebulebebi, romelTac adamiani aqamde eTanxmeboda, kargaven Tavis fass. es ki imis mauwyebelia, rom karTan momdgaria `yvela stu-marTagan yvelaze Semzaravi~ – nihi lizmi~ (buaCiZe 1970: 26). nicSes frazam – `RmerTi mokvda~ – gamoxata ara Tavgadak-luli aTeistis suliskveTeba, aramed filo sofosis Rrma piraduli tra gedia, amozrdili `evropuli kacobriobis su-lieri cxov rebis istoriuli moZraobis Sinagani logikidan~ (buaCiZe 1986: 76). `Cveni epoqa aris Zveli idealebis Secvla ZaladobiT da es mxolod mecnierebis damsaxurebaa~, – Sfo-Tavda bertran raseli (beikeri 1990: 64); `samyaro Tavis dasas-ruls uaxlovdeba, – acxadebda SeZrwunebuli Sarl bodleri, – teqnokratia sabolood gagvanadgurebs Cven, progresi ki

43

iseT sulier SimSils dasTess, rom utopistTa sisxlnakravi, fuqsavati da arabunebrivi ocnebebi mogoneba iqneba masTan... samyaros nangrevebi sacnauri gaxdeba ara politikuri sis-temebis an sxva raime ubedurebis saxiT, aramed Cveni gulebis siRrmeebSi~ (kumari 1991: 117).

Eevropuli sazogadoeba aSkarad dadga individualuri fenomenis nivelirebis safrTxis winaSe. Sedegad, dekadansi mTeli sisruliTa da energiiT moedo evropul literatu-ras, xolo kritikulma realizmma mniSvnelovani transfor-macia ganicada da gviani realizmis fazaSi gadainacvla.

gviani realizmis epoqis mwerlebma TiTqos SeigrZnes, rom drom Secvala adamianis `qimiuri Sedgeniloba~! sauku-neebis manZilze literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli garexedvis perspeqtiva – `adamiani da samyaro~, anu `me da samyaro~ – Caanacvla sruliad gansxvavebulma Sigaxedvis perspeqtivam: `adamiani samyaroSi da samyaro adamianSi~ anu `me samyaro-Si da samyaro CemSi~. xedvis es perspeqtiva, dekadansis koncefciasTan wyvilSi, warmoadgenda pirdapir gzas modernizmisken.

gansakuTrebuli kontribucia literaturuli xedvi-sa da principebis gardaqmnis am rTul sistemaSi ekuTvnis fiodor dostoevskis, romelic mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ewi-naaRmdegeboda individualizmis dakargvis saSiSroebas. misTvis axdenil koSmars warmoadgenda raciona lizebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva. sazogadoebis ra-cionalizacia dostoevskiseuli `SeuzRudavi despotizmis~ relevanturi cneba iyo, mecnierulis, logikurisa da sayo-velTaos wiaRSi samudamod Cakarguli Tavisuflebis sinoni-mi. `dostoevski dajildoebuli iyo genialuri niWiT, moes-mina Tavisi epoqis dialogi, – werda mixail baxtini, – ufro zustad, moesmina Tavisi epoqa rogorc uzarmazari dialogi, moexelTebina masSi ara mxolod calkeuli xmebis JReradoba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, dialoguri urTierTobebi xma-Ta Soris, maTi dialoguri urTierTqmedeba~ (baxtini 1972: 150). es damoukidebeli, erTmaneTTan Seurwymeli da, Sesaba-

258

lev

an

Wo

Ro

SAvil

i.

qar

TUu

li

ar

ist

okr

atia

259

lev

an

Wo

Ro

SAvil

i.

qar

TUu

li

ar

ist

okr

atia

44

misad, araintegrirebadi xmebi erTmaneTze zeddebiT xasi-aTdeba da arc erTi maTgani ar RaRadebs umaRles da sabo-loo WeSmaritebas: WeSmariteba, rogorc mxatvruli teqstis koncefia, mxolod am xmaTa yvela poziciis, rogorc mraval-xmiani, polifoniuri harmoniis Sedegia. dostoevskis mTavar aRmoCenad adamiani iqca, adamiani, romlis sulSi, gonebasa da fsiqikaSi momxdari Rrma cvlilebebi gasaocari mravalfe-rovnebiT daafiqsira avtorma.

gviani realizmis aRniSnuli Temebi XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaiJRerebs qarTul realistur mwerlobaSi, iseT teqstebSi, rogoricaa: ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobelazed~, al. yazbegis `moZRvari~, `mamis mkvleli~ da sxv., xolo mogvi-anebiT Txrobis ganaskuTrebuli maneriT gamoixateba iseTi mniSvnelovani avtoris teqstebSi (moTxrobebsa da piesebSi) rogoricaa daviT kldiaSvili („samaniSvilis dedinacvali“, „soloman morbelaZe“, „irines bedniereba“ da sxv.). Tuki ilia WavWavaZem da al. yazbegma adamianisa da samyaros ganxeTqi-lebis Temas tragikuli paTosi daafines, daviT kldiaSvilma sevdiani ironiis forma misca process: anton Cexovis msgav-sad, daviT kldiaSvilis TxzulebebSi adamianebis ara sik-vdili, aramed sicocxle iqca tragediad!

gviani realizmis konceptebisa da Temebis srulad rea-lizebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul mwerlobaSi fasdaudebelia vaJa-fSavelas roli da damsaxureba. vaJa-fSavelas litera-turuli memkvidreoba Tavisi TemebiTa da miznebiT evro-puli gviani realizmis epoqis Rirebuli qarTuli refleq-siaa. vaJas Semoqmedeba nasazrdoebia rogorc progresuli filosofiuri da literaturuli principebiT (adamianis Sinagan, sulier-fsiqologiur SreebSi CaRrmaveba, adami-anisa da samyaros rTul urTierTdamokidebulebaze fiqri), ise – qarTuli miTologiuri da folkloruli tradiciebiT: is srulad aireklavs miTologiuri arqetipebis gavlenas literaturaze da warmoaCens xalxuri sityvierebis ara mxolod mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis, aramed yofiTi kulturisa da msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa

45

asaxvis funqcias mxatvrul teqstebSi*. vaJa-fSavelas Semoq-medebis centralur teqstebs – `aluda qeTelauri~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `gogoTur da afSina~, `gvelis mWameli~ da sxv. – cxadia, gansxva vebuli siuJetebi aqvs, magram erTi saerTo principi amTlianebs: pirovnebisa da pirovnuli Rirsebis damkvidrebis principi! vaJa-fSavelas yuradRebis umTavres sagans adamiani warmoadgens, subieqti, damoukideblad misi religiuri mrwamsisa da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, romelic arsebobs garkveuli sazogadoebis, anu obieqturi garemos pirobebSi da cdilobs damkvidrdes masSi, rogorc indivi-dualuri pirovneba. isini ar arian mravalTagan erT-erTni, aramed erTni – mravalSi, xolo pirovnebis Tavisuf lebis erTaderT proeqciad sulieri proeqcia ikveTeba. vaJa-fSa-velas Rvawli, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imdenadve sasar-gebloa kacobriobisaTvis, ramdenadac sasargeblo da goniv-rulia samSoblosaTvis (`kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi~).

swored am paTosiT Seabijebs qarTuli mwerloba XX sa-ukuneSi da bunebrivad Seudgeba modernistuli Ziebebis saerToevropul gzas**...

damowmebani:

baxtini1986: Бахтин М. М. Литературно-критические статьи. Москва: 1986.baxtini 1972: Бахтин М.М. Проблемы поэтики Довстоевского. Изд. 3-тье.

Москва: 1972.beikeri 1990: Baker R. S Brave New World: history, science and dystopia. G.K.Hall

& Co: 1990.borevi 2001: Борев, Ю. Критический реализм XIX века... В кн: Теория

литературы, т. IV. Литературный процесс. Москва: ИМЛИ РАН, «Наследие», 2001.

* vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi refleqsirdeba qarTuli kulturis uZvelesi arqetipuli Sreebi.** vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedeba aRmoCndeba is simZimis centri, romelsac dae-fuZneba XX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli procesebis – Tamami mo-dern-istuli tendenciebisa Tu eqsperimentebis – Sinagani kavSiri qarTul klasi-kur mwerlobasTan.

46

buaCiZe 1970: buaCiZe T. `fridrix nicSe~. wg-Si: XX saukunis burJua-

ziuli filosofia. Tbilisi: `ganaTleba~, 1970.

valerSteini 1988: Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Burgeois (ie) as Concept and Real-ity. New Left Review I/67 (January-Fabruary 1988.

koka 1999: Jurgen, Kocka. Middle Class and Authoritarian State: Toward a History of the German Burgertum in the Nineteenth Century // Jurgen, Kocka, Indsutrial Culture and Bourgeois Society. Business, Labor and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, New York/Oxford, 1999.

kumari 1991: Kumar K. Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times. T.J. Press Ltd, Padstow: 1991.

moreti 2014: Морети, Франко. Буржуа. Между историей и литературой. Москва: Издательство института Гайдара. 2014.

ratiani 2010a: ratiani i. teqsti da qronotopi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis

universitetia gamomcmeloba, 2010.

47

bela wifuria

modernizmi –

kulturuli da literaturuli stili

modernizmi, mecxramete saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan moyolebuli da dRemdec, Tanamedrove dasavluri civili-zaciis kulturuli da cnobieri procesebisTvis upiratesi mniSvnelobis mqone kulturuli stilia. amave periodidan, dasavluri civilizacia – misi socialuri normebi, eTikuri Rirebulebebi, politikuri sistemebi, ekonomikuri da saxel-mwifoebrivi mowyobis principebi, samecniero-teqnologi-uri amocanebi – mamodelirebeli gaxda mTeli msofliosTvis da gamokveTa kacobriobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebi. Sesabamisad, modernizmi, rogorc Tanamedrove da-savluri civilizaciis msoflmxedvelobrivi da sulieri Ziebebis sivrce, Tanamedroveobis ganmsazRvrel movlenad rCeba globaluri masStabiT. maSinac ki, roca meoce sauku-nis meore naxevridan modernizmis ZiriTadi tendenciebi gardaisaxa posmodernistul kulturul stilSi, is suli-er-msoflmxedvelobrivi da esTetikur-gamomsaxvelobiTi amocanebi, romlebic kacobriobis winaSe wamoWra evropulma modernizmma, kvlavac Zireul problemur sakiTxebad rCeba da aqtualuria ocdameerTe saukunis msofliosTvis. amitom, Cveni uSualo Tanamedroveobac yvelaze farTod sazrdoobs modernizmis kulturuli memkvidreobiT.

modernizmi da modernuloba. modernizmi da modernulo-ba gansxvavebuli cnebebia, Tumca maT aerTianebT Tanamedro-veoba – rogorc koncepti da suliskveTeba (laT. modo – axla; gviani laT. modern da ingl. modern – Tanamedrove). modernu-lobis cneba gulisxmobs kacobriobis sazogadoebrivi da saxelwmifoebrivi ganviTarebis etaps, garkveul istoriul epoqas, romelic dRevandelobasac moicavs. modernulobas mkvlevarebi ramdenime fazad hyofen, Tumca misi dawyeba,

48

Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva evropul sazogadoebebSi me-15-me-16 saukuneebidan ganviTarebul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba, rom-lebic, droTa ganmavlobaSi, gaziarebuli iqna kacobriobis mier. es cvlilebebia: feodalizmidan kapitalizmze gadas-vla, saxelmwifosa da religiis gamijnva/sekularizacia, industrializacia, urbanizacia, racionaluri azrovnebis ganmtkiceba, mecnieruli kvlevebis gafarToeba, eri-saxelm-wifoebis Seqmna, monarqiuli wyobis nacvlad arCeviTi orga-noebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos marTvis modelis damkvidre-ba, demokratizacia. amave dros, modernulobis epoqasTan aris dakavSirebuli

sociumis arsis axleburi gaazreba, adamianTa socialuri Tanasworobis ideis gavrceleba. dasavluri samyaros moaz-rovneebi – dekarti (1596-1650) Tu volteri (1694-1778), kan-ti (1724-1804) Tu jefersoni (1743-1826) qmnidnen im ZiriTad ideebs da sistemebs, romlebic Tanamedrove adamianis saaz-rovno da samoRvaweo principebs gansazRvravs.1 maqs veberis mixedviT, kacobriobis zogadi istoriis fonze dasavluri sayaros amgvari ganviTareba im „specifikuri yaidis „racio-nalizmis“ Sedegia, romelmad gavlena iqonia ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu politikuri modelebis formirebaze (veberi 2014). am procesebis Sedegad sxvadasxva evropul, Semdeg kiaraevropul qveynebSic TandaTanobiT Seicvala Suasauku-noebrivi, medievaluri paradigma da damkvidrda Tanamedro-veoba, modernuli paradigma. me-19 saukune, evropis sxva-dasxva qveynebSi da amerikaSi ganviTarebuli cvlilebebis fonze, modernulobis klasikur fazad miiCneva. marTalia, gviani modernulobis faza, rogoradac is me-20 saukuneSi Camoyalibda da, miT ufro, dRevandeloba, didad gansxvav-deba adreuli fazisgan, magram paradigmuli TvalsazrisiT modernuloba erTiani periodia.2

swored mecxramete saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi, klasikuri modernulobis periodSi, evropuli kultura iwyebs modernuli epoqis adamianis arsisa da miswrafebebis gacnobierebas da gamosaxvas. iwyeba kacobriobis istoriaSi

49

erT-erTi yvelaze farTo da mravalferovani saxelovnebo procesi, romelic mraval mimarTulebas da mimdinareobas moicavs, Tumca erTiandeba cnebaSi „modernizmi“.

kulturaSi modernulobis epoqis yvelaze Zlieri mani-festacia modernizmma mogvca, Tumca aseve sagulisxmoa is, rom modernistul xelovnebas ainteresebs ara modernu-lobis istoriuli periodis miRwevebis aRqma, socialuri Tu saxelmwifoebrivi procesebis gaazreba da mxatvruli gamosaxva; modernizmis SemoqmedebiTi da gamomsaxvelobiTiamocanebi mTlianad mimarTulia individis, subieqtis, pi-rovnebis ideisken. Tanamedrove adamianis sulieri Ziebebi, misi Sinagani samyaro, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi proble-mebi, TviTgamoxatvis mcdelobebi modernizmis mravalf-erovan sivrces amTlianebs. am TvalsazrisiT, modernizmi faseulobebis sakuTar sistemas qmnis da modernulobis is-toriuli periodis tendenciebs erTi mxriv iziarebs, aramed akritikebs kidec. amis miuxedavad, modernizmi, rogorc kulturuli procesi, modernulobis istoriuli procesis fonze viTardeba da es ori movlenac urTierTdakavSire-bulia. Tanamedroveobis yvelaze saintereso, intensiuri da kvlavac cocxali procesis ganviTareba swored modernizms ukavSirdeba.

modernizmi da urbanizmi. modernul epoqaSi adamianTa sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesSi calsaxad gamoikveTa qalaqur dasaxlebebSi koncentrirebis, urbanizaciis tendencia. cxa-dia, modernizi ara mxolod exmianeba am tendencias, aramed, rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSic, warmoaCens modernuli epoqis tendenciis diqotomiur bunebas, qalaqisa da bunebis gan-xeTqilebas da individis gaucxoebas sakuTari sacxovrebeli garemosadmi. qalaqi modernizmSi aRiwera rogorc sivrce, sadac Tanamedrove industriuli cxovrebis wesi cvlis da gamodevnis adamianis bunebrivi arsebobis formebs. bunebisa da kulturis dapirispireba, rac Tanamdrove filosofii-sa da anTropoligiis erT-erT mniSvnelovan debatad iqca, moderistul literaturaSi mTeli dramatizmiT aris naCve-

50

nebi. Sarl bodlerisa (1821-1867) da emil verharnis (1855-1916) poeziidanve, modernistuli xelovnebis da urbanuli samyaros mimarTeba xdeba modernizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tema, qalaqi ki warmoCndeba rogor sulis kvdomis sivrce, sadac adamianis sulier miswrafebebs upirispirdeba qaosi, xmauri, brbo, dauokebeli ritmi, qarxnebis kvamli, manqanaTa moZaleba, materialuri sawyisis aRmateba. modernisti xelo-vani, erTdroulad, aRiarebs sakuTar xelovnebas urbanuli da industriuli epoqis produqtad, Tumca ewinaaRmdegeba individis da sociumis arsebobis im saxes, rac modernulma qalaqma Seqmna.3

meore aspeqti, romliTac modernistul epoqaSi qalaqi warmodgeba, aris kulturuli toposi. dasavluri qalaqebi – uwinaresad parizi, aseve, berlini, londoni, ciurixi, peter-burgi, vena, praRa, niu-iorki, Cikago – erTmaneTis miyolebiT xdebian modernizmis cocxali, aqtiuri, maZiebluri proce-sis epicentrebi, sadac sxvadasxva qveynebidan Tavs iyrian modernistuli esTetikuri interesebiT gaerTnianebuli xe-lovanebi. multikulturuli da multinacionaluri qalaqi, rogorc modernizmis kulturuli centri – modernuli epo-qis urbanuli procesebis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia.*

modernizmi globaluri kulturuli stilis ganmsazR-vreli cnebaa kulturaSi. is moicavs saxelovnebo proce-sebs, romelTa ZiriTadi qronologiuri periodia me-19 sau-kunis bolo aTwleulebidan meoce saukunis meore naxevris CaTvliT.4 modernul industriul epoqaSi ukve sakmaod gan-viTarebuli saxelmwifoTaSorisi ekonomikuri kavSirebi, kulturuli gacvla, beWdviTi sityvis gavrceleba SesaZleb-els xdida kulturuli kontaqtebis gafarToebas imdenad, rom saxelovnebo Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi tendenciebi er-Ti romelime enobriv-kulturuli arealis kuTvnilebad ar darCeniliyo. mecxramete saukunis bolo da meoce saukunis

* qalaqebis rogorc modernizmis toposebis Seswavla modernizmis kvlevis mniSvnelovani aspeqti xdeba. ix. Malcolm Bradbury, “The Cities of Modernism”, in: Modernism. A Guide to European Literature, Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane. London: Pinguin Books, 1976. pp. 96-104.

51

pirvel aTwleulebSi, drois SedarebiT mcire periodSi, modernistuli kultura mTeli dasavleT da aRmosavleT ev-ropis qveynebis geografiul da kulturul sivrceebSi gav-rcelda.5 evropis TiTqmis yvela erma sakuTar enobriv da Se-moqmedebiT sivrceebSi miiRo da gaiTavisa modernizmi – misi esa Tu is mimdinareoba an tendencia, xelovnebis ama Tu im dargSi. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ara mxolod evro-paSi, aramed aRmosavleTSi, iaponur Tu Cinur literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, swored modernistuli tendenciebi qmnis Semoqmedis sulieri Ziebebis fons.

modernizmis gavrceleba amdenad farTo geografiul garemoSi, amdenad mravalferovan enobriv/nacionalur kul-turul arealebSi imiT aixsneba, rom modernizmi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba da esTetika, miemarTeba pirovnebis, in-dividis samyaros. is adamians, rogorc subieqts ayenebs sa-kuTari kulturis centrSi; modernistuli xelovnebis in-teresis sagania adamianis uzogadesi da uRrmesi emociebi Tu miswrafebebi, romlebic mTeli dasavluri civilizaciis, an mTeli zogadsakacobrio ganviTarebis axali sulieri eta-pis momaswavebelia. swored amitom, modernizmis universa-luroba ganpirobebulia individualizmis ideiT: individi-sa, romelic, marTalia, TviTidentifkacias axdens sakuTar nacionalur, socialur, kulturul kontqstTan, magram misi Sinagani Ziebebebi, uwinaresad, im zogadsakacobrio kiTxvebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic modernul apoqaSi axali saxiT aris warmoCnili.

am TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli xelovnebis formire-baSi ufro didi roli aqvs epoqis konteqsts, an sulier dros, vidre konkretul lokalur enobriv-kulturul areals. es aris xelovneba, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs indivi-debs – maT, vinc erTiani dasavluri civilizaciis kulturu-li memkvidreobis da erTiani modernuli istoriis fonze adamianis maradiul kiTxvebs axali simZafriT wamoWris.

modernizmis sulieri dro. modernizmi SeiZleba gavi-goT, uwinaresad, rogorc dasavluri sazogadoebis sulieri

52

mdgomareobis konkretuli etapi, sulieri dro. mkvlevare-bi midian im daskvnamde, rom iseTi konceptebi rogoricaa modernizmi, avangardizmi, dekadansi, `maTi heterogenuli warmomavlobis da mniSvnelobaTa mravalferovnebis fonze, erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels iziareben: isini asaxeven inte-leqtualur damokidebulebebs, romlebic pirdapir ukav-Sirdeba drois problemas. cxadia, es ar aris metafizikuri an epistemologiuri dro filosofosebisa, arc mecnieruli konstruqti fizikosebisa, aramed adamianuri dro da isto-riis gancda, rogoradac is gamocdilia da fasobs kultura-Si“ (kalunesku 1987: 9). es dro aerTianebs epoqisTvis damaxa-siaTebel religiur gancdebs, sulier Ziebebs, emociur fons, maradiuli zogadsakacobrio kiTxvebis simwvaves, sulieri rigis problemebs, rac adamianis Sinagan samyaros aRavsebs da garesamyarosTan mis mimarTebasac gansazRvravs.6

modernizmis sulieri drois formireba ori urTierT-dakavSirebuli da sinqronuli procesis Sedegad xdeba: er-Ti mxriv, industrializacia, urbanizacia, kapitalizmi, mecnieruli progresi cvlis dasavlur samyaros, mis ritms, Rirebulebebs. meore mxriv, modernistuli kulturul-msoflmxedvelobrivi procesi axdens adamianis sulieri krizisis verbalizacias da reprezentacias, samyaros aRqma-gacnobierebis tradiciuli formebis uaryofas. swored mo-dernistuli kultura iwyebs gansakuTrebuli intensivobiTim faqtis asaxvasa da gacnobierebas, rom dasavluri civi-lizacia axali realobis winaSe aRmoCnda da sinamdvile, ro-melSic Tanamedrove adamiani cxovrobs, sruliad gansxvav-deba kacobriobis arsebobis mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli samyaros iersaxisagan.7

Sedegad, modernistuli dro, iseve rogorc modernizmis epoqis istoriuli realoba, samyaros dramatuli da, xSirad, umarTavi cvlilebebis mowme xdeba, xolo modernistuli xe-lovneba – am cvlilebebis gamosaxveli: „yovlismomcveli Zvrebi, kulturis kataklizmuri gadatrialebebi, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi sulis safuZvlebis konvulsiebi, romleb-

53

mac daamxo Cveni TviT yvelaze myari da arsebiTi daskvnebi da rwmena-warmodgenebi, warsulis udidesi monakveTebidan mxolod nangrevebi datova (didebuli nangrevebi, rogorc Tavs virwmunebT), kiTxvis niSnis qveS daaayena mTeli civili-zacia Tu kultura, da biZgi misca gamalebul aRmSeneblobas. veravin uaryofs, rom meoce saukunem axali xelovneba mogvi-tana[..], magram sul ufro da ufro vrwmundebiT, rom es axali xelovneba kataklizmuri procesebis Sedegia“ (bredbederi 1976: 19-56; 19-20).

cxadia, yvelaze didi Zvra mecxramete saukunis dasas-rulisa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis dasavluri samyarosT-vis qristianul sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebis tradiciuli, mediavaluri paradigmis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba. religiuri gancdebi modernizmis epoqis umniSvnelovanesi probleme-bis mTels speqtrs qmnis. racionalizmis simZlavris da eqs-perimentuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis fonze dasavluri civilizacia axdens qristianul sarwmunoebric sistemas-Tan mravalsaukunovani damokidebulebis revizias – iwyebs daeWvebas im fundamentur xedvaSi, rasac sarwmunoeba adami-ans sTavazobda samyaros dasabamis da dasasrulis, sikvdil-sicocxlis, sulis ukvdavebis kiTxvebze pasuxad. am kiTxvebze pasuxis moZieba modernistuli msoflmxedvelobis yvelaze didi mizani xdeba; amave dros, am miznis miuRwevlobac asevea gacnobierebuli: es aris kiTxvebi, romelTa pasuxebic adami-anma SeiZleba irwmunos ama Tu im sistemis farglebSi, Tumca racionalistur epoqaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba rwmeniT pasuxe-bis miReba da religiuri sistemis farglebSi darCena. meore mxriv, modernistuli epoqaSi dadga imedgacruebac mecnier-uli azrisadmi, romelic uZluri aRmoCnda pasuxi gaeca sam-yaros Seqmnis saidumloze. modernistul epoqaSi ukve aRar rCeba arc erTi sistema – religiuri, mecnieruli, filoso-fiuri – romelic adamians maradiul kiTxvebTan mimarTebiT orientirebaSi daexmareboda. mogvianebiT, ukve postmoder-nistul filolofiaSi Jan-fransua liotaris (1924-1998) mier es aRiwereba, rogorc didi narativebis (metanarative-

54

bis) dasrulebis procesi. Tumca SeiZleba vimsjeloT, rom didi narativebis dasasrulis dasawyisi, dasavluri samya-ros warmodgenaTa sistemebis Tanmimdevruli rRveva swored modernistul epoqas ukavSirdeba.

modernistuli xelovneba – literatura, vizualuri xelovneba, musika – mTeli dramatizmiT aRwers im epoqis individis mdgomareobas, romelsac aRar gaaCnia garesam-yarosTan, Tundac, transcendentur samyarosTan mimarTebis Seuvali principebi. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasav-luri civilizaciis damokidebulebas samyarosadmi swored qristianuli sarwmunoebis mier mocemuli axsna-ganmar-tebani gansazRvravda. Tumca klasikuri modernis epoqaSi dasavluri samyaros maxasiaTeblad racionalizmi iqna miCneuli. modernizmma ki uaryo racionalizmis batonobac da swored samyarosadmi racionalistuli damokidebulebis ganviTarebis uSalo Sedegad miiCnia qristianuli rwmenis Seryeva.8 yvelaze travmatulad modernistul xelovnebaSi, cxadia, qristianuli saazrovno sistemisadmi daeWveba da Sesabamisi dabejiTebebis rRveva aisaxa. moris meterlinkis (1862-1949) piesaSi „brmebi“ (1890) kacobrioba Sedarebulia usinaTloebs, romelTac dakarges erTaderTi Tvalxiluli winamZRoli, RmerTi – misi simboluri saxe nawarmoebSi moZRvaria, romelic moulodnelad gardaicvleba.

samyaros axsnis sarwmunoebrivi principebis dakargvis fonze, modernizmSi yvelaze mtkivneuli aRmoCnda is gancda, rom adamians aRar SeuZlia rwmeniT miiRos sikvdil-sico-cxlis saidumlos religiuri axsna, magram misTvis aradama-jerebelia yvela sxva mecnieruli ganmarteba, miT ufro, rom modernizmi xazs usvams mecnierebis uZlurebas am saidum-los winaSe. modernistul nawarmoebebSi iwyeba sarwmunoebis gareSe darCenili adamianis problemis gamosaxva da Sesaba-misi sulieri Ziebis procesis dramatizacia, rasac moder-nisti, umetesad, sarwmunoebis wiaRSi dabrunebis SesaZleblobe-bis Ziebisken mihyavs. swored am process aRwers Joris-karl hiusmansi (1848-1907) romanSi „gza“ (1895). mTels simbolis-

55

tur Tu eqspresionistul poeziaSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tundac, pol verlenTan, rwmenis dakargva da misi dabrunebs mcde-loba – samyarosadmi damokidebulebis yvela axali formis, da sakuTari sulieri mdgomreobis yvela Sesabamisi niuansis CvenebiT – erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.

dasavlur samyaroSi Tanamedrove adamianis mier rwmenis dakargvis tragizmi araerTi modernistis SemoqmedebaSia warmoCenili, Tumca yvelaze farTod gavrcelda fridrix nicSes (1844-1900) formulireba: “Gott ist tot” – `RmerTi mok-vda~. is warmoaCens adamianTa koleqtiur braleulobas da sakuTar Tavzec iRebs am brals, aRniSnavs ra, rom xelebi-dan sisxls veraferi Camogvbans, da ar aris wyali, romelic gangvbans (nicSe 1974: 125). nicSes es fraza moqceuli aqvs teqstis fragmentSi, romelic mogvagonebs fsalmunTa in-tonacias da SeiZleba wavikiTxoT ara mxolod Tanamedrove-obis, aramed zogad droiT konteqstSi. Tumca nicSes sityve-bi uSualod modernizmis da, zogadad, modernuli drois formulad iqca.

modernizmis kulturuli paradigma. roca erTian dasav-lur civilizaciaze, an TviT Tanamedrove evropul idento-baze saubroben, antikuri, berZnul-romauli civilizacia am erTianobis dasabamad aris aRqmuli.9 rogorc saxelmwifo mowyobis da politikis, an filosofiur-msoflmxedvelo-brivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, ise SemoqmedebiT-gamom-saxvelobiTi mxrivac swored antikuri samyaro atarebs mamodelirebel, paradigmul funqcias dasavluri civili-zaciisTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSinac, roca dasavlur xelovnebaSi antikuri paradigmis uarmyofeli paradigma ganmtkicdeba, es ukanaskneli mainc funqcionirebs antikur paradigmis konteqstSi – rogorc misi uaryofa. swored am-gvari kulturuli paradigma Seqmna modernizmma.

antikuri kulturuli paradigma, uwinares yovlisa, mo-icavs samyaros xedvas, romelic realizebulia xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi. am xedvis Tanaxmad, adamiani garesam-yaros aRiqvams rogorc simetrias, romlic Tanarsebobs

56

da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, dominirebs asimetriaze; adamiani am samyaroSi emorCileba uzenaesi arsebebis nebas da bedis-weras, magram cdilobs Seicnos kanonzomiereba da sCadis gmirobebs; adamiani materialur samyarosTan TanxmobaSi SeiZleba iyos da fizikuri da sulieri sewyisebis harmoniul erTianobas warmoadgendes. am suliskveTebiT aris gansmWva-luli antikuri miTologia, literatura (eposi, lirika, dra-ma). klasikuri tradicia gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod vizu-alur xelovnebaSi vlindeba, sadac fizikur proporciebTan, materialur sinamdvileSi aRqmul simetriasTan da samyaros xedvis adamianur perspeqtivasTan siaxlovea gadmocemuli. swored klasikur tradicias daefuZna dasavluri figura-tiuli xelovnebis reprezentaciuli midgomebi.

aseve vizualurad aRqmadia TvalsaCinoa klasikuri tra-diciis uaryofa Semdgomi periodis, Sua saukuneebis kul-turul paradigmaSi, sadac sulieri sawyisi dominirebs fizi-kurze, sadac materialuri samyaro mxolod imdenad fasobs, ramdenadac aqedan sulieri samyaros ganWvreta SeiZleba. amitom, fizikuri sinamdvilis gamosaxvisas aqcenti keTde-ba ara materialur proporciebsa da simetriaze, aramed su-lieri saxis aRqmis mcdelobaze. klasikuri tradicia dasav-lur xelovnebasa da msoflaRqmaSi imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom Sua saukuneebis paradigmis batonobis Semdeg is kvlav brundeba renesansis, Semdgom ki klasicizmis saxiT. kvlav aRdgeba samyaros racionaluri xedva, materialuri sawyisi-sadmi interesi, simetriis klasikuri kanonebi.

klasicizmma xelovnebis normebi klasikur tradicias daafuZnda da am normebis dacvis aucilebloba, romantizmis amboxis miuxedavad, evropul realistur esTetikaSic daam-kvidra; realisturi xelovnebac, TavisTavad, klasikuri tradiciis Sesabamis gamomsaxvelobiT wesebs ganamtkicebda dasavlur kulturaSi.

modernistuli paradigma swored klasicizmis mier gan-mtkicebul klasikur tradicias, antikur kulturul para-digmas daupiripirda da am dapirispirebam Tavis mxriv SeiZina

57

paradigmuli funqcia. normatiuli xelovnebis aucilebeli pirobebis dacva, formaluri srulyofilebis, simetriis miR-weva, rac aqamde xelovanis ostatobis mTavar kriteriumad iTvleboda, modernizmSi normebis darRvevis aucileblo-bamde mivida. materialuri samyarosadmi interesi da ndoba, rac klasikuri paradigmis gnmsazRvrelia, modernistul xe-lovnebaS sruli undoblobiT icvleba da ndobis sivrced mxolod individis subieqturi samyaro, da misi irsonaluri xedva cxaddeba. es midgoma modernistul esTetikur-gamom-saxvelobiT sistemaSi daefuZna artur Sopenhaueris (1788-1860) mier Tanamedrove individis srul legitimacias da misive formulas: „samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena“.

modernistul msoflaRqmasa da gamomsaxvelobaSi klasi-kur paradigmasTan, normatiul xelovnebasTan, realistur esTetikasTan dapirispireba namdvili amboxis saxiT gamov-linda.10 samyaro modernistul msoflaRqmaSi aRar efuZneba kanonzomierebas, amitom darRveuli kanonzomierebis, dis-harmoniis, asimetriis gamosaxva modernistul reprezen-taciaSi ufro mniSvnelovani amocanaa, vidre harmoniis da simetriis damyarebis mcdeloba. modernistul vizualur xelovnebaSi materialuri samyaro da adamianis fizikuri sxeuli asimetriuli, deformirebuli saxiT gamoixateba; poeziaSi disharmoniis gancdis aqcentirebas verlibris gziTac aRweven; prozaSi – realisturi narativis darRveviT, musikaSi – atonalobiT.

im fonze, roca modernizms eWvi Seaqvs garesinamdvilis tradiciul axsnaSi, eWvi miemarTeba gamosaxvis tradiciul modelebsac. maT nacvlad sxvadasxva modernistuli mimdi-nareobis farglebSi Tu konkretuli avtorebis Semoqmede-baSi mimdinareobs axali gamomsaxvelobiTi modelebis Zieba, gaziareba. maZiebluri procesebi modernizmSi erTi avtori-dan an erTi mimdinareobidan meores gadaecema. sulieri da esTetikuri Ziebebis gaziarebis uwyveti procesi aRiqmeba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi estafetis miReba-gadacema, an xe-lovanTa mier Tanamedroveobis zogadadmianuri miznebis

58

dasaxvisa da miRwevis erTian procesSi CarTuloba, rac qmnis kidev modernizmis sivrcis mTlianobas, da am sivrceSi xe-lovanTa urTierTgagebas. marTalia, ama Tu im modernistu-li mimdinareobis mier SemuSavebuli principebi SeiZeba gan-sxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan, magram maT safuZvlad udevs gamaerTianebeli modernistuli paradigma. modernistuli modelebi aRarafriT hgavs tradiciul realistur mode-lebs, iseve rogorc modernistul epoqaSi aRqmuli realo-ba aRar hgavs tradiciuli msoflxedviT danaxul samyaros. amitom miiCneva, „konvenciuri reprezentacia Canacvlda ara reprezentaciaze uaris TqmiT, aramed reprezentaciis axa-li sistemebiT, romelTac aRiares Zveli konvenciebis da-sazRvruloba“ (levisi 2007: 5).

modernizmis Sinagani mravalferovneba. modernizmi ga-gebulia rogorc farTo, erTiani kulturuli procesis aRm-niSvneli koncepti – procesisa, romelic qronologiurad dasazRvrulia, magram geografiulad farTo da Sinaganad mravalferovani. modernizmis konceptiT gamTlianebulia araerTi literaturuli mimdinareobis, skolis, dajgufe-bis, da araerTi individualuri avtoris moRvaweoba, araerT enobriv-kulturul arealSi.

modernistuli kulturul-esTetikuri procesis dawye-ba dRes calsaxad ukavSirdeba simbolizmis literaturul mimdinareobas, xolo Sarl bodleri pirvel did moderni-stad, „modernizmis pirvel gmirad“ cxaddeba.11 Sarl bod-leris „borotebis yvavilebi“ (1857) marTlac moicavs mTels im Tematur da problematur speqtrs, rac modernizmis far-glebSi, araerTi variaciiT, araerT avtorTan Segvxvdeba. simbolizmis sxva did poetebTan – pol verlenTan (1844-1896), artur rembosTan (1854-1891), stefan malarmesTan (1842-1898) erTad bodlerma Seqmna modernistuli kulturis esTeti-kuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebi, xolo simboliz-mis gavlena dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi mo-dernizmis globaluri gavrcelebis dasawyisi gaxda.

mimdinareobebis, dajgufebebis, xmamaRali ganacxadebis, manifestebis mravalferovenebiT gamorCeuli modernizmis

59

istoria simbolizmiT iwyeba,12 da bevri Semdgomi modernis-tuli (sakuTriv – avangardistuli) dajgufebisTvis swored simbolizmTan, da ara tradiciul realizmTan dapirispire-ba xdeba avtoritetul esTetikasTan oponirebis forma.

modernizmis istoria icnobs, erTi mxriv, konkretu-li mimdinarebis gavrcelebas sxvadasxva nacionalur kul-turul da lingvistur arealebSi, rogorc, magaliTad, sim-bolizmis Tu futurizmis SemTxvevaSi, roca mimdinareobis saxeliT ama Tu im qveyanaSi iqmneboda axal-axali jgufebi da am principebis irgvliv erTiandebodnen xelovanebi. Tum-ca iyo iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca romelime qveyanaSi, erTiani modernistuli interesebis fonze, esa Tu is axali mimdi-nareoba yalibdeboda. am TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, eqspre-sionizmi identificirdeba rogorc uwinaresad germanuli movlena (miuxedavad gavrcelebis farTo evroatlantikuri arealisa), romelic msoflmxedvelobisa da esTetikis Tval-sazrisiT, rasakvirvelia, modernizmis erTiani konteqstis nawilia da imdenad axlos dgas Tundac simbolizmis mier aqtualizebul TemebTan rom mas zogjer germanulenovan simbolizmsac uwodeben. inglisur literaturaSi ki pirvel sakuTriv inglisurenovan modernistul mimdinareobad ima-Jizmi cxaddeba da is miiCneva pirvel organizebul modernis-tul moZraobad. erTian modernistul fonze formirdeboda ufro lokaluri mimdinareobebic, romlic mxolod erTi romelime nacionaluri kulturis arealSi moqmedebda, mag. imaJinizmi ruseTSi.

mecxramete saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan moyolebu-li, modernistuli kulturuli areali sul ufro da ufro farTo da mravalferovani xdeba, ama Tu mimdinareobis sa-xeliT Seqmnili dajgufebebis gverdiT Cndebian avtorebi, romlebic ar Semoikreben irgvliv Tanamoazreebs, Tavadac ar wevriandebian romelime jgufSi, Tumca sakuTar Semoq-medebas aviTareben modernizmis sulieri da esTetikuri amocanebis arealSi. im mimdinareobebsa da individualur avtorebs, romlebic mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce

60

saukunis dasawyisSi, uSualod sulier-msoflmxevelobriv da esTetikuri dilemebis fonze, kacobriobis zogadi prob-lemebis gacnobierebis mizandasaxulebiT qmnian TavianT Semoqmedebas, literaturismcodneoba dRes „maRali moder-nizmis“ definicias aZlevs. maRal modernizSi erTiandebian is calkeuli avtorebic, umetesad prozaikosebi, romelTac ar SeuqmniaT sakuTari dajgufebebi, magram, zog SemTxveva-Si, dasabami misces axal naratiul modelebs, mag. cnobiere-bis nakadis prozas. meoce saukunis literaturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes da Taanamedrove klasiko-sebad iqcnen: franc kafka (1883-1924), robert muzili (1880-1942), herman hese (1877-1962), marsel prusti (1871-1922), jeims joisi (1882-1941).

maRali modernizmis farglebSi epoqis sulier-msofl-mxedvelobrivi da gamomsaxvelobiTi problemebis gamosaxva xSirad ganuzomel dramatizms aRwevs, Tumca maleve, meoce saukunis dasawyisSive, amgvar dramatizms Caenacvleba am problemebze reagirebis radikaluri etapi – iwyeba avangar-dizmis ganviTareba. avangarduli mimdinareobebi xdeba mo-dernizmis erTiani kulturuli procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawili, misi axali faza. avangardi imdenad agresiuli, uki-duresobamde misuli formebiT iwyebs maRali modernizmis mier aqtualizebuli problemebis gamosaxvas, rom am kul-turul stils samecniero terminologiiT dRes ewodeba ki-dec radikaluri avangardi.13

avangarduli mimdinareobebis istoria italiuri fu-turizmiT, filipo tomazo marinetis (1876-1944) pirveli fu-turistuli manifestiT (1909) iwyeba.* am momentidan mTels evropul xelovnebas – literaturas, mxatvrobas da skul-pturas, kinos da Teatrs – moicavs radikalizmis, eqsperi-mentaciis, antirealisturi gamomsaxvelobis suliskveTeba. tradiciuli esTetikuri modelebi – figuratiuloba vi-

* futurizmis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi ix.: In-ternational Yearbook of Futurism Studies, Ed. by Günter Berghaus. Vol.1-4, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011-2014.

61

zualur xelovnebaSi, azris logikuroba poeziaSi, movle-naTa mizez-Sedegobrivi ganviTareba da Sesabamisi TxrobiTi struqturebi epikur xelovnebaSi – imdenad damkvidrebuli iyo dasavlur xelovnebaSi, rom TviT maRali modernizmis farglebSi am modelebisadmi undoblobis fonzec, avangar-dizms maTi yvelaze agresiuli formiT uaryofa mouwia.14 sakuTriv avangardistuli mimdinareobebi – futurizmi, da-daizmi, kubizmi Tu siurrealizmi – uars ucxadeben warsulis reprezentaciul gamocdilebas. es ki warsulis kulturuli memkidreobis srul uaryofaSi an dekonstruqciaSi – mTeli gamomsaxvelobiTo sistemis daSlaSi, klasikuri xelovnebis Sedevrebis ironizirebaSi gadaizrdeba. siaxlis survili da formaze eqsperimentacia is Sedegia, rac, avangardis etapze, mohyva maRal modernizmSi axali gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis Ziebis process.15

amgvarad, esTetikurma Ziebebma avangarduli eqperimen-tis koncefcia ukidures wertilamde miiyvana. yvela mso-flmxedvelobrivi da reprezentaciuli problema, romelic wamoWra modernizmma mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyo-lebuli, avangardizmma samyaros agresiuli gardasaxvis su-liskveTebad aqcia. samyaros aRqmisa da gacnobierebis tra-diciuli xedvis uaryofa avangardul xelovnebaSi aqamde arsebuli yovelgvari tradiciuli paradigmuli modelebisa da saxelovnebo gamocdilebis uaryofamde midis. amave dros, sruliad naTelia, rom Tanamedrove adamianis xedvas swored amgvari xelovneba Seesabameba, swored radikaluri avangar-di pasuxobs mis moTxovnas – dainaxos da gamosaxos sakuTa-ri Sinagani samyarosa da garesamyaros gansxvavebuloba ise, rogoradac es aqamde aravis ufiqria; aCvenos Zveli samyaros dasasruli da axali samyaros dasawyisi.16

modernizmi da istoriuli procesebi. modernizmi ro-gorc dasavluri samyaros kulturuli procesi mWidro kav-SirSia im sinamdvilesTan, rac meoce saukunis istoriulma kataklizmebma Seqmna.

pirveli msoflio omi – milionobiT adamianis msxverpli da eqvsi evropuli imperiis daSla; rusuli revoluciebi;

264

Salva qiqoZe`xelovanTa kafe parizSi~

(1920)

62

totalitaruli reJimebis damkvidreba – nacizmi da komu-nizmi, romelTac oficialurad akrZales modernistuli/avangardistuli xelovneba TavianTi gavlenis sferoebSi; sabolood, meore msoflio omi – es is dramatuli istori-uli procesebia, romelTac aaforiaqes evropis cxovreba da, Sesabamisad, evropuli kultura meoce saukunis pirvel na-xevarSi. cxadia, am periodis modernistul literaturaSiaisaxa omisa da revoluciis qaosi Tu totalitaruli reJi-mebis mier Seqmnili fsevdo-wesrigi – iseve, rogorc es aisaxa araerTi modernistis bedze. pirveli msoflio omis sabe-diswero saxes vxedavT iseTi didi modernistebis Semoqme-debaSi, rogorebic iyvnen ezra paundi (1885-1972), romelmac am oms „civilizaciis kolafsi“ uwoda, robert muzili Tu devid herbert lourensi (1885-1930).17 xolo osvald Speng-leris (1980-1936) gaxmaurebuli wignis, „dasavleTis daisis“ (1918; 1922) gamosvliT mTels modernistul kulturaSi ga-ziarebuli iqna evropuli civilizaciis dasasrulis gancdis filosofiuri argumentacia. rogorc Tavad avtori aRniS-navda, omamde Cafiqrebuli, 1911 wlidanve dawyebuli wignis suliskveTeba mxolod gaaZliera pirveli msoflio omis mimdinareobam.

modernizmis umniSvnelovanes teqstebSi SeiZleba davina-xoT ara mxolod meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris realuri istoriis zegavlena xelovnebaze, aramed, mecxramete sauku-nis bolo aTwleulebidan moyolebuli, krizisulobis, da-savluri civilizaciis dacemis gancdis mozRvaveba evropul literaturaSi. am SemTxvevaSi msoflio Zvrebebis molodini da krizisulobis SegrZneba ara Tu Sedegia istoriuli katak-lizmebisa, aramed win uZRvis da winaswarmetvelebs maT. msgav-si esqatologiuri motivebiT aRsavsea rusul simbolizmSi aleqsanr blokis (1880-1921), valeri briusovis (1973-1924) Semoqmedeba, rasac mkvlevarebi calsaxad ukavSireben is-toriuli wesrigis darRvevis winaTgrZnobas, rac gamarTlda kidec bolSevizmis saxiT. amdenad, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom dekadansis, saukunis dasasrulis, ufro zogadad ki Jamis

63

dasasrulis gancda – fin de siècle – rac modernizms msWvalavda mecxramete saukunis bolo aTwleulebidanve, moece sauku-nis istoriis kataklizmebis saxiT iqna materializebuli.

individi da sociumi modernizmSi. modernistuli msofl-mxedveloba uaRresad individualisturia. Tanamedrove ada-miani – individi, romelic moculia sulieri rigis, zogad-sakacobrio kiTxvebiT da rogorc msoflmxedvelobriv, ise gamomsaxvelobiT saqmianobas mimarTavs mxolod am kiTxvebis pasuxebis Ziebisken – modernizmis lirikuli gmiria. moder-nizmi imdenad orientirebulia subieqtis Sinagan samyaroze, rom savsebiT emijneba sociumis, sazogadoebis tradiciul sivrces da xSirad modernistuli msoflaRqmis individi asocialurobis aRiarebamde midis.

sociumisgan gamijnva, uwinaresad, tradiciuli sazoga-doebrivi Rirebulebebisa da modernistuli warmodgene-bis SeuTavseblobis Sedegia. es imgvari RirebulebiTi kon-fliqtia, romelic sxvadasxva religiur sistemebSi, cxadia, qristianobaSic, asketizmis fenomens udevs safuZvlad. in-dividisa da sociumis mimarTeba modernizmSic sulieri da materialuri faseulobebis dapirispirebis konteqstSia aRqmuli. gansxvavebiT religiuri asketizmisagan, moderniz-mSi individi moqmedebs ara sarwmunoebrivi ideis saxeliT, aramed sakuTari unikaluri emociuri mdgomareobis, su-lieri Ziebebis, Sinagani gansxvavebulobis ZaliT. rasakvir-velia, pirovnebis sulieri Ziebebis esa Tu is etapi moder-nizmSic SeiZleba daukavSirdes religiur gancdebs, magram umetesad, modernizmi aRwers Sinagan cxovrebas individisa, romelic sulieri krizisiT da garesamyarosadmi imedga-cruebiT aris moculi, magram mxolod Sinaganad ganudgeba urbanul samyaros da sociums; fizikurad rCeba mis sivrce-Si, sulierad ki mxolod sakuTar subieqtur samyaroSi myo-fobas aRiqvams.

individs asocialuroba modernistuli msoflgancdis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa da, Sesabamisad, moder-nistuli literaturis erT-erTi mTavari Temac. es Tema da-

64

muSavda araerT sakulto modernistul teqstSi, maT Soris, herman heses (1877-1962) „tramalis mgelSi“ (1927), sadac mTa-vari gmiri, hari haleri sakuTar Tavs biurgeruli socium-isgan, adamianTa sazogadoebis warmodgenebsa da cxovrebis wesisgan gamijnulad da gaucxoebulad aRiqvams. sakuTari sulieri Ziebebi mas saSulebas ar aZlevs dasjerdes soci-umis martiv yofier sinamdviles.

„Semdgari“ cxovrebiskes swrafva, adamianTa sazogado-ebaSi TviTdamkvidreba, materialur Rirebulebebze orien-tacia modernistuli msoflmxedvelobis matarebeli pirov-nebisTvis sruliad miuRebeli xdeba da xSirad – rogorc modernistTa realur biografiebSi, ise modernistul roma-nebsa Tu leqsebSi – swored sociumTan dapirispirebuli, meamboxe, TviTdestruqciuli, maZiebeli gmiri isaxeba.

modernizmis elitaruloba. cxadia, modernistuli kul-tura, romelic amdenad ganpirobebulia individis sulieri da esTetikuri ZiebebiT, ver iqneboda orientirebuli ma-sobriv aRqmaze, da verc komerciul warmatebaze. moderniz-mi maRali kulturaa imdenad, ramdenadac is ar aris orien-tirebuli masobriv garemoze, kulturis momxmarebelTa farTo wreSi popularobaze da arc iqmneba amgvari mizan-dasaxulebiT. modernistuli xelovneba, uwinaresad, avto-ris Sinagan Ziebas, TviTgamoxatvis Zlier survils efuZneba. SemoqmedebiTi procesis mizania ara sociumSi TviTdamkvi-dreba, aramed individualuri sulieri miznebis miRweva Se-moqmedebiTi Ziebebis gziT.

modernistuli kultura – misi yvela mimdinareoba da individualuri avtorebi – kvalificirdeba rogorc elita-ruli maRali kultura. es aris imgvari xelovneba, romelic aRmqmelis sulier da esTetikur mzaobas saWiroebs, ufro metic, modernistuli teqstis midiaciiT avtorisa da aRm-qmelis komunikacia swored maSin myardeba, roca es ukanask-neli Tavadac gadis im Sinagani Ziebebis process, rac, Tavis-Tavad, modernistuli teqsti Seqmnis winapirobaa.

garda amisa, modernistuli xelovnebis gasacnobiereb-lad saWiroa mTeli im reprezentaciuli procesis gaTva-

65

liswinebac, rac win uZRvis amgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi etapis dadgomas xelovnebaSi – aq igulisxmeba rogorc klasikuri da realisturi gamomsaxvelobiTi tradiciis codna, ise mo-dernistul kulturaSi am tradiciasTan dapirispirebis mi-zezebis aRqma. swored am mniSvnelobiT, modernizmi elita-rul kulturad rCeba.18

SeniSvnebi:

1. marTalia, dRes mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom modernulobis

Semoqmedebi, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, Tavadac ar iyvnen Tan-

mimdevrulni, xolo modernulobam winaaRmdegobrivi procesebi

warmoSva da „modernulobis vardisferi imedebi gaxunda. [...] vol-

teri, ganmanaTleblobis inteleqtualuri gmiri, Rrma antisemiti

iyo. Tomas jefersoni, „damoukideblobis deklaraciis“, avtori,

monaTmflobeli iyo. kanti, ganmanaTleblobis yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vani filosofosi, rasisti da orientalisti iyo“; modernizaciis

istoriuli procesebis fonze ganviTarda iseTi „antimodernuli“

movlenebic, rogoric iyo kolonializmi, nacizmi, holokosti,

meoce saukunis sxva katastrofebi (Alexander, Jeffrey C. The Dark Side of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity, 2013. p. 1), Tumca Tanamedroveobis amgvari

absolutizmi Tavad mianiSnebs modernulobis ideebis gavlenasa da

cxovelmyofelobaze. absoluturobis moTxovniT modernulobis

konceptis Sefaseba dReisaTvis mis gadafasebasac ki iwvevs, rogorc,

Tundac, bruno laturTan, romelic acxadebs, rom „arasodes vyo-

filvarT modernulebi“, da modernuli konstituciaSi bevr ram

aris iseTi, „rasac is uSvebs, da amavdroulad, krZalavs; rasac na-

Tels hfens da rasac Cqmalavs“ (laturi, bruno. arasodes vyofilva-

rT modernulebi. simetriuli anTropologiis mcdeloba. Tbilisi:

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2014, gv. 66).

2. marTalia, dRes mkvlevarebi aRiareben, rom teqnologiebma,

ekonomikam, politikam samyaro imdenad Secvala, rom misi cnobac

Znelia, dRevandeli Tanamedroveoba, modernuloba radikalurad

gansxvavdeba im „modernuli sazogadoebisagan“, rogoradac mas

Tundac naxevari saukunis win vxedavdiT, da dRevandelobis gasage-

66

bad saWiroa modernulobis ganaxlebuli refleqsia, mainc udavod

miCneven, rom modernulobis koncepti ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba ev-

ropis, dasavleTis istorias (Wagner, Peter. Modernity. Cambridge: Polity, 2012. p. X-XI).

3. „qalaquri yofis impersonaluri buneba, erTdroulad ama-

Relvebelic da SemaSfoTebelic, modernistuli literaturis

mTavari Tema gaxda“. Pericles Lewis, The Cambridge Introduction to Modern-ism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. gv. 11. „literaturuli

modernizmidan ori saxis urbanuli realoba warmoiSva: qalaqi Se-

qmnili xelovanis mier, romlis Sinagani gancdebi da STabeWdile-

bebi urbanul xilvebs asxams xorcs; da qalaqi Seqmnili brbos mier,

romelsac sakuTari personaluroba da sakuTari urbanuli Sinaarsi

gaaCnia“. qalaqis sivrcis „obieqturi xedvidan subietur xedvaze

gadasvla“ imdenad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli xdeba, rom es lit-

eraturaSi, sakuTriv bodlerTan, naturalizmidan modernizmze ga-

dasvlis maniSneblad miiCneva – Lehan, Richard. The City in Literature: An Intellectual and Cultural History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998. gv. 71; gv. 73.

4. marTalia, modernizmis epoqaluri sazRvrebi, Cveulebriv,

me-19 saukuni bolo aTwleulebidan meore msoflio omamdea moxa-

zuli, magram meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi da dRemdec SeiZleba

iqmnebodes iseTi teqstebi, romlebic bolomde eqceva modernizmis

esTetikaSi da mxolod qronologiuri konteqstiT daukavSirdeba

postmodernizms an Tanamedrove avangards. es miuTiTebs ara amg-

vari teqstebis moZvelebulobas, aramed, swored, modernizmis mso-

flmxedvelobrivi Tu reprezentaciuli problemebis aqtualobas.

“didi xnis Semdegac im xanidan, rac modernizmi mTavari dominan-

turi diskursi gaxda, is ganagrZobs gamovlenas Tavisi meamboxe da

damangreveli Zalebisa - misi axal-axal konfiguraciebis sxvadasx-

va formebiT [feminizmi, poststruqturalizmi, travmis kvlevebi,

postkolonializmi, kulturis kvlevebi]. modernizmi, rogorc

koncepti, kanoni da maxasiaTebeli farTovdeba, rekonteqstual-

izacias ganicdis misi filosofiuri, istoriuli da kulturuli

garemo, gamravlda adgilebi da sivrceebi, formebi da Sinaarsebi,

sadac is epaeqreba dadgenil wesrigs, is kvalv ugzavnis gamowvevebs

67

esTetikis, socialuri da politikuri kulturis meinstrimul mani-

festaciebs“ (Eysteinsson, Astradur and Liska, Vivian, “Approaching Modern-ism”. in: Modernism (Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages). by Astradur Eysteinsson and Vivian Liska. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pubishing Company, 2007, p. 1).

5. niSandoblivia, rom ukanasknel aTwleulebSi modernizmis kv-

levebSi cxadi gacda „modernizmis gafarToebis“ tendencia - rac

Sedegia sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da, Sesabamisad, kulturaze sab-

WoTa kontrolis moxsnisa. yofili sabWoTa respublikebisa da aR-

mosavleT evropis qveynebis kulturaSi aqamde met-naklebad tabu-

dadebuli modernistuli memkvidreoba xelaxla integrirdeba

modernizmis erTian memkvidreobaSi.

6. swored amitom, iTvleba, rom „is, rasac modernizmis stils vu-

wodebT, iyo fiqrebis, grZnobebis, TvalTaxedvebis erTiani klima-

ti”; da “modernizmi gvexmareba, ganvsazRvroT mecxramete da meoce

saukuneebis socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis realoba”. Gay, Peter. Modernism: The Lure of Heresy. From Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond. New York, London: W.W. Norton and Company. 2010. gv. 3; gv. XXII.

7. „modernisti mwerlebi Tu mxatvrebi xSirad mZafrad acno-

bierebdnen, rom cxovrobdnen samyaroSi, romelic ukiduresad

gansxvavdeboda Tundac maTi mSoblebis samyarosagan - axali reli-

giuri Tu mecnieruli dabejiTebebis gamo, an industrializaciis

gamo, sqesisa da genderisadmi Secvlili damokidebulebebis gamo,

Tu transformirebadi politikuri realobis gamo“ - Lewis, Pericles, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, gv. 11.

8. niSandoblivia, rom modernizmi calsaxad xsnis rwmenis dakarg-

vas racionalizmis momZlavrebiT da am epoqis teqstebSi xSirad ga-

ismis kidec msgavsi braldeba adamianis gonismieri,inteelqtualuri

sawyisisadmi, racionalisturi azrovnebisadmi. Tumca dasavluri

racionalizmi, dasabamSi, ar formirdeboda rogorc rwmenasTan an-

tagonisturi movlena da racionalistur azrovnebas ganixilavda

rogorc rwmenaze dafuZnebul process samyaros Secnobisa. rene

dekarti, romlis `ganazrebani meTodis Sesaxeb~(1636) dasavluri

racionalizmis fuZemdeblur naSromad aris miCneuli, rogor Cans,

swored ase aRiqvamda sakuTar saazrovno process: „1619 w. germania-

68

Si armiis sazamTro sadgomSi myofi dekarti miagnebs Tavisi momava-

li sistemis safuZvels, romelic dRes msoflioSi yvela metnakle-

bad ganaTlebuli adamianisTvisaa cnobili (`vazrovneb, maSasadame,

varsebob~ – “cogito, ergo, sum”). es iyo 10 noemberi. es gancda, Tu

xilva im dRes dekarts samjer hqonda da mas miaCnda, rom zegardmo

saCuqari xvda wilad. aRtacebuli aRTqmas debs: loretos RvTism-

Soblis taZarSi mosalocad waval, Tu am aRmoCenis bolomde miyvanas

movaxerxebo“ (guram TavzaZe, „rene dekarti“. ix. http://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/11/04/rene-descartes/).

9. `Cveni Tanamedrove samyaro mravali TvalsazrisiT saber-

ZneTisa da romis samyaros gagrZelebaa. [...] Cveni inteleqtualuri

da sulieri aqtivobebiT Cven berZnebisa da romaelebis STamomavle-

bi varT“ (Highet, Gilbert. The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949. p.1).

10. “Tanamedrove mxatvroba yvelaze dramatulad axdens adreul

modelebTan ganxeTqilebis demonstrirebas. pol sezanidan da edu-

ard manedan moyolebuli, mxatvrebma uari ganucxades renesansul

perspeqtivis sistemas, romelic brtyel, organzomilebian tiloze

samgazomilebiani siRrmis iluzias qmnida. JorJ brakis da pablo

pikasos kubizmma da, Semdgom, vasil kandinskis, maleviCis, pit mon-

drianis da sxvaTa gadasvlam wmindad arareprezentaciul an abs-

traqtul xelovnebaze sabolood uaryo iluzionizmis yovelg-

vari mcdeloba [...]. literaturaSic adreuli meoce saukune mowmea

mimezisisgan Tavis daRwevis mcdelobebisa: rusma futuristebma

gamoigones zaumi, poeturi ena, romelic mTlianad uazro sityve-

bisgan Sedgeba. germanelma eqspresionistma dramaturgebma cxov-

rebas mimsgavsebuli personaJebis nacvlad Seqmnes abstraqciebi,

romlebic gonebis mdgomareobas an protagonitis sulis sxva-

dasxva mxares gamosaxaven. romanistma jeims joisma dawera Tavisi

ukanaskneli romani „fineganis qelexi“ (1939), rac multilingvur

Jargonze gulisxmobda sizmris logikis gamosaxvas. yvela am SemTx-

vevaSi modernistebi ganudgnen enis im ideals, romlic gvTavazobda

gamWvirvale sarkmels realobaSi, da amis nacvlad mimarTes rTul

enas, romelic mimarTuli iyo sakuTar teqsturaze“. Lewis, Pericles, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, gv. 4

69

11. Gay, Peter. Modernism: The Lure of Heresy. From Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond. New York, London: W.W. Norton and Company. 2010. gv. 5. aqve aRniS-

nulia, rom „arc erTi calkeuli avtori, calkeuli mxatvari an kom-

pozitori ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos modernizmis „erTaderT fuZem-

deblad“. Tumca yvelaze damajerebeli kandidati am rolisTvis

Sarl bodleri iyo. modernizmis istoriisTvis – ramdenime rCeul-

Tan erTad, rogorebic ariam marsle diuSani Tu virjinia vulfi,

igor stravinski Tu orson uelsi – is absoluturad Sucvlelia“.

gv. 33.

12. Tumca zogjer mkvlevarebi ufro Sorsac midian da litera-

turaSi modernulobis epoqis Semosvlas realizmsa da naturalizms,

uSualod ki flobers ukavSireben. ix. Lewis, Pericles, The Cambridge Intro-duction to Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. gv. 41-45.

13. dasavlur literaturismcodneobaSi sadavo aRar aris maRa-

li modernizmisa da avangardizmis, adreuli modernistuli da avan-

garduli mimdinareobebis moqceva erTian modernistul konteqs-

tSi. swored amgvari gamaerTianebeli midgomiT iqmneba naSromebi

modernizmis Sesaxeb. ix.: Modernism. A Guide to European Literature, Ed. Mal-colm Bradbury and James McFarlane. London: Pinguin Books, 1976; Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Eds: Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane Goldman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998; Lewis, Pericles, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

14. avangardizmis konceptualuri dapirispireba tradiciul

esTetikasTan , ubralod, SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc anti-es-

Tetikuroba. ix. Weststeijn, Willem G. “Velimir Khlebnikov – a “Timid” Futur-ist”. in: The Russian Avant-Garde and Radical Modernism: an Indroductory Reades (Cutural Syllabus), Eds: Denis G.Ioffe and Fredrick H. White. Academic Studies Press, 2012.

15. erTi ram, rac, udavod, yvela modernists aqvs saerTo, aris

dabejiTeba, rom ganucdeli nacnobs aRmateba, iSviaTi – Cveu-

lebrivs, eqsperimentuli – rutinuls. gv.2. Gay, Peter. Modernism: The Lure of Heresy. From Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond. New York, London: W.W. Norton and Company. 2010.

16. marTalia, radikaluri avangardi meoce saukunis pirveli

aTwleulebis kulturuli procesebis kuTvnilebaa, magram am es-

Tetikurma tendenciam evropul kulturaSi arseboba gaagrZela

70

meoce saukunis meore naxevarSic da uSualo dRevandelobamde. am

konceptebis gasamijnad radikalur avangards istoriul avangards

uwodeben, xolo Tanamedrove saxelovnebo procesebs – Tanamedrove

avangards.

17. „pirveli msoflio omis Temaze Seqmnili [inglisuri] poeziis

Zala didwilad ganpirobebulia kontrastebis dramatizirebiT. es

aris kontrasti inglissa da fronts Soris, brwyinvale warsulsa

da sazarel awmyos Soris, pastoralsa da „mrixsane iaraRs“ Soris,

aqamde myar rwmenasa da axla ukve yovlismomcvel rwmenis sikvdils

Soris“ – Matthews, Steven. Modernism (Contexts). New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2004, p. 71. Tumca niSandoblivia, rom aseTi kontrastebi – rwmenasa

da urwmunobas Soris, pastoralur idiliasa da urbanul qaoss So-

ris – jer kidev bodleris poeziidanve da pirvel msoflio omamde

aTwleulebiT adre – modernistuli xelovnebis maxasiaTeblad iq-

ca, xolo omma da revouliciebma, cxadia, gaamZafra samyaros kon-

trastulobisa da arsebuli wesrigis rRvevis gancda.

18. im fonzec, roca misi memkvidre, postmodernistuli xelov-

neba, gamoZebnis masobrivi sivrcis inkluziis formebs da mimar-

Tuli gaxdeba, erTi mxriv, elitaruli, meore mxriv ki masobrivi

aRqmelisadmi.

damowmebani:

veberi 2014: veberi, m. „raSia dasavleTis unikaluroba?“. mTargmn: n.

fircxalava, e. jgerenaia. http://burusi.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/veber/bredbederi 1976: Bradbury, Malcolm and McFarlane, James, „The Name and Nature

of Modernism“, in: Modernism. A Guide to European Literature, Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane. London: Pinguin Books, 1976.

kalunesku 1987: Calinescu, Matei, Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism. Durham: Duce University Press, 1987.

levisi 2007: Lewis, Pericles, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

nicSe 1974: Nietzsche, Freidrich, The Gay Science,Transl. by Walter Kaufman. New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Section 125.

71

konstantine bregaZe

qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis

sociokulturuli, esTetikuri da

poetologiuri konteqstebi

`Cven unda gadavlaxoT qarTuli kulturis eTnografiuli mijnebi~.

konstantine gamsaxurdia

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc evropaSi, literaturuli modernizmis damkvidreba da, zogadad, modernistul msofl-mxedvelobasa da modernistul esTetikaze orientireba, es ar iyo stiqiuri da gaucnobierebeli movlena, erTgvari, modas ayola. qarTveli modernisti avtorebisaTvis – gr. ro-baqiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, n. lorTqifaniZe, d. Sengelaia, g. tabi-Ze, t. tabiZe, p. iaSvili, vl. gafrindaSvili da sxv. – moder-nistuli esTetika, modernistuli TemebiT, problematikiTa da poetologiuri principebiT operireba arc droebiTi da sasxvaTaSoriso interesis sagani iyo („ymawviluri seni“, „gulubryvilo gataceba“) da arc koketobis sagani („ucxo seniT daavadeba“), aramed modernistul esTetikasa da mo-dernistul msoflmxedvelobas qarTveli modernisti av-torebi imTaviTve ukavSirebdnen qarTuli kulturis, qar-Tuli mwerlobis `evropuli radiusiT gamarTvis“ (t. tabiZe), misi rusuli aziaturi kulturis tiraniisagan gamoyvanisada qarTuli kulturisa da mwerlobis dasavlur kulturas-Tan kvlav integrirebis amocanebs. Sesabamisad, qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas hqonda Tavisi fundamenturi politikuri da sociokulturuli wanamZRvrebi, esTetikur-konceptualuri da filosofiur- Teoriuli bazisi.*

* aq xazi unda gavusva erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas: imave qarTuli roman-tizmisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac gaSualebuli kontaqti hqonda evropul romantizmTan, da romelic saboloo jamSi mainc stiqiur da fragmentul movlenad darCa qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarTuli modernizmi ukve uSualo

72

qarTuli literaturuli modernizmi mxatvruli teq-stebis qmnasTan erTad amavdroulad Tavis Tavsac iazreb-da, igi TviTrefleqtirebadi fenomeni iyo, romelic miznad esTetikur-kulturuli ganaxlebis amocanebs isaxavda da Tavis Tavs moiazrebda evropuli kulturis da evropuli literaturuli modernizmis TviTmyofad da ganuyofel nawilad. yovelive amis dasturia, erTi mxriv, is, rom qarT-veli modernisti avtorebi intensiurad aqveynebdnen es-seebsa da literaturul-kritikul werilebs mimdinare ev-ropuli sociokulturuli, kulturuli da politikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, aseve modernizmisa da, zogadad, litera-turis aqtualur sakiTxebze (k. gamsaxurdias, gr. robaqiZis, t. tabiZis, vl. gafrindaSvilis, e. tatiSvilis, v. kotetiS-vilis, g. qiqoZis, g. leoniZis da sxv. literaturuli esseebi da werilebi); aseve aqveynebdnen saprogramo literaturul manifestebs, sadac sajarod acxadebdnen konkretuli mod-ernistuli mimdinareobis dafuZnebas (mag. „cisferyanwelTa“ simbolizmis manifestebi „pirvelTqma“ da „cisferi yanwe-biT“, an k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionizmis manifesti „Decla-ratia pro mea!“). meore mxriv, qarTveli modernistebi awyobd-nen sajaro leqciebsa (mag., gr. robaqiZis cnobili leqciebis cikli, rodesac man qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma iqadaga literaturuli modernizmis esTetika da qarTuli litera-turis modernizmis ideologiisa da esTetikis safuZvelze ganaxlebis aucilebloba) da literaturul Sekrebebs (mag., „akademiuri mwerlobis asociaciis“ mier organizebuli li-teraturuli saRamoebi, romelTagan erT-erTi mTlianad fr. nicSes mieZRvna da romlis mTavari organizatoric k. gam-saxurdia iyo), afuZnebdnen literaturul dajgufebebsa („akademiuri mwerlobis asociacia“, qarTvel simbolistTa

kontaqts amyarebs evropul modernizmTan. es aixsneba Tundac imiT, rom qarTvel modernistTa umetesobas – gr. robaqiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, n. lorT-qifaniZe, p. iaSvili e. tatiSvili, g. qiqoZe da sxv. – ganaTleba swored evro-paSi hqonda miRebuli da isini uSualod evropul kulturul sivrceSi ecno-bodnen axal literaturul mimdinareobebsa da tendenciebs, filosofiur da esTetikur moZRvrebebs (nicSe, Sopenhaueri, kirkegori, vagneri, froidi, maxi, Spengleri, bergsoni da sxv.), literaturul Tu kulturul cxovrebas.

73

(„cisferyanwelebi“) da qarTvel futuristTa literaturu-li dajgufebani) da sakuTar literaturul organoebs („cis-feri yanwebi“, „meocnebe niamorebi“, „baxtrioni“, „galaktion tabiZis Jurnali“, „lomisi“, „ilioni“, „saqarTvelos samrek-lo“ „barrikadi“, „rubikoni“, „qarTuli sityva“, „kavkasioni“, „H2SO4“).

amitomac, sruliad bunebrivia, rom qarTuli gonisa da kulturis istoriaSi swored qarTuli modernizmi, da ker-Zod, literaturuli modernizmi aRmoCnda is sulieri da es-Tetikuri sivrce, sadac erTiani frontiT (Tu ar CavTvliT bolSevikuri reJimisadmi loialurad ganwyobil memar-cxene qarTvel avangardistebs) daisva evropasa da dasavlur Rirebulebebze orientaciis sakiTxi. da aqve ikveTeba erTi metad sayuradRebo garemoeba: kerZod is, rom qarTuli li-teraturuli modernizmi evropuli modernistuli esTeti-kis paradigmis bazaze mxolod qarTuli literaturis ganax-lebas ki ar isaxavda miznad „evropuli radiusiT“, aramed mis wiaRSive SemuSavda postulati, zogadad, dasavleTze/evropaze saqarTvelos kulturuli da politikuri orien-taciis Sesaxeb. aSkaraa, rom qarTuli literaturuli mo-dernizmi evropeizmis Tvisobrivad axali talRa iyo qarTul socialur da kulturul sinamdvileSi.

qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis warmoqmnas hqon-da konkretuli obieqturi politikuri da sociokulturu-li winapirobebi:

a) saqarTvelos koloniuri politikuri mdgomareoba ruseTis imperiis farglebSi (1801-1918),

b) qarTuli kulturisa da literaturis CamorCenili mdgomareoba, gamomdinare aswlovani rusuli koloniuri vi-Tarebidan, ramac saqarTvelo mowyvita evropul kulturul da literaturul konteqstebsa da ekonomikur-socialuri modernizaciis procesebs,

c) 20-iani wlebis rusuli bolSevizmis politikur-ide-ologiuri agresia saqarTveloze – okupacia, aneqsia, poli-tikuri terori da represiebi da am yovelives damatebuli

74

ideologizebuli teqnokratizmi da qarTuli yofis tota-luri desakralizacia, gamoxatuli, erTi mxriv, saqarTve-los samociqulo eklesiis terorizebasa da aTeizmis Zala-dobriv propagandaSi, meore mxriv, gamoxatuli egzisten-cialuri sivrcis Zaladobriv racionalizaciasa da adamianTa cnobierebaze bolSevikuri materialisturi ideologiis ZaladobaSi (bregaZe 2013a: 8)

aqedan gamomdinare:1. modernizms, rogorc msoflmxedvelobriv da litera-

turul diskurss, qarTveli modernistebi, erTi mxriv, ukav-Sirebdnen qarTuli kulturisa da literaturis ganaxlebis sakiTxebs, rac erTdroulad gulisxmobda, zogadad, dasav-leT evropis kulturasa da literaturasTan, da kerZod, Tanamedrove modernistul esTetikasa da ideologiasTan qarTuli kulturisa da literaturis kvlav daaxloebasa da mis dasavluri kulturisa da literaturis ganuyofel nawilad qcevas; meore mxriv, ukavSirebdnen qarTuli saxel-mwifoebriobis aRdgenisa da politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi dasavluri orientaciis aRebis sakiTxebs – Sdr., „cisferyanwelTa“ simbolizmis manifestebi „pirvelTqma“ (p. iaS-vili) da „cisferi yanwebiT“ (t. tabiZe), anda gr. robaqiZis, g. qiqoZisa da k. gamsaxurdias werilebi da esseebi aRniSnul problematikaze, mag., Tundac gr. robaqiZis cnobili statia „qarTuli renesansi“. Sesabamisad, kulturuli da politi-kuri orientaciis centrebad cxaddeba parizi („cisferyan-welebi“) da berlini (k. gamsaxurdia).

2. qarTul sinamdvileSi modernistuli esTetikisa da msoflmxedvelobis intensiuri recefcia da danergva iyo erTgvari reaqcia 20-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi gamZafrebul politikur viTarebaze – 1921 wlis katastrofa, 20-iani wlebis bolSevikuri politikuri terori da represiebi, 1924 wlis ajanyebis CaxSoba, bolSevikuri antireligiuri te-rori da propaganda; aseve, iyo reaqcia 20-ian wlebSive gaintensivebul ideologizebul teqnikur-manqanur gan-viTarebaze (ideologizebuli teqnokratizmi), rasac bol-

75

Sevikebi axorcielebdnen mesianisturi paTosiT. aRniSnuli procesebis fonze ki saqarTveloSic sabolood ganxor-cielda „metafizikuri ryeva“ (nicSe) – RmerTi mokvda, Rirebulebebi gadafasda da qarTuli sulieri kultura CaaxSo bolSevikebis mier dafuZnebulma materialisturma cnobierebam da manqanur-teqnikurma civilizaciam. aman ki gamoiwvia qarTuli yofis desakralizacia, dehumanizacia, subieqtis miTo-sakraluri pirvelsawyisebisadmi gaucxoeba, Sesabamisad, subieqturobis daSla-rRveva, egzistencialu-ri SiSi da TviTidentobis mopovebis SeuZlebloba. aRniSnu-li problematika ki qarTuli modernistuli mwerlobis umTavresi Tema da intensiuri gansjis sagani iyo (Sdr., k. gam-saxurdias romanebi „dionisos Rimili“, „mTvaris motaceba“ da misi 10-ian-20-iani wlebis eqspresionistuli novelebi, m. javaxiSvilis romanebi „jayos xiznebi“ da „TeTri sayelo“, gr. robaqiZis romanebi „gvelis perangi“ da „Cakluli suli“, d. Sengelaias romanebi „sanavardo“ da romani „tfilisi“ da sxv.).

am viTarebaSi ki qarTuli literaturuli modernizmi imTaviTve fuZndeba, rogorc TviTrefleqtirebadi feno-meni, romelic, erTi mxriv, acnobierebs Tanamedrove saqar-Tvelos zemoTaRniSnul politikur, kulturul da esTe-tikur CamorCenas – Sdr., me-19 saukunisa da me-20 saukunis pirveli aTwleulis qarTuli koloniuri yofis „Oбыватель-щина“-d daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba grigol robaqiZis (1880-1962) mier werilSi „qarTuli modernizmi“ [rus.] (1918) (roba-qiZe 2012: 338)* – da, meore mxriv, acnobierebs sakuTar misiasa da pasuxismgeblobas qarTuli kulturisa da literaturis winaSe, rac gulisxmobs evropul/dasavlur kulturul da esTetikur paradigmebze orientirebasa da maT dafuZnebas

* Sdr., gr. robaqiZis dakvirvebamde garkveuli xniT adre a. jorjaZemac (1872-1913) me-19 saukunis qarTuli (kolonialuri) yofisa da kulturis aseve provincializms gausva xazi: `amgvarad aSkaraa, rom Cven nel-nela sruliad movwydiT msoflio azrovnebis cxovrebas da exla, xelmeoreT SobilT, ver gvebedeba isev im farTo cxovrebis fargalSi fexis Sedgma~ (jorjaZe 1989: 682).

76

tradiciul qarTul kulturul paradigmebTan SerwymiT (am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul tradiciul kulturul paradigmebSi vgulisxmob rusTavelis mier dafuZnebul da ganviTarebul „qarTul universalizms“), ris safuZvelzec unda ganxor-cielebuliyo qarTuli literaturisa da kulturis Zireu-li ganaxleba (Sdr., tician tabiZis formula – malarme da rusTaveli. ix. misi saprogramo teqsti „cisferi yanwebiT“).

amitomac, sruliad bunebrivia, rom am TviTrefleqsiisa da, amavdroulad, axali modernistuli esTetikuri Rire-bulebebis propagandis nimuSebia qarTveli modernistebis literaturuli manifestebi, kulturologiuri, kultur-filosofiuri, literaturul-Teoriuli da literatu-rul-kritikuli werilebi, romlebsac isini intensiurad aqveynebdnen sakuTar literaturul Jurnal-gazeTebSi (daaxl. 1915-1925 w.w.) [lit. Jurnalebi.. 2011]. es ki, Tavis mxriv, mowmobs imas, rom qarTulma modernizmma gaSala farTo fronti axali politikuri da kulturuli misiis Sesasruleblad.

Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom qarTuli mo-dernizmi, Sesabamisad, qarTuli literaturuli modern-izmi, Sewyvetili proeqtia (b. wifuria), romlis Seferxebac moxda, erTi mxriv, rusuli bolSevizmis agresiis gamo (1921 w.), ris Sedegadac bolSevikuri ideologia teroristul-represiuli formiT mkveTrad daupirispirda modernistul esTetikas, qarTvel modernistebsa da maT modernistul Semoqmedebas, da, meore mxriv, imis gamo, rom 30-iani wlebidan sabWoTa saqarTveloSi erTaderT esTetikur ideologiad socrealizmi gamocxadda, da aseve, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT iurgen habermasis Teziss, rom moderni, rogorc msoflmxed-velobrivi da sociokulturuli fenomeni, dausrulebeli proeqtia, romelic dRemde grZeldeba da jer kidev Camoya-libebis procesSia (ix. misi kulturologiuri da social-filosofiuri etiudi „Die Moderne – ein unvollendetes Projekt“) (habermasi 1994: 177-192), maSin kvlav aqtualuria qarTuli modernizmis kvleva rogorc esTetikuri, ise sociokul-

77

turuli TvalsazrisiT, miT umetes, rom dRes mocemul is-toriul momentSi saqarTvelos kvlav mwvaved udgas poli-tikuri da kulturuli orientaciis sakiTxi. xolo, am Tval-sazrisiT, dRes qarTul sazogadoebas swor orientacias gauwevs swored qarTvel modernistTa evropuli arCevani da maTi „oqcidentocentrizmi“.

qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis wiaRSi ganviTare-buli, erTi mxriv, antikoloniuri da, meore mxriv, oqciden-tocentruli suliskveTeba gansakuTrebiT vlindeba qarT-vel modernistTa Semdeg saprogramo teqstebsa da litera-turul manifestebSi, sadac sruliad cxadad cnobierdeba rusul-aziaturi koloniuri sivrcisagan gamijvnisa da da-savleTze politikuri da kulturuli orientaciis auci-lebloba. kerZod, es saprogramo teqstebia: a) simboliste-bis – tician tabiZisa da paolo iaSvilis – simbolizmis mani-festebi „cisferi yanwebiT“ (1916) da „pirvelTqma“ (1916), romlebic, rogorc es marTebuladaa SeniSnuli (Mmagaroto 1982: 56; sigua 2008: 82, 83; wifuria 2012: 173-176), paTosiT ufro avangardistul-futuristuli manifestebia, rac SemTxveviTi araa, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom XX s. 10-ian wlebSi parizSi myofi paolo iaSvili ukve gacnobili iyo f. t. marinetis futurizmis manifestebs; b) eqspresio-nisti konstantine gamsaxurdias eqspresionizmis manifesti „Declaratia pro mea!“ (1920), aseve misi publicisturi werilebi da esseebi – „Ria werili ulianov leninisadmi“ (1921), sa-dac igi amxels bolSevikuri ruseTis imperialistur poli-tikas saqarTvelos mimarT, esseebi „ilia WavWavaZe“ (1922), „metafizikosis dRiuri“ (1921-1922), publicisturi werili “Anno 1923” (1922) da sxv.

rodesac qarTuli literaturuli modernizmi ofici-alurad, organizebuli formiT erTveba qarTul salite-raturo cxovrebaSi da oficialurad afuZnebs Tavis Tavs, mxedvelobaSi maqvs qarTvel simbolistTa – „cisferyanwel-Ta“ – gamosvla (1915-1916 w.w.) pirveli msoflio omis peri-odSi (sigua 2008: 80), maT literaturul manifestebSi ukve

78

imTaviTve gamokveTilia, erTi mxriv, antikoloniuri gan-wyobilebani, meore mxriv, dasavleTze kulturul-politi-kuri orientaciis aucilebloba. am TvalsazrisiT, mkveTrad gamoirCeva t. tabiZis (1893-1937) simbolizmis manifesti „cisferi yanwebiT“:

`CvenSi mzadaa niadagi modernizmisTvis (xazi Cemia – k. b.) [..] momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSi unda Sexvdes rusTaveli da malarme. rusTaveli me mesmis rogorc qarTuli sityvis Semkrebi erTeuli da malarme amave azriT evropis prezen-tizmisa da futurizmis. es gza aucilebelia. rogorc unda gaTavdes omi, aSkaraa, wina aziaSi evropa SemoaRebs karebs da am dros Cven unda davxvdeT SeWurvili erovnuli Semecne-biT, [..] rom iyos mTavari morgvi, romelzedac moexveva axali ideebi. Cven vizamT amas. maSin iqneba namdvili renesansi da am erovnul aRorZinebis sadRegrZelos sruliad seriozulad vsvam „cisfer yanwebiT“ (tabiZe 1986: 178, 180).

amgvarad, t. tabiZis mixedviT, modernizmisTvis mzaoba gulisxmobs rogorc modernistuli esTetikuri paradigmis, ise Tanamedrove evropuli socialur-politikuri ideebis gardauval miRebas, rac misTvis saqarTvelos aRorZinebis pirdapirproporciulia – „maSin iqneba qarTuli renesansi“. aq yuradReba aseve unda mivaqcioT Tavisebur sityva-kodebs – `evropuli prezentizmi“ da „evropuli futurizmi“: am formulirebebiT miniSnebulia rogorc evropuli tipis socialuri da teqnologiuri modernizaciis (fausturi diskursi), ise evropuli sulier-kulturuli paradigmebis qarTul sociokulturul sivrceSi dafuZnebis aucileb-loba, rac t. tabiZis Tanaxmad Seqmnis saqarTvelos momavali politikuri, kulturuli da saxelovnebo ganviTarebis wina-pirobas. aqve sainteresoa t. tabiZis erTgvari Sevsebac, rom am procesSi saqarTvelo Tavad evropas axvedrebs sakuTar mravalsaukunovan istoriis manZilze SemuSavebul sulier Rirebulebebs („SeWurvili erovnuli SemecnebiT“), kerZod, rusTvelur Rirebulebebs („mTavari morgvi“). am konteqstSi tician tabiZiseuli formula rusTaveli – malarme ukve gu-

79

lisxmobs axal modernul da modernistul etapze qarTuli mravalsaukunovani kulturisa da literaturis ganaxlebas evropuli modernistuli esTetikuri paradigmebis safuZ-velze („axali ideebi“). swored aRniSnuli formulis gan-xorcieleba iyo galaktion tabiZis (1891-1959) „artistuli yvavilebi“ (1919), rac iyo, zogadad, qarTuli modernistuli lirikis, da kerZod, qarTuli simbolizmis umaRlesi gamov-lineba da, amavdroulad, qarTuli poeziis Zireuli ganax-leba da misi evropuli masStabiT gamarTva. da rac mniSvnelo-vania, t. tabiZis manifestis mixedviT evropaze politikuri da esTetikuri orientaciis amocanebs TavisTavze iReben swored qarTveli modernistebi da sxva aravin – „Cven vizamT amas“.

msgavsi suliskveTebaa gamovlenili paolo iaSvilis (1894-1937) Sedgenil simbolizmis manifestSi „winaTqma“, sa-dac axal kulturul da saxelovnebo orientirad rusuli imperiuli centrebis (peterburgi, moskovi) sapirispirod gamocxadebulia parizi:

`saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris parizi. adi-de xalxo es Cveni mrisxane qalaqi, sadac giJuri gatacebiT jambazobdnen Cveni loTi Zmebi – verleni da bodleri, ma-larme, sityvebis mesaidumle da artur rembo, siamayiT mTvrali, dawyevlili Wabuki. [..] SeiTviseT: uaryofis sila-maze, gmiruli siCqare, ganaTebul simaRlis siyvaruli, mRel-varebis sidiade, damsxvrevis idumaleba. giyvardeT mexuri misteriebi, cecxlis mokideba misi, rac warsulma gaadida, gauRimeT sikvdilis Zaxils, uaryaviT lmobiereba da qalu-ri sinaze [..] cecxli, cecxli yvelafers, rac Sobs mwuxarebas da daRlilobas. [..] Cvensken modioda saqarTvelos axalgaz-rdoba da galobda simReras SeerTebisas. SeverTdiT da er-Txmad saqarTvelos momavlis mtrebs SevZaxeT, „aruli, aru-li, aruli“. gaTenda... Cveni saxeebi gadahkocna cisfrad Semo-silma bednierebam. Cven mzad viyaviT mrisxane brZolisTvis~ (iaSvili 1986: 291-292).

aqac, aqcenti gakeTebulia, erTi mxriv, momavalze, me-ore mxriv, axal Taobaze („saqarTvelos axalgazrdoba“). am

80

axal TaobaSi, cxadia, paolo iaSvili imTaviTve gulisxmobs swored sakuTar modernist xelovanTa axalTaobas, vinc axali modernuli cnobierebis matarebelia, modernistul esTetikas eltvis da visac ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos aRor-Zineba, rac impliciturad niSnavs saqarTvelos koloniuri mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas da evropaze kulturul da poli-tikur orientacias – „saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris parizi“.*

amgvarad, qarTveli modernistebisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli simbolistebisaTvis (t. tabiZe, p. iaSvili) evropa-ze aprioruli orientacia saqarTvelos politikuri ganax-lebisa da kulturuli renesansis ucilobeli winapirobaa, rac kodirebulia Semdegi formulebiT: rusTaveli – malar-me, saqarTvelo – parizi.

qarTveli simbolistebis msgavsad, eqspresionisti kon-stantine gamsaxurdia (1893-1975) Tavis 20-iani wlebis pub-licistur werilebsa da literaturul esseebSi mudmivad miuTiTebda dasavleTze saqarTvelos upirobo da ucilo-bel oreintaciaze: misTvis saqarTvelos politikuri, socia-luri da kulturuli ganviTareba mxolod da mxolod evro-pul orientaciaSi mdgomareobda. am poziciaSi iqve implici-turad ikveTeba antikoloniuri diskursic, kerZod, rusuli aziatur-bolSevikuri agresiis daZlevis aucilebloba. k. gam-saxurdias es pozicia sruliad araorazrovnad gacxadebu-lia saprogramo publicistur werilSi „Anno 1923“:

`moraluri Sinagani gardatexa sWiria uwinaresyovlisa qarTvelobas. Cven Zveleburi qarTuli urmebiT verasodes ver miveweviT fexmal drois pegasebs. dro mifrinavs sizmars gadayoliliviT, radiosadgurebma aTaseuli kilometrebi

* Sdr.: „qarTveli modernistebi ar aRiareben metropoliis kulturisadmi imgvar daqvemdebarebul damokidebulebas, roca periferiaSi fasobs da upi-ratesad miiCneva centris kulturuli tendenciebi, kulturuli teqstebi da figurebi. [..] evropis, rogorc kulturuli centris, pozicionireba gamox-atavs antikoloniur suliskveTebas da ewinaaRmdegeba rusuli kulturul-politikuri sivrcis aRmatebulad aRiarebis tendencias, rac koloniuri gamocdilebis pirvel etapze, mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aseTi sagrZnobi iyo qarTul sociokulturul sivrceSi“ (wifuria 2010: 8, 9).

81

gadalaxes. erebi ibrZvian da hqmnian ara marto miwaze, miwis qveS, miwis zeviT. is eri, romelic mxolod miwis zedapirze axerxebs orientacias, im ers dRes aravin gautoldeba, mas aravin gauyadrebs Tavs. [..] arc ise uimedoa Cveni momavali, arc ise uCino Cveni bedis varskvlavi. qarTvelobas didi amocanebi moelis win. dasavleTis didi civilizaciisa da kulturis cecxlovani etli uaxlovdeba Cveni samSoblos sazRvrebs. [..] Cveni lozungia: okcident!“ (xazi Cemia. – k. b.) (gamsaxurdia 1983: 453-455).1

amgvarad, modernist-eqspresionisti k. gamsaxurdiasaT-vis saqarTvelos momavali aRorZineba da misi kulturul-politikuri ganviTareba a priori dasavlur civilizaciaze orientaciasa da masTan integracias ukavSirdeba, vinaidan modernul dasavlur civilizaciasTan Tanaziaroba saqar-Tvelos aniWebs uaxlesi socialur-politikuri ideebisa da uaxlesi teqnologiebis aTvisebis saSualebas, rac qveynis Semdgomi socialuri, ekonomikuri da poltikuri ganviTa-rebis erTaderTi winapirobaa. am gziT ki, gamsaxurdias rwmeniT, saqarTvelo erTxel da samudamod daZlevs aziur pasiurobasa da kulturul CamorCenilobas.

azia, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri CamorCenilo-bis sityva-kodi, sityva-markeri, xSirad gvxvdeba k. gamsa-xurdias 20-iani wlebis publicitikasa da esseistikaSi: mag., esseSi „ilia WavWavaZe“ (1922) am sityva-kodiT k. gamsa-xurdia mianiSnebs me-19 saukunis saqarTvelos koloniuri yofis aziatur da CamorCenil bunebaze („TaTqariZeoba“), romlis daZlevis pirvel mcdelobasac k. gamsaxurdia swo-red ilias WavWavaZis (1837-1907) aqtiur pirovnebaSi Wvrets, romlis figura da moRvaweoba mas miaCnia evropuli aqtivizmis, evropaze orientaciis pirvel gamovlinebad me-19 sa-ukunis qarTul koloniur yofaSi:

`me mgonia, saqarTvelos suls didxans, kidev didxans dasWirdeba sistematiuri ganwmenda im saSineli balastisa-gan, romelic SemoiWra Cvens sxeulSi da sulSi aRmosavleTis pasiurobisa da aziuri inertulobis saxiT. [..] ganaxlebul

264

qar

Tve

li

mod

erni

steb

i(1

926)

265

irakli gamrekelidekoracia grigol robaqiZis

`malStremisTvis~ (1923)

82

saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi ilia WavWavaZiT iwyeba axali aqtivi xasiaTisa. axali dinamiuri Zalis SemoWras niSnavda ilia WavWavaZis gamosvla Cveni uaxloesi warsulis asparez-ze. [..] mis nawerebSi saqarTvelo groteskuli karikaturebiT gamoixata. es iyo saqarTvelo aziuri pasiurobis, uvicobis, sibinZurisa; saqarTvelo TaTqariZis, darejanis da sutkne-inebisa~ (gamsaxurdia 1983: 390, 392).

dasavleTze saqarTvelos kulturuli da politikuri orientaciis konteqstSi k. gamsaxurdia akritikebs osvald Spengleris antidasavlur paToss, romelic man gamoavlina Tavis cnobil naSromSi „dasavleTis daisi“ („Der Untergang des Abendlandes“) (1918) da ukuagdebs Spengleris postulats dasavluri fausturi kulturis daqveiTeba-aRsasrulisa da misi axali rusul-bolSevikur-aziaturi kulturiT ga-naxlebis Tu Canacvlebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi kritika k. gamsaxur-diam ganaviTara kulturfilosofiur esseSi „metafiziko-sis dRiuri“ (1921-1922), sadac gamsaxurdia, vimeoreb, uku-agdebs rusul-aziaturi sivrcidan momdinare dasavleTis kulturuli ganaxlebis Spengleriseul ideas, rasac is upirispirebs Tezas dasavluri kulturis Tavad dasavluri sulieri kulturiTve ganaxlebis Sesaxeb (gamsaxurdia 1983: 360-363).

evropis mier rusul-mongoloiduri aRmosavluri saf-rTxis ukugdebisa da daZlevis politikur winapirobad k. gam-saxurdia miiCnevs germaniis faqtors, xolo saqarTvelos mi-er rusuli koloniuri uRlis gadagdebis winapirobas aseve germaniaze saqarTvelos orientaciaSi Wvrets: „germania ev-ropis xerxemali iyo, aris da iqneba“, pirdapir acxadebs igi [gamsaxurdia 1983: 308] (am konteqstSi Sdr., k. gamsaxurdias narkvevi „apolitikosos Canawerebi. axali germania da evro-pis momavali“ (1919); aseve istoriul-politikuri narkvevi „kavkasia msoflio omSi“ („Der Kaukasus im Weltkrieg”) (1916) [kavkasieli 1998]). xolo dasavleTis, Sesabamisad saqarTve-los, sulieri ganaxlebis orientirebad k. gamsaxurdias esa-xeba goeTesa da nicSes sulieri memkvidreoba, gamovlenili

83

„faustsa“ da „zaratustraSi“, aseve – eqspresionizmi (Sdr., k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionizmis manifesti „Declaratia pro mea!“, aseve, esseebi – `goeTe Tu mistikosi~, „traRediis war-moSoba mistikis sulidan“, „impresionizmi da eqspresio-nizmi“, „mozaikebi“, „literaturuli parizi“).2

qarTul literaturul modernizms, rogorc evropuli literaturuli modernizmis organul nawils, bunebrivia, rom swored is saerTo filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebi hqonda, rac zogadad evropuli literaturuli modernizmisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli: kerZod, a. Sopen-haueris nebis filosofia, s. kirkegoris egzistencfilo-sofia (Existenzphilosophie), fr. nicSes sicocxlis filosofia da apolonurisa da dionisuris koncefcia, aseve z. froidis fsiqoanalizi, k. g. iungis siRrmis fsiqologia, a. bergsonis intuitivizmi, o. Spengleris kulturfilosofia da sxv. Sesabamisad, qarTul modernizmsac safuZvlad daedo es fi-losofiuri moZRvrebani, sadac moxda maTi originaluri Semoq-medebiTi recefcia mxatvrul saxismetyvelebiT paradigmebSi.

garda amisa, qarTul literaturul modernizms evropul modernizmTan saerTo aqvs esTetikur-poetologiuri prin-cipebi da msoflmxedvelobrivi ganwyobilebani: misTvisac ar aris ucxo esTeticizmi, dekadentoba, dendizmi, sikvdi-lis esTetika, mxatvruli ritorikis stilizacia, naratiuli mravalferovnebani (Sinagani monologi, cnobierebis nakadi, gancdili metyveleba), montaJis naratiuli da kompoziciuri teqnika, sugestiuri poeturi metyveleba da saxismetyvele-ba, enobrivi skepsisi (enis, rogorc samyaroseuli movlenebis aRmniSvneli da gamomxatveli TviTkmari sistemis, sosÁuri-seuli gagebis ukugdeba), neologizmebisadmi tendireba da enobrivi eqsperimentebi.

qarTuli literaturuli modernizmi Janrobrivi Tval-sazrisiTac anaxlebs qarTul literaturas, rac, pirvel rigSi, gamoixata (modernistuli) romanis Janris saboloo dafuZnebaSi. aseve viTardeba axali lirikuli formebi, mag., soneti, verlibri. ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba sxva literatu-

84

ruli Janrebic – iqmneba modernistuli novela (Sdr., k. gam-saxurdias eqspresionistuli novelebi – „zarebi grigalSi“, „fotografi“, „tabu“ da sxv.), modernistuli drama (Sdr., gr robaqiZis eqspresionistul-miTografiuli drama-misteri-ebi „londa“, „lamara“, „malStrem“; k. gamsaxurdias eqspre-sionistuli drama-misteria „garsi maradi“).

da rac mTavaria, qarTul literaturul modernizmSi TiTqmis sruladaa warmodgenili evropul literaturul modernizmSi arsebuli literaturuli mimdinareobani: im-presionizmi, simbolizmi, eqspresionizmi.

swored qarTuli modernizmis am kulturtregeruli bunebidan da ara marto esTetikuri, aramed TviT politi-kuri misiis gamo, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 20-ian wlebSive, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika (1918-1921) daipyro bolSevikurma ruseTma, rusuli bolSevizmis agresia rogorc represiuli, ise ideologiuri formiT, qarTul eklesiasa da aristokratiasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi, qarTul literaturul modernizmsac daatyda Tavs. vinaidan, rogorc es zemoT vnaxeT, qarTuli literaturu-li modernizmi aviTarebda, erTi mxriv, antikoloniur dis-kurss, meore mxriv, afuZnebda axal evropul kulturul daesTetikur paradigmas qarTvelobis cnobierebasa da qar-Tul sulier cxovrebaSi, ris gamoc rusuli bolSevizmis mier qarTuli modernizmi a priori igivdeboda rogorc dasav-lur politikur da sulier-kulturul Rirebulebebze orientaciasTan, ise antikoloniur eTosTan.

sabWoTa bolSevikuri reaqcia qarTul modernizmze frontaluri da organizebuli formiT pirvelad gamov-linda qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris 1926 wlis sxdomaze, sadac socrealizmis ideologiis erTaderT esTetikur doqtrinad gamocxadebamde bevrad adre (1932) modernistuli esTetika oficialurad gamocxadda antisabWoTa movlenad da daisva sakiTxi misi saboloo uaryofis Sesaxeb, xolo qarTveli mo-dernistebi antisabWoTa elementebad gamocxaddnen. repre-siebmac ar daayovna: k. gamsaxurdia gadaasaxles CrdiloeT

85

yinulovan okeaneSi mdebare solovkis arqipelagze mowyo-bil „gulagSi“, qarTvel simbolistTa – „cisferyanwelTa“ – jgufi daiSala, umTavresi simbolisti – galaktion tabiZe 20-iani wlebis bolodan mkveTrad modernistuli lirikidan e. w. „axali sagnobriobis“ tipis lirikaze gadaerTo da e. w. gamoyenebiTi leqsebis weras Seudga, iseve rogorc „cisfer-yanwelebi“; gr. robaqiZe 1926 wlidan 1931 wlamde, anu emigra-ciaSi gaqcevamde, arsebiTs modernistuli esTetikis bazaze aRarafers qmnis (Tu ar CavTvliT daumTavrebel romans `fal-estra~). xolo 1930-ian wlebSi ukve yofili qarTveli moder-nisti avtorebi an stalinuri represiebis msxverplni Seiq-nen (p. iaSvili, t. tabiZe, n. miwiSvili, m. javaxiSvili), an e.w. Sinagan emigraciaSi imyofebodnen (v. gafrindaSvili, n. lor-TqifaniZe, er. tatiSvili), an evropul emigraciaSi uSveles Tavs (gr. robaqiZe), an Txzavdnen socrealisturi esTetikisa (d. Sengelaia) da nacionaluri paradigmebis mixedviT (k. gam-saxurdia, g. tabiZe, g. leoniZe) (bregaZe 2013a: 15). amitomac, marTebulad SeniSna b. wifuriam, rom qarTuli modernizmi aris „Sewyvetili proeqti“ (wifuria 2010: 13).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli literaturuli moder-nizmi unikaluri movlenaa evropul literaturaSi da igi ar aris evropuli modernizmis ubralo epigonaluri danama-ti an periferiuli sfero. piriqiT, qarTuli modernizmi qm-nis evropuli modernizmis sruliad originalur invariants, igi erTgvarad afarToebs da ganavrcobs evropul moder-nizms: qarTuli modernizmi axerxebs originaluri saxisme-tyvelebiTi paradigmebis, miTosuri arqetipebis, miTosuri narativisa da miTosuri saxismetyvelebis, wmindad nacio-naluri Temebisa da nacionaluri problematikis gauniver-salurebis, qarTuli sinamdvilis miTo-saxismetyvelebiTi mxatvruli gaazrebis, axali kulturuli da landSafturi sivrceebisa da Temebis Semotanis safuZvelze axali da uni-kaluri mxatvrul-literaturuli Rirebulebis Seqmnas da amiT evropuli literaturuli modernizmis gamrval-ferovnebas, gamdidrebasa da mis ganuyofel da organul

86

nawilad qcevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis es Tavisebureba da evropuli literaturuli modernizmisaTvis misi mniSvneloba evropul literaturul sivrceSi pirvelma Stefan cvaigma SeniSna da daafiqsira gr. robaqiZis „gvelis perangis“ pirveli germanulenovani gamocemis winasityvaobaSi (1928).

mimaCnia, rom qarTuli literaturuli modernizmi evro-puli literaturuli modernizmis originaluri da unikalu-ri Semadgeneli nawilia, ramdenadac igi axerxebs anTropolo-giuri, egzistencialuri da ontologiuri problematikis Zireul gaazrebas sakuTari originaluri mxatvruli rito-rikisa da originaluri mxatvrul-saxismetyvelebiTi para-digmebis moxmobiT (Sdr., Tundac gr. robaqiZis romani „gve-lis perangi“, an k. gamsaxurdias romanebi „dionisos Rimili“ da „mTvaris motaceba“, an sulac „artistul yvavilebSi“ kulminirebuli galaktionis qarTuli modernistuli/simbo-listuri lirika).

saboloo jamSi ki qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis farglebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT is sami umTavresi niSani, rac gansazRvravs mis specifikas:

mkveTrad antikoloniuri da antiideologiuri (anti-1. bolSevikuri) diskursi;

modernizmi2. gagebuli ara mxolod rogorc wmindad esTetikuri fenomeni, romlis safuZvelzec unda ganaxle-buliyo qarTuli literatura, aramed gagebuli, rogorc qarTuli sociokulturuli cxovrebis ganaxlebis aprio-ruli winapiroba;

saxismetyvelebiTi specifika, rac, gansakuTrebiT 3. prozasa da dramaSi, gamovlinda miTografiul saxismety-velebasa da miTosur arqetipebze apriorul orientaciaSi. Sesabamisad, qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis far-glebSi mxatvruli teqsti (prozauli an dramatuli) im-TaviTve gagebuli iyo rogorc Taviseburi „sakraluri“ teqsti, romelic Tavisi diskursiT unda dapirispireboda desakralizebul da dehumanizebul modernizmis epoqas,

87

bolSevikur materialistur ideologias, da romelsac un-da gadaewyvita yofierebisa da cnobierebis resakralizaci-is amocanebi (Sdr., gr. robaqiZis romani „gvelis perangi“) (bregaZe 2013b: 178-183).

sxva TvalsazrisiT ki, kerZod, a) sinamdvilis racio-naluri Semecnebis SeuZleblobis, aseve, racionaluri su-bieqturobisa da racionaluri enis krizisis aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT (vieta 2001: 11-15), b) manqanur-teqnikuri ci-vilizaciis kritikis, c) yofierebis resakralizaciis auci-leblobis TvalsazrisiT, d) enis iracionaluri bunebis „gaxsnisa“ da misi konvencionalurobisagan gaTavisufle-bis, f) iracionaluri subieqturobis primatisa da g) eli-tarulobis, aramasobriobis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli lite-raturuli modernizmi srulad Tanxvdeba evropuli lite-raturuli modernizmis zogad paradigmas.

SeniSvnebi:

1. msgavsi paTosia gamovlenili k. gamsaxurdias pirvel romanSi

`dionisos Rimili~ (1925), kerZod, ix. Tavi `venaxi~. romanis am Tav-

Si gacxadebulia qarTveli modernisti avtoris ocneba dasavlur

yaidaze modernizebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: `rogorc iqna mo-

vaRwie. saqarTvelo ver vicani. saqarTvelom me ver micno. gaoce-

buli Sevhyureb Sav zRvaSi qarTuli flotis aRlums. nislisferi

kreiserebi horizontebze dganan: – saqarTvelos Tavis hamburgi

gauCenia. rioni gauWriaT. paliastomTan axali portia: TamaraSeni.

auarebeli dokebi, elevatorebi, uSvelebeli rkinis xidebi. mTebsa

da gorakebze qarxnebis sakomurebis tyeebia. mTebsa da mTebs Soris

kanatebis rkinis gzebze gamuruli vagonetebi dahqrolaven. Zvel

taZrebs da Zvel cixeebs fabrikebi da eleqtronis sadgurebi das-

cinian. [..] tfilisSi orasi yoveldRiuri gazeTi gamodis, 365 sxva-

dasxva sagamomcemlo amxanagobaa. mTel saqarTveloSi 3500 qarxanaa,

12 universiteti.. wels damTavrda qarTuli akademiis TeTri Senoba.

tfilisi Tavis moxucebul dedas, mcxeTas SeuerTda. mtkvarze asze

meti xidia. qarTuli aviacia sahaero rekordebs amyarebs. gvaqvs ax-

88

ali reisebi: tfilisi-parizi, tfilisi-londoni, tfilisi-tokio,

tfilisi-bombeÁ, tfilisi-pekini. tfilisSi vismenT parizis, ber-

linis, milanos koncertebs. [..] qarTul akademias yuradRebiT usmens

mTeli qveyana. qarTuli laSqris eridebaT. qarTul enas pativisce-

miT eqcevian mezoblebi. qarTuli wignis tiraJma erT milionamdis

miaRwia. saqarTvelos mTavrobam mTeli saqarTvelos Waobebi amoaS-

ro. arcerT qarTvels aRar aciebs. gamravlda, gaZlierda qarTlo-

sis keTilSobili naTesavi. millionebi.. millionebi... millionebi~

(gamsaxurdia 1992: 133, 135).

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom swored modernisti avtorebisa da

eqspresionistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antiteqnokratuli pa-

Tosidan gamomdinare, am romanSive gamovlenilia k. gamsaxurdias,

rogorc modernisti da, amavdroulad, eqspresionisti avtoris,

gaorebuli damokidebuleba dasavluri teqnikuri civilizaciis

mimarT, Sdr., romanis Semdegi Tavebi: `nisli~, `gayiduli kbilebis

qeba~, `telefonSi~, `Jamianoba~, `pertinaqs~. amgvarad, Tuki avto-

ri, erTi mxriv, eltvis teqnikur civilizacias, rogorc sakuTari

qveynis aRorZinebisa da modernizebis, dasavluri masStabiT gama-

rTvis erTaderT ucilobel winapirobas, meore mxriv, wmindad hu-

manisturi da eqspresionistuli poziciebidan (ar dagvaviwydes,

rom aRniSnuli romani mTlianad eqspresionistul poetikaze, mso-

flmxedvelobasa da msoflgancdazea agebuli. bregaZe 2013c: 25-61)

uaryofs mas, rogorc desakralizaciisa da dehumanizaciis sivrces.

2. Sdr., k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionistul romans „dionisos

Rimili“ mTlianad msWvalavs antikoloniuri, antiaziaturi, anti-

rusuli da, gnebavT, antiSpengleruli, suliskveTeba. am Tvalsaz-

risiT, es teqsti mkveTrad gamoirCeva sxva qarTuli modernistuli

romanebisagan:

„marmarilos taxtze RawvmaRali, yviTel epoletebiani mon-

Roli ijda. farTe, ganze gamdgari yviTeli yurebi qonda. yurebi-

dan Telgami mosdioda. TavCaqindruli yvinTavda. vxedav: Tavze Cr-

diloeTis mefis gvirgvini aqvs, muxlze orTaviani arwivi uzis. erT

Tavze bagrationis gvirgvinia! gvirgvinSi – Tamaris almasi!

„slanski!“ davuyvire me, da Cemsave xmaSi foladiseburi wkriali

gavigone. taxtze mjdomarem sisxliani Tvalebi amarTa da miuyrebs

89

Tavisi zanti, xonWkolasferi TavlebiT. saxe dasivebia, wiTeli

ZarRvebi zed askdeba.

axlos mivedi. Tamaris almass Tvals ar vaSoreb: „slanski, dami-

brune dedaCemis almasis Tvali“.

slanskim isev daxuWa Tvali, TiTqos arc ki gaugoniao. da ga-

nagrZo Tvlema.

„slanski! Sen – yinuleTi, me – mzisguli, Sen – Tovli, me – cecx-

li, Sen – murtali, Roris tyavis fariviT farTo da rgvali, me –

qarTuli satevariviT basri da wvetiani. slanski, me da Sen erT sax-

lSi ver daveteviT!“.

slanski isev Tvlems. „slanskiiiii“!. vuyivle mTvlemares, adeq

da xrmalma gagvasworos“.

slanski wamodga. moiZro TeTri yaryumis mosasxami da iZro

xrmali sworpiriani. xeli mivhyevi da movimarjve argveTis mTavris

xorasnuli, Semovuqnie, Semovkari jaWvis Cabalaxze.

slanskim gvirgvini ganze gadasdo, taxtidan Camosvla ikadra,

almasis qurdiviT gawiTlda. Semomitia.

„slanski, asCvidmeti“ SevZaxe me, savarsamiZem.

„kidev amdeni“, ambobs da modis daTvi pirsisxliani.

„ukudeq Cemi sisxliT galeSilo, dedaCemis almasis qurdo“.

Sevrisxe mteri da gavekide.

sami dRe da sami Rame vibrZodiT. orives SemogveZarcva jaWv-

saWurveli. [..]

maSin Sevxede slanskis TvalebSi me mamaCemis qoruli TvalebiT.

da Sevuloce, iseve, rogorc gvels ulocavda taia Selia. slanskis

daeZina. avdeqi. argveTis mTavris xrmali aviRe isev. isev gaiRviZa.

xrmali rom dainaxa, Semevedra: „nu momklav da Sens mijnurs gaswav-

lio“. Sevpirdi.

„irbine aqedan mzis dasavlisaken, iq venaxia yvavilovani, lapis

lazuri da smaragdi asxia lerwebs da iq dagxvdeba RmerTebis

mijnuri.“

mec iseve avusrule piroba, rogorc.. man amisrula erTxel...

yeli gamovWeri da sisxli davlie“ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 366-369).

90

damowmebani:

bregaZe 2013a: bregaZe k. `qarTuli literaturuli modernizmis kom-

parativistuli kvleva~. bregaZe k. qarTuli modernizmi (gr. robaqiZe, k.

gamsaxurdia, g. tabiZe). Tbilisi: „meridiani“, 2013.

bregaZe 2013b: bregaZe k. `grigol robaqiZis romanebis poetika~.

bregaZe k. qarTuli modernizmi (gr. robaqiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, g. tabiZe).

Tbilisi: „meridiani“, 2013.

bregaZe 2013c: bregaZe k. `modernizmis epoqa, rogorc miToss mokleb-

uli dro konstantine gamsaxurdias romanSi `dionisos Rimili~. bregaZe

k. qarTuli modernizmi (gr. robaqiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, g. tabiZe). Tbilisi:

„meridiani“, 2013.

gamsaxurdia 1983: gamsaxurdia k. Txzulebani 10 tomad. t. VII. Tbilisi:

„sabW. saqarTvelo“, 1983.

gamsaxurdia 1992: gamsaxurdia k. Txzulebani 20 tomad. t. II. Tbilisi:

„didostati“, 1992.

vieta 2001: Vietta S. Ästhetik der Moderne. Literatur und Bild. München: Fink Verlag,

2001.

iaSvili 1986: iaSvili p. `pirvelTqma~. qarTuli literaturuli esse.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi. Semdg. m. xelaia. Tbilisi: „merani“, 1986.

kavkasieli 1998: kavkasieli (gamsaxurdia k.). kavkasia msoflio omSi

[1916]. germ. Targmna konstantine bregaZem. „saliteraturo gazeTi“,# №№

13, 14, 1998.

lit. Jurnalebi.. 2011: 1910-1920-iani wlebis literaturuli Jur-

nalebi (oTx wignad). Tbilisi: literaturis muzeumis gamocema, 2011.

Mmagaroto 1982: Magarotto L. “Storia e teoria dell’ avanguardia georgiana (1915-

1924)”. L’avanguardia a Tiflis: Studi, ricerche, cronache, testimonianze, documenti. Uni-

versita degli Studi di Venecia, 1982.

robaqiZe 2012: robaqiZe gr. nawerebi 5 tomad. t. III. Tbilisi: litera-

turis muzeumis gamocema, 2012.

sigua 2008: sigua s. qarTuli modernizmi. Tbilisi: `mwerlis gazeTi~,

2008.

tabiZe 1986: tabiZe t. `cisferi yanwebiT~. qarTuli literaturuli

esse. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi. Semdg. m. xelaia. Tbilisi: „merani“, 1986.

91

wifuria 2010: wifuria b. `modernistuli gamocdileba~. qarTuli li-

teratura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze. Tbilisi: literaturis

institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.

wifuria 2012: wifuria b. `cisferi yanwebi“ da avangardi~. leqsmcod-

neoba V. cisferyanwelebisadmi miZRvnili leqsmcodneobis meeqvse

samecniero sesia. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba,

2012.

jorjaZe 1989: jorjaZe a. werilebi. Semdg. a. baqraZe. Tbilisi: `mera-

ni~, 1989.

habermasi 1994: Habermas J. Die Moderne – ein unvollendetes Projekt. in: Wege aus der Moderne. Schlüsseltexte der Postmoderne-Diskussion, hrsg. von W. Welsch, Akademie Verlag, Berlin: 1994.

92

inga milorava

qarTuli modernistuli proza

● zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze.

`me ar vici cxadi iyo Tu sizmari es sura-

Ti, SeiZleba sizmaric iyo da SeiZleba ar yo-

fila sizmari~.

Wola lomTaTiZe

samyaros srulyofilad Tu ara, SeZlebisdagvarad mainc aRqmisadmi uimedo damokidebulebas platonis filoso-fiaSi eyreba safuZveli. platonis filosofiur metaforaSi – gamoqvabulSi srulad gamoixata adamianis aRqmis meqaniz-mis sisuste. adamians ar ZaluZs pirdapir ixilos WeSmariti sinaTle, WeSmariti adamiani da WeSmariti sagani. mxolod gamoqvabulis miRma arsebobs `namdvili sinamdvile~. Tumca mxolod anareklis imedad yofna adamians ver daakmayofilebda. mas metis miRweva surda da daiwyo ocneba zmanebebSi gacxa-debul miRmur realobaze. filosofiam miRmur samyarosTan kavSirSi racionaluri elementi Semoitana da ori samyaros urTierTmimarTeba mwyobr sistemad Camoayaliba. modernis-tuli azrovneba samyaros zmanebisa da cxadis mojnaze war-moadgens. maT Soris TiTqos zRvari iSleba. ganaxlebulma xelovnebam da literaturam itvirTa dafarulis amocno-bisa da gamosaxvis misia. modernizms erTgvarad Taviseburi, e. w. teqsturi sekularulobac axasiaTebs – igi religiur CarCoebs ar cnobs da mxatvruli sistemis qmnadobisas myari dogmebisagan Tavisufldeba. `mxatvrobis sagani unda iyos im saidumloebis, im gamoucnobelis axsna da suraTebiT na-Telyofa, romelic Seadgens dedaazrs da dedaZarRvs ada-mianis cxovrebisas~ [mwerali] `cdilobs, gvaCvenos uxilavi

93

da gamoucnobeli kavSiri, romelic arsebobs `saiqiosa~ da `saaqaos~ Soris. cdilobs, Tvalwin dagviyenos movlenaTa Soris dafaruli kavSiri...~ (abaSiZe 1970: 444–445). `rodesac xelovneba esTetikuri intuiciis ZaliT gviSlis suraTs, romlis xilva silogizmisa da logikis ZaliT ar ZalgiZgs, unda davstkbeT am suraTiT da vlocavdeT im SemoqmedebiT niWs, romlis wyalobiT uxilavi xdeba CvenTvis xilulad da SeuZlebeli SesaZleblad~ (jorjaZe 1987: 47)

modernistuli asaxvisa da gamosaxvis koncefciaSi Se-erTda filosofiuri, racionaluri da wminda esTetikuri elementebi. es meqanizmi SeiZleba pirobiTi formuliT ase gamoisaxos: materialuri sinamdvilidan miRma realobis danaxva, aRqma da grZnobad-esTetikurad gamoaxva, romlis procesSic teqstSi iSleba zRvari cxadsa da zmanebas Soris. simbolisti poeti tician tabiZe miniaturaSi `gazafxulis dResaswauli~ werda: `...suli ascilda sazRvars~ (tabiZe 1996: 293) da am frazaSi kargad gamoCnda modernistuli Semoq-medebiTi procesis arsi da Tavisebureba.

vasil barnovi (1856–1934). zmanebasa da cxads Soris TiT-qmis waSlili zRvari qarTul prozaSi naTlad gamovlinda vasil barnovTan. aris mwerali, romelic aRadgens droTa kavSirs – awmyoSi acocxlebs warsuls – igi qarTuli isto-riuli prozis fuZemdeblad gvevlineba. 1914 wels daibeWda misi romani `mimqarali Saravandedi~ – wigni istoriul am-bavze, romantikul siyvarulsa da bednierebis wyurvilsa da movaleobebs Soris Widilze. am romaniT daiwyo misi `artis-tuli mogzauroba~ droSi – misi Semoqmedebis istoriuli ni-Sis gamokveTa. jer kidev 1912 wels, roca dawerili ar hqon-da umTavresi nawarmoebebi, mas yuradReba miaqcia geronti qiqoZem da werilic dawera masze (`saxalxo gazeTi~, 1912, N – №№ 596, 597), magram vasil barnovis Semoqmedeba iolad ar eteva raime CarCoebSi, igi realisturi prozis farglebs scdeba da namdvil modernist mwerlad warmosdgeba, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi aris simbolisturi prozis erT-

94

erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. axalgazrda poetebma, sim-bolistma `cisferyanwelebma~ axali energiiT aRavses ukve xanSi Sesuli mwerali. misi Zveli saqarTvelo SeiZleba galak-tionis `samudamo mxared~ gaviazroT.

modernistul moTxrobebSi is kidev ufro Rrma SreebSi aRwevs da modernistuli azrovnebis safuZvels gamosax-avs – zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze agebul mis samyaroSi waS-lilia zRvari realobasa da warmosaxviTs, an intuitiurad mignebul miRmurs Soris. misi simboloebi `sazRvars acile-buli sulis~SemqmedebiTi intensivobis naTeli Sedegia. `ga-naskvili simi~ (1920) gviCvenebs `SigniT Cabrunebuli mzeris~ meqanizms, romlis safuZvelzec igeba barnoviseuli moder-nistuli teqstebi. es mzera saSualebas aZlevs adamians mis-wvdes materialuris miRma arsebuls. man jer kidev `tkbili dudukSi~ (1909) warmoadgina Tavisi filosofiuri koncef-cia da is gza, romliTac adamiani aRwevs dafaruls. mTavar gmirs, mixakos, axsovs wina cxovrebaSi nanaxi adgilebi, saxe-ebi, xmebi. am SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT metemfsiqozis gamovlinebas, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania barnovis Semoqmedebi-saTvis da modernistuli gamosaxvis axal sistemaSic orga-nulad jdeba, rogorc samyaros aRqmis axali modeli. aseve masTan vxvdebiT platonis androginuli bunebis adamianis mxatvrul anareklsac, roca wina cxovrebaSi Seyvarebulebi erT mTlianobad arian warmodgenilni. es urRvevi kavSiri amqveyniur yofaSi ikargeba, magram mis gmirebs igi axsovT da am realuri xsovnis qronotopiT aixsneba materialuri samyaros mravali movlena da problema(`tkbili duduki~, `yvavili momavali~, `naZvnaris devi~, `sulTa kavSiri~, `yvavi-lebSi~). aseve iqmneba barnoviseuli sruliad originaluri siyvarulisa da adamianis koncefciebic.

barnovis Semoqmedebis modernistul nakads Tanabrad asazrdoebs antikuri filosofia, qristianoba da qarTuli warmarToba. qristianuli motivebi masTan Zlieria, magram koreqtirebuli sakuTari aRqmis Tanaxmad. `RmerTi siyvar-uli ars~ (ioane, epistole, 4, 7-8) – am debulebas igi iyenebs

95

miRma samyarosTan xidis gasadeb umTavres pirobad, rad-gan misi koncefciis Tanaxmad, siyvaruli aRadgens mxolod zmanebaSi SemorCenil da amqveynad dakargul erTianobas, sulTa kavSirs. siyvaruli qmnis kacRmerTs – vasil barnovis mier sruliad gansxvavebulad gaazrebul zekacs, romelic siyvaruliT aRwevs ganRmrTobas da xdeba ufro meti, vidre Cveulebrivi adamiani (nicSes zekacis Taviseburi interpre-tacia-Sepirispireba). zogadad sagulisxmoa, rom vasil bar-novis mier mxatvrul saxeebSi gardasaxuli filosofiuri idea yovelTvis pozitiuri da esTetikuria: cxadsa da zma-nebas, miwiersa da miRmurs, realursa da irealurs Soris gavlebul zRvarze mimdinare movlenebi mkveTrad araa ga-mijnuli erTmaneTisgan da amasTan amqveyniuri cxovreba aR-qmulia ara rogorc mxolod simaxinje, aramed mis arsebobas gamarTleba moeZebneba, rogorc wina arsebobis Semdeg Sex-vedrisa da Secnobis an momavali miRmuri mTlianobis aRd-genis momzadebisTvis aucilebels. igi bevr nakls poulobs amqveyniur yofaSi, magram miutevebs, radgan ganixilavs mas rogorc sayrdens, safuZvels, amaRlebsTvis aucilebeli gamocdis adgilsa da siyvaruliT gamaerTianebeli WeSmari-ti miRma samyarosken mimaval gzas. barnovis prozaSi mo-dernistuli tendenciebi Zlieria da amave dros mtkicedaa Serwymuli qarTuli mwerlobis winare gamocdielebasa da tradiciebTan. es sinTezuroba gamovlinda enobriv-stilur donezec – mwerlis ena, misi konstruqciebi zedmiwevniT ar-qaulia da amave dros Tanamedrove ritmuli prozis zRvar-ze dgas da, SesaZloa, garkveul SemTxvevebSi TeTr leqsadac aRiqmebodes.

leo qiaCelis (1884–1963) modernistuli mxatvruli az-rovnebis sayrdeni – miRmuris dominanturoba da samyaros arsisa da aRqmis Sesaxeb idealisturi filosofiis ideebi mkveTrad aisaxa adreul teqstebSi. misi pirveli nawarmoebi 1909 wels gamoqveynda da igi bunebrvad CaerTo literatu-ris ganaxlebis procesSi. adreul novelebSi aSkarad igr-Znoba simbolisturi da impresionistuli mimdinareobisaT-vis niSandoblivi motivebi —skefsisi („Seuracxyofili“),

96

niRbis filosofia („Escalade“), dumilis Teoria („stefane“, „iskanderi“), bedisweris problema („codvis Svilebi“).

„Escalade“–Si mocemuli niRbiani qalis sityvebi zustad gadmoscems zmanebisa da cxadis leo qiaCeliseul koncef-cias da zogadad modernistuli azrovnebis, aRqmis sistemis safuZvels: `ar gagonebs gana es suraTi TviT kacobriobas, mis brZolas, mis cxovrebas? ra kargia! gana ase tyuilad ar ibrZvis kacobrioba? gana ase TavdaviwyebiT ar epotineba ra-Rac ideals, romelic bolosdabolos iseTive sisulelea, rogorc xeze Camokidebuli Cemi niRabi d wiTel-yviTeliani mosasxami~ (qiaCeli 1984: 351). am nawarmoebSi modernistuli azrovnebis bevrma iseTma nakvTma moiyara Tavi, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogori damokdebuleba aqvs moder-nistul mwerlobas sinamdvilsadmi: igi skeptikuradaa gan-wyobili da ar erideba Tavisi nihilizmisa da skefsisis ga-moxatvas. sicocxle modernistebisaTvis araa iolad Sesac-nobi da amaoebis, tkivilisa da tanjvis sauflod aRiqmeba. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania niRbis simbolos mxatvruli gaazrebac. leo qiaCelisTvis ukve siyvarulic kargavs Tavis yovlisgamaerTianebel Zalas (`Seuracxyofili~), erTader-Ti realuri sakomunikacio saSulebad ki dumilis enaRa rCeba (`jadosani~, `stefane~, `iskanderi~), rac cxadSi zmanebismi-eris Seucnoblobis pesimisturi dadasturebaa.

konstantine gamsaxurdias (1893–1975) skefsisi da samya-ros tragikuli aRqma airekla rogorc adreul Semoqmede-baSi, ise modernistul roman `dionisos RimilSic~ (1925). adreul lirikasa da novelebis pirvel krebulSi `qveyana romelsac vxedav~ (1924) kargad gamoCnda mwerlis eqspre-sionistuli msoflgancda. am etapze mwerlisaTvis arse-bobda erTi realoba, romelic xelovanis sulSi aRmoCenili, miRmuri irealuri somyarodan areklili da mxatvrulad gardaqmnili sinamdvilea. am etapze fsiqologizms Seenac-vla antifsiqologizmi. `zarebi grigalSi~ (1924) udidesi adamianur tragedias – rwmenis dakargvas eqspresionistuli xerxebiT xatavs. mweralma ukve sakmaod popularuli mode-li – `patara adamiani~ gamoiyena da misi gaufasurebuli si-

97

cocxle did vnebad aqcia, bunebasTan Serwymad da kosmiur qariSxalad gaiazra,zneobriv eqstazs aziara da Semdeg fizi-kurad gaanadgura. konstantine gamsaxurdias gmirebi gaucxo-ebulni arian garesamyarosTan `qosa gaxu~ (1927-1929); `tabu~ (1925-1927), `xogais mindia~ (1937). novela `mkvdarTan Sexved-ra~ (1919) pirvelad qarTul literaturaSi damoukidebel problemad aqcevs pirovnebis gaucxoebis sakiTxs am realur samyaroSi. misi materialuri arsebobis farglebSi Secno-bis SeuZlebloba aq kulminacias aRwevs da udides adami-anur tragediad warmosdgeba. eqspresionistuli gamosaxvis sistema novela `fotografSi~ (1919) erovnul-moqalaqeob-riv Sres gamoxatavs da kidev erTxel usvams xazs qarTuli modernizmis TviTmyofadobas.

umniSvnelovanes figuras gasuli saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis qarTul prozaSi warmoadgens mixeil javaxiSvili (1880-1937). m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba araerTgzis da mra-valmxriv aris ganxiluli qarTul kritikaSi. kritikosTa nawili mis maneras realisturs uwodebs, nawili – socialu-ri TeEmatikis aqcentirebas usvams xazs, nawilic eTanxmeba Tavad mwerlis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas misi `neorealis-turi~ stilis Sesaxeb. i. ratianis azriT, mixeil javaxiSvili muSaobs modernizmisa da realizmis sazRvarze: `javaxiSvi-lis mwerloba realizmisa da maRali modernizmis mijnaze dgas da iTvaliswinebs ara oden qarTuli realobis xazgas-mulad totalitarul, industrialur da pragmatul arse-biTobas, aramed mis tragikul Sedegs – pirovnebis srul gaucxoebas samyarosTan da ltolvas TviTlokali zaci-isaken~ (ratiani 2015: 137).

● Sinagani monologi da esTetis TvaliT danaxulisamyaro. niRabi – niSani gamoucnobis.

qarTulma modernizmma daamuSava evropuli modernizmis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani aspeqti. misi mravalsaxovneba TvalSisacemia da empiriul drosa da sivrcesTan mtkice Si-nagani kavSiriTaa gapirobebuli. devizi `xelovneba xelovne-

98

bisaTvis~ warmatebiT Tanaarsebobs samyaros subieqtur gan-WvretasTan, romelic barnoviseuli `SigniT Cabrunebuli mzeris’’ paralelurad gare sivrceSi mimdinare movlenebis analizsac gulisxmobs.

Wola lomTaTiZes (1879-1915) sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgli uWiravs modernistuli mwerlobis procesSi. revo-lucioneri da meamboxe, romlis sicocxlec urTulesma epoqam Seiwira, modernistuli azrvnebis umTavres princips – zmanebasa da cxads Soris waSlil zRvars aRiarebda. sapy-robileSi Seqmna mweralma saocari Sinagani TavisuflebiT gamorCeuli lirikuli proza, wina planze wamoswia pirovne-ba, gamorCeuli `me~, romelic Tavisi Sidasamyaros siRrme-ebSi eZebs dasayrdens, roca sikvdilis pirisir dgas. Wola lomTaTiZis pirvel moTxrobebSi, romlebic 1905 wls gamo-qveynda: „daviTi~, „zRva~, „aRsareba~, „sicrue~, „kvlav fiqri~, fiqri~ da Semdgom teqstebSi: `saxrCobelis winaSe~ (1907), `sapyrobileSi~ (1909), `ubis wignidan~ (1910), `pirveli maisi~ (1911), `TeTri Rame~ (1911) asociaciebi, Sinagani monologi, tragikuli lirizmi da cnobierebis nakadTan miaxloebuli Txroba gadmoscems adamianebis Sinagan mdgomareobas, maT mi-marTebas garesamyarosTan, romelSic naklebadaa esTetika, magram misi aRwerisas igrZnoba fsiqologis xedva da mxatv-ris mZafri nervi. am SemTxvevaSi aseve niSandoblivia Sesus-tebuli fabulac.

Wola lomTaTiZis tragikuli msoflmxedva da simbo-listTa da sxva modernistuli mimdinareobebis warmomad-genelTa esTetizmi bunebrivad Tanaarsebobs qarTuli mo-dernizmis wiaRSi da naTlad aCvenebs mis SesaZleblobebs – warmoaCinos tkivilis mSveniereba cnobierebis dafarul donezec da esTetizebuli teqstis zedapirzec.

konstantine gamsaxurdiaseuli samyaros esTetizebu-lad gamosaxvis principi srulad gamovlinda mis modernis-tul romanSi `dionisos Rimili“(1925). miTosuri dionises saxe mTavari gmiris – konstantine savarsamiZis niRabia. mwe-rali miiCnevda, rom dionises saxis esTetikurad gaazrebas

99

nicSeze adre goeTes SemoqmdebaSi gvxvdeba. dionises kul-tis elementebs konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTul xasiaTSic amCnevda. swored nicSeanuri dionises paradigmisa da axle-burad, qarTuli miTosis safuZvelze gaazrebuli dionisu-ri xasiaTis konstruirebis Sedegia konstantine savarsamiZis mxatvruli saxe. mweralma 1922 wels gamoaqveyna nicSesadmi miZRvnili esei `tragediis warmoSoba mistikis sulidan~, xolo 1923 wels – `Teatri da eqspresionizmi~. orive eseiSi nicSes saxis paralelurad saubaria dionisezec, magram siR-rmiseulad da mxatvrulad es arqetipi `dionisos RimilSi~ damuSavda. miTopoeturi sivrce, romelic am romanSia asa-xuli, zmanebisa da cxadis myife zRvarze mdebareobs da mo-dernistuli elementebiT mdidaria: miTis esTetika, dioni-ses paradigma, nicSeanoba, ormagi kodebi. amave dros romani gamosaxavs Tanadrouli sazogadeobisTvis mtkivneul prob-lemas – me-20 saukunis 10-iani wlebis axalgazrda qarTveli inteleqtualis tragikul mdgomareobas, rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCenili qarTuli kulturuli sivrcisa da misi kuTvnili moazrovnis evropul civilizaciasTan mimarTebas. `dioni-sos Rimili~ eqspresionistuli prozis nimuSia. imave prob-lemebs mwerali mogvianebiT meti socialuri simwvavis mqone roman `mTvaris motacebaSi~ (1935–1936) amuSavebs.

qarTuli modernizmisTvis mainc ufro mniSvnelovani ara romelime moflmxedvelobrivi modelis damkvidreba, romelime Tanamedrove filosofosis, moazrovnis, Semoq-medis ideebis da saxeobrivi sistemebis popularizaica, an romelime mimdinareobisa da skolis apolegetoba iyo, aramed mTliani ganaxleba, romlis umTavresi arsi da mizani zoga-dad mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis esTetizeba iyo. maTTvis uaildiseuli esTetizmi, vagneris musika, barbe dorevilis dendizmi amosavali wertilebi xdeba. esTetur planSia ga-azrebuli dionises saxec. Cans, rom uaxlesi filosfiur-esTetikuri ideebTan erTad modernizms wyaluxv Senakadad erTvis antikuri samyaros idealebi, qristianobamdeli esTeti-kuri principebi, miTosi. tician tabiZis poetur striqoneb-

100

Si xelaxla aigo poeturi warmosaxviT Seferili mistikuri qaldeas qalaqebi. am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad kidev erTxel gasaTvaliswinebeli da xazgasasmelia qarTuli warmarTobis saxeobrivi sistema, rogorc kidev erTi macocxlebeli wya-ro ideur-esTetikuri ganaxlebisa. warmarTuli motivebi gvxvdeba konstantine gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimilsa~ da `mTvaris motacebaSi~, grigol robaqiZis `engadSi~.

gansakuTrebuli esTetizmiT xasiaTdeba konstantine gamsaxurdias novelebi „porcelani“, „lil“ (1922) da „qalis rZe“ (1929). `porcelanis~ qronotopi zustad Sesabameba mo-dernistul samyaros wiaRSi warmoqmnil samyaros emociur da esTetizebul xats. aRmosavlurma kulturam Tavisi fera-dovnebiT, daxvewilobiTa da filosofiuri siRrmiT miizida Tanamedrove evropeli adamiani, romelic mZafrad ganicdis silmazis gaqrobis safrTxes. modernizmi, rogorc protesti merkantiluri da momxmarebluri civlizaciis nacrisferi realobis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT miiswrafvis esTeti-kuri xatebisaken. `porcelanSi~ gadmocemuli ambavi – natifi nivTis gaqroba, muzeumis sacavSi gamoketva am protestisa da gancdis erTi saxea. aqve unda aRiniSnos `nivTebis~ funq-ciac, romelic srulad gamoiyenes da ganaviTares qarTvelma modernistma mwerlebma – mianiWes maT rogorc esTetikuri, aseve dro-sivrculi simboloebis mniSvneloba (niko lorT-qifaniZe, `dangreuli budeebi~ (1916), vasil barnovi, `Zvir-fasi Tvali~ (1924), `sadedoflo sartyeli~ (1920)). silamazis gayalbebisadmi protesti Taviseburi formiT gamoixata no-vela `lilSi~ (1922). konstantine gamsaxurdia eqimi Saruxias mestofelur saxes aniWebs WeSmarit simaxinjeze gadakrulisilamazis niRbis Camomxsnelis funqcias da samyaros sila-mazisagan daclis tkivilTan erTad gamosaxavs modernis-tuli azrovnebis sayrden debulebas – `Tvali gvatyuebs, mi-akuTvnebs ra mzis Tvisebas yvavils, romelsac Cven vumzerT; yuri gvatyuebs, miiCnevs ra haeris rxevas mowkriale zaris Tvisebad. mTeli Cveni cxovreba gvatyuebs...~ (briusovi 1973: 92).

101

niRabi modernistuli gamosaxvis sistemaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. es karnavaluri saxe–simbolo am SemTxveva-Si axleburad gaiazreba. `poezia gvagrZnobinebs mTel piro-biTobas qveynisas. gvebadeba survili, rom es maxinji niRabi gadavxadoT mis uTqmel qvedapirs~ (cirekiZe 1986: 148). mo-dernistulma mwerlobam aiTvisa niRbis ormagi buneba: erT SemTxvevaSi aRiqvams mas rogorc niSans, cdilobs Caswvdes niRbis WeSmarit arss da misi meSveobiT Seicnos da Seiswav-los `miviwyebuli ena~ – samyaro. meore SemTxvevaSi ki xelo-vani TviTon ifarebs niRabs da mis miRma daculi Tavisuflad gamosaxavs samyaro–teqsts. cisferyanwelTa msoflaRqmaSi Seikra es wre: ucnobi–niRabi–nacnobi–isev ucnobi. leqsSi `avtomedalioni~ grigol robaqiZe poetis saxes–pirvel niRabs argebs meore niRabs –`hellados Svils~ da cdilobs ucnobad darCes, magram swored es ormagi SeniRbva warmoa-Cens mis WeSmarit arss, romelic orive niRbis `maskur qerqs~ miRmaa. Tumca es gaelveba wamieria. modernistuli azrovne-bis mier miRebuli da aRiarebuli aRqmis sistemis mixedviT, didxans idealurTan, metafizikurTan Sexeba SeuZlebelia da susti Zafi maleve wydeba, magram rCeba erT poetur saxeSi gaerTianebuli wamierad niRabaxdili nacnobi da maradiu-li ucnobi – anarekli. cisferyanwelebma Taviseburad aiT-vises niRbis esTetika. maTi saxelebic ki erTgvari niRbebia, maTi miswrafebebisa da msoflaRqmis gamomxatveli: ticiani, paolo, kolau, nikolo... maT poeziaSic aqtiurad Semodis niRbebi: arlekini, piero, kolombina, TeTri malarme, yviTeli dante. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTvel simbolistebze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina remi de gurmonis `niRbebis wignmac~.

modernistul prozaSi niRabi Tavisebur formas iZens. misi, filosofiuri debulebis mxatvrul saxeSi zustad gamomxatvelis, funqcia naTlad gamoCnda jer kidev leo qi-aCelis „Escalade“–Si. aq niRabi samyaros Seucnoblobas war-moaCens. modernizmisTvis yvelaze niSandoblivi dionises niRabi srulad asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic mas simbolis-tur prozaSi mieniWa. grigol robaqiZe werda: `...demokrites

102

`garsi~, pindaris `aidolon~, germanuli `abbild~, niSani am saxis aris maska, niRabi da daakvirdiT, im kultebSi, sadac cvla yofis saidumlod aris gamocxadebuli, qceva maskiT xdeboda, mag. dionisos kultSi. `me~ unda gaixsnas, unda gair-Rves. arsi unda gadavides yovladSi. pirovneba unda eziaros zepirovnuls, es aris dionisos fenomeni da mere rogori iyo rituali am fenomenis? maskis afareba, maskis, romelic dionisos saxavda. `me~ unda gairRves, rom ziar iqmnas yovli-sa. es `garRveac maskur xdeboda~ (robaqiZe 1984: 353).

`mes~ garRvevis es meqanizmi ufro srulad miniaturebSi gamovlinda. magram modernistuli romanic safuZvlianad amuSavebs dionisur niRbebs. TavisTavad sainteresoa kon-stantine gamsaxurdias prozis dionisuri sawyisi. Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania mis mier Seqmnili sxva saxe–niRbe-bic: lil – simaxinjes Camofarebuli yalbi silamazis niRabi (`lil~, qosa gaxus giJis niRabi (`qosa gaxu~, 1927-929), Sav-Coxiani wiTuris–demonis niRabi (`tabu~, 1925-927). grigol robaqiZe roman `gvelis perangSi~ (1925) aRmatebuli codnisa da sulieri Tvisebebis adamians niRbosnad gaiazrebs. niRabi yvela SemTxvevaSi WeSmarit arsTan miuRwevlobis, amqveyni-uri anareklebis iluzorulobis simboloa, xolo misi Tun-dac wamierad axda, miRmuris danaxvis gza.

● wertilsa da wamSi areklili samyaro.

impresionizmma didi roli Sesrula evropuli moder-nizmis srulyofili saxis CamoyalibebaSi. impresionizmi da simbolizmi xelovanis, mwerlis warmosaxvaSi xSirad enacv-leba erTmaneTs. am mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZnobierebis gamaxvileba, ukiduresi esTetizmi, azris daSifrulad gadmocema. STabeWdileba, romelsac gamosax-avs impresionisti xelovani, mZafria, srulqmnili, magram teqstsa Tu tiloze fragmentulad, calkeuli StrixebiTa da laqebiT, erTi msubuqi monasmiT Seqmnili saxeebiT gamosa-

103

xeba. impresionisti mwerali TiTqos iwvevs mkiTxvels, rom is STabeWdilebani, romelic man mocemuli wertilidan da wamidan miiRo da aseve lakonurad gamosaxa, ganavrcos, Se-avsos, Seqmnas sruli suraTi.

niko lorTqifaniZe (1880-1944) – impresionisti mwerali, romelsac yvelaze didi wvlili aqvs qarTul saliteratu-ro sivrceSi am mimdinareobis saazrovno tendenciebisa da stilis Semotanasa da damkvidrebaSi – pirdapir wers, rom is mxolod ramdenime Strixs miawvdis, tilos moumzadebs mkiTxvels, danarCeni ki ukve aRmqmelis SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli. niko lorTqifaniZis winadadebebi mokveci-li da dinamiuria. Txroba – uSualo, swrafi, naxtomiseburi. xasiaTebi, problemebi, Temebi, romlebsac Tavis miniatu-rul teqstebSi warmoadgens mwerali, arsiT ufro epikuri da monumenturia, magram misi gamosaxvis sistemis arCevni drom, axali xerxebis Ziebebis epoqam ganapiroba. igi wamier STabe4WdilebaSi maradiul Temas gamoxatavs, erT wertil-Si aTavsebs mTel samyaros. misi ganakuTrebuli stili da msoflaRqma igrZnoba pirvelive miniaturebSi. miniaturebi `guli~ (1910) da `saqarTvelo iyideba~ (1910) naTeli maga-liTia imisa, Tu rogor moaTavsa mweralma maqsimalurad mozRudul mxatvrul sivrceSi mravlismTqmeli saxeebi da TiToeuli aseTi saxe–wertilidan wamosuli wamieri STabe-Wdileba Seicavs udides erovnul tkivils. am erT miniatura-Sic ki SeiZleba davinaxoT qarTuli modernizmis umTavresi Tavisebureba – erovnuli problema gamoisaxeba sruliad Tanamedrove, gamosaxvis evropuli mxatvruli koncefciis Sesabamisad. mwerals Tavisi mxatvrul–esTetikuri princi-pebis warmosaCenad Teoriuli naSromebi ar gamouqveynebia, Tumca mis miniaturebsa Tu moTxrobebSi mainc SeiZleba maTi amokiTxva mxatvrul teqstSi CarTul mxatvrul–Teoriul mosazrebebSi. es CanarTebi organulad erwymis nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovils da iseTive lakonuri, wertilisa da wamis arekvlis principiTaa mowodebuli, rogoriTac personaJe-bis Sinagani ganwyobilebani da mTliani nawarmoebis ganwyo-

104

bilebac da unda aRiniSnos, rom niko lorTqifaniZis bevr naawarmoebSi personaJi arc aris, aramed swored ganwyo-bilebebi gamodis personaJis rolSi. `personaJi~–grZnoba: samSoblosi, siyvarulis, bunebis, cxovrebis arsis, siZulvi-lis, adamianis fasisa da Rirebulebs, imedis, sevdis qmnis erT wertilsa da wamSi moqceuli mxatvruli samyaros usasrulo-bis gancdas. axali stilis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa min-iaturebis cikli `panaSvidi~ (1908) da moTxroba `uialqnod~ (1910). `uialqnod~, arsebiTad, aseve miniaturebisgan Ses-dgeba. is, rasac dekadentobad moazrebdnen da dekadentur xasiaTs uwodebdnen, srulad gamovlinda am erTi susti si-uJeturi xaziT Sekruli moTxroba-nakrebis mTavari gmiris, namdvili dekadent-modernistis, lazare kvixaSvilis, saxeSi. aqvea Camoyalibebuli impresionistuli gamosaxvis stilze mwerliseuli Sexedulebebic. niko lorTqifaniZis adreuli nawarmoebebi metruli prozis nimuSebia, teqstis agebis am xerxs igi mogvianebiTac ver Seelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela-ze metad mwerali germanul–avstriuli impresionizis gav-lenas ganicdida, magram mis nawarmoebebSi SeiniSneba nicSes ideebic (`RmerTi mokvda~, 1911).

niko lorTqifaniZes arasodes uRalatia impresionistu-li gamosaxvis sistemisTvis. is namdvili qarTveli modernis-tia, Tavisi dasavlur civilizaciaze orientirebuli mzeri-Ta da saukuneebSi gamotarebuli qarTuli suliskveTebiTa da TematikiT. misi eskizebi da miniaturebi kargad asaxavs mwerlis originalur stils, amasTan sruliad damoukide-bel mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis koncefciasac, romelic swored wertilidan miRebuli wamieri STabeWdilebebis po-eturad ganzogadebaSi gamovlinda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi, rogorc impresionisti da modernisti – stilur-for-mobrivi da azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT ufro srulad moTxrobebSi gamoCnda. `xelovanTa yavaxana~ (1922), `Tavsafriani dedakaci~ (1925), `Selocva radioTi~ (1924-1928) naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeZlo mweralma SedarebiT vrcel teqstSi lakonuri stiliT epikuri da epoqaluri proble-

105

mebis mxatvrulad srulyofil da moqnil saxeebSi gadmocema. niko lorTqifaniZe didi humanisti iyo. modernistul mxat-vrul sivrceSi man adamianis, rogorc umTavresi Rirebuleb-is koncefti ganamtkica (`dadianis asuli da maTxovari~, 1912). man `patara adamianis~ paradigma axleburad warmoaCina. amave dros igi agrZelebs daviT kldiaSvilis mxatvrul xazs da rRvevis mxatvrad gvevlineba `dangreuli budeebi~ (1916).

● sikvdili, tanjva, martooba – esTetikuri fenomeni.

me mejavreba poetisTvis rame xeloba

misTvis viwame samudamoT es kariera

sigiJe, Wleqi da TviTmkvleloba

sikvdili iyos am duelSi Sav barierad!

(valerian gafrindaSvili)

sikvdili da mistika mTlianad msWvalavda cisferyan-welTa ordenis poezias. simbolistTa xelovnebaSi tanjvam da sikvdilma esTetikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. sikvdils himnebs uZRvnida bodleri. sikvdils umReroda verleni. galaktion tabiZe sikvdils Zmas uwodebs da misTvis `sikvdilis gza ar ra aris vardisfer gzis garda~. modernistul teqstSi sikdils ramdenime mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba:

– sikvdili – tragikuli, magram mSvenieri movlena;– sikvdili – sulTa samudamo kavSiris aRdgenis saSualeba;– sikvdili – miRma samyaroSi gadasvlis saSualeba;– sikvdili – Sveba.sikvdili mSvenieria vasil barnovisaTvis. maradiul `zes-

TasofelSi~ is aRadgens jufT sulTa kavSirs. mis Semoq-medebaSi Cans qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisa da antikuri filosfiis sinTezi, romelsac simboloebiT azrovnebamde mihyavs mwerali. sikvdilis qristianul gagebas, rogorc maradiuli tanjvis an maradiuli netarebis sawyiss, igi sx-vagvarad gaizarebs da wina planze gadmoaqvs siyvarulis mo-

106

tivi, miRma samyaroSi siyvarulSi gaerTianebis ideali: misi azriT, Seyvarebuli suli Tavis TavSi atarebs samyaros Seq-mnisa da ganviTarebis pirvelmizezis – RvTaebis nawils, RvTaebriv marcvals.

rafinirebul silamazesTan ziarebad gamoxatavs sikv-dils niko lorTqifaniZe moTxrobaSi `patara kaci~ (1912). konstantine gamsaxurdias `qalis rZeSi~ erTmaneTs gadaew-na modernistuli azrovnebisTvis niSneuli erosi da Tana-tosi da sabolood aRwerili ambavi warmosdga ara rogorc boroteba, borotmoqmedeba, aramed garkveuli faruli Sida kavSirebiT gapirobebuli esTetikuri modeli. am SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod oidiposis kompleqsis mxatvrul saxeSi trans-formaciaa mTavari, aramed sikvdilis, rogorc ekzistenci-is gamovlena da es gamovlena esTetiuria. Tamaz vardaniZis ekzistencia adasturebs, rom arseboba adamianis gaucnobi-erebeli Sinagani yofierebaa, xolo xiluli garesamyaro ar aris namdvili ekzistencia. igi anareklia, nakluli da maxin-ji. ekzistencia, rogorc SesaZlebloba TviT adamianis mier ganisazRvreba, upirvelesad, misi surviliT da fesvebi raRac amoucnob, idumal transcedenciaSi aqvs. ekzistencia gamos-Wvivis kritikul momentebSi: ataraqsia, gmiruli saqcieli, sikvdili. ekzistencialistisTvis es kategoria iracional-izmisa da zneobrivi relativizmis safuZveli xdeba. sikvdil-Si gamosWvivis is ekzistencia, romelic Tamaz vardaniZis WeSmariti yofierebaa.

moved sikvdilo,

tkbilo sikvdilo.

(`qalis rZe~)

modernistul moTxrobasa da romanSi (konstantine gam-saxurdia, `dionisos Rimili~; demna Sengelaia, `sanavardo~; grigol robaqiZe, `gvelis perangi~; niko lorTqifaniZe, `pa-naSvidi~) sikvdilis, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenis Secnoba intuiciiT xdeba. mxolod misi mTliani saxis ganWvretis Sem-deg iwyeba sikvdilis mxatvrul saxeebSi gardasaxva, radgan

107

`sijiute da naTelxilva privilegiuri mayureblebi ari-an am araadamianuri TamaSebisTvis, sadac absurdi, imedi da skvdili epaeqrebian erTmaneTs, gonebas ukve ZaluZs gaaana-lizos am erTsa da imav dros umartivesi da natifi cekvis figurebi da mere mihyos xeli maT daxasiaTebas da gacocx-lebas~ (kamiu 1996: 14) absurdis, imedis da sikvdilis Widil-Si modernistulma gamosaxvis sistemam sakmaod adreve ga-aanaliza am `umartivesi da natifi cekvis figurebi~ da maT daxarisxebasa da mxatvrul saxeebSi gacocxlebas mihyo xeli. tanjvis, absurdis, imedis da sikvdilis rokvis scenarSi man instiqtis karnaxiT airCia da wina planze gadmoswia sikvdi-li, magram roca gaiazra da gamosaxa ara Tavad sikvdilis instiqti, Tavisi agresiulobiTa da dafaruli simaxinjiT, aramed misi namdvili azri, ukve TvalsaCino gaxada sikvdilis faruli Sinaarsi da mSveniereba.

magram sikvdilis apologia Tavis TavSi upiratesad mainc moicavs simaxinjis kults. oRond es simaxinjec silamazed gaiazreba. valerian gafrindaSvilis esei “Terror antiqus’’ sima-xinjis silamazeze saubrobs. mas simaxinje mamakacur, xolo silamaze qalurad warmoedgina. igive Sexeduleba aqvs sandro cirekiZesac. magram modernistuli mxatvruli az-rovneba naTlad warmoaCens, rom empiriul realobaSi lo-kalizebuli maxinji saxe, sagani, movlena Semoqmedis xelSi esTetikur Rirebulebas iZens. am meqanizmma konstantine gamsaxurdias mier mis novelebsa da romanebSi Seqmnil maxin-ji saxeebis mTel galereas esTetikuri Rirebuleba mianiWa.

unda iTqvas, qarTvel modernistebs simaxinjed hqondaT aRqmuli qalaqi, sadac adamiani kargavs Tavis saxes. isini gaurbodnen urbanistul sivrces da silamazes xedavdnen miTSi, miTopoetur warsulSi, soflis idiliaSi da miRma samyaroSi, romelTan nebismieri gziT miaxloeba, romlis da-naxva da amocnoba ewadaT yvelgan da yvelaferSi: sikvdilSi, simaxinjeSi, tanjvasa da Tanamedrove martosuli adamianis sulier gancdebSi.

modernistuli xelovnebisa da literaturis gmiri gamo-uvalad martosulia. romantikuli msoflio sevda, marto-

108

obis umZafresi gancda me-20 saukunis adamianSi kidev uf-ro gamZafrda. mas sul ufrodaufro uWirs teqnokratuli civilizaciis sicivis, axali socialuri sistemebis wnexis gaZleba. gaucxoeba, sicocxlis zeimze zedmetobis gancda, gamosavlis verpovna modernistuli samyaros gmiris Tanam-devi xdeba. magram ganaxlebuli xelovneba suliT oblobasac esTetikur fenomenad aqcevs. `martoobis ordenis kavaleri~ – galaktioni Tavis poetur striqonebSi cdilobs gaeqces martoobis tanjvas da Tavs afarebs tkivilis mSvenierebas – `udabnos lurjad naxaveredebs~. martosuli gmiri martoa sakuTari Tavis winaSe. konstantine savarsamiZe (konstanti-ne gamsaxurdia, `dionisos Rimili~) dionisos niRabs efareba. mweralma meocnebe, garesamyarosTan gaucxoebuli Tanamed-rove adamianis mxatvruli saxe epoqaluri Zvrebisa fonze gamosaxa. pirovnebis Tanamedrove deesTetizebul samyaro-Si arseboba tkivlis, tanjvis, martoobis, sikvdilis esTeti-zebiT gamoixata.

demna Sengelaia modernistul roman `sanavardoSi~ (1924) bondo WilaZis – zedmetad qceuli adamianis – sulis uRr-mes, bnel SreebSi SeRwevas Seecada. xasiaTis konstruirebi-sas igi daeyrdno froids da Seecada adamianis martosulo-bis misi TeoriiT axsnas. magram umTavresi mainc isaa, rom `sanavardoSi~ empiriul drosa da sivrcesTan gaucxoebuli, martosuli gmiri miTopoetur sivrceSi gamoisaxa.

● miTi – realoba droisa da sivrcis miRma

rogorc gamoCnda, miTis mxatvruli aTviseba, miTisqmna-doba modernistuli azrovnebis erT-erTi mTavari sayrde-nia. Semoqmedis sulSi miTis mTxzveli qvecnobier donze mudmivad arsebobda da arsebobs. modernistuli azrovnebam ki mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da teqstis xerx-emalisa da saxeobrivi matricis funqcia mianiWa. jer kidev axali filosofiur-esTetikuri procesis saTaveebTan nic-

109

Sem aRadgina dionises kulti, Seqmna zekacis miTi. froidma axali sococxle daubruna oidiposis miTs. modernistul mxat-vruli sistema SemoqmedebiTad iTvisebs da gadaamuSavebs egviptur, Suamdinarul da berZnul miTebs, maT saxeobriv sistemebs. totemuri da animisturi saxeebi cocxldebian mravalSriani teqstebis sxvadasxva doneze. Semoqmedi cdi-lobs SeaRwios ara marto drois siRrmeSi, aramed gascdes droisa da sivrcis farglebs miTis meSveobiT. dionisos, isidas, apolonis, veneras da sxv. arqetipebze daeSena mo-dernistuli saxeobrivi sistema.

qarTul mwerlobaSi miTis mxatvruli gaazreba upirve-les yovlisa konstantine gamsaxurdias, grigol robaqiZisa da demna Sengelaias saxelebTan asocirdeba. 1922 wels gamov-ida valerian gafrindaSvilis esei `axali miTologia~ (`meoc-nebe niamorebi~, N№ 7), romelSic Teoriulad iyo damuSavebu-li miTisqmnadobis sakiTxi. am eseim mniSvnelovani roli ara mxolod cisferyanwelTa azrovnebis ganaxlebaSi Seasrula.

miTis mxatvruli gadamuSavebis gzebi da mimarTulebebi ar aris erTgvarovani. teqstSi droisa da sivricis farglebs miRma gadasvla ramdenime safexurze gadanawilda:

– pirveli safexuri gulisxmobs nawarmoebSi mxolod mi-Tis arsebobis SegrZnebas. am tipis mxatvrul qsovilSi ga-moisaxeba ara romelime konkretuli miTi an arqetipi, aramed miTis SegrZneba, ganwyobileba, miTopoeturi samyaro da mis-gan aRZruli emocia. miTis aseTi qmnadobis magaliTad warmos-dgeba niko lorTqifaniZisa da sruliad axalgazrda asakSi gardacvili, magram Zalian mniSvnelovani modernisti mwer-lis, basil meliqiSvilis (1904–1930), mxatvruli samyaroebi.

– Semdeg safexurze miTi da miTosuri saxeebi gamoisaxe-ba, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi CarTuli mxat-vruli elemenetebi, romlebic ganmartaven da Tavisebur elfers sZenen ambavs.

– da bolos, teqstSi Cndeba miTi, rogorc uSualod mxat-vruli nawarmoebis siuJeturi da saxeobrivi safuZveli.

110

modernistuli teqstis gmirebi miToss sxvadasxva for-miT ukavSirdebian: – miTi SeiZeba iyos citirebuli (k. gamsa-xurdia, `dionisos Rimili~);

– miTosuri niRabi: mag., bondo-Tamuzi (demna Sengelaia, `sanavardo~); konstantine savarsamiZe – dionise (konstantine gamsaxurdia, `dionises Rimili~);

– miTis modelSi airekleba gmiris samyaro, mag. iSTar-Tamuzis miTSi – bondo WilaZis cxovreba (demna Sengelaia, `sanavardo~);

– modernistul teqstSi miTi da miTis gmiri warmosdge-ba, rogorc simbolo garkveuli grZnobis.

– qarTuli modernistuli teqsti ukve miTis doneze ix-sneba da ikiTxeba.

damowmebani:

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi. Tbilisi: 1970.

briusovi 1973: Брюсов В. Вопросы Поэтики. Т. 6. Москва: 1973.kamiu 1996: kamiu a. sizifes miTi. Tbilisi:1996.

ratiani 2015: ratiani, i. qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literatu-

ruli procesi. Tbilisi: 2015.

robaqiZe 1984: robaqiZe gr. qarTuli sabWoTa romani. Tbilisi: 1984.

tabiZe 1996: tabiZe t. Txzulebani sam tomad. t. I. Tbilisi: 1996.

qiaCeli 1984: qiaCeli l. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t. I. Tbilisi: 1984.

cirekiZe 1986: cirekiZe s. qarTuli literaturuli esse. Tbilisi:

1986.

111

gaga lomiZe

simbolizmi da avangardizmi saqarTveloSi

modernizmi katastrofuli cnobierebis nayofia, rac konteqstualur faqtorebs ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, zo-gadad, cnobierebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis, istoriuli ka-taklizmebis Tu mecnieruli aRmoCenebis garda, mniSvnelo-vania konkretulad lokalur kulturasa Tu cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebi.

iuri lotmani wers: `SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tanamedroves mexsiereba, rogorc wesi, swored katastrofebs afiqsirebs. am gagebiT, katastrofa SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc `Tanamedroves TvaliT danaxuli afeTqeba~ (lotmani 2002: 10). galaktioni werda: `wiwamurTan rom mokles ilia,/maSin epoqa damTavrda didi~. es katastrofuli faqti Zveli epoqis dasasruls da axlis dasawyiss moaswavebs. am gagebiT, ilias mkvleloba istoriaSi gardamavali momentis mauwyebelia.* grigol robaqiZemac Tqva: `qarTvelma mokla saqarTvelos mZlavri mxedari, xolo sisxliT Seferil xels rom daxeda, mkvlelma saqarTvelos saxe dainaxa… qarTvelma igzno saqar-Tvelo da am gznebidan isaxeba qarTuli renesansi” (robaqiZe 1992). msgavsi feTqebadi cvlileba qarTul literaturaSi SeiniSneba jer kidev vaJa-fSavelas `gvelis-mWamelSi~, rode-sac mindia imanenturi samyarodan numenalur samyaros enas eziareba da ukan dabrunebisas, konfliqti warmoiSoba re-alur, xilul samyarosa da miRmur samyaroebs Soris. qajebis mxareSi moxvedrili mindia, romelic TeTri gvelis xorcs gasinjavs, dilemis winaSe aRmoCndeba. gairkveva, rom Tval-iT xiluli sinamdvile WeSmaritebis sakmarisi safuZveli ar yofila (is mTavari postulati, rac realisturi literatu-risTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli) da Turme arsebobs paralelu-

* iseve rogorc saSa sokolovis romanSi „palisandria“ lavrenti beria, romelic kremlis saaTze ixrCobs Tavs, rac drois SeCerebas iwvevs da sta-linisturi proeqtis marcxze mianiSnebs.

112

ri sinamdvilec – TvaliT uxilavi, magram gonebiT sawvdomi. swored am dros iwyeba winaaRmdegoba fenomenalursa da nu-menalurs Soris. erTi mxriv, mindias ojaxi da utilitaruli yofa, zogadad, misgan moiTxovs, rom man yoveldRiur sar-Coze izrunos; magram meore mxriv, mas bunebis ena esmis da ve-Rar axerxebs verc TavTavebis moTibvas da verc SeSis moWras. socrealisturi poziciidan, mindia kacobriobis stagnacia-sTan igivdeba. „Taviseburad brZenma da keTilma mindiam xeli aRmarTa adamianTa sazogadoebrivi yofis umaRlesi kanon-zomierebis winaaRmdeg; man gaafarTova sazogadoebis cneba, masSi sruluflebian wevrebad Seiyvana usuloni da uasakoni; Semdeg ki miznad daisaxa iqonios yvelafrisadmi erTnairad keTilgrZnobieri damokidebuleba. es ki absoluturad Se-uZlebelia. adamianis WeSmaritad sazogadoebriv-adamianuri yofna xom bunebis esTetikuri gansjis obieqtur safuZvelsa da sazRvars warmoadgens“ (doborjginiZe 1962: 123-124). mag-ram es bzari sinamdvileSi realizmis wiaRSi bzaris gaCenaze miuTiTebs da modernistuli cnobierebis dasawyiss moas-wavebs – imas, rom realisturi idealebi ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCndeba, ris Sevsebasac Tu ara, ganeitralebas mainc, mo-dernistuli xanis azrovneba cdilobs.*

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom modernistu-li azrovnebis Canasaxebs ukve vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi vxedavT. modernistuli motivebi Semdeg ukve Cndeba Wola lomTaTiZis Tu sxvaTa mcire prozaSi, romelTa moTxrobe-bis mTavari Temac ukve ara realur samyaroSi mimdinare am-bebia, aramed adamianis Sinagani samyaro Tu numenaluri sam-yaro. amitomac, SemTxveviTi araa, rodesac Wola lomTaTiZe Tavis erT-erT moTxrobas „TeTri Rame“ romantikosi edgar pos „zarebis“ striqons waumZRvarebs. amasTanave, imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom modernizms, kerZod, simbolizms xSirad neoromantizms uwodeben, maSin zemoTqmuli kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba.

* analogiuri viTarebaa balzakis “saracinSi”, sadac kastrati zambinelaTi moxibluli saracinis pozicia damRupveli aRmoCndeba im sinamdvileSi, rom-lisTvisac ucxoa warmosaxviT samyaroSi arseboba.

113

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi modernizmma Taviseburi gamoxa-tuleba hpova. rogorc miRebulia, dasavlur samyaroSi mo-dernistuli mimdinareobebi aseTi TanmimdevrobiT aRmo-cenda: simbolizmi > eqspresionizmi > futurizmi > dadaizmi. saqarTveloSi am mxriv gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba aRmoCnda. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi Semdegi qronologiiT alageben am mimdinareobebs:

„1. simbolizmi; 1913-1928 wlebi, qarTuli simbolisturi skola – „cisferyanwelTa literaturuli korporacia“. 2. da-daisturi tendenciebi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi, romlebic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simbolistur wiaRSi iSvnen. dadaistur teqstebs vxvdebiT pavle nozaZis, beno gordezianis, grigol cecxlaZis poeziaSi, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania tician tabiZis faqtori, ro-melmac simbolisturi poeturi ideologiiT gatacebis kulminaciur xanaSi, simbolisturi orTodoqsalizmis sim-Zafre gansakuTrebul radikalur mxatvrul esTetikaSi gar-dasaxa, saTqmelis gamoxatvis ZiebaTa gzaze. 3. futurizmi, erTgvari formaluri da dRemokle dajgufeba ociani wle-bis qarTul mwerlobaSi. 4. impresionizmi da eqspresionizmi, romlebTac Tavi iCines, aseve, ocian wlebSi, arsebuli avan-gardistuli mimarTulebebis paralelurad, TiTqmis erT-droulad da amasTan erTad, isini Cvens literaturaTmcod-neobaSi „erTi mwerlis movlenad“ aRiqmeba“ (paiWaZe: (http://www.georgianart.ge).

1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi modernizmis meqad quTaisi iTvleboda. im dros iq cxovrobda ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi elita. 1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg, rodesac saqarTvelos re-spublikis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamocxadda da Tbilisi administraciul centrad iqca, quTaisSi mcxov-rebi Semoqmedi adamianebi TbilisSi dasaxldnen.

„cisferyanwelTa“ jgufi, an rogorc TviTon uwodebdnen sakuTar Tavs – „cisferi ordeni“, 1915 wels, quTaisSi Seiq-mna. jgufis saxelwodeba am literaturuli ordenis Jur-nals – „cisfer yanwebs“ ukavSirdeboda, romlis pirveli no-

114

meric quTaisSi, 1916 wlis TebervalSi gamovida, xolo meore – dekemberSi. garda amisa, saxelwodebas „cisferyanwelebi“ hqonda Tavisi simbolisturi datvirTva.

modernizmis xanaSi, maT Soris qarTuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia gamovyoT orgvari pozicia, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, upirispirdeba xilul sinamdvile-Si WeSmaritebis Ziebas, rac, rasakvirvelia, imavdroulad moaswavebs kulturaSi desemiotizaciis process – rode-sac sityvebi da sagnebi erTmaneTs aRar miemarTebian. erTia miRmuri samyaros wvdomisken swrafva (`me mawvaleben sul sxva fiqrebi,/sul sxva fiqrebiT var Sepyrobili~. terenti graneli, `axla ar vdardob, gaTavda, morCa~, an galaktionTan yofis sizmareulobis gancda), meore – upiratesad futur-istebiseuli pozicia momavlis samyaros mimarT, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc simulakras saxiT ganxorcielda. aqedan momdinareobs avangardistebis antimimeturoba, rom-lebic momavlis samyaros `baZaven~, Tuki ase SeiZleba iTqvas.

1. simbolizmi. simbolizms xSirad neoromantizms uwode-ben, am ori mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. zogadad, arsobri-vad bevri saerToa barokos, romantizmsa da modernizms So-ris. es mimdinareobebi, rogorc kulturul afeTqebasTan (i. lotmani) dakavSirebuli movlenebi, saerTo niSnebiT xasi-aTdeba. Tumca sagulisxmoa isic, rom rogorc qarTul li-teraturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnaven, `simbolizmi arsiT qar-Tuli movlena ar iyo da qarTul romantikul skolasTanac saukunovani distancia aSorebda, maTi kavSiri ufro isto-riuli mexsierebis doneze arsebobda. qarTveli simboliste-bic qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebiT msoflmxedvelo-baSi dasayrdens naklebad acnobierebdnen, amiT aixsneba maTi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziisadmi~ (paiWaZe: (http://www.georgianart.ge). am mxriv, cxadi kavSiri qarTul romantikul skolasTan ufro metad galak-tion tabiZis poeziaSi, kerZod, mis `artistul yvavilebSi~ vlindeba, sadac baraTaSviliseuli mTeli rigi saxeebi me-

115

ordeba da igive konceptualuri datvirTva aqvs (codviT-dacemamdeli, samoTxiseburi yofa: `marqvi, oh, gvelo rad dagWirda,/rom mogewamla/yvavilovani siymawvile/da Cemi qnari?” (`elegia~); `netar wuTebiT mTvral siymawvilis/bed-nier dReebs avsebuls JiniT/vufrTxildebodi Cems gazaf-xulze,/vmosavdi natvris farCa-gvirgviniT~ (`yvavilebi-wuTebi~); `mTawmindis mTvare~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~).1 aseve, sagulisxmoa sinekdoqes funqcia romantizmSi da moder-nizmSi. magaliTad, baraTaSvilis `sayureSi~ yuri, rogorc trfobis obieqtis Canacvleba da galaktionis `TovlSi~ xe-lebi da Tmebi, rogorc leqsis mimarTvis adresatis substi-tuti, pars pro toto (`Zvirfaso! vxedav... vxedav Sens xelebs, uRonod daxrils TovlTa dafnaSi~; `mindvris foTlebi Sens daSlil TmaSi da Tmebis qariT gamoqroleba~).

modernizmis xanis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi mon-taJis teqnika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda – kinematog-rafis gavleniT. magaliTad ikmarebda galaktionis poezia, gansakuTrebiT misi simbolisturi periodi, romelic TiT-qmis mTlianad montaJzea agebuli (`Semodgoma „umanko Casa-xebis“ mamaTa savaneSi~, `Tovli~, `pirimze~ da a.S.). galaktion tabiZe sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenaa qarTul poeziaSi. man yvelaze ukeT SeZlo ganexorcielebina tician tabiZis Tu „cisferyanwelebiseuli“ proeqti, rac qarTuli leqsis „evropuli radiusiT gamarTvas“ iTvaliswinebda. amitomac aris, rom misi poezia evropul tradiciebzea aRmocenebuli da, imavdroulad, qarTul tradicias efuZneba. galaktion-Tan xSirad gvxvdeba dasavluri romantizmis mxatvruli saxeebi (baironis meri, goeTes mTeli rigi saxeebi da a.S.) Tu miRmuri samyaros wvdomisken swrafvis motivebi. swored miR-muri samyaros wvdomisken Tu realuris da warmosaxviTis zRvarze yofnis araerT nimuSs vxvdebiT galaktionis sim-bolisturi periodis leqsebSi (`pirimze~, „Semodgoma uman-ko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi“, „silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi“, „Tovli“ da a.S.), sadac leqsebi or planad – realobis da warmosaxviT planebad iyofa. am periodis leqsebSi inter-

116

teqstualuri paralelebi Cndeba goeTesTan, baironTan, ed-gar posTan, bodlerTan, malarmesTan, aleqsandr blokTan, vilie de lil-adanTan Tu sxvebTan. amave dros, leqsebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia zmnis dinamika da metaforuloba (azamba-xeba, mieTovos, moeTovos...). misi adreuli periodis, wmin-dad simbolisturi leqsebi, mogvianebiT, gasabWoebis Semdeg, erTi SexedviT, formiT socrealisturma leqsebma Caanacv-la. magram es mxolod strategia iyo. magaliTad, galaktio-nis `droSebi Cqara~, romelic sabWoTa xanaSi socrealistur interpretacias eqvemdebareboda, ufro eqspresionizmis ni-muSad unda miviCnioT, Tavisi plakaturobiT da subieqturi emociebis primatiT, rac eqspresionizmis esTetikisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. eqspresionizmi germaniaSi xom revoluci-uri xelovnebis saxiT gamoixata. galaktionis koniunqtu-rul leqsebSi ki SegviZlia gamovyoT ramdenime opoziciuri strategia, maT Soris: cinikuri ritorika* (leqsebi: èvro-pis diplomati~, ìdea~, ìstoriis axali gverdi~, „ucxoeli bavSvi“).

meore mxriv, ramdenadac qarTuli simbolizmi dasav-luris gavleniT warmoiSva, masSi swored is mxatvruli da esTetikuri principebi gamovlinda, romlebic dasavluri simbolizmisTvis iyo organuli. amitomac araa SemTxveviTi, rom qarTul simbolistur nawarmoebebSi xSirad gvxvdeba dasavluri romantizmis mxatvruli saxeebi (Seqspiris ofe-lia, baironis meri) Tu miRmuri samyaros wvdomisken swrafvis motivebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas cisferyanwelebis periodu-li organos – `cisferi yanwebis~ gamoc, romlis saxelwode-baSic, erTsa da imave dros, cnaurdeba romantizmisTvis

* miSel fuko leqciaSi “cinikosebi da maTi xerxebi” diogenes da cinikosebis ritorikuli xerxebis Sesaxeb saubrobs. is diogenes paresiasts - marTlis mTqmels uwodebs da cinikuri paresiis saxeobebs gamoyofs: kritikuli qa-dageba; skandaluri qceva; da provokaciuli dialogi. salosi beri, koniun-qturis medroSe, umegobro piligrimi Tu loTi - es yvelaferi niRbebi iyo, raSic arsebuli xelisuflebis mimarT dapirispireba ikiTxeba. amave dros, es imave modernistuli tendenciis - niRbebis esTetikis Tu TamaSis nawilic iyo, romelsac axali, stalinisturi kultura upirispirdeboda da, maSasa-dame, arsebuli sistemis “xotba” am sistemisTvis mtruli strategiis gamo-yenebaSi gamoixateba.

117

damaxasiaTebeli `ferTa metyveleba~ – ramdenadac `cis-feri~, zogadad, romantikosebisTvis sayvareli feria da novalisis Tu baraTaSvilis saxelebTan asociacias aRZravs. meore mxriv, `yanwebi~, rac kulturaSi am movlenis qarTul niadagze miuTiTebs.2 daviT kakabaZe Tavis werilSi „t. tabi-Zis `cisferi yanwebis~ gamo“ aRniSnavs: „cisferi yanwebi“ simboliurad niSnaven WeSmarit msoflmxedvelobas. „cis-feri“ feria romantizmisa, misi emblema; novalisma gamoi-Wira mistika cisferi yvavilis, es yvavili atirebaa arCeuli sulis Soreul naTel qveyanaze. filosofiurma idealizmma imaSi naxa gamosavali, saqarTveloSi „cisfer yvavils“ Rero wiTeli rom qonoda. qarTvelebisTvis ca da miwa samudamod arasdros ar gayrilan“.* es meore motivi, romelic tradici-ebTan siaxlovis motivad movixsenieT, vlindeba Jurnal `cis-feri yanwyebisTvis~ daweril paolo iaSviliseul manifes-tSi (`saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris parizi~ – am gamonaTqvamSi TavisTavad sicxadedaa miRebuli saqarTvelos roli msoflios kulturul rukaze da es, isev da isev, uZ-velesi tradiciis gamo), kidev ufro Rrmavdeba tician ta-biZiseul qarTuli xelovnebis da literaturis evropulad kultivirebis – qarTuli poeziis `evropuli radiusiT gama-rTvis~ moTxovnaSi (`hafezis vardi me prudonis Cavde vaza-Si,/besikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs~. qaldeas qalaqebi; an is, rasac Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ me-2 nomer-Si, werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ t. tabiZe axsenebs `saqarT-velos erovnul aRdgomas~, rac imTaviTve gulisxmobs odes-Rac qarTuli kulturis mowinave poziciaze dgomas).

qarTvel simbolistebs ukavSirdeba dasavluri roman-tizmis Tu simbolizmis warmomadgenelTa saxeebis, naazre-vis Tu Semoqmedebis popularizacia. isini aramxolod gan-sakuTrebuli mowiwebiT moixsenieben edgar pos, verlenis, rembos, bodleris, malarmes, apolineris, oskar uaildis saxelebs, aramed Targmnian kidec maT Semoqmedebas (artur rembos paolo iaSviliseuli Targmani, baironis, Selis Tu

* Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi~, II, quTaisi, 1916.

118

verlenis poeziis galaktioniseuli Targmani, valerian gaf-rindaSviliseuli Targmanebi da a.S.).

aranakleb mniSvnelovania rusul simbolizmTan qarTve-li simbolistebis mimarTebis sakiTxi. rogorc viaCeslav ivanovi aRniSnavda: „Tanamedrove simbolizmi cdilobs „hi-eratiuli winaswarmetyvelebis“ aRorZinebas; mxatvrisTvis adamiansa da xalxs Soris Suamavlis funqciis dabrunebas, rac garkveul siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. upirvelesad, esaa utilitarizmi, religiuri cnobierebis dakargva sazogado-ebaSi. magram „poeti“ yovelTvis religiuria, vinaidan – yov-elTvis poetia“, mas mudam unda axsovdes Tavisi daniSnuleba, razec jer kidev puSkini miuTiTebda.. aqedan momdinareobs tragikuli konfliqti, rodesac bevri ram, razec simbolisti poeti wers, „brbosTvis“ gaugebaria, romelsac faseulobaTa sruliad gansxvavebuli koordinatebi gaaCnia“. am Tvalsaz-risiT, qarTuli modernizmi, kerZod, simbolizmi, sruliad gansxvavdeba rusulisgan. am mxriv, rusuli simbolizmis am moTxovnasTan ufro axloa ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereT-liseuli poetis daniSnulebis cnobili gageba, sadac poets mediumis, zeadamianis funqcia akisria. aseve, zeadamianebi arian modernisti poetebi, romlebic eqscentrulad gamo-wyobili dadian da sazogadoebas TavianTi qceviT iwveven. magram qarTveli da evropeli modernistebi sazogadoebisgan swored distancirebuli Semoqmedebi arian, rusi simbolis-tebisgan gansxvavebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia gavixsenoT da SevadaroT ilias da akakis strofebi da valerian gafrin-daSvilis „bohemis monologis“ striqonebi: „me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis miwieri zeciersa;/RmerTTan misTvis vlapa-rakob,/rom warvuZRve wina ersa“ (ilia WavWavaZe); „me Canguri misTvis minda,/rom simarTles msaxurebdes,/ganamtkicos azri wminda/da guls wrfelad axurebdes!“ (akaki wereTeli); „samarcxvinoa poetisTvis sxva kariera/garda TviTmkvlelo-bis./ara msurs viyo viktor hiugo, an akaki,/me mirCevnia da-viRupo, rogorc bohema./samarcxvinoa poetisTvis sxva kari-era/garda sigiJis.“ sagulisxmoa, agreTve, tician tabiZis

119

mTeli rigi mosazrebebi rusuli simbolizmis Sesaxeb. ker-Zod, statiaSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ is wers: `– Wkvianuri Sveba xalxTa, ai saxeli kulturis, ambobs viaCeslav ivanovi. mis pirze am sityvebs saSineli ironia eZleva. rusuli xelovneba jer kidev marxulobs da mwuxarebs ioanesaviT~.* imave werilSi cota qvemoT, rodesac andrei belis Sesaxeb saubrobs, aRniS-navs: `mTeli misi guliswyroma daimsaxures frangebma miTi, rom simvolizmi imaT icnes pirvel yovlisa formis saki-Txad da franguli estetiuri misticizmi ver egueba rusul mistikas.”**poetis pozicia kidev ufro radikaluria gazeT `barrikadiSi~ gamoqveynebul manifestSi – ̀ manifesti azias~:*** `Cven davtoveT yvela wina religiebi da mivadeqiT saWuris bizantias. eri, romlis fexi gamarTuli iyo veeberTela azi-is gadareviT ver eteoda bizantiis gacveTil zomaSi. misi istoria erTi mediduri ajanyebaa bizantiis winaaRmdeg, ro-melic idga evropis karebis SesavalTan. mongolebis zRva, romelic ertya saqarTvelos samxreTiT – gadavida Savi zRvis gadaRma – karebic samudamoT iketeba~ (tabiZe 1920: 18). aseT viTarebaSi, qarTveli simbolistebisTvis gamosavlad isaxeba nicSeseuli `maradiuli dabrunebis~ Teoria da ticianiseuli `saqarTvelos erovnuli aRorZineba~ Zvel civilizaciebTan misi kavSiridan momdinareobs: `uwin Cven viyaviT warmarTebi, xolo religiuri geterizmi Sors iyo Cvengan. mruSian, orgiastul aziidan, romelSic daixrCo aleqsandriuli Skola, Cven mainc movaxerxeT uxrwnelad Tavis daRweva. Semdeg Cven SeviqeniT qristianebi, xolo misi asketuri filosofia Cvengan Sors iyo. Cven davrCiT isev warmarTebi. SeiZleba imitom, rom qristianebi viyaviT qristianobamdi. Cven suli usxeulod ver warmogvedgina da sxeuli kidev usuloT. gulgrilad vucqerodiT bizanti-

* Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi~, II, quTaisi, 1916.** iqve.*** paradoqsulia t. tabiZis antiorientalisturi pozicia am manifestSi, ev-ropuli simbolizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aziiT gatacebis fonze. es miT ufro uCveuloa, Tuki t. tabiZis `qaldeis qalaqebSi~ qarTul kulturaSi hafezis da bodleris dawyvilebis moTxovnas gavixsenebT.

120

el berebis dogmatiur turnirs da gulgrilad vuqcerT axlac materializmisa da idealizmis duels~.*∗ qarTul xasiaTSi warmarTobis upiratesobis aRiarebiT t. tabiZe TiTqos nicSeanelia, romelic qristianobas damarcxebulis logikis Sesabamis religiad acxadebs da xsnas warmarTobaSi xedavs. aqedan momdinareobs t. tabiZis qaldeis qalaqebi, g. robaqiZiseuli Taurfenomeni Tu k. gamsaxurdiaseuli dionise/wm.giorgis upiratesoba iesosTan SedarebiT.

qarTveli simbolistebi uaryofiTad afasebdnen roman-tizmis warmomadgenel winaprebs. maTgan met-naklebad mxo-lod baraTaSvils aRiarebdnen, Tumca erTi mxriv, dasavlu-ri romantizmis warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebiTi saxeebiT sargeblobdnen da, meore mxriv, baraTaSviliseul mTel rig saxeebs imeorebdnen – rasakvirvelia, ukve modificirebu-li saxiT. isic aRvniSneT, rom realizmis mimarT mkveTrad gamoxatuli negatiuri damokidebuleba hqondaT, rac am ori xanis avtorebiseul poetis daniSnulebis sxvadasxvagvar interpretaciaSi vlindeba. amis nacvlad, qarTveli moder-nistebi Soreul warsulSi xedavdnen sayrdens, romelic gaamarTlebda maT mtkicebas, rom msoflios dedaqalaqi ara parizia, aramed – Tbilisi. amisTvis isini civilizaciis saTaveebTan midiodnen. „saqarTvelo – feniqsi“ – qarTveli futuristebis am manifestis saTaurSive Cans momavlisken mimarTuli mzeris, rogorc ganmaaxleblis mniSvneloba. ganaxlebisken swrafva gamoixata fesvebis ZiebaSic – ti-cian tabiZesTan qaldeasTan kavSiris, xolo grigol roba-qiZesTan – Taurfenomenis ZiebaSi. tician tabiZisTvis „es ufro eqstaturi mogonebaa (anamnesis) ganxorcielebuli yofierebis usasrulo detalebSi. is mTlianad warsulSia, romelic esmis ara istoriulad, aramed metafizikurad“ (robaqiZe 1918).

1.1. niRbebis esTetika. saqarTveloSi simbolizmis warmo-Sobas Tavisi garegani da Sinagani mizezebi hqonda: erTi mxriv – gare samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebi da meore mxriv – qar-

* Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi~, II, quTaisi, 1916.

121

Tul xasiaTTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburebebi. daviT kakabaZe werda: „nacionaluri apercepciis ZaliT eri iTvisebs imas, rac mis erovnul Taviseburebas egueba, rasac imasTan axlo-beli kavSiri aqvs. simbolizms am SemTxvevaSi bevri SeuZlia moutanos qarTvel ers. pirvel yovlisa, CvenSi daviwyebu-lia sityva“. qarTvelebis erovnul Tvisebad is niRbis siyva-ruls asaxelebs. niRbis koncefcia, zogadad, neobarokaluri movlenaa. barokos xanaSi niRbis koncefcia raimed yofnas da raimed Tavis moCvenebas ukavSirdeba, rac samyaros mrav-lobiTobis suraTidan momdinareobs.* magram modernizmis xanaSi niRabs ufro samyaroebs Soris zRvaris gadalaxvis daniSnuleba aqvs.

qarTul sinamdvileSi niRbis siyvarulTan erTgvari kav-Siri aqvs imas, rasac grigol robaqiZe „sxvis siyvaruls“ uwodebs da rasac giorgi saakaZis saxeSi xedavs („magram xe-davde: saakaZe landiviT modis:/ucxo SoreTis siyvaruliT pirgamexili“). robaqiZes swored is miaCnia qarTuli moder-nizmis mamoZraveblad, rom qarTvelebi, gardasaxvis unaris wyalobiT, advilad ergebian „ucxoobas“. sxvagan robaqiZe ambobs: „qarTvels sZuls Tavis Tavi (axlobeli): albaT misT-vis etrfis Tavis Tavs (Soreuls). giorgi saakaZe orjer ga-davarda saqarTveloTgan da orjerve Semoutia man xmaliT mSobel ers. iyo masSi SoreTis siyvaruli da tanjva ukanask-neli“.** amgvari niRbebi gansakuTrebiT cisferyanwelebis dualistur „me“-Si gamovlinda: „cisferyanwelTa saxelebic niRbebia: tite – ticiani, pavle – paolo, niko – nikolozi, nikoloz – kolia – kolau da a.S. es niRbis pirveli Srea, zeda-piruli, Semdeg, poetur striqonebSi ki Cndeba meore, ufro Rrmad gaazrebuli Sre – piero, kolombina, hamleti, ofelia, TeTri malarme, yviTeli dante da a.S. niRbis mxatvruli daniS-nuleba SedarebiT naTlad gamovlinda poeziaSi, magram aq ufro grZnobismieri aRqmaa aqcentirebuli“ (milorava 2003: 71).

* es motivi kargad Cans molieris „tartiufSi“.** gaz. ”barrikadi”, № 1, 1920.

122

TamaSis Taviseburi gamovlinebaa infantiluroba xelov-nebaSi, sadac, vTqvaT, firosmaniseuli saxeebi – bavSvuri da-pirispirebaa zrdasrulebis „mowesrigebul“ samyaros xed-vasTan, rac dadasTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli.

1.2. hipertrofirebuli `me~. modernisti xelovanebi cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT im tradiciuli, maTTvis moce-muli individualobisTvis da eZebnaT maTi miRmuri, `namdvi-li~, dafaruli individualoba. aqedan modis maTi eqscen-trizmic da aracnobieris primati, radgan aracnobierSi eZeben TavianTi individualobis wyaros. am mxrivac aris msgavseba romantikosebsa da modernistebs Soris.

modernizmis erT-erTi adreuli gamovlineba – simboliz-mi – romantizmis xazs agrZelebs, rodesac adamianSi meore „me“-s xedavs, an rodesac adamians ucxo samyaroSi gadaisv-ris. rogorc bodleri ambobda, `yovel adamianSi, yovel wuTs aris ori erTdrouli miswrafeba, erTi RmerTisken, meore satanasken. mowodeba RmerTisken rodesac suliereba aris amaRlebis survili; satanas mowodeba rodesac cxoveloba aris dacemiT tkboba~ (`Cemi gaSiSvlebuli guli~).

„egomania“, erTi mxriv, genialobasTan iyo gaigivebuli da, meore mxriv, hipertrofirebuli „me“-s gagebasTan. nara-tivis doneze, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba isic, rom realis-tur nawarmoebebSi mTxrobeli, ramdenadac is „obieqturad“ aRwerda movlenebs, masSi subieqtivizmi naklebad vlinde-boda, modernistuli subieqtivizmis da hipertrofirebuli „me“-s sapirispirod. aq, upirvelesad SegviZlia gavixsenoT galaktionis mTeli rigi poeturi striqonebi, sadac poeti sakuTari `me~-s mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.3

1.3. orientalizmi da oqcidentalizmi. rodesac qarTul modernizmze vsaubrobT, aucileblad unda vaxsenoT xedvis ori kuTxe – frangulis da germanulis gavlena. Sesabamisad, erTni – simbolistebi – ufro metad grZnobebze iyvnen ori-entirebuli (franguli), xolo meoreni – eqspresionistebi

123

– gonebaze, modernizmis filosofiur safuZvlebze (ger-manuli). swored am gonismierze orientirebulma modernis-tebma Cauyares safuZveli nicSes ideebiT gatacebas, miT umetes, rom nicSes filosofia ganaxlebisTvis (warsulTan dabruneba, Taurfenomeni, warmarTuli samyaro qristianobis sapirispirod, moralis axleburi gageba) sakmaris safuZvels iZleoda.

qarTul modernizmSi imTaviTve dgas aRmosavleT-dasav-leTis mimarTebis sakiTxic. grigol robaqiZe werda: „Zvir-fasia dasavleTi evropa, magram evropisaTvis aRmosavleTs ver davTmobT. umjobesi iqneba maTi qorwili qarTuli nadi-miT gadavixadoT\“. aRmosavleTiT gataceba romantizmis xa-naSic aqtualuri iyo. modernizmis amgvar poziciaSi udavod Cans logocentrizmisadmi, rogorc oqcidentalizmis gamov-linebisadmi, dapirispireba; oqcidentalizmisadmi, sadac warmmarTvelia patriarqaluri pozicia, pozitivizmi, raci-onalizmi da upiratesoba eniWeba orientalizmis aradeter-minirebulobas, aporiulobas, iracionalur sawyiss, radgan rogorc modernizmis xanaSi gairkva, is WeSmaritebebi, rom-lebsac dasavluri, logocentruli samyaro amtkicebda, si-namdvileSi mcdari aRmoCnda.

modernizmi, rogorc neoromantikuli movlena, ufro metad anti-logocentrizmze iyo orientirebuli. am dros dasavleTi aRmosavluri mWvretelobiT iyo moxibluli, radganac aRmoCnda, rom is WeSmariteba, romelsac goneba da Tvali gvkarnaxobs, sinamdvilis verifikaciisTvis sakmarisi safuZveli ar aris. amitomac, aRmosavleTisadmi ltolva radikaluri cvlilebebis moTxovnilebasTan da axali for-mebis ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. (gavixsenoT Tundac anri matisis ferweraSi aRmosavluri xaliCis TemiT gataceba). rogorc daviT kakabaZe wers: „aRmosavleTis xelovneba mi-iltvis maradisaken, dasavleTis droulisaken... abstraqtul da spiritualur warmodgenas aRmosavleTisas win aRudgeba dasavleTis konkretuli da materialuri azri“ (kakabaZe K 1924). maSin ityvis tician tabiZec: „...qarTvel mxatvarSi unda

124

Sexvdes rusTaveli da malarme. rusTaveli me mesmis rogorc qarTuli sityvis Semkrebi erTeuli da malarme“.*

SemTxveviTi ar yofila, rom modernistuli mimdinareo-bebis asparezad Tbilisi iqca, radganac „es yvelaferi tfi-lisSi erTiandeboda da mis bunebas Tavad tfilisis xasi-aTi ganapirobebda – masSi Serwymuli da polifoniurad, `orkestrulad~ momuSave erTi mxriv tradiciuli aristok-ratuli reprezentaciuloba da TamaSi, meore mxriv qalaqis ZiriTadad aRmosavluri warmomavlobis xelosanTa fenis ukiduresad artistul-epataJuri da artistuli bohemisaT-vis metad momxiblavi buneba; erTi mxriv inteleqtualuri tfilisuri cxovrebis avangarduli xasiaTi orientirebuli novaciaze, romlis nawilsac warmoadgenda artistuli avan-gardi rogorc esTetikuri pozicia da meore mxriv tradi-ciuli aRmosavlur-qristianuli kulturis Rrma fesvebi. es mravalSrianoba, fenaTa urTierTgadafarva da Serwyma adgilobrivisa da dasavlur-aRmosavluris erTianobisa, no-vatorulobisa da tradiciulobisa, qmnida tfilisis „fan-tastiur“ da gaxsnil xasiaTs, ramac gansazRvra qarTul/tfilisuri avangardi da romelmac uari Tqva ra Semoqme-debis privatulobaze, gareT, quCaSi gamovida; man tfilisis sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba da mis cnobierebaze ieriSis mi-tana gadawyvita, magram tfilisi xom Tavis mxriv Tavad ax-denda amis provocirebas“ (yifiani: http://www.modernism.ge/in-dex.php?lang=geo).

2. eqspresionizmi saqarTveloSi. 1920-ian wlebSi qarTu-li modernizmis wiaRSi Cndeba eqspresionizmi. eqspresio-nistuli nakadis warmomadgenlebi, simbolistebis frangu-li literaturiT STagonebisgan gansxvavebiT, upiratesad germanuli, filosofiuri literaturiT interesdebodnen. da Tuki simbolizmi ufro WvretiTi iyo, eqspresionizmi pri-oritets qmedebas aniWebda. aq, cxadia, upirvelesad konstan-

* J. „cisferi yanwebi“, II, quTaisi, 1916.

125

tine gamsaxurdias da grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedeba unda vaxsenoT.

eqspresionizmis warmoSobis erT-erT gare faqtorad un-da CavTvaloT is, rom is pirvel msoflio omis pirobebSi gan-viTarda. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom eqspresionistebi miznad isaxavdnen adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis – SiSis, SfoTis, uimedobis, sasowarkveTis, sevdis, imedgacruebis gadmocemas. isini asaxvisTvis mniSvnelovnad mxolod avto-ris Sinagan samyaros miiCnevdnen.

eqspresionizmis Tanaxmad, adamiani arasrulyofil samya-roSi cxovrobs da aqedan momdinareobs miusafrobis SegrZnebac. am mxriv sakmarisia gavixsenoT konstantine gamsaxurdias „dionisos Rimilis“ mTeli rigi pasaJebi – konstantine savarsamiZis melanqoliuri monologebi Tu misive 1910-iani wlebis novelebi (`mkvdarTan Sexvedra~, `saaTebi~).

eqspresionistebze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina nic-Ses naazrevma – nicSeseuli RmerTis sikvdilis, zekacis, ma-radiuli dabrunebis Tu apolonurisa da dionisuris idea, romlis safuZvelic miTi, ganaxleba iyo.

RmerTis sikvdilis Tema, romelic dostoevskidan da nic-Sedan momdinareobs: ~erTi mxriv, RmerTis sikvdili kacob-riobas moraluri relativizmis qaosis pirobebSi tovebs; meore mxriv, RmerTis `SiSismomgvreli aCrdili~ gamudmebiT dasdevs maT, vinc sakuTari aTeizmis Sesaxeb Riad saubrobs~ (bredSou 2006: 21).

Tanamedrove samyaros arasrulyofilebis SegrZnebas nicSe dasavluri logocentruli RirebulebebisTvis ad-gilis Senacvlebamde miyavs. is klasikur berZnul samyaroSi eZebs xsnas da, Sopenhaueris pesimisturi poziciisgan gan-sxvavebiT, cxovrebis tragikulobis SegrZnebas cxovrebis sasurvelobas amjobinebs. nicSeseuli miTosuri cnobiere-bis ganaxleba musikis da miTis gaerTianebas gulisxmobs, rac apolonuri da dionisuri, an gonismieri da instinqte-bismieri xelovnebis balansSi gamoixateba. Tanamedrove sa-

126

zogadoebaSi miTi zRapars daemsgavsa da misi SesaZlebloba daikarga. miTis uaryofa enasac ryvnis. miTis aRorZineba ki enisTvis Tavdapirveli daniSnulebis – grZnobebis gadacemis – dabrunebas gulisxmobs: `yvela kultura, romelmac miTi dakarga, imavdroulad, bunebrivad jansaRi SemoqmedebiTi unaric dakarga. mxolod miTebiT mdidar horizonts SeuZ-lia kulturis gaerTianeba~ (nicSe 1954: 136-37).

aqedan momdinareobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dana-wevrebuloba, romelsac orgvari gamoxatuleba aqvs: indi-vidualuri da socialuri. individualur doneze, adamiani gaucxoebulia sakuTari Tavisgan da sxvebisgan; is or sam-yaros – Sinagan da garegan samyaroebs Sorisaa moqceuli da misi qmedebebi da yofiereba erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. da-nawevrebul sazogadoebaSi, kultura cxovrebis, azrovnebis, movlenebis da nebis erTianobas uzrunvelyofs. socialuri TvalsazrisiT, danawevrebuloba adamianebs Soris saerTo enis ararsebobasac gulisxmobs, rac Tanamedrove adamia-nisTvis Teoriul azrovnebaze orientirebidan momdinare-obs. miTi imiTaa faseuli, rom is arakonceptualuri codnis formaa da is instinqtebis doneze moqmedebs.

miTTan dabruneba eqspresionistebisTvis ganaxlebis mauwyebelia. maradiuli dabrunebis nicSeseuli koncef-cia kargad moergo qarTveli modernistebiseul ganaxlebis survils da swrafvas, rac tician tabiZis werilSic `cisferi yanwebiT~ kargad Cans, Tumca is nicSes ar asaxelebs. asevea patara werilSi `deklaracia cisferi yanwebis~, romelic gazeT `barrikadiSi~ gamoqveynda: `adam mickeviCis sityvebia: samSoblos siyvaruls is gaigebs, vinc samSoblo dahkarga da gasagebia soyvaruli qarTvel poetebis, radgan saqarTvelo mTeli aTeuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dakarguli iyo yov-elTvis. amitom eqneba yovelTvis gamarTleba qarTul messi-anizms. es aris dawyevla eris, es SeiZleba iyos bedis ironia, magram sul daiRupeba is eri, romelic dRes ver Sehqmnis kulturas, romelsac eqneba universaluri xasiaTi da romelic ar iqne-ba gamarTlebuli kacobriobis masStabiT~.* analogiuri mniS-

* cisferi yanwebis deklaracia – gaz. barrikadi, tfilisi, 1922, N 4.

127

vnelobisaa „qarTuli kulturis eTnografiuli mijnebis“ (k. gamsaxurdia) gadalaxvis moTxovna.

konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis miTi ganmaaxlebeli sa-wyisia: `krizisi Cveni sulis gamofxizlebaa zmanebisa da mi-Tis jadosagan. krizisi? umiTod yofnaa. CvenTvis: ar yofna. ... pirvelTaganve iyo miTi. am qveynad yovelive miTiT Seiqmna, rac ki ram Seiqmna. miTi win uswrebda adamianis yofnas. miTi iyo upirvelesi ganzraxva RmerTkacisa da xelovnebisa. da roca yovelive ararad iqmneba, darCeba albaT: miTi...~ (k. gam-saxurdia. `tabu~). antikuri xanis wriuli drois aRiareba qarTveli modernistebisTvis, erTi mxriv, erovnuli aRor-Zinebis SesaZleblobas uSvebda da, imavdroulad, qarTuli kulturis internacionalizacias iTvaliswinebda; xolo meore mxriv, qristianul kulturasTan SedarebiT, warmar-Tobis kultis aRorZinebas uwyobda xels. ganaxlebis Tema grigol robaqiZesTan Taurfenomenis ideis SeqmnaSi gamo-ixata; ideaSi, romelic mwerlis azriT, ganaxlebis motivad unda qceuliyo. konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan ki, nicSes kva-lad, qristianobis, rogorc damarcxebulis religiis gage-bas, warmarTuli sicocxlismoyvareoba Tu dionisuri Tro-ba enacvleba. nicSes kvalad, k. gamsaxurdiasTvisac miuRebe-lia qristianuli morali, romelic `sustebis moralia~ da is Zlieri adamianebis damarcxebiskenaa mimarTuli; xolo qristianuli siyvarulis safuZvlad sisustes da SiSs Tvlis.

warmarTulis kultis miuxedavad, grigol robaqiZes-Tan vxvdebiT nicSeseuli maradiuli dabrunebis koncefciis kritikas, raSic igi goeTeseuli urfenomenis (Urphänomen) ideas efuZneba: `robaqiZesTan ukve daZleuli da ukugde-bulia maradiuli dabrunebis ideis nicSeseuli antimetafi-zikuri da `pozitivisturi~ interpretacia, romlis sapi-rispirod robaqiZe aviTarebs maradiuli dabrunebis `mi-Tosur~, `mistikur~ interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac erTi da imaves maradiuli dabruneba gulisxmobs trans-cendenturisa da empiriulis, miTosurisa da istoriulis, metafizikurisa da fizikuris usasrulo da maradiul dialeqtikas~ (bregaZe 2013: 306-307).

128

eqspresionizmis erT-erTi mTavari niSani, romelsac kon-stantine gamsaxurdia asaxelebs, aris relativizmis uaryofa da tragikulobis SegrZneba: „mxolod tragikuli grZnoba Tu warmoSvebs poetsa da gmirs. aqtivizmi uaryofs svimbolis-turi gagebis apolitikur, amoralur hedonizms xelovnebaSi. nicSeseburi suverenuli nebisyofaa saWiro warsulis da aw-myos dasaZlevad. axal dros sWiria axali gmiruli cxovrebis kulti!“ (gamsaxurdia 1983: 398).

eqspresionistul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi fro-idis fsiqoanalizis gavlena aRiarebulia.4 warmarTobis kulti instinqtebze orientirebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, represirebuli energiis realizacias gulisxmobs, rasac froidis naazrevTan mivyavarT; instinqtebze orientireba ki imTaviTve iTvaliswinebs `zneobrivi konvenciebis~ Tav-dayira dayenebas. eqspresionistuli literaturisTvis mniSv-nelovania is mtkicebuleba, rom adamianis nebismieri qme-deba aracnobieriTaa daRdasmuli da aracnobieria adamianis nebismieri gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino magaliTia konstan-tine gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili~, sadac konstantine savarsamiZisTvis mamoZraveblad sasicocxlo instinqtebi qceula.

eqspresionizmze winamaval mimdinareobaTa gavlenaTa-gan sagulisxmoa romantizmis faqtori. eqspresionizmsa da romantizms Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb samarTlianad SeniSnavs valerian gafrindaSvili: „ueWvelia agreTve eqspresionis-tebis kavSiri ,,grigalisa da amboxebis genialur Wabukeb-Tan“. es epoqa ,,Sturm und Drung”-is iyo erTi saxe romantizmisa da mas ekuTvnodnen Tavis axalgazrdobaSi Sileri („yaCaRe-bi”) da goete („verteri”), henrix klaisti da lenci. me xazs usvam imas, rom `grigalis da amboxebis~ periodTan da gan-sakuTrebiT SillerTan eqspresionistebs didi kavSiri aqvT. maTi kulti revoliuciis da katastrofis, maTi moraluri paTosi, TiTqos aRdgenaa Sillerisa da romantizmis pir-vandel revoliuciuri xanis, roca misi ajanyeba Zveli lite-raturisa da cxovrebis winaaRmdeg iyo TavSeukavebeli da

129

usazRvro... maTi pesimizmi aris gamowveuli im damarcxebiT, romelic naxa germaniam ukanasknel omSi“ (gafrindaSvili 1924).

3. tfilisuri avangardi da futurizmi. futuristebi, upirvelesad, klasikur esTetikasa da morals daupiris-pirdnen. iqneb warsulTan, mamebis TaobasTan kavSiris srul wyvetaze pretenzias gulisxmoben, rodesac futurizms da froidis naazrevis kavSirze miuTiTeben (nikolskaia 1982: 203). TavisTavad, Sinaarsisgan daclili poeziis propagan-das sakmaod aSkara paraleli aqvs froidiseuli aracnobi-eris konceptTan.

simbolistebiseuli individualobisgan gansxvavebiT, futuristebis individualoba gulisxmobda momavlis mSe-neblobas, koleqtivistur mizans da, imavdroulad, uaryof-da sazogadoebis gemovnebas da masobriobas. es futurizmis erT-erTi paradoqsia. amis garda sagulisxmoa futuriste-bis dapirispireba muzeumebis da klasikuri xelovnebis mi-marT: „Cven gvsurs gavanadguroT muzeumebi, biblioTekebi da yvelanairi akademiebi, gvsurs brZola moralizmis, femi-nizmisa da yovelnairi oportunistuli Tu utilitaruli simxdalis winaaRmdeg“ (Filippo Tommaso Marinetti “Fondation et Manifeste du Futurisme” Le Figaro 1909; mTargmneli: nodar ladaria).

futurizmis italielma reformatorebma filipo mari-netim, umberto boConim, jakomo balam, jino severinim da karlo karam asamde manifesti gamoaqveynes. maT manifesteb-Si araerTxel igrZnoba agresia, moZraobis Tu teqnicizmis kulti, nihilisturi damokidebuleba zogadad warsulis mimarT („qveynierebis brwyinvaleba gamdidrda axali mSve-nierebiT: siswrafis… mogugune avtomobili, romelic tyvi-amfrqvevis jeriviT mihqris, ufro mSvenieria, vidre nike samoTrakieli“. – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. “Fondation et Manifeste du Futurisme” Le Figaro 1909, mTargmneli: nodar ladaria) da pri-oriteti, froidiseuli aracnobieris kvalad, eniWeba iner-ciul azrovnebas, kinematografizms, sinTetizms.

130

futuristuli proeqti gulisxmobda istoriis dasas-ruls da postistoriis dasawyiss, iseve rogorc axali ada-miani, romelic am axali samyaros mSenebeli unda gamxdariyo, demiurgis funqcias kisrulobda. imavdroulad, praqtiku-lad, warsulis xelovnebis uaryofiT, isini dasabams aZlev-dnen axal xelovnebas.

avangardistebis, kerZod ki futuristebis swrafvam sam-yaros Secvlisken ori reJimis gaaqtiurebas Seuwyo xeli: fa-Sisturisas italiaSi da komunisturisas – sabWoTa kavSirSi. niSandoblivia, rom futurizmis, rogorc aseTis, preceden-ti mxolod am qveynebSi ganxorcielda.

futuristebisTvis sinamdvile xelovnebis nimuSis Seq-mnis masalad aRiqmeboda. „xelovnebis Tanamedrove koncef-cia, romelic masalis flobas gulisxmobda, imavdroulad samyaroze Zalauflebis mopovebis moTxovnasac Seicavda. es Zalaufleba ar cnobda araviTar SezRudvebs da mas veravi-Tari araxelovnebismieri Zalaufleba ver gauwevda konku-rencias, vinaidan kacobrioba da TiToeuli adamianis fiqri,mecniereba, tradiciebi, instituciebi da a.S. gamocxadda, rogorc aracnobieris mier determinirebuli da aqedan gamomdinare, mTliani saxelovnebo gegmis Tanaxmad res-truqturizacias eqvemdebareba. sabWoTa xelisuflebis ad-reul wlebSi avangardi ara mxolod iswrafoda artistuli proeqtebis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisken, aramed, aseve, garkveuli tipis esTetikur-politikur diskurssac aya-libebda“ (groisi 2011: 21). is, rasac boris groisi sabWoTa avangardis politikuri diskursis Sesaxeb ambobs, SeiZleba Tavisuflad gavrceldes italiur futurizmzec. itali-uri futurizmic aSkara politikur xasiaTs atarebda, miT umetes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, roca omi „msoflio higienad“ gamoacxades. cxadia, amgvari „higiena“ samyaros erT nawils gamorCeulebad ganixilavda da danarCens – msxverplad; iseve rogorc rusuli futurizmis SemTxvevaSi – axali samyaros mSenebloba demiurgisTvis uzomo Zalauflebis miniWebas gulisxmobda (rac ganxorcielda kidec stalinis pirovne-

131

baSi). marinetim SeZlo futuristebis erT-erTi mTavari pos-tulatis – cxovrebis xelovnebad gardaqmnis ganxorcieleba. rasakvirvelia, iyo amaSi erTgvari TamaSis aspeqti (TamaSis, rogorc mamis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli bavSvis strategia).

rusuli futurizmis politikuri angaJirebuloba sab-WoTa diqtaturis Tanmxlebi movlenaa. rusul futurizms, mis Teoriul safuZvlebs, zurgs umagrebda rusuli anar-qizmi da misi mamamTavrebis – bakuninis da kropotkinis naaz-revi – mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom anarqizmi ufro masebze da ara individze iyo orientirebuli, maSin roca rusuli futurizmi, pirvel etapze ufro metad individualistebis jgufis TviTgamoxatvis formad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

sagulisxmoa trockis da roman iakobsonis polemika, sa-dac iakobsoni, axali xelovnebis trockiseuli sociolo-giuri mizezebis Zebnisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro kulturul konteqstsa da tradiciaSi – ainStainis fardobiTobis Teo-riasa da fiodorovis kosmizmSi eZebs. Tumca trockisTvis axal xelovnebas Sinaarsic revoluciuri unda qondes, iakob-sonisTvis Tanamedrove xelovnebis revoluciuri formac ki sakmarisia.

futuristuli xelovnebisTvis mTavari iyo ara axali ferweruli namuSevrebis an literaturuli teqstebis Seq-mna, aramed axali adamianis Seqmna xelovnebis saSualebiT. „mwerlebi sulis inJinrebi arian“ (stalini) da swored amis sa-SualebiT iqmnebodnen axali adamianebi. „vinaidan cxadi iyo, rom apokalifsi dadga da sagnebma mniSvneloba Seicvales, rom yvelafris apokalifsuri xilvis winaSe warmdgari-yvnen, „gadanacvlebis“ avangardistuli da formalisturi Teoriebis wyalobiT, sagnebi TavianTi Cveulebrivi konteqs-tidan amovardnen da deavtomatizebuli aRqmis saSualebiT, „gaucxovdnen“; isini sxva TvalTaxedviT gaxdnen „xiluli“, rac ukve aRar iyo avangarduli xelovnebis amosavali safuZ-veli, aramed es rusi moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur gamocdile-bad iqca“ (groisi 2011: 20).

futurizmis swrafva axali samyaros Senebisken, Tavisi militaristuli diskursiT, sul male ganxorcielda. „oRond

132

am programis avtori ara rodCenko da maiakovski ki ar yo-filan, aramed stalini, romlis politikurma Zalauflebam maTi saxelovnebo proeqtis memkvidred aqcia~ (groisi 2011: 20). amis gaTvaliswinebiT, niSandoblivia da sul sxva kono-tacias iZens xlebnikovis, maleviCis da kruConixis misteria „mzeze gamarjveba“, sadac Savi kvadrati pirvelad gamoCnda da romelic postapokalifsuri mzea, romelic axali kul-turis dasawyiss moaswavebs, romelsac socialisturi rea-lizmi daerqmeva.

darvinis naazrevis kvali ikiTxeba bunebrivi gadarCevis, omis da axalgazrdebis upiratesobis aRiarebis Tvalsaz-risiT („Cven aRar gvsurs warsulis cnoba, Cven, axalgazrda da Zlier futuristebs!“ – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti “Fondation et Manifeste du Futurisme” Le Figaro 1909; mTargmneli: nodar la-daria), kidev erTi dajgufebis – futurizmis koncefciaSi, ramdenadac darvinis Teoria bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb da omis, rogorc samyaros ganmwmendi movlenis gaidealeba fu-turistebTan. igive mosazreba gulisxmobs axalgazrdobis primatsac – vinaidan omi, mebrZoli adamiani, jariskaci axalgazrdebis CarTulobas gulisxmobs.

futuristebis proeqti axali samyaros da axali adami-anis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, Tavisi aqtiurobiT da CarTulobiT, xelovnebis cxovrebaSi gadmotanas gulisxmobda. is, er-Tsa da imave dros, racionalisturi, utilitaruli da ganmanaTlebluria da, meore mxriv, iracionaluric. fu-turistebisTvis warsulTan dapirispireba yvelafris xe-laxla dawyebas ukavSirdeba, radganac maTTvis upiratesia tabula rasa-s cneba, romelic postistoriul droSi axali gamocdilebis dagrovebas da momavalze orientirebuli da xelovnebis cxovrebaSi gadmotanas gulisxmobs; awmyo mniSvnelovania mxolod imiT, rom igi gardamavali safexuria momavlisken. rogorc iungi ityoda, „dRevandeloba garda-mavali procesia, romelic guSindelisgan mijnavs mas, rom win, xvalindeli dRisken aiRos gezi. is, visac esmis es, Se-uZlia Tavi Tanamedroved CaTvalos“.

133

qarTul avangardze saubrisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es mimdinareoba sinTezur xasiaTs atarebda da avangar-dizmi da simbolizmi, praqtikulad CvenSi sinTezurad iyo warmodgenili. amisTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT t. tabiZis werili „cisferi yanwebiT“, sadac Zveli esTetikis axliT Secvlis aucileblobaze saubrisas, moxmobilia iseTi ele-mentebi, rogorsac, vTqvaT, futuristebis manifestebSi vxvdebiT – aqac manqanebis da qarxnebis apologiaa: `axali futuristebis terminologiiT Tanamedrove kultura war-moadgens uzarmazar qalaqs, londons niu-iorks, hamburgs,sadac trubebi maRalia taZrebze, sadac cofianad mihqrian avtomobilebi da gasafrenad darazmulan cepelinebi. aq dro ar aris ukan moxedvis, aq Seiqmna wuTis kulti. poetis Segneba damZimda ruxrkinis qalaqiT da amoxeTqa axal ucnob simReraSi~.* uCveuloa, rom t. tabiZis werilSi erTdrou-ladaa warmodgenili simbolisturi teqstebi da futuris-tuli esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi. zogadad, dasavluri futurizmi upirispirdeboda `umoqmedo~ da apolitikur simbolizms, magram saqarTveloSi es mimdina-reobebi ki ar upirispirdebodnen, ufro metad avsebdnen erTmaneTs, rasac imdroindeli presisTvis Tvalis gadav-lebac cxadyofs. sagulisxmoa aseve isic, rom Tuki, vTqvaT, italiuri futurizmi politikurad iyo angaJirebuli, qarTu-li futurizmi mxolod esTetikur doneze iziarebda zogad-futuristul idealebs. „rogorc „pirvelTqma“ warmoadgen-da simbolizmisa da futurizmis nazavs da, zogadad, rogor sinTezuradac aRiqvamdnen cisferyanwelebi simbolizmsa da avangardizms, aseTive sinTezuri simbolistur-futuristu-li garemo Seiqmna TbilisSi da Tbilisi marTlac gaxda axali kulturuli centri – erTi mxriv, yofili ruseTis imperiis farglebSi daZlia kulturuli periferiis yofili statusi da Seifara bolSevikur revolucias da samoqalaqo oms gamo-qceuli rusi xelovanebi; meore mxriv ki, zogadad, dasavluri kulturis konteqstSi Seqmna uaRresad saintereso prec-

* Jurnali “cisferi yanwebi”, I. quTaisi, 1916.

134

edenti aqtiuri, multikulturuli, multieTnikuri moder-nistul-avangardistuli kulturuli situaciisa“ (wifuria 2012: 178). Tbilisis am multikulturulobas grigol roba-qiZe `tfilisis fantastiurobas~ uwodebs.

qarTuli futurizmis paradoqsi iyo isic, rom aq erov-nuli mesianisturi motivebi aSkarad gamovlinda. cxadia, aqac, simbolizmis qarTuli invariantis msgavsad, msoflio kulturul rukaze saqarTvelos damkvidrebis mZafri sur-viliT ikiTxeba.

qarTul avangards xSirad Tbilisursac uwodeben, rad-ganac avangardizmi da modernizmi, zogadad, qalaquri kul-turis wiaRSi warmoiSva. TbilisSi Tavi moiyares msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosulma xelovanebma da mwerlebma. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tbilisi samxreT-aRmosav-leT evropis, kavkasiisa da ruseTis avangardis erT-erTi centri iyo. am mosazrebas ganamtkicebdnen grigol robaqi-Ze da cisferyanwelebi. arsebobs s.e. robertsis mogonebebi, romelic wers: „erTi guliTadi sufris Semdeg grZnobamore-uli paolo iaSvili, axalgazrda poetebis Tavkaci, Tbilisis mTavar gamzirze mdebare kafe internacionalSi skamze Sed-ga da xmamaRla ganacxada, rom „ara parizi, aramed Tbilisia msoflio kulturis centri“ (roberts 2002: 77).

meore mxriv, Tbilisis mniSvnelobas aRiarebdnen ucxo-elebic. magaliTad, rusi futuristi poeti kruConixi Tbi-liss kulturis mesame centrs uwodebs. rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, ruseTidan Camosuli avangardistebis Semoqme-debaSi qarTuli, tfilisuri avangardis Taviseburebebi gamov-linda. jer kidev 1919 wels JurnalSi `feniqsi~ poeti iuri degeni werda: `kavkasiam rusul futurizms misca vladimer maiakovski da Zmebi ilia da kiril zdaneviCebi~.*

qarTuli futurizmis saTaveebi iwyeba iqedan, rode-sac rusi futuristebi bolSevikur revolucias im dros mSvidobian da ekonomikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT swrafad ganviTarebad saqarTveloSi gamoiqcnen. 1918 wlis

* Jurnali “Феникс”, Tb., 1919, № 2-3.

135

26 maisidan, rodesac saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamocxadda, Tbilisi regionSi kulturis mowinave centrad iqca. am dros TbilisSi gadmoixvewnen: aleqsei kruConixi, igor terentievi, Zmebi ilia da kirile zdaneviCebi, vasil kamenski, sergei sudeikini da zigmund valiSevski da Tbili-sur kafeebSi SemoqmedebiT saRamoebs marTavdnen. qarTveli da saqarTveloSi myofi ucxoeli avangardistebis sayvarel Sekrebis adgilas, „sofia melnikovas fantastikur samikit-noSi“, TavianT nawarmoebebs kiTxulobdnen sxvadasxva avan-gardistuli mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva qveynidan da araiSviaTad, Tav-TavianT enebze. aq iyvnen fu-turistebi, akmeistebi‚ zaumnikebi, eqspresionistebi, kubis-tebi, kubofuturistebi... es sinTezuroba – rogorc mim-dinareobebis, ise erovnebebis, aseve sxvadasxva mediis kon-ceptualur gaerTianebaSic gamoixata: avangardistuli esTetikis kvalad, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba da dat-virTva eniWeboda ara mxolod teqstebis Sinaarsobriv mxa-res, aramed vizualursac. da amitomac iyo, rom periodul gamocemebSi gaformebas didi yuradReba eqceoda. amgvari teqnikis erT-erTi nimuSi iyo TbilisSi mcxovrebi msaxiobi qalis, sofia melnikovasadmi miZRvnili poeturi krebuli, romelic 1919 wels gamoica da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo qarTul, rusul, laTinur da somxurenovani teqstebi. es krebuli polistilurobiTac gamoirCeoda, ramdenadac avangardis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis – simbolistur, akmeistur poezias, zaums, kubofuturistul, simbolistur/postsimbolistur grafikas aerTianebda. semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT, esaa er-Tiani, konceptualuri wigni, sadac sxvadasxva mediiTa da esTetikuri principiT Sesrulebuli `teqstebi~ erTian, mTlian, monoliTur `teqsts~ qmnis: `Tavisi arsiT referen-tuli monacvleobiTi wyoba sityvisa/poeturi teqstisa da gamosaxulebisa; masSi ki SeWrilia avangarduli eqspresiu-loba Tavisi TiTqmis arareferentuli avangarduli poet-uri teqstebiT/niSnebiT grafikuli gverdis gareSe an mcire zomis grafikuli CanarTebiT. es ki mkiTxvelisagan iTxovs

136

erTi metonimuri rigidan meoreze mudmiv gadawyobasa da sakmaod daZabul, mudmivi interpretaciis process~ (yifiani http://www.modernism.ge/index.php?lang=geo).

eqsperimentis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania dajgufeba `41 gradusis~ da misi saqmianobis xseneba, romelsac saqarT-veloSi Camosuli avangardistebi – kruConixi, terentie-vi, Zmebi zdaneviCebi da valiSevski xelmZRvanelobdnen. es iyo e.w. handmade wignebi, sadac mxatvrebi sakuTari xeliT aformebdnen mas. mxatvrebi da poetebi Tvlidnen, rom av-toris xelnaweri damatebiT datvirTvas aniWebda TiToeul teqsts, beWduri asoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac individua-loba da `suli~ ikargeba. teqstisTvis xasiaTis misaniWeblad, isini araiSviaTad sxvadasxva Sriftsac iyenebdnen. Semdgom-Si, Tbilisuri futurizmis wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli wignis momzadebis teqnikam didi gavlena moaxdina rusuli futur-istuli wignis ganviTarebaze.

futuristuli poezia agebuli iyo sityvaTa TamaSze da TiToeuli teqsti Ria iyo rogorc improvizaciis, ise Tav-isufali wakiTxvisTvis. aq, cxadia, igrZnoboda marinetis da misi “parole in liberta”-s, anu mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufle-buli sityvebis cneba. Tumca, marinetisgan gansxvavebiT, 410-is avangardistebi apolitikurobiT gamoirCeodnen. isini mx-olod literaturul epataJs mimarTavdnen.

1922 wels konservatoriis SenobaSi pirveli futuristu-li saRamo gaimarTa. gamosces manifesti `saqarTvelo-feniq-si~, romelsac xels awerdnen: nikoloz TavdgiriZe, akaki be-liaSvili, daviT gaCeCilaZe, besarion JRenti, simon Ciqovani, grigol oragveliZe, pol nozaZe, aleqsandre gabeskiria, mzia erisTavi da romelSic italiuri da rusuli futurizmis na-kvalevi ikiTxeboda. isini warsulis xelovnebas ganadgure-biT daemuqrnen. TviTon manifestis saxelwodebac cxadyofs imas, rasac t. tabiZe `erovnul aRorZinebas~ uwodebs Tavis werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ – amgvari aRorZinebis da qarTu-li kulturis `evropuli radiusiT~ gamarTvis survili, rac, avangardis internacionaluri xasiaTis miuxedavad, qarTul

137

sinamdvileSi mainc arsebobda. feniqsic, erTi mxriv, war-suli memkvidreobis aRorZinebas iTvaliswinebs da, meore mxriv, momavalzea orientirebuli, rac sruliad bunebrivia futuristuli esTetikisTvis. evropuli futurizmis SemTx-vevaSi, aseT dros warsulisken mzeris mipyroba – damRupve-lia.5 qarTveli futuristebisTvis ki warsulis mimarT pro-testi, umTavresad, esTetikuri poziciiT Semoifargleba: `eleqtronis Suqma Caaqro mTvare da meoce saukune aRar icremleba sentimentalobiT. Cven SeviyvareT manqanis kvaml-Si gajanguli brbo, aRtacebiT taSs rom ukravs revolucias. Cven SeviyvareT qalaqi xmauriT, – arsenaliT RamiT rom Tva-lebs abrialebdnen. ar vCerdebiT muzeumebisa da Zeglebis winaSe da vqmniT saqarTvelos momavals, romelsac ar axasi-aTebs dro da sivrce~.

qarTveli futuristebi, TavianTi ideebis propagan-dis mizniT, performansis xelovnebas mimarTavdnen. 1924 wels saqarTveloSi pirveli futuristuli Jurnali H2SO4 daaarses. “H2SO4”-s simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda. futur-istebs am mJaviT Zveli xelovnebis ganadgureba surdaT. mas mogvianebiT moyva `literatura da sxva~, `memarcxeneoba~ da gazeTi `drouli~.

4. tfilisuri avangardi da dada. TiTqos futurizmis militaristulobaze reaqcia iyo avangardis dadaisturi mi-marTuleba, romelmac evropa da amerika moicva. pirveli da-daisturi warmodgena 1916 wlis 5 Tebervals Sedga. evropeli emigrantebi ciurixis „kabare volterSi~ Seikribnen, sadac leqsebs kiTxulobdnen, musikis TanxlebiT. dadas dasawyisi ruminuli warmoSobis frang poet tristan tcaras saxels ukavSirdeba, romelmac dajgufebisTvis saxeli leqsikonSi SemTxveviT CarWobili danis saSualebiT moifiqra – SemTx-veviTi `arCevani~ frangul sityva `dadaze~ SeCerda, rac xis saTamaSo cxens, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki bavSvis titins niSnavs. dadaistebma msoflio Zaladobisgan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, upiratesoba bavSvis fsiqikamde dasvlas mianiWes. Tu

138

adamianis goneba ar ivarjiSebda da mas mxolod absurduli winadadebebi miewodeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi is gabaTil-deboda da mTel dedamiwaze yvelani didi bavSvebi iqnebod-nen. aris erTgvari msgavseba dadaizmis infantilobasa da primitivizms Soris – erTi mxriv, rogorc protesti mowes-rigebuli da gamocdilebiT miRebuli formebis mimarT da, meore mxriv, rogorc tabula rasa – bavSviviT sufTa, romelsac cnobierebaSi cvlileba unda moexdina – oRond ara futu-ristebiseuli `axali adamianis~ msgavsi. am mxriv sagulisx-moa aldo palaceskis leqsi, romelic mTavrdeba fraziT: `mo-meci saSualeba, rom gaverTo~ – esec bavSvuri dapirispirebaa didebis `mowesrigebul~ samyaros xedvasTan.

dadaistebisTvis cxovreba absurduli iyo da amitomac xelovani swored absurdul cxovrebas asaxavda (Sdr. kon-stantine gamsaxurdias personaJi “dionisos Rimilidan”, romelic `bnelmetyvelebs~, Tumca es sabWoTa konteqstSi kidev damatebiT, erTgvari opoziciuri strategiis dat-virTvas iRebs gabatonebuli sistemis, reJimis winaaRmdeg).

Tavidan dadaizmi mxolod manifestebis saxiT gamov-linda, romelTa paralelurad, misi warmomadgenlebi war-modgenebs marTavdnen. dadasTvis erT-erTi umTavresi iyo SemTxveviTobis kanoni da es gasagebicaa – erTi mxriv, TviT am dajgufebis mier saxelis SemTxveviTi wesidan da, meore mxriv, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gakeTebuli mecnieruli aR-moCenebidan gamomdinare, rac samyaros SemTxveviTi warmo-Sobis koncefcias ukavSirdeba.

germanul dadas saTave 1920 wels Caeyara, rodesac ioha-nes baargeldma da maqs ernstma daiqiraves pabi, saxelwode-biT brauhaus vinteri da TavianTi gamofena – dadas adreu-li gazafxuli moawyves. gamofena epataJuri gamovida da didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. gamofenaze damTvalierebeli tu-aletidan Sedioda, iqve gogona uxams leqsebs kiTxulobda, auzSi maRviZara egdo.

dadaistebisTvis omi amboxis formad ver gamodgeba. maT sakuTar Tavze gamocades omis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi da

260

Jurnali `H2SO4~ yda

139

amitomac SeiZules is. isini TavianTi absurdis esTetikiT daupirispirdnen militaristulad ganwyobil xelovanebs. dadaizmi, praqtikulad, protesti iyo, romelic yvelafris – pirobiTobebis, kulturis da esTetikuri normebis uaryo-fas iTvaliswinebda. maTTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo TamaSis principi, erTgvari infantilizmi da tabula rasa, rasac futu-rizmSic vxvdebodiT, Tumca aq es tabula rasa destruqciuli axali adamianis Seqmnas ki ara, ufro bavSvis msgavsi sisuf-Tavis pozicias gulisxmobda. Tavisi nihilisturi ganwyobiT ki, zogjer nicSes `zaratustrasganac~ iyo davalebuli, ise-ve rogorc sxva modernistuli dajgufebebi.

dadas istoriaSi da mis filosofiaSi, aseve, mniSvnelo-vani adgili uWiravs frang mxatvar marsel diuSans. marsel diuSanma saxeli maSin gaiTqva, roca Tavisi namuSevrebis seriiT xelovnebis samyaroze ieriSi miitana. man xuTaswlian dasavlur kulturas zurgi Seaqcia, xelovnebis miRebuli ganmartebebi sabediswerod daangria. diuSanma udidesi gav-lena moaxdina meoce saukunis xelovnebaze. pirveli msoflio omis dros, man bevri Tavisi kolega artistebis ̀ retinaluri~ xelovneba uaryo; xelovneba, romelic mxolod Tvalis sia-movnebaze iyo orientirebuli. rogorc diuSanma Tqva: `1850, 1860-ian wlebamde ferwera met-naklebad anekdoturi ram iyo. mxatvrebs patara ambebi gadmoqondaT tiloze. amis Sem-deg, impresionistebma, fovistebma, kubistebma prioriteti ara ambis Txrobas, aramed TvaliT aRsaqmel siamovnebas mi-aniWes. swored amas vuwodeb retinalur xelovnebas, vinai-dan is mxolod retinas mier aRsaqmel gamosaxulebazea kon-centrirebuli. amitomac 1912 wlidan raRac gansxvavebulis gakeTeba vcade. imis, rac mxolod retinasTvis ar iqneboda mimzidveli~. diuSanis pirveli namuSevari `kibeze Camomava-li SiSveli qali. № 2~ iyo pirveli mcdeloba, rodesac moZ-raobis aRbeWdva ferweris saSualebiT cades. am namuSevris koncefcia garkveulad axladgaCenili kinosgan da adamia-nis sxeulis moZraobis Semswavleli fotografiisgan iyo davalebuli.

140

xelovnebis nimuSebis tradiciuli an sayovelTaod mi-Rebuli meTodebis ironiiT Canacvleba avangardistebis, kerZod – diuSanis brwyinvale karieris mTavari niSania. misi xelovnebisTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli, redimeidi, Semoq-medebiTi procesisadmi iseTi midgomaa, romelmac me-20 sau-kuneSi, albaT, yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdina. `velosipedis borbali~ am tipis obieqtebs Soris pirveli iyo, romelsac diuSanma `redimeidi~ uwoda. redimeidi provokaciuli eqs-perimentia. is artistuli tradiciis yovelgvari wesis dar-Rvevis cnobieri mcdelobaa, rac axali xelovnebis Seiqmnas iTvaliswinebs; xelovnebis, romlisTvisac upiratesia gone-ba da ara Tvali. diuSani fiqrobda, rom Tuki saxelovnebo tradiciis yovelgvari wesebis ngreva gvsurs, jer misi um-Tavresi faseulobebi – silamaze da xelovanis gageba unda uarvyoT. mza obieqtebi Cveulebrivi wesiT, qarxnulad dam-zadebul, nayid an napovn nivTebs gulisxmobda. diuSani maT sagangebod xan bundovan saTaurs arqmevda, xan maTze uazro frazas miawerda xolme. diuSani obieqtebs maTi sayofacx-ovrebo daniSnulebis, masobriobis, yoveldRiurobis gamo irCevda. Semdeg ki irwmuneboda, rom Tanamedrove industri-uli cxovrebis produqtebi xelovnebis nimuSis SeqmnisTvis sasurveli masala iyo.

bolos, dadaistebs Soris uTanxmoeba warmoiSva. dadam arseboba Sewyvita. tr. tcara sicocxlis bolos lirikuli leqsebis weraze gadavida. zogierTi frangi da Sveicarieli dadaisti siurealistebis dajgufebas SeuerTda, germaneli dadaistebi – eqspresionistebTan gaerTiandnen.

saqarTveloSi klasikuri sqema futurizmi-dada gan-sxvavebuli TanmimdevrobiT warimarTa – jer dadaisturi tendenciebi gaCnda, Tavisi manifestebiT da Semdeg – futu-rizmi. qarTuli dada, futurizmis msgavsad, apolitikuri movlena iyo.

simbolizmis da futurizmis msgavsad, qarTul sinamd-vileSi dadam faseulobebis gadafaseba daiwyo, Tumca adgi-lobrivi kulturis mimarT erTguli darCa. qarTveli dada-

141

istebi zaumis gamovlinebebs folklorSi eZebdnen. am mxriv sagulisxmoa konstantine gamsaxurdias `dionisos RimilSi~ mTxrobelis e.w. bnelsityvaoba, romelic folkloridan iRebs saTaves da dadaistur esTetikasTan siaxloves avlens: `azalagani: zazalagani:/asrni: pasrni:pasragani:/serustem: xurustem:/ikarTi: mikarTi:/alasmerTi: araRmerTi~, rasac, Segonebis saxiT, komentari mosdevs – `Tu marTlac enaareu-li moubari var da bneli warTqmis ostati, eg imitom, rom es qveyana areulia da bneli..~, rac am pasaJs politikur konota-cias aniWebs.

saqarTveloSi dadaisturi tendenciebis Semotana ”41O”-s da `cisferyanwelebs~ ukavSirdeba. pirvelad tician tabiZ-esTan Cndeba dadaisturi eqsperimentebi. misi 1923 wlis mani-festSi ironia da bilwsityvaoba erTmaneTs erwymis: ̀ unda iyo idioti, rom Zveleburad swero leqsebi/roca saturiis sanao-bze glexebs uxsnian eleqtrofikacias roca prezidentia mixa cxakaia./mTawmindis SemoRamebas marto bozebi elian erTi darCa quCa gauwiTlebeli/vis unda Seni nazi leqsebi~. SemTx-veviTi ar aris am SemTxvevaSi nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ xseneba, vinaidan dada romanti-kul tendenciebs da mgrZnobelobas, iseve rogorc mimetur xelovnebas daupirispirda. analogiuri romantizmisadmi dapirispireba ikiTxeba grigol cecxlaZis `simpaTiur leqs-Sic~: `me vamtkiceb: kaloSebi saWiro araa srulebiT,/saWiroa dil-dilobiT gogli-mogli/da mokle-mokle/ leqsebis wera mdabiuri eniT da simpaTiurad~. dadasTvis arsebiTia say-ofacxovrebo, yoveldRiuri metyveleba, romelic warsulis maRalfardovani poeturobisgan daclilia. zogadad, saqarT-veloSi modernistuli tendenciebis sinTezurobis msgavsad, dadac sxvadasxva avangarduli mimdinareobis elementebs aerTianebs, rogorc es aris, magaliTad, Jango RoRoberiZis dada-poeziaSi, sadac futurizmis dinamika, konstruqtivis-tuli datvirTva da dadaisturi qaosi Tanaarsebobs: `roca maimuniviT Tavis mklavebze wveba prospeqti/Jango modis da aTvalierebs afiSebs is Zalian cocxali adamiania~.

142

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli dadaistebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen leqsebis gamomsaxvelobiT mxares – gansxvavebul Sriftebs iyenebdnen, radganac qarTul Srifts erTferovnad miiCnevdnen. xSirad uars ambobdnen sasven niSnebze da maT nacvlad, sxvadasxva figuras iyenebdnen. rogorc a. Cagini aRniSnavs: `nawarmoebis mxatvruli struq-turis safuZvlad aq uazrobis, absurdis principi gvevlineba da am mimarTulebis tfilisuri jgufis wevrebis Semoqmede-bas aaxloebs imasTan, rasac mogvianebiT oberius (Объединение Реального Искусства) warmomadgenlebi da niCevokebi akeTebd-nen~ (Cagini 1982: ). meore mxriv, qarTveli dadaistebiseuli `SemTxveviTobis da azrisgan daclilobis poetika~ (a. Cagini) maT froidiseul aracnobierTan aaxlovebda.

dadaistebis individualoba, zogadmodernistuli ten-denciis Sesabamisad, maT eqscentrul ierSic gamoixateboda: xlebnikovs da kamenskis Sublze daxatuli qondaT `haero-plani~, burliuks perangze gamosaxuli qonda adamianis saxe, maiakovskis kefaze exura cilindri, tician tabiZe pijakze damagrebuli mixakiT dadioda.

qarTuli modernistuli literaturis da xelovnebis nimuSebSi xSirad gvxvdeba amerikiT gatacebis Tema. gansa-kuTrebiT cxadi es futurizmis SemTxvevaSia, vinaidan ameri-ka `momavlis qveynis~ gansaxierebad iTvleboda da teqnikuri progresis sinonimuri iyo. modernizmis xanis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi montaJis teqnika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda – rasakvirvelia, kinematografis gavleniT. amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom amerika, romelic kinematografTan iyo asocirebuli, es asociacia literaturis da xelovnebis sx-vadasxva JanrSi kinematografiuli xerxebis gamoyenebaSi gam-oixata. magaliTad ikmarebda mxolod galaktionis poezia,6 gansakuTrebiT misi simbolisturi periodi, romelic mTli-anad montaJzea agebuli (“Semodgoma „umanko Casaxebis“ mama-Ta savaneSi”, “Tovli”, “pirimze” da a.S.).

Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, modernizmis xana mravalfe-rovnebiT gamoirCeva da es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan es mimdina-

143

reoba eqsperimentebis mTel speqtrTanaa dakavSirebuli. am periodis movlenaa e.w. leqsebi prozad, romlis warmoSobac bodleris saxels ukavSirdeba da romlis nimuSadac SegviZ-lia davasaxeloT tician tabiZis leqsebi prozad (`gazafxu-lis dResaswauli~) Tu poeturi CanarTi konstantine gamsa-xurdias novelaSi `zarebi grigalSi~. modernizmSi `maRali~ Janrebis nacvlad, upiratesobiT sargeblobs `dabali Janre-bi~ (komedia, pamfleti, satira). Tumca gvxvdeba inteleqtu-aluri dramebi – magaliTad, rogoricaa g. robaqiZis `mcvel-ni graalisa~ da `lamara~. modernistuli subieqtivizmidan gamomdinare, am xanis romanebi Tu poezia lirikuli gmiris Tu protagonistis `me~-s xSir SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gulaxdi-li gamovlineba, monologia da arsobrivad antimimeturia.

Tuki romantizmis xana salonur kulturasTan asocirde-ba, modernizmis xanis emblemad SegviZlia kafeebi miviCnioT, sadac Tavs iyridnen xelovanebi da iqmneboda eqsperimentebi, romlebic SemdgomSi xelovnebis nimuSebad iqceoda. am mxriv, qarTuli modernizmi, Tavisi evropuli analogis mixedviT viTardeba. TbilisSi ixsneba artistuli kafeebi, romelic sxvadasxva modernistuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebis TavSeyris adgilad iqceva. aq xvdebian erTmaneTs simbolis-tebi, akmeistebi, futuristebi, dadaistebi, kubistebi, kubo-futuristebi, konstruqtivistebi, zaumnikebi da imarTeba SemoqmedebiTi saRamoebi Tu sajaro kiTxvebi.

artistul kabares safuZveli eyreba me-19 saukunis bo-los, rodesac monmartrze ixsneba kabare Le Chat Noir. saqarT-veloSi artistuli kafeebi 1910 wlidan Cndeba (`Zmuri nugeSi~, `farSevangis kudi~, `fantastikuri samikitno~, `ar-gonavtTa navi~, `qimerioni~). es kafeebi am periodis Tbili-sis kulturuli sivrcis bunebrivi da logikuri nawilia. Tbilisis artistuli kafeebis kedlebs qarTvelebTan erTad, ucxoeli mxatvrebi xataven. `fantastikuri duqani~ lado gudiaSvilTan erTad, ilia zdaneviCmac moxata; `argonavt-Ta navs~ imave l. gudiaSvilTan erTad, kirile zdaneviCi da baJbeuk-melikovi xatavs; xolo `qimerions~ l. gudiaSvilsa

144

da daviT kakabaZesTan erTad – sergei sudeikini. `qimerioni~ unikaluri SemTxvevaa, vinaidan `qimerionis~ garda, TiTqmis sruli saxiT dReisTvis mxolod parizis “La Coupol”-is mxat-vrobaa SemorCenili.

1920-iani wlebidan qarTul TeatrSi scenis dagegmarebis axleburi, eqsperimentuli meTodebi Cndeba. am gziT, mxat-var-dekoratoris funqciebi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da is reJisoris Tanamoazred iqca. sakmarisia gavixsenoT pet-re ocxelis mier kinofilm “mfrinavi mRebavisTvis~ Seqmnili futuristuli dekoraciebi Tu kostiumebi. petre ocxel-Tan erTad, irakli gamrekeli da sxva qarTveli scenografe-bi ecnobodnen dasavlur samyaroSi mimdinare saxelovnebo siaxleebs. erT-erTi siaxle iyo piskatoris Teatri, romlis Sesaxebac grigol robaqiZe werda. drois da sivrceebis si-multanurobis es koncefcia, romelic mayurebels erTgvar yovlismxedvel ùfros Zmad~ aqcevda, ramdenime weliwadSi eqsperimentuli xelovnebis ironiad iqca, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam yovlismxedveli ùfrosi Zmis~ roli moirgo. TiTqos kote miqaberiZis mier 1920-iani wlebis bolos fu-turistuli esTetikiT gadaRebuli filmis, `Cemi bebias~ wi-naswarmetyveleba axda, rodesac filmis msgavsad, totali-tarulma sistemam sruliad gaaqro SemoqmedebiTi muxti da individualuri Tavisufleba da amave totalitaruli saxelmwifos manqanis meqanizms daumorCila.

SeniSvnebi:

1. galaktionis pirveli krebulis TviTon saTauric ki – `Tavis

qala artistuli yvavilebiT~, erTi mxriv, swored romantikuli aso-

ciaciiTaa gajerebuli. am mxriv SegviZlia gavixsenoT jon kitsis

poema ìzabeli anu qoTani rehaniT~, sadac inglisuri romantizmis

esTetikis kvalad, siyvarulis da sicocxlis dasabamad sikvdilia

miCneuli. meore mxriv ki, Tavis qalis simbolo barokalur esTeti-

kas da Crdilouri barokos xanis mxatvrebis natiurmortebs ukav-

Sirdeba (steenviki, Jak de geini da a.S.).

145

2. yanwebi, rogorc forma, modernistulia, Tavisi daxrilobiT

da „poziT“, rogorc gudiaSvilTanaa. yanwis ironiuli konotacia

ukve gviandeli periodis unda iyos, roca yanwi profanizda sabWoTa

xanaSi. sagulisxmoa yanwis daxrili formis Sedareba `gadazneqi-

lobis~ esTetikasTan: `qarTuli simbolizmisa da barokos inter-

teqstobrivi velis Tanxvedris kidev erTi Taviseburebaa isaa, rom

futurizmisagan gansxvavebiT (rac imTaviTve Cans “H2SO4”-is Tun-

dac zedapirulad gadaTvalierebisas), romelSic swori xazebia

kanonizirebuli, barokosa da qarTuli simbolizmis dinamiur sam-

yaros semiozisis procesSi upiratesoba xveul traeqtoriebs, sas-

ruli formidan gaRwevis iluziis Semqmnel drekad da gadazneqil

formebs eniWeba:

galaktioni: `TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmrebs wahyva mTis grexi-

li, uxmo Sori~ (`TeTr Tovlis qveS~, `saukuneTa Sori grexili~

(`zvirTebi rbian~); `wels gadaiwvens xeli minaSi~ (“gadia~); `qariT

gadazneqili~ (`daRamdeba tyeSi odes); `mas itacebda elvaTa rkali~

(`grigali~); `yeli melandeba gadasakoneli~ (`saRamo soflad~), `“me

misi weli megona Tlili veneras weli~ (`grigali~), `mas saqarTvelom

gadauzniqa / verxvebi Sori alazanisa~ (`stiroda suli~), òdes mkv-

leli SeRamebiT / alvad gadizniqebi~ (`mware iavnana~), òh, netavi ar

Seirxeodes / gadazneqili sizmmrebis weli~ (àlvebi TovlSi~), `sev

edeba gedebi mwuxris / gedebs cecxlisken gadaRerilebs~ `dgeba Se-

modgoma~), `msoflio qaosebs mzem gadauzniqa / msoflio Surisa da

niSis sagebi~ (`kosmiuri orkestri~), `simRera suliT emSvidobeba /

gadamwkrivebuls zRvisken weroebs~ (`yanebi), `xiblavda gareSemos

mindvrebis gadasosneba~ (ès grigalia siaxlis~). geometriuli xa-

zebis waSlisa da grexili xazebisaken gamovlenili es swrafva orna-

mentalizebis principia, oRond ara ornamentis ganTavseba saganze,

aramed sagnis ornamentalizeba” (i. kenWoSvili. qarTuli moder-

nizmis interteqsti, `sjani~, XVI, 2015).

3. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. statiebi: zaza SaTiriSvilis

`saxeli galak/qtioni~ (wignidan: galaktionis poetika da ritorika,

gam.-oba „logos presi“, Tbilisi, 2004); aseve, galaktionis „nikor-

wmindas“ Sesaxeb T. doiaSvilis statia ̀ frTebi da diadema~ (wignidan:

`motiral-mocinari~, Tbilisi, 2013), sadac paralelia horaciussa

(exegi monumentum) da puSkinTan.

146

4. calke sakiTxia sizmris da misi interpretaciis Tema moder-

nistul literaturaSi da misi kavSiri froidiseuli sizmris Teo-

riasTan, rac sizmrebis interpretaciis safuZvelze, adamianis

aracnobieris wvdomas gulisxmobs.

5. am koncefcias, paralelis saxiT, SegviZlia mivakvlioT paul

klees naxatis, Angelus Novus-is valter beniaminiseul interpretaci-

aSi (`klees aqvs naxati, saxelwodebiT Angelus Novus. Amasze gamosaxulia

angelozi, romelic ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos raRacasTan gamosam-

Svidobeblad emzadeba da swored mas akvirdeba daJinebiT. Tvalebi

farTod aqvs gaxelili, piri momrgvalebuli, frTebi – gaSlili.

ase unda gamoiyurebodes istoriis angelozi. misi mzera mimarTu-

lia warsulisken. iq, sadac CvenTvis momavali movlenebis jaWvia,

is srul katastrofas xedavs, romelic nangrevebs nangrevebze um-

atebs gamudmebiT da yvelafers mis fexebTan axvavebs. angelozis

neba rom iyos, aq darCeboda, mkvdrebisTvis sulis STasaberad da

nangrevebis aRsadgenad. magram samoTxidan monaberi qariSxali mis

frTebs iseTi ZaliT avsebs, rom maT dakecvasac ver axerxebs. qari

ulmoblad miaqanebs momavlisken, romlisganac zurgSeqceviT dgas;

xolo am dros nangrevebi mis win xvavdeba da cas swvdeba. is, rasac

progress vuwodebT, aris kidec es qariSxali~). Tu orfeosis miTSi,

sadac orfeosis mier mzeris ukan, warsulisken mipyroba stagnaciis

maniSnebelia da mis momaval mosalodnel bednierebas `aqvavebs~.

6. amerikis galaktioniseuli Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, gansa-

kuTrebiT sagulisxmoa g. gaCeCilaZis werili `saqarTvelos poli-

tikuri stratagema ilia WavWavaZis werilis ̀ evropis militaroba da

amerikis mermisi” – mixedviT~: `XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac

ruseTi komunizmis ideologiiT fiqrobda msoflios hegemonobas,

man dawera soc. realizmis simulaciiT gamsWvaluli, saqarTvelosT-

vis winaswarmetyveluri leqsi `kolxidis dablobze~. aq ayvavdes

unda mTeli florida,/baRze baRi gesalmeba goridan./aq asea, male

aSrialdeba/ forToxalis da limonis baRebi./daiqrolebs sio ka-

liforniis/da palmebis aiweva TaRebi. ras niSnavs da vis mimarT aris

aq gamoyenebuli cneba-kodebi – `baRze baRi gesalmeba goridan~,

`florida~ da `sio kaliforniis~ – mkiTxvelisTvis advilad aR-

saqmeli simboloebia. am kodebis adresatia goreli stalini (Semdeg

147

gamocemebSi `florida” Seicvala sityviT – `floriTa~, xolo `ka-

liforniis~ nacvlad gaCnda: `daiqrolebs sio Cveni Svi zRvis~. g.g.).

(ilia WavWavaZe globalizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb., mwignobari, 2013,

gv. 22-23).

damowmebani:

bregaZe 2013: bregaZe k. qarTuli modernizmi. Tbilisi: `meridiani~,

2013.

bredSou ... 2006: bredSou d., detmari q. Companion to Modernist Literature and Culture. Blackwell Publishing, 2006

gamsaxurdia 1983: gamsaxurdia k. “Declaratia pro mea!” gamsaxurdia k. Tx-

zulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. VII. Tbilisi: 1983.

gafrindaSvili 1924: gafrindaSvili v. eqspresionistuli lirika. mna-

Tobi, N 2. tfilisi: 1924.

gaCeCilaZe 2013: gaCeCilaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe globalizaciis saTa-

veebTan (krebuli). Tbilisi: `mwignobari~, 2013.

groisi 2011: Groys, B. The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictator-ship, and Beyond, Verso, 2011.

doborjginiZe 1962: doborjginiZe b. buneba da adamiani vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebaSi. Tbilisi: 1962.

doiaSvili 2013: doiaSvili T. motiral-mocinari. Tbilisi: 2013.

kakabaZe 1924: kakabaZe d. sivrcis ornairi koncefcia (aRmosavleTi da

dasavleTi). Buletin de l’effort Moderne, N 21. 1924.kenWoSvili2015: kenWoSvili i. `qarTuli modernizmis interteqsti~.

sjani. 16. Tbilisi: 2015.

lotmani 2002: Лотман Ю. М. История и типология русской культуры. Повторяемость и уникальность в механизме культуры. С.-Петербург: «Искусство СПБ», 2002.

magaroto 1982: L’Avanguardia a Tiflis. Edited by Luigi Magarotto et al. Venezia: Università degli Studi di Venezia, 1982.

milorava 2003: milorava i. „saxe da niRabi“. TeTr siamayes aqandakeb

Seni didebiT (grigol robaqiZisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tbilisi:

2003.

nikolskaia 1982: Nikolskaya ,T. Avanguardia a Tiflis. 1982.

148

nicSe 1954: Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy. New York: Doubleday, 1954.paiWaZe : paiWaZe T. modernistuli modelebis gaazrebisaTvis qarTul

SemoqmedebiT sivrceSi (http://www.georgianart.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90%3A2011-12-08-16-19-47&catid=42%3A2010-12-03-16-05-33&Itemid=91&lang=ka).

robaqiZe 1918: robaqiZe gr. qarTuli modernizmi (rus. enaze). Ars, № 1, 1918.

robaqiZe 1992: robaqiZe gr. `qarTuli renesansi~. gaz.: `literaturu-

li saqarTvelo~. 14 Tebervali,1992.

robertsi 2002: robertsi s.e. gurjievi saqarTveloSi. kriteriumi, № 6, 2002.

tabiZe 1920: tabiZe t. `manifesti azias~. gaz. `barrikadi~. tfilisi:

1920.

yifiani: yifiani n. qarTuli modernizmi (Sesavali) (http://www.modernism.ge/index.php?lang=geo)

SaTiriSvili 2004: SaTiriSvili z. galaktionis poetika da ritorika.

Tbilisi: „logos presi“, 2004.

Cagini 1982: Чагин, А.И. «От «Фантастического кабачка» – до кафе «Порт-Рояль». 1982.

wifuria 2012: wifuria b. „cisferi yanwebi“ da avangardi~. krebuli –

„eZRvneba cisferyanwelebis xsovnas“. Tbilisi: literaturis institu-

tis gamomcemloba, 2012.

149

maia jaliaSvili

socialisturi realizmi rogorc diskursi

procesis klasikuri gagebiT, socialisturi realizmi iyo sabWoTa saxelmwifos kulturuli strategia, romelic iTvaliswinebda xelovanTa CarTvas komunizmis mSeneblobis saqmis warmarTvaSi. es iyo saxelmwifos mmarTvel wreebSi mofiqrebuli saxelovnebo Teoria, dafuZnebuli komunizmis mTavari ideologis, leninis cnobil statiaze `partiuli organizacia da partiuli literatura~, romelic 1905 wels gamoica da erTgvar saxelmZRvanelod iqca. swored masSi iyo warmoCenili da damuSavebuli idea, rom xelovneba da, kerZod, literatura da literaturuli kritika partiuli unda yofiliyo. `leninma amxila burJuaziis ideologTa mcdeloba, ganexilaT literatura da xelovneba, rogorc `utendencio~, `zeklasobrivi~ movlena, waerTmiaT maTTvis ideuri mizanswrafva da daeyenebinaT isini sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis rTuli social-politikuri movlenebis miRma. le-nini literaturas ganixilavda ara rogorc kerZo movlenas, individualur saqmes, romelsac saerTo araferi aqvs pro-letariatis brZolasTan, revoluciis amocanebTan, aramed – piriqiT, literatura da xelovneba mas miaCnda proletari-atis saerTo saqmis organul nawilad, erTi mTliani, didi social-demokratiuli meqanizmis `borblad~ da `xraxnad~. amitom moiTxovda lenini: `movawyoT udidesi, mravalmxri-vi, mravalsaxovani literaturuli saqme, mWidrod da ganuyrelad dakavSirebuli social-demokretiul muSaTa moZraobasTan~ (qarTuli literaturis istoria 1982: 403). am yovelives mTavari mizani ki is iyo, rom saxelmwifos ideolo-giur CarCoebSi moeqcia xelovani. es procesi daiwyo ruseTSi revoluciuri brZolebis gaaqtiurebisTanave, Semdeg, rode-sac bolSevikebma gaimarjves, ufro yovlismomcveli gaxda da sabWoTa saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis Tanave mTavar sayrdenad iqca. Tumca, TviTon termini cota mogvianebiT Seiqmna da

150

damkvidrda, rodesac gamoikveTa komunisturi ideologiis ualternativoba, opoziciuri Zalebis sruli likvidaciis, represiebis wyalobiT.

1932 wlis 23 aprils saxelmwifom gamosca dadgenileba saliteraturo-samxatvro organizaciaTa gardaqmnis Sesa-xeb, romlis mixedviTac, yovelgvari mimdinareoba, (maT So-ris, saxelmwifos kursis aqtiuri mxardamWeri, proletaruli asociacia, romlis wevrebic opozicionerebis mimarT mkac-ri kritikiTa da siZulviliT gamoirCeodnen), kanongareSe gamocxadda da aikrZala. yvela mwerali unda gaerTianebu-liyo sabWoTa mwerlebis erTian kavSirSi da monawileoba mi-eRo socializmis mSeneblobaSi. amgvarad, sabWoTa mTavro-bam mwerloba (da xelovneba, zogadad) aqcia saxelisuflebo struqturebis nawilad, ideologiur iaraRad, komunisturi idealebis mTavar propagandistad. sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikaSi mweralTa kavSirebi gaxda erTgvari politi-kuri organizaciebi, romelTac unda gaekontrolebinaT mxatvruli produqcia. maT mxars umagrebda sagangebod Se-qmnili sacenzuro organizaciebi, romlebic dasabeWdad ar aZlevdnen nebarTvas im mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, romlebSic raime tipis opoziciuri an xelisuflebisTvis miuRebeli azri iyo gatarebuli.

1932 wlis maisSi, centraluri komitetis dadgenilebiT, maqsim gorkis TavmjdomareobiT Seiqmna saorganizacio komiteti, romelsac daevala sruliad sakavSiro mweralTa pirveli yrilobis momzadeba. ivlisSi Catarda es sxdoma, ro-melzec moxsenebiT gamovida mwerali aleqsandre fadeevi. mis moxsenebaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo imaze, rom mwerlebi saxelmwifos unda daxmarebodnen dasaxuli geg-mebis ganxorcielebaSi. amis Semdeg Seiqmna samwerlobo bri-gadebi, romelTac unda SeeswavlaT rogori mdgomareoba iyo respublikebSi mweralTa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi xedavdnen, rom saWiro iyo erTiani platformis SemuSaveba, sabWoTa lite-

151

raturis saerTo principebis Seqmna. isini iTvaliswinebdnen im mTavar direqtivebs, romlebic Camoyalibebul iyo leni-nis zemoT naxseneb statiaSi `literaturis partiulobis principi~. swored am mizniT 1932 wlis 22 oqtombers maqsim gorkis binaze mwerlebi da partiuli muSakebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen. sabWoTa mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Sesaxeb gamarTul kamaTSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi gamoikveTa imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda yofiliyo axali meTodis saxelwodeba. dasaxelda Semdegi: `dialeqtikuri materializmi~, `tenden-ciuri realizmi~, `komunisturi realizmi~, `kamaTSi stalini Caeria da urCia mwerlebs, politikuri terminebiT ar gane-sazRvraT sabWoTa mwerlobis meTodi. mwerali unda icnob-des marqsizm-leninizms, rogorc moZRvrebas da iyenebdesTavis muSaobaSi. mwerloba mainc cxovrebis sinamdvilis asax-vas gulisxmobs – Cveni socialisturi sinamdvilis simar-TliT, Seulamazeblad da daumaxinjeblad asaxvas. gorkis Semoqmedebis magaliTze, stalinma daaskvna: xom ar SeiZleba Cveni axali tipis mwerlobas ewodos socialisturi rea-lizmi? es winadadeba miRebul iqna. 1932 wlis 24 oqtombers saorganizacio komitetis gafarToebulma sxdomam miiRo dadgenileba: sabWoTa mwerlobis SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebul iqnas socialisturi realizmi~ (Wilaia 1986: 237). es termini `socialisturi realizmi~ ramdenime TviT adre, kerZod, 1932 wlis 23 maiss i. gronskim axsena `literaturu-li gazeTSi~ (literaturuli enciklopedia 2001:1011).

1933 wlis 12 Tebervals anton lunaCarskim ssrk sabWoTa mwerlebis saorganizacio komitetis me-2 plenumze waikiTxa moxseneba `socialisturi realizmi~, romelSic mwyobrad warmoCnda am meTodis raoba da principebi. man isaubra xe-lovnebis did socialur Zalaze yvela epoqaSi, aRniSna, rom marqsistulma xelovnebaTmcodneobam da literaturaT-mcodneobam uaryo `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~, rogorc yalbi, cxovrebisagan daSorebuli principi: `Cveni dro aris socializmisTvis, kacobriobis naTeli momavlisTvis gmiru-li brZolisa uRirsebo warsulis winaaRmdeg, romelic ise

152

eWideba awmyos, rogorc mkvdari cocxals~ (lunaCarski 1933: 1). man moixmo marqsis Tvalsazrisi, rom sinamdvile ara mxo-lod unda SevicnoT, aramed gardavqmnaT. man, agreTve, mi-moixila burJuaziuli xelovnebis realizmi – uarmyofeli, romantikuli, naturalisturi, statikuri da sxv. misi azriT, socialisturi realizmi realobas aRiqvams, rogorc ganvi-Tarebis procesSi myofs, rogorc moZraobas, romelic mim-dinareobs mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi. is ara mxolod ar aris statikuri, aramed arc fatalisturia: is Tavs swored am ganviTarebaSi poulobs, is gansazRvravs Tavis klasobriv mdgomareobas, Tavis mikuTvnebulobas cnobil klasTan, an gzas am klasisken, is sakuTar Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc aqtiur Zalas, romelic miiswrafvis imisken, rom procesi warimarTos swored ase da ara sxvagvarad. is gamoxatavs is-toriul process, romelic gansazRvravs mis msvlelobas. WeSmariti revoluciuri socialisturi realisti – es aris adamiani, emociurad daZabuli da swored es aZlevs mis xe-lovnebas cecxlsa da ferebis simkveTres~ (lunaCarski 1933: 3). misi azriT, diadi politikuri beladis aRwera – es aris grandiozuli amocana, romlis ganxorcielebasac sWirdeba msoflmxedvelobis maRali done da didi talanti: `didma mweralma unda asaxos koleqtivebi, rogorc sinTeturi saxe-ebi. Cven ar gvaqvs mizezi, rom uarvyoT Cveni mxatvruli gzis prognozi. gaixseneT, ra Tqva leninma: ar varga is komunisti, romelsac ocneba ar SeuZlia~ (lunaCarski 1933: 3).

ase iqmneboda leqsebi, moTxrobebi da romanebi lenin-ze, stalinze, beriaze da komunizmis sxva beladebze. amgvari `dakveTebis~ Sesruleba, samwuxarod, niWier SemoqmedTac uwevdaT.

akaki baqraZem zedmiwevniT da zustad warmoaCina soci-alisturi realizmis Teoriisa da strategiis arsi Tavis wignSi `mwerlobis moTviniereba~ (romelsac jer leqciebis saxiT kiTxulobda universitetSi, xolo 1990 wels SesaZle-beli gaxda misi wignad gamocema). avtori am wignSi qarTvel xe-lovanTa mtanjvel gaorebas SesaniSnavad warmoaCens: `lado

153

gudiaSvils erTxel grigol robaqiZis portreti dauxatavs. tician tabiZis sityviT, ,,es aris udidesi, rac Seuqmnia lado gudiaSvils. grigol robaqiZe arwivis TaviT, romelsac gad-mosdis tvini balRamiviT da Subli Sedrekia ise, TiTqo ma-cxovars Casces laxvari~. `grigol robaqiZis winaaRmdeg pam-fleti `gvelis perangosani~ dawera komunistma publicistma grigol muSiSvilma. es wigni mxatvrulad lado gudiaSvilma gaaforma. mxatvarma grigol robaqiZis Tavs qvewarmavlis tani gamoaba da mwerali gvelad gamoiyvana. rodis iyo gul-wrfeli gudiaSvili? roca arwivisTaviani robaqiZe daxata, Tu maSin, roca gvelistaniani gamosaxa?! ra Tqma unda, mxat-varma Tavisi gulisnadebi maSin gamoTqva, roca arwivisTavi-ani mwerali daxata, xolo roca gvelistaniani grigol ro-baqiZe gamosaxa, maSin kompartiis gankargulebas asrulebda – sxva gamosavali im dros ar hqonda. misi sicocxlec bewvze ekida. rogorme Tavi unda gadaerCina. TviTon gr. muSiSvilis bedic naTlad gveubneba, ra mZime iyo yoveli adamianis cxov-reba. grigol muSiSvili adre social-federalisti iyo. mere bolSevikebis banakSi gadabargda. proletariatisaTvis erTgulebis damtkiceba gvaris SecvliTac gadawyvita. namd-vili gvari – xoferia – muSiSvilad Seicvala, muSaTa klasis pativiscemis niSnad. sxvebsac mouwodebda aqeTken. `euli! – sayvedurobda gr. muSiSvili sandro euls – rogor SeiZleba proletaruli poeti euli, e. i. ganmartoebuli, gancalkev-ebuli, gariyuli iyos proletariatis diqtaturis pirobeb-Si. n. zomleTelsac da eulsac aqvT saucxovo namdvili gvari `proletaruli bunebis~: quriZe. qura qarxnis elementia da didi fiqria saWiro, namdvili gvari ki ara, analogiuri fsev-donimi gamoigono mweralma~. mainc araferma uSvela. 1937 wlis 17 agvistos saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris krebaze iTqva: `gr. muSiSvili gamJRavnebul iqna, rogorc xalxis mteri, ja-SuSuri da diversantuli bandis monawile~. igi gaanadgures. aris dro, roca mTeli eri miecema sasowarkveTilebas, aRa-ravis sjera samarTlianobis, patiosnebis, keTilsindisiere-bis da mxolod sakuTar tyavs ufrTxildeba adamiani. aseTia

154

komunistebis diqtaturis epoqa. am epoqaSi gabatonebulma literaturis partiulobis principma Camoayaliba mwerlis axali tipi – mwerali-flugeri, romelic politikuri qaris mimarTulebiT trialebs da cxovrobs deviziT – aba, Cemo ma-naseo, xan ise da xan aseo~ (baqraZe 1990: 40).

1934 wlis 17 agvistos moskovSi gaixsna sabWoTa mwerle-bis I yriloba, romelzec mTavari moxsenebiT maqsim gorki gamovida. am moxsenebaSi man Camoayaliba socialisturi realizmis principebi. amas mohyva presaSi werilebis gamo-qveyneba, romlebSic axsnil-ganmartebuli iyo, Tu konkretu-lad ras gulisxmobda es axali meTodi. upirvelesad, es unda yofiliyo formiT nacionaluri da SinaarsiT socialisturi xelovneba. literaturas unda gamoexata sabWoTa saxelmwi-fos mSeneblobaSi CarTuli adamiani, kolmeurneobebisa da sxva sabWoTa organizaciuli struqturebis saqmianoba. misi mizani unda yofiliyo Seeqmna axali adamiani – Homo Soveti-kus (es termini mogvianebiT gaCnda sabWoTa reJimis opozi-cionerTa wreSi. ufro adre ki, 1918 wels filosofosma ser-gei bulgakovma Tavis wignSi `RmerTebis nadimze~ gamoiyena termini homo Socialisticus revolucioneri jariskacebis mi-marT). rogorc stalins uyvarda Tqma, mwerlebi iyvnen ̀ sulis inJinrebi~ da maT SeeZloT am axali adamianis ideologiuri Camoyalibeba. mwerlobas unda gamoexata axali gmiruli su-liskveTeba, Tumca negatiuri movlenebisTvisac unda mieqcia yuradReba da aesaxa sazogadoebis mankierebani, warmoeCina is faqtorebi da adamianebi, romlebic xels uSlidnen soci-alizmis mSeneblobas, emxilebina kapitalisturi, burJuazi-uli xelovnebis antihumanuri, antixalxuri, formalisturi mankierebani. `socialisturi realizmis mwerloba klasikur mwerlobas unda gajibreboda, rogorc axali tipis novato-ruli mwerloba. erTi mxriv, yovelgvari primitivizmisa da trafaretis, meore mxriv, formalistur JongliorobasTan winaaRmdeg brZolaSi unda ganviTarebuliyo Tvisobrivad sruliad axali tipis mwerloba. SromiT, ofliT, wvalebiT, SimSiliT, gaWirvebaTa gmiruli gadalaxviT Seqmnil da aSen-

155

ebul socialistur sazogadoebas misi Sesaferisi mxatvruli Zalisa da energiis nawarmoebi unda Seeqmna da Seqmna kidec~ (Wilaia 1986: 244).

socialisturi realizmis, rogorc diskursis, principe-bi ase Camoyalibda:

partiuloba (ideuroba);1. xalxuroba;2. istoriuli optimizmi;3. socialisturi humanizmi;4. internacionalizmi.5.

amgvarad, mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo totaluri kon-troli mwerlobisa, Seiqmna erTgvari CarCoebi, romlebic yvela mwerals unda gaeTvaliswinebina. ra Tqma unda, es iyo Semoqmedis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, magram winaaRmdegoba sicocxlisTvis sarisko iyo. akaki baqraZe konstantine gamsa-xurdiaze, romelmac `beladi~ dawera, werda: `amitomac zogi nebiTa da zogi uneburad CaerTo am yalb, erzackulturis Seqmnis procesSi, maT Soris cnobili da niWieri mwerlebic. Tu Semoqmeds surda, rom misi nawerebi daebeWdaT, Tu surda, rom mieRo honorari da ecxovra, maSin is unda damorCilebo-da axal wes-kanonebs, Tu arada, emuqreboda sazogadoebisgan gariyva, dapatimreba da dasja~ (baqraZe 1990: 121).

ase daiwera uamravi teqsti, romlebsac saerTo araferi hqondaT mxatvrulobasTan: konstantine lorTqifaniZis `Zirs simindis respublika~ (Semdeg rom `kolxeTis ciskari~ ewoda), grigol abaSiZis poema `Zlevis qedi~ da sxv. farTo gasaqani mieca panegirikul-propagandistul literatu-ras. socialisturma litmcodneobam da kritikam ki daiwyo klasikos mweralTa Semoqmedebis imgvari analizi, rom isini sabWoTa konteqstSi moeqcia. daiwyo socialisturi real-izmis Targze moWrili literaturis istoriis `gadawera~.

Seiqmna sagangebo brigadebi mwerlebisa, romlebic mi-diodnen sxvadasxva respublikaSi, aTvalierebdnen mSeneb-lobebs, kolmeurneobebs da Semdeg werdnen yovelive amis Sesaxeb. aman gamoiwvia is, rom iqmneboda yalbi paTosiT gam-

156

sWvaluli uxarisxo literatura. leninze, stalinze, beriasa Tu sxva partiul muSakebze Seqmnili saxotbo leqsebi mxo-lod drois konkretuli monakveTisTvis iyo gaTvaliswine-buli. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan am tipis literatura aRiqmeba, rogorc makulatura, romelic veranair kritikas ver uZlebs. `konstantine gamsaxurdia mogzaurobs ukrainaSi da qmnis socialisturi ukrainis sagalobel himns ùkrainis Temidas~, tician tabiZe mogzaurobs sabWoTa somxeTSi da wers leqsebsa da narkvevebis cikls `somxeTze~. aseve, kon-stantine lorTqifaniZe – `belorusul moTxrobebs~, raJden gvetaZe – `belorusul novelebs~ da sxv. (Wilaia 1986: 241).

giorgi leoniZe wers poemas `stalini. bavSvoba da yrmo-ba~, galaktion tabiZe leqss – ìdea~. TiTqmis yvela qarTveli mwerali, dRemde cnobili Tu ucnobi, Caeba am ritualur ferxulSi, romelsac sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologiuri kursi – komunisturi sazogadoebis mSeneblobis perspeqti-vebi mxatvruli sityviT unda warmoeCina da xalxi miznis miRwevaSi daerwmunebina.

eris suls upiratesad xelovani, Semoqmedi gamoavlens, amitomac grigol robaqiZem roman „Caklul sulSi“ bolSe-vikuri eqsperimentis (sabWoTa adamianis gamoyvanas rom iT-valiswinebda) subieqtad, erTgvar cdispirad Tamaz enguri, mwerali warmoaCina, erTi SexedviT, iolad rom ar unda dah-yoloda eqsperimentatorebs. sabWoTa saqarTvelodan gaq-ceulma robaqiZem es romani 1932 wels germanul enaze dawera da 1933 w. ienaSi gamoaqveyna. rogorc robaqiZe wers romanis bolosityvaobaSi, man am romanSi warmoaCina `bolSevizmis qveskneluri gamxrwneli Zala mis atmosferul zemoqmede-baSi~ (robaqiZe 1991: 155). romanSi ixateba, rogor Cauklaven adamianebs suls da rogor aqceven zombebad. saxifaTo da saSiSi is iyo, rom mwerali xedavda, ar arsebobda Zala, romelic am demonur ideologias win aRudgeboda. es romani qarTul enaze mxolod 1991 wels gamoqveynda.

Zalmomreobaze agebuli saxelmwifo feodor dostoev-skim XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gamocemul roman èSmaknSi~

157

warmoaCina da sazogadoebas moaxloebuli wiTeli safrTxe amcno. wigns wamZRvarebuli aqvs Llukas saxarebidan is epi-zodi, rodesac ieso qriste sneulis sxeulidan gandevnis eSmakebs. romanis personaJi stefan trofimoviCi ase `ganmar-tavs~ am igavs: ès eSmakni, gamosulni sneulisagan da Sesulni RorebSi, – es sul muwukebi da wylulebia, uwmindureba da sibinZure, eSmakni da eSmakeulni... es uwmindureba, mTeli es sibilwe... es Cven varT... gagiJebulni, gacofebulni gadaveS-vebiT kbodesa mas da moviSTvebiT~ (dostoevski 1990: 2).

grigol robaqiZe Tavisi romaniT Seexmiana dostoevskis da manac revolucia eSmakeulad warmoaCina, gasabWoebuli saqarTvelo ki sneulebaSeyrilad, romlis sxeulidan eSma-kebs, revolucionerebs RmerTi, e.i. didi rwmena gandevnida.

rogor ganxorcielda dostoevskis „eSmaknSi“ daxatuli sazogadoebis `modeli~ gasabWoebul saqarTveloSi da ro-gor aisaxa es robaqiZis romanSi?

1. `jaSuSoba axla atmosferuli movlenaa da gamori-cxuli ar aris, rom TviT astralurma sxeulebmac jaSuSoba daiwyon~. ùndobloba da SiSi batonobda~. `masebs SiSi ipy-robda, veravin bedavda meorisTvis saxeSi Sexedvas~ (robaqiZe 1991: 87).

2. despotizmi Secvala diqtaturam. àravin iyo Tavisu-fali, yvela sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebda. mxolod erTi axsna arsebobda: monanieba, TviTmxileba da danaSaulis aRiareba epidemiasaviT moedo mTel sabWoeTs~ (robaqiZe 1991: 87).

3. `cicerons enas ar aWrian, koperniks ar sTxrian Tva-lebs, arc Seqspirs qolaven qvebiT, samagierod, cicero-nma marqsistulad unda ilaparakos, kopernikma materialis-tu-rad Wvritos samyaro, xolo Seqspirma proletarulad Txzas~ (robaqiZe 1991: 88).… ase, ZaladobiT proletarulad aTxzvevinebdnen dRes CvenTvis cnobilsa da aRiarebul mwerlebs.

bolSevikuri ideologia Tanmimdevruli, mizanmimar-Tuli politikiT gandevnida adamianTa sulidan, gulidan da gonebidan RmerTs, religias anacvlebda ideologiiT.

158

calkeulni ki tanjvis fasad inarCunebdnen rwmenis naperw-klebs. mTavari personaJis, Tamaz enguris, gulSic ifliTeba RmerTi. am Temis siRrmisa da xatovanebis gasamZafreblad mwerali Suamdinarul miTologias moixmobs, kerZod, iSTa-risa da Tamuzis Sesaxeb miTs, raTa borotebisa da sikeTis brZola sicocxlis Tanmdev arqetipul Zalebad warmoaCinos.

mwerals SemoqmedebaSi unda daecva mTavari xazi, mom-saxureboda bolSevikur reJims. `mTavari xazis miyolis mzadyofna drodadro fantastikur zomebs aRwevda. erTma fizikosma ganucxada kolegas: `mas Semdeg, rac amxanag sta-linis bolo Tezisebi mivuyene fizikas, CemTvis bevri ram saocrad naTeli Seiqmna~. kolegam gaognebulma Sexeda, mag-ram TviTonac dafiqrda, marTlac nayofieri xom ar iqnebo-da am Tezisebis gamoyeneba da mxolod gaurkveveli `hm~ Ca-iburdRuna. sakvirveli es iyo: fizikoss, marTlac, sjeroda Tavisi sityvebisa. SekiTxvaze, Tu romel wignebs kiTxulob-da upiratesad, erTma poetma damcinavad miugo: `wignebs?wignebs saerTod ar vkiTxulob, gana ukeTesi sakiTxavi ar moipoveba?! centraluri komitetis nebismieri sxdomis ste-nogramasaviT warmtac da saintereso rasme verc Seheraza-das zRaprebSi povebT, verc robinzonis dRiurebSi~... xse-nebul sxdomebze marTlac Seudarebeli fantastika mefobda. erTma mkvlevarma `feodaluri JReradobebi~ aRmoaCina ba-xisa da beThovenis musikaSi. meorem `burJuaziul pasaJebs~ miagno vagneris operebSi. mesamem sakiTxi dasva, gogenis fe-rebSi safrangeTis koloniuri politika xom ar cnaurdebao. meoTxe, Tavis mxriv, mZime industriis epoqas Wvretda seza-nis tiloebSi. mexuTe proletarul metaforebs agrovebda. xuTive bejiTad iwvalebda Tavs uzarmazari diagramebis xat-viT da iahves sityvebs adasturebda: `ofliTa SeniTa moipove puri Seni~ (robaqiZe 1991: 87).

akaki baqraZis azriT, `kompartiam bejiTad da mtkiced daamkvidra inteleqtualuri eqspluatacia, roca adamians aiZuleben is ilaparakos da weros, rac mas ar swams da ar sjera~ (baqraZe 1990: 67-68).

159

robaqiZem werilSi `sulis daSla~ konstantine gamsa-xurdias 1939 w. dawerili `didostatis marjvena~ CaTvala erTgvar `daTmobad~. misi azriT, romanSi 1. mefe `gabiTure-bulia~ – raa is mefe, romelic mowinaaRmdegis mosacileblad aseT saSinelebas mimarTavs? 2. `gabiTurebulia~ xatic – raa is saTayvano xati, romelsac ase eqcevian da ase iyeneben? bolSevikebi, rasakvirvelia, gaixareben, roca romanis am ad-gils waikiTxaven, xolo qarTvelni? yovel qarTvels es scena isariviT moxvdeboda da moxvdeba gulSi~ (robaqiZe 1996: 54).

robaqiZis azriT, SesaZloa romelime qarTveli mefe ver idga Tavis mefur simaRleze; amis magaliTebsac vxe-davT saqarTvelos istoriaSi, `xolo aq malulad, TiTqos sunTqviT, `xelmwifebis~ ideac aris `gakawruli~, is idea, romliTac gamarTulia `cxovreba qarTlisa~, magram es kidev araferi. TavidaTavi aq xatis Selaxvaa. `sveticxoveli~ sakraluri Suagulia saqarTvelos istoriisa da misi xati simboluri saxe am Suagulis... da ai gamsaxurdias romanSi es xatia Seginebuli. religiuri kulti rom ganze davtov-oT, es Segineba fsiqologiurad mainc qeZafiviT mwvelia. es aris erTi mokle epizodi romanSi, garna viciT: xSirad erTs wveTs sawamlavisa SeuZlia mowamlos mTeli wyaro. ai, sadam-de misula gamsaxurdias `daTmoba... am daTmobiT `mowamla~ man ara mxolod Tavisi wigni, aramed Tavisi Tavic. sabWoeTis atmosferoSi rom ar ecxovra, am `daTmobas~ igi ar dauSvebda da verc dauSvebda~ (robaqiZe 1996: 55).

daglejili RmerTi – epoqis urwmunoebas aseTi Tavzar-damcemi metaforiT gamoxatavs mwerali. bolSevizmi Tanmim-devrulad cdilobda adamianTa gulebidan rwmenis gandev-nas, devnida sasuliero pirebs, itacebda saeklesio qonebas, angrevda taZrebs.

romanSi moTxrobilia: `saqarTvelos erT kuTxeSi kom-kavSirlebma saswaulmoqmed xatze miitanes ieriSi. saydarSi Secvivdnen, erTma daamxo wmindanis xati da cofisgan dabr-mavebuli fexiT zed Sedga. `aba, damsajos Tqvenma yovlis-SemZle xatma!~ saxeSi miaxala uZravad miSterebul mdumare

160

glexebs. erTma moxucma glexma daarRvia siCume, wynarad mi-ugo: `meti raRa giyos? ukve gaugiJebixar da eg aris~. Tamazs gauxarda. moxucis gauryvnel tvinSi, Cans, kidev moqmedebda Tavisi modgmis geni~ (robaqiZe 1991: 11).

bolSevizmi cdilobda teqnikuri progresi gamoeyenebina samyarodan rwmenis gansadevnad, Tumca es procesi mimdina-reobda mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris, upirvelesad, evropasa da amerikaSi, sadac àr klaven RmerTs, iq igi TavisiT kvde-ba~... àxali adamiani ibadeba, uRmerTo, misTvis ar arsebobs saidumlo. araviTari ridi, mowiweba, araviTari mistika, SiS-veli yofiereba, nivTieri: arsad metafizikuri~ (robaqiZe 1991: 83). komunistebi cdilobdnen, rwmena sicruiT aexsnaT. TviT marqsis mixedviT ki, yoveli kulti kanonzomierad un-da iyos warmoSobili. komunizmis ideologebi religias xal-xis opiums uwodebdnen da axali komunistebi amaod cdilob-dnen marqsis `kanonzomierebis~ òpiumTan~ morigebas.

akaki baqraZis azriT, `komunisturi axali adamiani~ – uRirsebo kaci – igi koleqtivis mojamagirea. am koleqtivis sasargeblod igi daufiqreblad mzad unda iyos mkvlelo-bisTvisac da mZarcvelobisTvisac. dakarguli unda hqondes sindisis qenjnis unaric~ (baqraZe 1990: 167)

aseT viTarebaSi ra emarTeba xelovans? romanis mixedviT, igi jambazs emsgavseba, radgan cdilobs SeniRbos saTqmeli, bewvis xidze gaiaros: `literaturaSi, TeatrSi, kinoSi – yvelgan muSaiTobdnen, yvela cdilobda, sworad gaevlo ba-girze. Sesaferis Temebs eZebdnen, amgvari cdebisTvis ufro gamosadegs... garkveuli ostatoba Camoyalibda, erTgvari akrobatika...~ (robaqiZe 1991: 95).

TviTon grigol robaqiZem ver gauZlo amgvar `muSaiTo-bas~ da ucxoeTSi gaaRwia. danarCenebi ki, romlebmac ver da-idges uReli, ver amoides aRviri, komunisturma xelisufle-bam daxvrita, gadaasaxla, patimrobaSi amoxada suli, maT Soris iyvnen: tician tabiZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, nikolo mi-wiSvili, sandro axmeteli da sxvebi.

161

akaki baqraZem `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ erT TavSi, `ganjgonebuloba~ rom hqvia, warmoaCina, rom komuniste-bis damokidebuleba marqsizm-leninisadmi iyo religiuris analogiuri, iseve, rogorc qristianul mwerlobas, komu-nistur literaturasac aqvs agiografiuli Janri. `komunis-tur agiografias ekuTvnis leniniada, staliniada, ZerJin-skiada (gansakuTrebiT, kinoSi), xruSCoviada, breJneviada. `wmindanisadmi~ damokidebulebiT da mxatvruli saSuale-bebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, qristianuli da komunis-turi agiografiuli mwerloba hgavs erTmaneTs. komunisti `wmindanic~ isevea udrekeli, uSiSari, ucdomeli, rwmenisaT-vis Tavdadebuli da gautexeli, erTguli, yovelgvari tan-jva-wamebis gadamtani, rogorc qristiani wmindani. rogorc qristesaTvis sikvdili iyo udidesi bedniereba da netareba, asevea marqsizm-leninizmisaTvis sikvdili udidesi bedni-ereba da netareba. aris gansxvavebac. qristianul agiogra-fias tragikuli paTosi aqvs, komunistur agiografias ki –parodiuli. qristianuli agiografosi rwmeniT werda, ko-munisti agiografosi – dafaruli ironiiT. qristianuli agiografiuli Txzulebis kiTxvis dros mkiTxveli Rrma mokrZalebiT imsWvaleba, xolo komunisturi agiografia Rimils hgvris publikums, undoblobiT msWvalavs~ (baqraZe 1990: 91).

socialistur realizms mkacri kanonebi hqonda ara marto mwerlebis, aramed kritikosebisTvisac, romlebsac romelime mxatvruli teqstis ganxilvisas aucileblad un-da daemowmebinaT leninis, stalinis, marqsisa Tu engelsis citatebi. es viTareba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebis dasasru-lamde gagrZelda.

akaki xinTibiZe igonebs, rom galaktionis arqivSi aRmo-aCina Tavisi wigni griSaSvilze galaktionis minawerebiT. erTgan, sadac TviTon yaraCoRul metyvelebaze msjelobs, damowmebuli hqonia marqsis citata: `ena azris uSualo sinamdvilea~. galaktions ki miuweria: `marqsi da yaraCo-Reli?~ (xinTibiZe 2004: 25). amgvarad gamoxatavda tota-

162

litaruli reJimi Zaladobas mwerlebze, mecnierebze, rom-lebic iZulebulni iyvnen marqsisa da leninis citatebi daemowmebinaT, stalinsa, beriasa Tu sxva partiul lidereb-ze saxotbo leqsebi SeeqmnaT. TviTon galaktionic xom amayobda, rom qarTul poeziaSi lenini pirvelad TviTon axsena leqsSi `gemi `dalandi~.

„socialisturi realizmis gzebi.kotriali. kotriali. kotriali“, – galaktions amg-

vari Taviseburi ironiiT Cauweria Tavis dRiurSi es stri-qonebi(http://www.galaktion.ge/?page=Articles&year=1948&p=1&id=4326).

socialisturi realizmi sabWoTa adamianis SegnebaSi ayalibebda sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTaderTi samSoblos SegrZnebas da amgvarad anacvlebda tradiciuli Rirebule-bebs fsevdofaseulobebiT. es kargad warmoCnda sabWoeTSi gavrcelebul erT popularul simReraSi, romlis teqstis avtori vladimer xaritonovi, xolo musikisa– daviT tux-manovi iyo:

„Мой адрес не дом и не улица, Мой адрес – Советский Союз!“ („Cemi misamarTia ara saxli da quCa,

aramed – sabWoTa kavSiri~)

jeims joisis personaJma stiven dedalosma (`xelovanis portreti axalgazrdobisas~) ki Tavisi misamarTi ki ase dawera:

`stiven dedalosi

mosamzadebeli klasi

klingouz vudis koleji

selinzi

kilderis sagrafo

irlandia

evropa

dedamiwa

samyaro

universumi~ (joisi 2005: 22).

163

am ori magaliTis SedarebiT kargad warmoCndeba, rogor aviwroebda sabWouri, socialisturi msoflmxedveloba adamianis azrovnebis Tvalsawiers.

damowmebani:

baqraZe 1990: baqraZe a. mwerlobis moTviniereba. Tbilisi: 1990.

dostoevski 1990: dostoevski T. eSmakni. Tbilisi: 1990.

literaturuli enciklopedia 2001: 1011 literaturuli cnebebisa da

terminebis enciklopedia. moskovi: `intelvaki~, 2001 (rusul enaze).

lunaCarski 1933: lunaCarski a. socrealizmi, moxseneba mweralTa

pirvel yrilobaze. 1933. http://lunacharsky.newgod.su/lib/ss-tom-8/socialisticeskij-realizm

robaqiZe 1990: robaqiZe gr. `Cakluli suli~. Tbilisi: `iveria~, 1991.

robaqiZe 1996: robaqiZe gr. `CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia (krebuli).

Tbilisi: `jekservisi~, 1996.

tabiZe: tabiZe g. DdRiuris Canawerebi http://www.galaktion.ge/?page=Articles&year=1948&p=1&id=4326

Wilaia 1986: Wilaia s. ocwleuli (wlebi da problemebi). Tbilisi:

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1986.

qarTuli literaturis istoria 1982: qarTuli literaturis istoria eqvs tomad. t. V. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1982.

xinTibiZe 2004: xinTibiZe a. mogonebani galaktionze. Tbilisi: `logos

presi~, 2004.

joisi 2005: joisi j. xelovanis portreti axalgazrdobisas. Tbilisi:

literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2005.

164

irma ratiani

qarTuli mwerloba

kulturuli izolaciis winaaRmdeg

maRali modernizmi, misTvis niSandoblivi gansxvavebu-li formebiTa da SenakadebiT, swrafviT reprezentaciuli Tavisuflebisaken, agreTve, WeSmaritebis Ziebisa da indi-vidualobis damkvidrebis mxatvruli tendenciebiT mTa-var saSiSroebas warmoadgenda Msocializmis mSeneblobis ideiT aRtyinebuli sabWoTa demagogebisaTvis. bela wifu-rias samarTliani SeniSvniT, `imisda miuxedavad, rom qarT-veli modernistebis mier Catarebuli muSaoba, upiratesad, kulturul-esTetikur arealSi mimdinareobda, dasavluri gamocdilebis adaptacia gavlenas axdenda sociokulturul arealze~ (wifuria 2010: 10). mwerlobis es frTa, romelic uars ambobda socialistur realizmze, progresuli dasav-luri suliskveTebiTa da modernistuli filosofiiT (in-tuitivizmi, froidizmi, pragmatizmi, neopozitivizmi) iyo nasazrdoebi, TumcaRa, TiTqmis yvelgan SeiniSneboda qarTu-li mwerlobisaTvis esoden tradiciuli sinTezi erovnuli Rirebulebebisa dasavlur tendenciebTan: `qveynis [saqar-Tvelos – i.r.] ganaxlebis ideis~ damkvidreba, anu – sinamd-vilis Secvlis survilis demonstrireba; nacionaluri iden-tobis axleburi gaazreba, `rac ukavSirdeba evropeizaciis procesis gardauvalobis fonze nacionaluri kulturuli saxis gacnobierebas – evropuli kulturis winaSe mtkice poziciis mosapoveblad~ (wifuria 2010: 11); mwerlobis moq-medeba `kulturtregeris statusiT~ da sxv.

MqarTuli prozis alternatiuli frTis warmomadgenlis, stalinisa da berias xelisuflebis mier 1937 wels sikvdiliT dasjili qarTveli mwerlis, mixeil javaxiSvilis Semoqmede-baSi srulad SeigrZnoba gemo im ganxeTqilebisa, romelic ar-sebul, mocemul sinamdvilesa da mis pirovnul miswrafebebs

165

Soris sufevda. mwerlis damo kide buleba qarTuli realobis mimarT uaRresi skepticizmiTa da negatiurobiT iyo aRbeW-dili. `garyvnilebam imata, – werda igi, – avazakobam, Worma, SimSilma; ZonZebi ecvaT. yvela gamgelda. sityva, dapireba, patiosneba aRarafrad fasobda... saqarTvelo daemgvana mu-nian mSier ZaRls, siyvaruli mokvda~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 90), `gulTa ngreva, tvinTa nTxeva, sulTa xeva – ai, Cveni epoqa~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 91). momavali fuye da gamousadegar cne-bad iqca. arsebuli viTarebis ukiduresad destruqciuli xasiaTi mwerals kategoriuli Sefasebebisaken ubiZgebda,cxadi iyo, rom Tavsmoxveuli `idealuri~ wesrigi da reali-ze buli utopiuri iluziebi monuri morCilebisaken miere-keboda xalxs: `buneba smenadaxSuli iyo, xolo zeca – brma da uZiro. darCa mxolod ironia da morCileba~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 91). maS sad aris gamosavali? gamosavali mxolod adamianSia, individualuri `me~-obiT gabrwyinebul subieqtSi, romelic iRviZebs, ibrZvis da ayalibebs sakuTar kosmogonias.

javaxiSvilis mwerloba realizmisa da maRali moder-nizmis mijnaze dgas da iTvaliswinebs ara oden qarTuli realobis xazgasmulad totalitarul, industrialur da pragmatul arsebiTobas, aramed mis tragikul Sedegs – pi-rovnebis srul gaucxoebas samyarosTan da ltolvas TviT-lokali zaciisaken. am gazrdili subieqtivizaciisa da sam-yaros esqatologiuri Semecnebis mizezi aris komunikaciis rRveva adamiansa da garemos Soris. ndobas cvlis skefsisi, samyaroSi integrirebul gmirs – avtono miurobis niSniT aRbeWdili nonkonformisti gmiri. ikveTeba Tema saSiSi sam-yaros hipertrofirebuli modelis wiaRSi gamomwyvdeuli uaryofili individisa, romelic eZebs xsnas. am SemTxveva-Si, gadarCenis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens ara mxolod im-eds, aramed moTxovnilebas, gardauval aucileblobasac ki, romelic aiZulebs adamians, CauRrmav des sakuTar arsebi-Tobas da faseuli sazRvris, ambiva lenturi liminaluri zonis urTulesi, mtkivneuli transformaciebis miRma gamo-imuSaos sxva, alternatiuli realoba*. dasaxuli amocanebis

* ufro detalurad ix. i. ratiani `teqsti da qronotopi~. Tb., 2010.

166

masStaburobiTa da siRrmiT mixeil javaxiSvili Tavisi Ta-namedrove dasavleli modernisti avtorebis Rirseuli Tana-moazrea (franc kafka, mixail bulgakovi, vladimir nabokovi da sxv.).

sagulisxmoa, rom maRali modernizmis Temebis nakads javaxiSvili dabejiTebiT uerTebs qarTuli realobisaTvis mniSvnelovan Tematikasac, maT Soris, qarTuli realozmis wiaRSi esoden damuSavebul `kavkasiis sakiTxs~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am paTosiT gaJRenTilia javaxiSvilis moTxrobebi (mag., `lambalo da yaSa~), am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi mTavari wigni – romani `jayos xiznebi~. romanis antigmiri, jayo jivaSvili mkveTrad dro-is simbolikis matarebeli personaJia, osuri qudiT, osuri CoxiT, TaTruli windebiT, dabaxanuri CustebiT, qarTuli xmliTa da rusuli TofiT. `jayo drois mier xelovnurad Seqmnili Sarikovia, romelic ZaRluri erTgulebiT emsa-xureba Tavis mSobels~ (ratiani 2010: 143). masSi erTianadaa azelili da gadazelili is, rasac jer kidev damoukidebeli erTeulebis iersaxe aqvs SenarCunebuli XIX saukuneSi: `axa-li droebis~ naSieri

jayo e.w. `sabWouri integraciis~ Sedegia – tipiuri `ugvartomo~, veravin gaigebs, sad iwyeba qarTveli da sad mTavrdeba daRestneli, sad iwyeba osi da sad mTavrdeba rusi? vis sWirdeba amgvari maxinji integracia, romelic ganadgurebis tolfasia? rasakvirvelia, kolonialists, ru-seTis imperias, romelic axla sabWoeTis gaugebari simbiozis niRabsaa amofarebuli. am fonze erTgvar nostalgiur mniS-vnelobasac ki iZens konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da leo qi-aCelis SemoqmedebaSi gamokveTili pozicia kavkasiur prob-lemasTan mimarTebaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom teqstebi xSirad sabWoTa ideologebisaTvis Tvalis asaxvevi socialuri Te-mebiTaa gadafaruli, siRrmeSi qarTvelTaTvis mtkvineuli kavkasieli xalxebis identobis pativiscemisa da urTierT-dafasebis ganwyobileba ikiTxeba. Tumca, es mxolod gamonak-lisia. `Cemi misamarTi arc saxlia da arc quCa, Cemi misamarTia

167

sabWoTa kavSiri!~ ai, slogani, romelic spobs gansxvavebebs. gana vinmes eyofa gambedaoba, isaubros kavkasiuri eTnosis diferenciaciaze, rodesac sabWoeTis diqtatoruli reJi-mis saTaveSi erovnebiT qarTveli dgas?

sabednierod qarTuli kulturisaTvis, mixeil javaxiS-vili ar aris marto arc Tavis nacionalur miznebSi da arc Tavis internacionalur tendenciebSi. mis mxardamxar muSa-oben sxva mniSvnelovani qarTveli mwerlebi, romelTaTvi-sac zneobrivi postulatebi da humanizmis principebi sru-lad aRemateba bolSevizmis epoqis pragmatul-politikur amocanebs da jiutad uerTdeba Tavisi drois wamyvan lite-raturul tendenciebs: pirovnebisa da samyaros urTierTo-bis impresionistul models amuSavebs niko lorTqifaniZe, romelsac qarTul prozaSi Tamamad Semoaqvs dasavlur kul-turul wreebSi generirebuli, impresionizmisaTvis niSan-doblivi maxasiaTeblebi – samyaros aRqma STabeWdilebis efeqtiT, lakonuri naratiuli teqnika, kontrastuli fer-ebis siuxve da sxv.; pirovnebis sulieri ganxeTqilebis Te-mas uRrmavdebian vasil barnovi da leo qiaCeli; gamosaxvis eqspresionistul maneras nergaven konstantine gamsaxur-dia (adreuli proza) da grigol robaqiZe: Tu konstantine gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis adreul etapze vakvirdebiT `xe-lovnebis aqtivizaciis~ eqspresionistuli principis rea-lizebas, rac realobis axleburad aRqmis sxvadasxva forme-bis Ziebasa da originaluri stilisturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi gamoixateba, grigol robaqiZis, SemdgomSi cnobi-li qarTveli emigranti mwerlis, SemoqmedebaSi `xelovne-bis aqtivizaciis~ principi erwymis eqspresionizmisaTvis niSandobliv meore princips – `demonstratiulobas~, ris Sedegadac miiRweva sityvis Zlieri gamomsaxvelobiTi efeq-ti da azrovnebis arsobrivi abstragireba. aq dasaxelebuli qarTveli avtorebis yvela klasikuri teqsti, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi met-naklebi doziT realizdeba modern-izmis klasikuri principebi, tipologiuri struqturis dekonstruqciis Sedegadaa Seqmnili: klasikuri teqstebis

168

calkeuli elementebi TiTqos eqsperimentis sagans warmoad-gens – is, rac klasikur mwerlobaSi dabalansebulia, aq ukve avtoris arCevans eqvemdebareba. irRveva mTavari: subieqtu-risa da obieqturis Tanafardobis balansi mxatvrul saxeSi. sagulisxmoa isic, rac zemoT aRvniSneT: grigol robaqiZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebaSi, mar-Talia, sxvadasxva aqcentebis gamosakveTad, magram erTnairi paTosiT aris gaSuqebuli kavkasiis Tema – isini uRrmavdebi-an kavkasiuri eTnies, qarTvelisa da kavkasiis sxva regionebis mcxovreblebis istoriul warsuls, dRevandelobas, zneob-riv da kulturul Rirebulebebs da am lokalur satkivars maRali ostatobiT aqsoven modernizmis literaturul amocanebSi.

kidev ufro qmediT rols modernizmis evropuli ten-denciebis saqarTveloSi danergvis saqmeSi asruleben qarT-veli poetebi: qarTuli leqsis reformatori da Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis gamorCeuli figura – galaktion tabiZe, eskipisturi filosofiiT gajerebuli terenti graneli, agreTve, qarTveli poeti-simbolistebi – tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, grigol robaqiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadiraZe, nikolo miwiSvili, giorgi leoniZe, Salva afxaiZe, Salva karmeli da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan movlenad unda miviCnioT 1919 wels, galaktion tabiZis leq-sebis krebulis àrtistuli yvavilebis~ dastambva. T. doiaS-vilis azriT, `galaktionis, rogorc reformatorisa da àxali poeziis~ mesaZirkvlis pozicia gaamyara epoqalurma wignma àrtistuli yvavilebi~ (1919), romelic dRemde erov-nuli lirikis mwvervalad rCeba... gasuli saukunis 10-ian wlebSi galaktionis mier ganxorcielebulma reformam Sva Tvisebrivad axali poezia da leqsi – ganaxlebuli versi-fikaciiT, mravalxmovani riTmiT, unikaluri evfoniur-me-lodiuri organizaciiT da, rac mTavaria, manamde ar arsebuli poeturi eniT, romelsac pirovnebis Sinarealobis adekva-turi gadmocemis unari hqonda~ (doiaSvili 2009: 26). da zoga-dadac, kritikosi miiCnevs, rom `qarTulma modernistulma

169

poeziam xelovnebis sasargeblod daZlia poeziisadmi utili-taruli midgoma da saleqso kulturis done dasavlur stan-dartebs SeuTanada~ (doiaSvili 2009: 27). akvirdeba ra qarTu-li modernistuli poeziis kidev erTi frTis – simbolistebis moRvaweobas, bela wifuria marTebulad SeniSnavs: qarTvelma poetma-simbolistebma, `cisferyanwelebma~, miznad daisaxes da ganaxorcieles kidevac erTi sakmaod ambiciuri amocana: `saqarTvelos, rogorc modernizmis kulturuli centris pozicionireba. amiT, cxadia, isini uars acxadebdnen mieRoT saqarTvelos, rogorc periferiis (rusul imperiul cen-trTan mimarTebiT), modeli, rac, cxadia, saukuneze metxans kolonizebul qveyanaSi moqmedi modeli iyo. Ppaolo iaSvilis `pirvelTqmaSive~ gaismis ganacxadi: `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris parizi~ (iaSvili 1916: 4), rac niS-navs, rom imperiuli modelis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturul centrad ar aRiareben sankt-peterburgs an moskovs, aseTad aRiareben evropul centrs, parizs, da amiT icvlian kultu-rul konteqsts da kolonialur statuss. Tumca ùwmindes qveyanad~ – poeziis sakralur adgilad swored saqarTvelo cxaddeba~ (wifuria 2012 : 177).

20-30-ian wlebSi, qarTuli modernizmi, sabWoTa cenzuris basri celis miuxedavad (lev trockis iniciativa), jer kidev inarCunebs saukunis dasawyisSi (1905-1920 w.w.) adaptirebul modernistul principebs da avlens Tanaziarobas saerTa-Soriso literaturul procesTan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sagrZnoblad globaluri xdeba: XX saukunidan dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis urTierToba scdeba oden èrTmaneTis aR-moCenis~ fazas da inacvlebs èrTmaneTis aRiarebis~ fazaSi – Rrmavdeba kulturaTaSorisi dialogi; msoflio literatu-ruli procesis gageba farTovdeba induri, iaponuri, Cinuri, mogvianebiT – afrikuli, afro-amerikuli, samxreT-amerikuli kulturebis mimarTulebiT. evropuli modernizmi uars ambobs tradiciul konceptualur CarCoebze, mis wiaRSi formireb-uli skolebi da mimdinareobebi aSkara keTilganwyobas iCenen aRmosavluri kulturisa da literaturis mimarT: mwerlebi

170

mogzauroben aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, Targmnian, ecnobian, esesxebian siuJetebs. rac Seexeba evropuli literaturuli tradiciis gamovlinebas aRmosavlur kulturul zonaSi, nikolai konradis sagulisxmo dakvirvebiT, es procesi ìm formebsac avlens, romlebiTac es gamoCena xorcieldeboda~ (konradi 1972 : 320). `gamoCenis~ mTavar formad ki konradi enas miiCnevs: evropuli literaturebis `SeWra~ aRmosav-luri literaturebis zonaSi xorcieldeboda aRmosavleli avtorebis mier calkeuli evropuli enebisa da literature-bis zedmiwevniTi codnis xarjze (hasegava fTabaTei, Cubou-ti Soo, mirza malkolmi, zein al-abedini da sxv.). aRmosav-luri kultura da mwerloba yuradRebiT usmens dasavlurs: ixsenebs ra òTx martosul stambolel mwerals~ (Tanfinars, iahia qemals, abdulhaq Sinas hisars da reSaT eqrem qoCus), orhan famuqi wers: `Tavis droze yvela es mwerali dabr-mavebuli iyo dasavluri, ZiriTadad, franguli literatu-riT da dasavluri xelovnebiT... franguli literaturiT da mTlianad dasavluri xelovnebiT gatacebis Sedegad am mwerlebma dasavluri maneriT wera daiwyes da ukan dasaxevi gza aRar daitoves... frangulma literaturam maT ara marto Tanamedrove Sexedulebebi, aramed utyuarobis, TviTmyofa-dobisa da sinamdvilisaken swrafva STaagona~ (famuqi 2012: 168-169). cxadia, famuqi aqve araerTgzis miuTiTebs prob-lemebze, romlebic aRmosavleli avtorebis mier malarmes, verlenis, goties, Jidis, prustis da, maSasadame, dasavluri literaturuli kanonis miRebas mosdevda da gansakuTrebiT mwvaved miiCnevs `ganxeTqilebas~, romelic arsebobda weris dasavlur manerasa da òriginalur~ aRmosavlel mwerlad darCenis realobas Soris, magram faqti jiutia: ori samyaro erTmaneTs uaxlovdeboda. am fonze zedmiwevniT kargad re-alizda qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis esoden organuli tole-rantuloba rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri kulturis mimarT.L ukve daZleuli kulturuli gamocdilebidan gamom-dinare, qarTveli avtorebisTvis sirTules ar warmoadgenda warsulis praqtikasTan dabruneba (XVI-XVIII saukuneebi). amis

171

erT-erT dadasturebas warmoadgens tician tabiZis cnobi-li fraza, romelic qarTuli modernizmis erT-erT slo-ganad iqca: `hafizis vardi me prudomis Cavde vazaSi // be-sikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs~ (tabiZe 2007: 63). Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT, rom hafizi XIV saukunis iraneli poetia, prudomi – XIX saukunis frangi poeti – `parnaseli~, besiki – XVIII saukunis qarTveli poeti, ganTqmuli aRmosav-luri saleqso formisadmi misi simpatiiT, xolo bodleri – TvalsaCino frangi poeti, simbolisti, modernisti, ti-cian tabiZis frazis interpretacia, romelic gaJRenTilia goeTes `aRmosavlur-dasavluri divanis~ suliskveTebiT, did sirTules aRar warmoadgens. dasavleTisa da aRmosav-leTis Sexvedra sakmaod mZlavrad refleqsirdeba ioseb griSaSvilis poeziaSic: griSaSviliseuli qalaquri teqsti aSkarad ganicdis aRmosavluri saleqso formis zegavlenas da am TvalsazrisiT axdens qarTuli romantizmisaTvis niSan-doblivi qalaquri teqstis rekonstruqcias. qarTuli kul-turisa da literaturisaTvis ar iyo Zneli Cabruneba ori-entalur sunTqvaSi.

Aase Tu ise, qarTuli modernizmi Tavisi siRrmiT, subi-eqtivizmiT, saazrovno da stiluri sazRvrebis gaxsnilobiT seriozul saSiSroebas warmoadgens sabWoTa ideologiuri sistemisaTvis. miuxedavad misi gariyvisa sabWoTa ideolo-gebis mier, ugulebelyofisa da uaryofisac ki, XX saukunis TiTqmis 20-iani wlebis bolomde, qarTuli modernizmi rCeba msoflio literaturuli procesebis wiaRSi da SeigrZnobs mis majiscemas.

aranaklebi safrTxe Seuqmna sabWoTa kultur-politikas avangardma. Amiuxedavad imisa, rom avangardma uari Tqva ma-Rali modernizmisaTvis niSandobliv `sulier problemaTa, eqsistenciur mimarTebaTa mTel sistemaze~ (wifuria 2008: 262), is aqtiurad realizda gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis eqs-perimentul modelebSi. qarTuli avangardi, warmodgenili uaRresad niWieri da saintereso avtorebiT (simon Ciqovani, nikoloz Sengelaia da sxv.), mxatvrul-esTetikur naTesao-

172

bas amJRavnebda avangardis dasavlur modelTan da, amavdros, TanaugrZnobda rusul avangards (magaliTad, iziarebda za-umuri enis koncefcias). cxadia, avangardis rogorc qarTu-li, ise rusuli modelebi generirebuli iyo evropuli avan-gardis wiaRSi, TumcaRa arcTu umniSvnelo rols TamaSobda teritoriuli siaxlove da mwerlebs Soris gaaqtiurebuli piradi kontaqtebi*. qarTuli avangardi, msgavsad evropuli avangardisa, warmoadgenda mxatvrul reaqcias CixSi moqce-ul kulturul, ekonomikur da politikur procesebze; is Tayvans scemda urbanizacias, industriul progress da ma-terialur Rirebulebebs, nergavda agresiasa da ngrevis energias – oms kacobriobis erTaderT higienad acxadebda (marineti). literaturis `Cafiqrebuli ganrideba, eqstazi da Zili~ Caanacvla ̀ dinamikam~, ̀ SeteviTma moZraobam~, ̀ qron-ikulma uZilobam~ da `saxifaTo naxtomma~. `politikuri da artistuli radikalizmis aliansi~ (pojioli 2011: 11), da-maxasiaTebeli evropuli avangardisTvis, gascda evropis sazRvrebs da myisierad moedo CrdiloeT da samxreT ameri-kas, iaponias. avangardma kidev erTxel mZlavrad agrZnobina qarTul mwerlobas saerTaSoriso literaturul moZra-obasTan Tanaziarobis gemo, esoden gansxvavebuli ukve mzar-di, sabWouri ideologiis standartebSi Caketili socialis-turi realizmis momJavo gemosgan.

aseTi paTosisa da ganwyobis matarebeli modernizmi da avangardi, rogorc antisabWoTa diskursi, romelic gamoxa-tavda sabWoTa reJimisadmi negatiurad ganwyobil Semoqmed-Ta paToss, gamorCeuls Tavisufali ideologiuri pozici-iTa da arastandartuli literaturuli JanrebiT, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier principulad iqna gadanacvlebuli marginalur poziciaze, mis fonze ki dominantur modelad gamocxadda sabWoTa diskursi, gamovlenili, upiratesad, proletaruli da socrealisturi mwerlobisa da sabWoTa publicistikis saxiT.

* ix. b. wifuria, `cisferi yanwebi~ da avangardi // leqsmcodneoba IV, Tb., 2012.

173

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba davas-kvnaT: `ayvavebuli bolSevizmis~ xanaSi marginalobis gageba, iseve rogorc zogadad literaturuli viTareba, ormag standarts eqvemdebareba: diqotomia sabWoTa diskursi/antisabWoTa diskursi, Sesabamisad dominanturi/margina-luri gamoxatavs ara RirebulebaTa realur Skalas, aramed warmoadgens mwerlebis Semoqmedebisa da literaturuli procesis Sefasebas winaswar dadgenili ideologiuri kriteriumebiT:

a) antisabWoTa diskursi, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba warm-marTvel ideologiur kurss, sabWoTa ideologebis mier gamocxadebulia marginalur diskursad, mwerlebi ki an Tavad irCeven marginalis pozicias, anac emorCilebian mas iZulebis wesiT;

b) dominantur diskursad aRiarebulia sabWoTa diskur-si, vinaidan srulad Seesatyviseba ideologiur moTxovnebs, mwerlebi ki komfortulad grZnoben Tavs sabWoTa soci-aluri da kulturuli Teatris scenaze.

cxadia, am gziT SeuZlebelia marginalobis namdvili standartis SemuSaveba, vinaidan cnebis obieqturi gansazR-vrebis erTaderT gzad literaturuli procesis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi paradigmis Sefaseba gvesaxeba. sabWoTa diskursi xelovnurad, zemodan Seqmnili sistemaa, romelic ideologiuri dominantas poziciidan ewinaaRmdegeba margi-nalurad gamocxadebul antisabWoTa ritorikas. misgan gan-sxvavebiT, antisabWoTa diskursi, erTi mxriv, ganagrZobs qarTuli nacionaluri literaturis ganviTarebis bunebriv gzas, xolo, meore mxriv, warmoadgens mimdinare saerTaSo-riso evropuli da msoflio literaturuli procesebis adekvatur models. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davask-vnaT, rom saxezea RirebulebaTa Skalis xelovnuri defor-macia: is, rac Rirebulia, magram ideologiurad miuRebeli, gamocxadebulia marginalur diskursad, xolo is, rac ar aris Rirebuli, magram ideologiurad misaRebia – dominan-turad. samwuxarod, postrevoluciuri periodis qarTvel

174

(da ara marto qarTvel) mkiTxvelTa didi masa, upiratesad gaunaTlebeli da gulubryvilo, am `optikuri tyuilis~ msx-verplad iqceva, inteleqtualuri mkiTxvelebi ki, romelTa ricxvic SedarebiT mcirea, mkacrad daisjebian `akrZaluli gemovnebisa da survilebis gamovlenisaTvis~... Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobam, gadaafasa ra viTareba, sruliad sapirispiro daskvna gamoitana: 20-30-iani wlebis sabWoTa epoqis marginaluri literatura, xangrZlivi drois man-Zilze misi ugulebelyofis miuxedavad, Sefasda rogorc Sinagan logikaze dafuZnebuli da momaval literaturul perspeqtivebze orientirebuli literaturuli modeli – multiliteraturuli sivrcis organuli nawili, mis wiaRSi formirebuli literaturuli mimdinareobebis, Janrebisa da calkeuli teqsturi nimuSebis TvalsazrisiT.

TumcaRa, Sefasebam ramdenadme daagviana: postrevolu-ciur epoqaSi `sxvagvarad ganwyobili~ mwerlebi martivad cxaddebodnen `sabWoTa qveynis mtrebad~, xolo maTi xarisxi-ani, xSirad genialuri Semoqmedeba – antisaxelmwifoebriv moRvaweobad, rasac yovelTvis erTi dasasruli hqonda: dasja. da am mizeziT dasjil progresul, modernistuli da avangarduli frTis warmomadgenel qarTvel mweralTa sak-maod vrceli CamonaTvali SeiZleba gakeTdes. viTarebis tra-gizms aseT SemTxvevaSi qmnis ara marto calkeuli adamiane-bis bedis msxvreva, aramed literaturuli procesis mTliani paradigmis wyveta, rasac, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi kultu-ruli reabilitacia esaWiroeba. `TvalsaCinoa is faqti, rom avtoritetis mier nakarnaxevi pozitiuri normebis nebismi-eri darRveva daumorCileblobas warmoadgens da, Sesabami-sad, damnaSaveobas gulisxmobs (imisda miuxedavad, kargia TuU cudi es normebi TavisTavad), normebis amgvari darRveva nebismier avtoritarul situaciaSi fasdeba rogorc dana-Sauli. amis pirveli da mkafio magaliTi aris bunti avtori-tetis mier dadgenili wesrigis winaaRmdeg. daumorCilebloba `yvelaze saSineli codvaa, damjeroba – mTavari zneobrivi Rirseba~, – werda fromi (fromi 1998: 7).

175

mwerlebi midiodnen msxverplze, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom yvela sxva gza an kompromisi iyo, romelsac isini ver dauS-vebdnen, an arsebobis gaxangrZlivebis gaumarTavi meqanizmi. Sedegad, monuri sazogadoebis `idealuri tipis~ winaaRmdeg amboxebuli araerTi qarTveli Semoqmedi Segnebulad Sege-bebia daxvretas (mixeil javaxiSvili, tician tabiZe, kote ximSiaSvili), dapatimrebas (niko samadaSvili), emigracias (grigol robaqiZe), anac – TviTmkvlelobas (paolo iaSvili). problemis `gadaWris~ yvela es forma Sinaarsobrivad iden-turi iyo, gansxvavebas mxolod ganxorcielebis strategia qmnida. mwerali Tavad iyo tragikuli personaJi, romelic mxverplad ewireboda sakuTar principebs.

mwerlebis beds iziarebdnen progresulad moazrovne kritikosebi, romelTa ricxvic, mizezTa gamo, sakmaod mcire iyo (ase Seewira 1937 wlis represiebs vaxtang kotetiSvili).*

iZulebulni varT vaRiaroT, rom gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebis bolosTvis, xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli didi `politikuri wmendis~ Sedegad qarTuli literatura (iseve rogorc sxva sabWoTa qveynebis literaturebi) sruliad izolirebuli aRmoCnda saerTaSoriso literaturuli pro-cesisgan: qarTulma modernizmma da avangardma Sewyvites arseboba; qarTulma mwerlobam ver moaswro srulyofilad gadanacvleba eqsistencializmisa da `cnobierebis nakadis~ mwerlobis sibrtyeze; axalma, sabWoTa literaturulma ka-nonma Caanacvla universaluri kanoni da qarTuli litera-tura distancirda saerTaSoriso literaturul sivrcesTan.

Mmagram... es ar iyo bunebrivi mdgomareoba qarTuli li-teraturisTvis, romelic saukuneebis manZilze msoflio literaturuli rukis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda!** sa-Wiro reaqciamac ar daaxana: sazogadoebam iwyo gamosvla postrevoluciuri Sokidan, anu iwyo iZulebiTi adaptacia konteqstTan, Mmwerlebma ki `iswavles~ iribi gzebiT sarge-

* XX saukunis qarTuli kritikis istoria calke kvlevis Temaa da misi amom-wuravi analizi am etapze ar Seadgens Cvens amocanas.** ix. i. ratiani qarTuli literatura da msoflio literaturuli procesi. Suasaukuneebidan XX saukunemde // J. `Cveni mwerloba~, № 23, 2012.

176

bloba: totalitaruli politikuri mmarTveloba gardauval istoriul realobad Sefasda, xolo misgan Tavis daRweva – xangrZliv politikur procesad, romelsac `SemovliTi gze-biT~ unda dapirispireboda mwerloba. antisabWoTa litera-turuli diskursis es modeli niRbis efeqtiT muSaobda da konceptualurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc `iribad nasroli qvebis~ strategia; mwerlebi ibrZvian maT xelT ar-sebuli yvela iaraRiT – alegoriiT, satiriT, ironiiT, ab-surdiT; ibrZvian sakuTar teritoriaze da mis gareT – emig-raciaSi, Riad da iatakqveSeTSi. yvela gza efeqturia miznis misaRwevad, Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi mwerali Tavad aRar aris tragediis personaJi, aramed mxolod tragikosia, romelic cdilobs, miTisqmnadobis mZafri procesiT Caanacvlos realoba.

sagulisxmoa, rom satira da iumori, romlebic sabWoTa diqtaturis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli inteleqtualuri brZo-lis erT-erT yvelaze marjve iaraRi gaxda, jer kidev XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze iqceva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi qarTveli avtoris – daviT kldiaSvilis mwerlobis mTavar berketad. kldiaSviliseuli iumori TiTqmis yovelTvis war-moadgenda dramatulis, daZabulis, xSirad tragikulis es-Tetikur ukufenas: XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe mwerlis teqstebSi, gamwvavebuli poli-tikuri qaosisa da socialuri siduxWiris fonze, iumorma parodirebis TiTqmis Suasakuneobrivi siRrme (rable, ser-vantesi) da amaRorZinebeli (dakargul RirebulebaTa) funq-cia SeiZina. daviT kldiaSvilma SeZlo sicilis orgemage bune-bis realizeba – sicilisa sakuTar ususurobaze da sicilisa garesamyaroze, rasac dramatizmis mZime elferi dahkravda. anton Cexovis msgavsad, sevdianad momRimarma kldiaSvilma adamianis ara sikvdili, aramed cxovreba aqcia tragediad!

`igi swored Seecodeboda kacs, TviT ambavi sasacilo rom ar yofiliyo~, – wers qarTveli klasikosi, daviT kldiaSvi-li Tavis moTxrobaSi `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ da am for-muliT gamoxatavs mTeli qarTuli mwerlobis mimarTebas

177

iumoris xerxTan. `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ am mimarTebis warmatebuli mxatvruli implikaciaa. siuJeti TiTqosda ba-naluria: gaRaribebuli aznauri, romelic Zlivs axerxebs sakuTari ojaxis rCenasa da gamokvebas, Tavzardacemulia qvrivi mamis gadawyvetilebiT, SeirTos coli! mama da Svili erT saxlSi, erT WerqveS cxovroben da iyofen im mcireds, rac gaaCniaT. magram mamis gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba erT-baSad daarRvios es harmonia: gamoricxuli ar aris, rom ma-mis axalma colma bavSvi gaaCinos, xolo bavSvi ara marto Zma iqneba mTavari personaJisTvis, aramed – memkvidreobis moci-lec! memkvidreobis Tema, qarTuli literaturuli narati-vis originalur fabulas – is sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania yvela xalxisa da epoqis literaturebisaTvis, gansxvavebasK ki mwerlis mizandasaxuloba, ostatoba da SemoqmedebiTi Se-saZleblobebi qmnis: siuJeti an banalur doneze darCeba, anac Zlier fsiqologiur da emociur muxts SeiZens da sa-mudamod aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi. Cvens konkre-tul SemTxvevaSi avtori ori arCevanis winaSe dgas: 1. maqsi-malurad gaamuqos ferebi da dramatizmiT datvirTos Tavisi personaJebis isedac autaneli yofis suraTi; 2. aRmoaCinos dramatulSi komikuri da gardaqmnas igi Tavdacvis meqaniz-mad. daviT kldiaSvili meore gzas irCevs: momavali dedinac-vlis SerCevas potenciuri geri iTavebs da Seudgeba Ziebis rTulsa da tragikomikur gzas. tragikomikurobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom personaJi miznad daisaxavs, moZebnos, sul mcire, orjer ganaTxovari qali, romelsac wina qorwinebebSi Svili ar hyolia da, Sesabamisad, verc mis mamas mianiWebs am bednierebas! rom ara komikuri anturaJi, romelic warmoad-gens ambis birTvs – orjer ganaTxovari da uSvilo qali (par-odia rainduli romanebis maZiebel personaJebze) – es ambavi iqneboda kidev erTi mosawyeni aRwera im tragikuli soci-aluri kataklizmebisa, romlebsac adgili hqonda saqar-TveloSi XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi.

es mizandasaxuloba – komikuris aRmoCena dramatulSi da dramatuli situaciis iumoriT SeniRbva – rac axasiaTebda

178

qarTul mwerlobas da rasac daviT kldiaSvilma mxatvruli asaxvis meTodis saxe SesZina, gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebidan, rodesac saqarTvelo sabWoTa terorma moicva. iumori diqtaturis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli inteleqtualuri brZolis erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur iara-Rad iqca da safuZvlad daedo iseTi specifikuri literatu-ruli Janrebis formirebasa da damkvidrebas, rogorebicaa sabWoTa satiruli drama, satiruli romani, iumoristuli moTxroba, novela, feletoni. satirisa da iumoris gamoye-neba postrevoluciur literaturaSi zneobrivi da eTikuri Rirebulebebis Ziebisa da aRmoCenis mcdelobad SeiZleba Sefasdes, eklian gzad, romelic totalitaruli reJimis ju-rRmulebidan moiklakneba da gzas ikvlevs daSinebuli ada-mianebis gulebisaken. amis naTeli magaliTia p. kakabaZis pi-esa `yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1929 w.).

1929 wels, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebidan sul raRac rva wlis Semdeg, mwerali da dramaturgi poli-karpe kakabaZe aqveynebs cnobil piesas `yvaryvare TuTaberi~, riTac sagonebelSi agdebs axladfexadgmuli sabWoTa mTav-robis mesveurebs. piesaSi moTxrobilia usaqmuri, mSiSara, gaunaTlebeli da eSmaki kacis, yvaryvare TuTaberis `re-voluciuri~ Tavgadasavali umokles droSi, sabWoTa wes-wyobilebis damyarebis pirvel TveebSi: yvaryvare xan mefis xelisuflebis momxrea, xan droebiTi mTavrobis warmomad-genelia da xanac – bolSevikebis mxardamWeri. mis pozicias yovelTvis erTi principi gansazRvravs: vin aris xelisuf-lebis saTaveSi? TuU xelisuflebis saTaveSi mefea, maSin yvar-yvare misi erTgulia, TuU droebiTi mTavrobaa – yvaryvare mis jars meTaurobs, xolo Tu bolSevikebma gaimarjves – yvaryvare maTi amxanagia. axalgazrda sabWoTa cenzura uki-duresad daabnia piesis iumoristulma xasiaTma: scenebi ga-JRenTilia komikuri situaciebiT, dialogebi – absurduli, daujerebeli `logikiT~, personaJebi karikaturuli da xSi-rad hiperbolizebulia. piesa, erTi mxriv, iyo politikurad umwifari, `axali droebisaTvis~ mentalurad moumzadebeli, briyvi, mliqvneli adamianisa da misTanebis gaSarJeba, rac

179

savsebiT misaRebi iyo sabWoTa kritikisaTvis, xolo, meore mxriv – mocemuli garemosa da misi mkvidrebis satirul-groteskuli dacinva, rasac aRar CaeWida sabWoTa cenzura teqstis iumoristuli ganwyobilebis gamo. iumorma pirve-lad Seasrula ideologiisagan damcavi meqanizmis mxatvru-li funqcia! dRes, TiTqmis aswliani gadasaxedidan, sav-sebiT cxadia piesis avtoris mizani: yvaryvare im amazrzeni da miuRebeli Tvisebebis simbiozia, romlebic arasodes war-moiqmneba normalur sazogadoebaSi, aramed mxolod iseTSi, romelic ideologiuri wnexis qveSaa moqceuli. yvaryvare ga-remo-pirobebis, am SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa reJimis uSualo na-yofia, tragediaa, ubedurebaa, romelsac verasodes da verc erTi diqtatoruli mmarTveloba ver daaRwevs Tavs, xolo yvaryvarizmi – nonkonformistebis mier dasaZlevi barieria*.

totalitarizmis Cixidan gamosavals mxolod nonkon-formistebi pouloben im istoriuli garantiiT, rom WeS-mariti literaturuli saxeebis gadarCenas ukiduresad tiranul viTarebaSic ki ar emuqreba safrTxe, vinaidan Ri-rebuls gadaarCens dro da ara calkeuli adamianebis neba-survili, rogori warmatebuli diqtatorebic ar unda iyvnen isini. arsebobs istoriuli gamocdileba, romelic gvafrTxi-lebs: Rirebuli literatura, diqtaturis pirobebSi iqmneba is, Tu liberaluri politikisa, erTnairad emyareba Tavisu-fal azrovnebas, romelic mxolod sakuTar TavTan WidilSi gamomuSavdeba. diqtaturis, rogorc damatebiTi winaRobis pirobebSi es ufro rTuli amocanaa, liberaluri politi-kis pirobebSi – SedarebiT advili, magram nebismier SemTx-vevaSi ekliani arCevania: konteqsti gansazRvravs mxolod raodenobas da ara xarisxs. bolSevikurma terorma Seiwira ara marto calkeuli mwerlebis sicocxle, aramed bevri idea, Canafiqri, dauwereli teqsti. es iyo ararealizebuli Semoq-medebiTi proeqtebis epoqa, romelic aucileblad unda Secv-liliyo poststalinur realobaSi.

* `mware iumori~ qarTuli mwerlobis sabWoTa periodis SedarebiT gviandel etapebzec iCens Tavs iseTi cnobili avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi, rogorebic arian: nodar dumbaZe, revaz inaniSvili, rezo WeiSvili.

180

damowmebani:

doiaSvili 2012: doiaSvili T. `igi, Tanamgzavri, xSirad meCveneba~. wg-

Si: galaktionologia, VII. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcem-

loba, 2012.

iaSvili 1916:

konradi 1972: Конрад, Н. И. “К вопросу о литературных связах”. В кн: Запад и восток. Москва: Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1972.

pojioli 2011: Poggioli, R. The Theory of the Avant-Garde. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachudetts London, England, 2011.

ratiani 2010a: ratiani i. teqsti da qronotopi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis

universitetia gamomcmeloba, 2010.

tabiZe 2007: tabiZe t. “L’art Poetique”. wg-Si: cisferyanwelebi. 100 leqsi.

Tbilisi: inteleqti, 2007.

famuqi 2012: famuqi o. stamboli – mogonebebis qalaqi. Tbilisi: 2012.

fromi 1998: fromi e. avtoritaruli sindisi. Tbilisi: logosi, 1998.

wifuria 2008: wifuria b. `postmodernizmi~. wg-Si: literaturis Teo-

ria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinare-

obebi. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

wifuria 2010: wifuria b. `modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTvelo-

Si~. wg-Si: qarTuli literature modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze.

Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.

wifuria 2012: wifuria b. `cisferi yanwebi~ da avangardi~. wg-Si: leqsm-

codneoba. IV. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2012.

wiqariSvili 2001: wiqariSvili l. `siwmindeTa desakralizeba, rogorc

gansaxovnebis erT-erTi aspeqti mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebis~

mixedviT~. kr.: literaturuli meditaciebis samyaroSi. Tbilisi: 2001.

181

manana kvaWantiraZe

neorealizmis dasavluri modeli da

qarTuli liberaluri diskursi

termini `neorealizmi~, rogorc samuSao termini, Tana-medrove qarTul literaturasTan mimarTebaSi moicavs poststalinur qronotopSi – 50-70-iani wle bis sabWoTa ideologiur da sociokulturul sivrceSi damkvidrebul im mso flmxedvelobriv da formalur siaxleebs, romleb-mac bevrwilad gan saz Rvres saxelovnebo, maT Soris, lite-raturis sivrcis specifika – konfigu racia da faqtura – da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi istoriis xangrZliv pers-peqtivaSi. erTis mxriv, Sida politikur-ideologiurma pro-cesebma, meores mxriv ki e. w. `rkinis fardis” Camoxsnam gza misca sxvadasxva tipis informaciuli nakadebis moZraobas da qarTul kulturul-inteleqtualur sivrceSi dasavluri filosofiis, literaturisa da xelovnebis adeqvatur xed-vasa da recefcias.

50-iani wlebidan mokidebuli qarTUli mwerloba did Za-lisxmevas axmars sabWoTa ideologiuri konuqturis, mis mier danergili Rirebulebebis aSkara Tu farul uaryofas da ase TandaTan, bunebriv kalapots ubrunebs literaturis ganviTarebis magis tralur nakads. es etapi literaturis ganviTarebisa xasiaTdeba: socialistur realizmTan da uk on-fliqtobis TeoriasTan dapi rispirebiT, mniSvnelovani Tema-turi da kon cep tualuri siaxleebiT, formisa da masalis damakavSirebeli axali gzebis ZiebiT, teqstis saz Rvre bisa da Txrobis SesaZleblobaTa gafarToebiT, mxat vru li met y-velebis axali formebis damkvidrebiT.

mwerlobis winaSe wamoWrilma seri ozulma problemebma gansxvavebuli temperamentis, msoflSegrZnebisa da Semoq-medebiTi pozicias axalgazrda prozaikosebi gaaerTiana: guram rCeuliSvili, guram gegeSiZe, oTar CxeiZe. arCil

182

sulakauri, erlom axvlediani, nodar dumbaZe, rezo WeiS-vili, otia ioseliani, Tamaz WilaZe, revaz inaniSvili, nodar wuleiskiri, vova sixa ruliZe, guram fanjikiZe, Wabua amire-jibi, oTar WilaZe, guram doCanaSvili, jemal qarCxaZe, Tamaz bibiluri da sxvebi.

maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdi guram rCeuliS-vils. ara imitom, rom is ar moswrebia Tavisi Taobis `xmis dawmendas~ da 1960 wlis tragikuli Sem Txvevis gamo ukve literaturis istoriis kuTvnilebad iqca, aramed imitom, rom, dReandeli gadasaxedidan, mis prozaSi yvelaze Zli-erad igrZnoba im viTarebis Seuferebloba adamianisTvis, romelic mas sakuTar pirovnul `me~-ze uaris Tqmasa da mxo-lod `didi faris nawilad~ Tavis SegrZnebas karnaxobs. ig-rZno Tavisufleba-Tanas worobis konceptebis radikaluri SeuTavsebloba da am safrTxis uaryofiTi per speqtiva – ga-dagvareba, aTqvefa, mospoba. g. rCeuliSvilma gadalaxa ar-sebuli literaturuli kliSeebis sapirwoned aRmocenebu-li is zomiereba da erTgvari simartivec, romelsac misi Taobis literaturuli talanti moxmarda da rome lic axali realobis asaxvisas arasakmarisi gamocdilebiTa Tu uneblie siyal bis SiSiT iyo nasazrdoebi. ideologiurad jer isev moumzadebel garemoSi man daiwyo iseTi literaturuli sa-xeebisa da modelebis ageba, problemaTa im ri gis damuSave-ba, romelTa Rrma da yovlismomcveli gaazrebis obieqturi sare alizacio garemoc mxolod ori-sami aTwleulis Semdeg Camoyalibda (àla verdoba~, ìuloni~, `SaSas revolucia~, ìrina da me~ da sxv.). am azriT, SeiZ leba iTqvas, rom g. rCeu-liSvili àdamianis filosofiis~ literaturuli èqs teri-o riza ciis~ safuZvleb Tan dgas.

axali kulturul-cnobierebiTi realobidan gamomdina-re, qarTuli mwerlobis Temad iqceva adamianis poziciuri aramdgradoba samyaroSi, misi gare da Sida sivrceebis Rrma konfliq turoba, pirovnebis Sidafsiqikuri struqtu rebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi, mokled, sakiTxTa da problema-Ta is wre, romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia egzistenci-

183

alizmisaTvis. `cnobierebis filosofia~ qarTul ma lit-eraturam sakuTriv erovnul problemebTan erTiano baSi gaiazra da dasavlur egzistencializmTan mimarTebaSi es faqtori mis ganmasxvavebel niS nad Camoyalibda. am periodi-dan mokidebu li, egzistenci aliz mis problematika da kon-ceptebi, met-naklebi siRrmiTa da nairgvari modi fika ci-ebiT, da rac mTa varia, qarTuli specifikiTa da aqcentebiT, mTlianad faravs 50-80-iani wlebis kulturul-saazrovno sivrces.

Tuki process saerTo kulturuli rekonstruqciis WrilSi ganvixilavT1, mas bunebrivad Tan axlavs humanis-tur-liberaluri diskursis gaZliereba. mwerloba axdens humanizmis, Tanas worobis, Tavisuflebis sabWo urad gaaz re-buli koncep te bis gadaazrebas, binaruli opoziciis wevrTa Soris im balansis aRdgenas, romelic xangrZlivi droiT waiSala sabWour RirebulebaTa sistemis Zaladobrivi dam-kvidrebis procesSi. aqve, Zalze zogadad, unda vaxsenoT egzistencialisturi konceptebisadmi qarTuli Semoqme-debiT azrovnebis mimarTebis, Cveni azriT, ramdenime dama-xasiaTebeli niSani:

pirve li: adamianis moZraobisa da Tavisuflebis ideebi-sadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi, romelic pirdapir daukav-Sirda sazogadoebis yvelaze arsebiT sulikveTebas. qarTu-li mwerloba samyaroSi yofnas gaiazrebs, rogorc moqmedebas da moZraobas (`erTaderTi, rac adamians saSualebas aZlevs icxovros, moqmedebaa~ (sartri 2006: 45).

meore: franguli egzistencializmis msgavsad, igi ar aRiarebs instinqtebs `mes~ problemebis pirvelmizezad da uars ambobs mxolod biologiuri faqtoriT, kerZod, libi-doTi axsnas adamianuri cnobierebis determinirebuloba.

yofierebis afsurduloba, rogorc egzistencializmis umTavresi koncepti, naklebaqcentirebulad, magram peri-odulad mainc iWreba qar Tul mwerlobaSi. cxadia, mas ver eqneboda iseTi masStabebi, rogorc evropul cnobierebaSi da amis erT-erT mizezad, mwerlobis tradi cias Tan erTad,

184

qarTuli msoflaRqma da xasiaTi unda davasaxeloT. gasaT-valis winebelia 50-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli realobac: faru li brZolisa da dapirispirebis reJimi (g.asaTianma mas `daWimuli simi” uwoda), romelic am dros, ukve meramdened, xelaxla iwyebs Camoyalibebas, krZalavs yovelgvar modunebasa da uimedobas brZolis wina xazze (asaTiani 2003: 198)

g. rCeuliSvils `samyaroSi yofna~ esmis, rogorc moZ-raoba, romelsac warmarTavs `vne bis simZafre~. gurami mas konkretul konceptad moiazrebs _ Senebad (`vnebis simZafre SenebaSia...~) da ara `tkbobad~ anu Wvretad (`...da ara aSe-nebuliT tkbobaSi...~).

egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, zogadi yofiereba `mes” yofierebad mxo lod warsulis meSveobiT iqceva (kuznecovi 1969: 100-105). warsuli, istoria aris substancia, arsi. rCe-uliSvilTan `did droSi” Senaxuli sazrisebi swored war-sulis gamocdilebis saxiT avlenen Tavs (g. rCeuliSvilis ùsaxelo ufliscixeli~, àla ver doba~). xsovna warmodgeba, rogorc cnobierebis matricis safuZveli, misi faqturis umniSvnelovanesi, am SemTxvevaSi – CamoSlili nawili. cno-bierebis `totalur gaglejas~ warmosaxvis gziT, istoriaSi SeWras swored mexsierebis aRdgenis (Canacvlebis, struq-turis res tav raciis) funqcia akisria. warmosaxvis sivrce-Si alaverdis istoriul-kulturuli xatis SemoWriT xdeba didi da mcire droebis Sexvedra. àlaverdobis~ gmiri Tana-medroveobas aRiqvams rogorc qaoss, kulturul destruq-cias. qaosis mowesrigeba ki, adamianis filo sofiis, Tanax-mad, potenciuradaa Cade buli cnobierebis intenciurobaSi, rogorc yofierebis cvlilebisa da ganviTarebis piroba. genetikur-kul turul garemos Tan adamianis aracnobieri fsiqosomaturi kavSiris safuZvelze xorcieldeba isto-riasTan, rogorc yofierebasTan Sexvedris aqti. usicoc x-lo da uenergio sivrceSi Semotanili istoriis, xsovnis, siZ-velis konceptebi aRadgenen Sromis, kulturis, mSvenierebis daviwyebul etalons. pirovnebis kerZo gamocdileba gada-

185

izrdeba adamianis, sazogadoebis zogad samoqmedo formulaSi – `vnebis siZafre SenebaSia da ara aSenebuliT tkbobaSi~...

am periodis qarTuli prozis gansakuTrebuli Semoq-medebiTi interesis sagnad iqceva `situaciis~ egzistenci-aluri siRrmeebis gaxsna, asaxva yofierebis im momentebisa, romlebic TavisTavad atareben `SiSvel filosofiur muxts~. situacia Tavi suflebis toposia (g. rCeuliSvilis ìulo-ni~, àla verdoba~, g. gegeSiZis `SurisZieba~, àprili~, a. su-lakauris `luka~ da sxv.). mis sivrceSi araferia gaCerebuli, statikuri, yvelaferi xdomi le baa, gamovlineba da TavisCe-naa. personaJi mZafrad, gamaxvilebulad aRiqvams xdomile-ba-toposis Sinagan moZraobas, mis gansxvavebul ritmebs. am moTxrobaTa egzis tencialisturi personaJebi cnobierebis mousvenrobiT, `vermiRweulis vnebiT SepyrobilobiT~ da misi Tanamdevi àmboxebebiT~ swored Tavisufali arCevanis subieqtur nebas axorcieleben.

g. rCeuliSvili arCevanis Tavi suflebis srul gamoxa-tulebas, upirvelesad, weris aqtSi xe d avs. am gziT igi Sina-gan gamocdilebad gardaqmnis cxovrebis meqanikur determi-nacias, qmnis ambavs, romelic àklia samyaros~. Sesa bami sad, weris procesi misTvis, erTis mxriv, yofierebasTan Sexved-ra, sasje li da determinaciaa: ìsev dameca Tavze Cemi boro-ti wera~ (Sdr.: Tavisuflebis sar triseul gansazRvrebas: àdamians misjili aqvs Tavi sufleba~ (sartri 2006: 34); meores mxriv ki Zalauflebis nebis demonstrireba da Zalauflebis diskursia ( amaze qvemoT).

TamaSi srulyofili Tavisuflebaa. rogorc Cans, rCeu-liSvilis gansa kuT rebuli interesi dramisadmi gamowveu-lia dramis specifikiT, sadac ambavi ki ara, swored `moq-medeba iqceva Txrobis obieqtad~ (barti 1986: 135). ìulonSi~ avtoris nebisa da Tavisuflebis (=Zalauflebis) demontri-reba eqsperimentis sa x es atarebs da gamoxatavs avtoris su-liskveTebas: Semoitanos literaturaSi axa li saxe meamboxe axalgazrda kacisa, romelic sxvisi gamocdilebis gamziare-beli ki araa, aramed Tavadaa mZebneli gamocdilebisa, gzebi-sa, pasuxe bisa, Tavadaa Semkrebi cnobiereba.

186

aseTi eqsperimenti 50-iani wlebis literaturul gare-moSi, cxadia, ideologiur-kulturul qveteqstze garkveul miniSnebebsac Seicavs, maT So ris: `moTvinierebis~ winaaR-mdeg dawyebul, qarTuli mwerlobis xangrZli v da uSeRavaTo brZolas; termin `literaturuli gmirisa~ da sociokultu-ruli garemos urTierTSeuTavseblobas (guramis zogierTi personaJi, am azriT, jer isev Seesabameba gmiris terminolo-giur mniSvnelobas); da rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, adamiansa da re Jims (farTo gagebiTac – realoba, adamianis yofiereba, rogorc `reJimi~ da de ter minacia) Soris mZafri konfliqturobis Cvenebas.

`axali~ da `Tanamedrove~ rCeuliSvilTan gaiazreba glo-balurad, msoflio literaturis tendenciaTa konteqstSi da amavdroulad, fxizlad da kritikulad aramxolod sab-WoTa, aramed dasavluri literaturis mimarTac: `mTeli am saukunis lite ra tura... melanqoliiTaa gaJRenTili... msof-lioSi, Cemi azriT, arsebobs axla ori saxis melanqolia – dasavlur-evropuli, ameriki TurT, da sabWouri. iqiT sati-ra mTlianad Secvala uazro anglobam, uStrixo xum robam da ugrZnobo azrma, saidanac yovel nabijze sruliad daufara-vad ipareba sa Sineli sicariele, daRliloba, umweoba... meo-re saxis melan qoliaa game febuli sabWoTa kavSirSi, aq Ziri-Tadi masa aRtacebulia ukiduresobamde yvelafriT... rac SeiZleba meti aRtaceba! aseTia lozun gi – rom erTi mainc ar Cavardes melanqoliaSi, Torem gadasdebs sxvas... melanqo-likebSi Sedis xalxi, romelic ar yviris, romelic azrovnebs – yvelaze Seuwynarebelia es sityva da, me mgoni, orive banak-isTvis ... xelovnebis moRvaweTa saxeze da maTi nawarmoebis gmirTa aRnagobaSi gaqra yvelaze Zlieri adamianuri, drama-tuli, artistuli elementi, damaxasiaTebeli didi xelovnebi-saTvis, saxelmwifo moRvawisTvis, literaturisTvis – Rrma ukmayofilebis gamomxatavi tanjva (скорбъ)... ucnaurad Cai-Sala da dawvrilmanda es dide buli grZnoba – siamaye, скорбъ, igi Secvala... ukmayofilebis ierma da am ieris gau Tavebelma dacinvam... ikar geba siamaye da pativiscema, gamowveuli er Ti

187

pirov nebisadmi; sru liad ikargeba arenidan filosofia (anu, rogorc gurami sxvagan ambobs, `Zalauflebis diskursi~ – m.k.), rogorc calke mec niereba, misi uki duresi daqucmacebis gamo; ispoba monoliTuri azrov neba, monoliTuri pirov neba – cocxali Tu xelovnebis gmiri... Cemi mogzauroba tardeba, sabednierod Tu samwuxarod, adamianTa vnebebis im nawilSi, sadac aRtacebaa gamefebuli, mudmivad horizontis siSore-ze myofi komunizmis saxe liT...~ (rCeuliSvili 2007, 5: 418-420).

rogorc cnobilia, mTxrobelis legitimaciis da teq-stis avtorobis problema 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan mZafri Teoriuli dis kusiebisa da spekulaciebis sagani xdeba dasavlur literaturaSi. mxed velobaSi gvaqvs avtoris monoliTuri figuris, rogorc gamomsaxveli Semoq medebiTi sawyisis daSlis tendencia da teqstis anonimurobis Sesaxeb azris gaZliereba (baxtini Tvlis, rom àvtoris krizisis~ problema, `gmiris dakargva~, èsTetizmi, rome lic faravs sicarieles~ Tan axlavs sasicocxlo Zalebis naklebobas, sicoc xlis kriziss (baxtini 1979: 179). egzis tencializmSi, tendenciis doneze, ukve Cndeba dekonstruqciis avtorTa mier mogvianebiT Riad gamoTqmuli àvtoris sikvdilis~ pa-radigmaluri koncepti: `laparakobs ena. adamiani lapara-kobs imde nad, ramdenadac srulyofilad flobs am enas~ (haidegeri).

sabWoTa realobaSi daSlis tendencis mizezi gansxvave-bulia: igi avtoris nebaze reJimis mxridan pirdapiri wnexis Sedegia.

amave periodSi Seqmnili g. rCeuliSvilis literaturul-dokumenturi teqstebi am safrTxis gacnobierebisa da mas-Tan dapirispirebis saintereso mcdelobad SeiZleba gan-vixiloT: `Zalaufleba – ai, ra mindoda me da ris ananizmsac warmo ad gens CemTvis literatura – qalebis saqme.

sxva aris filosofia da dokumenturi nawerebi – es pirdapiri gzaa Zala uflebisaken~ (rCeuliSvili 2007, 5: 389). mwerloba misTvis Zalauflebis diskursis perver sire buli saxeobaa: aramamakacuri, Sesabamisad, uZluri da sevdian-sen-

188

timentaluri, `qaluri~ saqmianoba (`sevda – mudmivi da ziz-Ramde mosawyeni...~ (iqve).

g. rCeuliSvilis mTeli Semoqmedeba warmoadgens gana-cxads imaze, rom àv tori – es me var”. avtors uxdeba ara mxolod E`var~-is topikis funda menturi prob lemis daZ-leva, romelic me-20 saukunis filosofiuri azris mTa-var Tav satexad iqca, aramed naraciis procesSi avtoris uflebamosilebis sagan gebo xazgasmac.

gurami cdilobs SeaCeros daSlis procesi avtori-mTxrobelis warmosaxviTi xatis gaZlierebiT teqstSi. av-tori rCeuliSvilTan _ esaa avtoris axali tipi (ìrina da me~, ùsaxelo uflis cixeli~, `dRiuri~, `sikvdili mTebSi~, àlaverdoba~), personaJis struq turaSi realizebuli mTxrobeli, misi `me~-s `sxva~ saxe, realuri rCeuliSvilis alter ego teqstSi. amdenad, misi damokidebuleba Txrobis procesis mimarT erTd roulad orive tendenciis signalebs Seicavs: avtoris `me~-s ngrevis droiT motanil niSnebsac da misi gaZlierebis mcdelobebsac.

problemaTa am rigTan SesabamisobaSi TandaTan koncef-ciad yalibdeba misi SemoqmedebiTi amocanac: daamkvidros tradiciul-klasi kurisgan (moZRvris) Tu sabWoTa mwerlis statusisagan (ideologiuri lideri) gansxvavebuli mode-li, romlis saSualebiTac moaxdens adamianis Tavisuf lebis nebis demonstrirebas mwerlobis scenaze da qarTuli Rire-bulebaTa sistemis rekonstruqcias (amaze pirdapir lapa-rakobs dRiurebsa da pirad werilebSi). dokumentalizmisa da filosofiuri refleqsiis gaZlierebiT (g. rCeuliSvilis `sikvdili mTebSi~, ìuloni~, g. gegeSiZis `siSore~, èSmakis mosaxvevi~ da sxv.) gamoixata mwerlobis (mwerlis) Zalauf-lebis nebisa da Sesabamisad, avtoritetis gaZli erebis ten-dencia 50-60-iani wlebis literturaSi.

g. rCeuliSvili kidev ufro Sors midis. misi mizania, si-tyvis saSualebiT teqstSi Seitanos egzistencialuri struq-tura, misi esTetikuri eqvivalenti. mas surs, Tavisive teq-stis movleniTi yofierebis monawiled igrZnos Tavi, iyos

189

ara mxolod qvemdebare, aramed qvemdebare SemasmenelTan erTad, moqmedebis, movlenis ganmaxorcielebelic da TviT es moqmedebac da movlenac (ìuloni~).

rCuliSvilis faqiz intuicias ar epareba XX saukunis literaturis kidev erTi, Zalze mniSvnelovani siaxle: àra-sodes avtori ise axlos ar misula Tavis nawar moebTan, ro-go rc es Cvens epoqaSia...…~ (rCeuliSvili 2007, 5: 431). es àxlos misvla~ aris swo red teqstis ga Cenis aucilebeli piroba. teqsti am siaxloviTaa de ter minirebuli, misi nebiT iqsove-ba (maT YSoris, sxeulebrivi siaxloviTac weris procesSi) da Tavi suflebasTan erTad avtorsa da mis enas (cnobierebas) Soris am Si na gan determinaciasa da fsiqosomaturi mTli-anobis demonstrirebas axdens.

gulwrfelobis problemis gadaWra SemoqmedebiTi Ta-visuflebis prob lemasTan erTad am periodis mwerlobas idologiur-politikur memkvidre obad er go im aucileb-lobasTan erTad, romelic onTologiuradaa Cadebuli TviT SemoqmedebiT aqtSi. am konteqstSi, literaturas xedvis areSi pirvelad eqce va faqtisa da artefaqtis, Ta-maSi-gulwrfelobis paradoqsuli kavSiri. gul wrfeloba guramTan gaigeba, rogorc Sinagani Tavisuflebis sazomi; Semoq medebiTi gulwrfeloba ki – ro gorc am Tavi suflebis yvelaze srulyofili forma, metic, rogorc Zalauflebis nebis Ria da gamomwvevi demonstrireba.

avtoris `me~-s reprezentacia am periodis teqstebSi sxvadasxva gziT xorcieldeba:

avtori Semodis teqstSi, rogorc mTxrobeli da personaJi. dokumentalizmi, rogorc saTqmelis Tematizebis mxat-

vrul-esTetikuri meTodi, xels uwyobs mTxrobelis mkafio xatis Seqmnas teqstSi, amyarebs `me~-s, rogorc WeSmariti yofierebis legitimurobas. igi struqturulad aZlierebs avtoris sityvis realobas, xazs usvams mis `yofnas~ teqstSi.

50-iani wlebidan sxeuli yovelTvis TvalSisacem ad-gilzea, rogorc `me~-s despa ni, misi realurobisa da utyu-arobis argumenti. avtoris `me” gansakuT rebiT mkafio da

190

reliefuria, Sesabamisad, `xilvadia~ pirveli piriT dawe-ril moT xrobebSi. qceva, Jesti, sxeulis plastikis sagangebo xazgasma aCens aramarto `me~-s realurobis, damagrebulo-bis aRqmas, aramed niSanTa damatebiTi jgufebsac avtori-mTxrobelis Sinagani emociuri mdgomareobis aRsaniSnad. mokled, rogorc dokumentalizmi, ise sxeulis ena mwerlis Zalauflebis dis kursis gamaZlierebel struqturebs war-moadgenen. samive zemoaRniSnuli mxat vruli meTodi xels uwyobs `me~-s reprezentacias da e. w. `Self-is lite raturis~ damkvidrebas qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi.

avtoris problemasTan erTad, amave periodis sabWoTa sociokulturul sivr ceSi TandaTan aqtualizdeba teqstis Tavisuflebis problemac. garda maval eta pebze Tavisuf-lebis saxeliT irRveva avtori-teqsti-mkiTxvelis urTi er T-mi marTebaTa dadgenili sazRvrebi, myari Jan ruli kanonebi, litera turuli nor mebi, (`mdgrad~ istoriul periodebSi Tavisuflebis sazRvrebs pirdapir an ara pirdapir akontro-lebs politikuri diskursi). axali tenden ci ebi radi kalu-rad cvlis literaturaze mkiTxvelis warmodgenebsa da molodinebs. 50-ianelTa Se moqmedeba Tavisi mcdelo bebiT, gaafarTovos mTxro belis SesaZ leblobebi da Sesabamisad, teqstis saz Rvre bi, moiZios formisa da masalis damakav-Sirebeli axa li gzebi, amkvidrebs Secvlili kulturul-cnobierebiTi sivrcis Sesatyvis literaturul diskurss: erTmniSvnelovani personaJebis adgilas Cndebian Rrma da saintereso, rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTebi. qarTu-li da dasavluri mod ernistuli prozis tra dicia ganaxle-bul konteqstSi axal JReradobas iZens.

kontrastuli fsiqologiuri xasiaTebi opoziciur cno-bierebaTa dapi rispirebis WrilSi viTardeba arCil sula-kauris moTxrobaSi `talRebi napi risaken miiswrafian~ (1957). moqmedebis gaucxoebuli foni, simboluroba, dra matizmi, omis Tematikis saintereso gaazreba saetapo mniSvnelobas sZenda moT xrobas. 50-60-iani wlebis `fsiqologiuri rea-lizmi~ intersubieqturobis prob le misadmi gansakuTre-

191

bulma da Rrma dainteresebam ganapiroba. igi araa mimarTuli mxolod xasiaTis gaRrmavebisa da situaciis detalizaci-isaken. igi adamianis Sinagani Aarsis, yofierebasTan misi da-mo kidebulebis, adamianSi yofi erebis struqturis aRmoCe-nis gza da meTodia. vinaa `sxva~, rogorc Cems winaSe mdgomi Tavisufleba, rogorc momxre an mowinaaRmdege, sad gadis `meSi~ `sxvisi~ sazRvrebi? àdamiani mudam sakuTari Tavis gareT mdebareobs. zustad sakuTari Tavis proeqciiT da sa-kuTari Tavis gareT dakargviT, is arsebobs rogorc adamiani~ (sartri 2006: 60).

am periodis qarTul moTxrobisTvis swored es rakur-si aRmoCnda gansa kuTrebiT mimzidveli: ò, rogor mtanjavs es sxvis msgavseba da Tanac rogor minda, rom vgavde sxvas~ (rCeuliSvili 2007, 5: 420). axali Taoba interesdeba adami-anis sasicocxlo energetikiT, `me~-s mtafizikuri, egzis-tencialuri, nebelobiTi gamovlinebebiT. mwerlobis inten-siuri damuSavebis obieqti xdeba survilis egzistencialuri da fsiqologiuri buneba – rogorc ltolva da gaucxoveba erTdroulad, rogorc survilis obieqtis ngreva, uaryofa, mospoba. personaJebis problemad iqceva fsiqikis Sida struq-turebis paradoqsuli dinamiuri konfliqti da siyvarulis gancdis ambivalenturoba.

roca `mes~ cnobiereba `sxvis Tvis~ daxSulia, maSin ada-mianis moqmedeba destruqciuli xdeba da TviTngreviskenaa mimarTuli (rCeuliSvilis `baTareka WinWarauli~, `SaSas revolucia~, g. gegeSiZis èSmakis mosaxvevis~, `SurisZiebis~ peronaJebi). rCeuliSvilis moTxrobaSi `munji axmedi da si-cocxle~ siyvarulis dakargva iwvevs sicocxlis Caketvas sakuTar Sinagan usasrulobaSi, personaJi kargavs yofiere-basTan kavSirs da eufleba undoblobisa da imedgacruebis gancda yvelafris mimarT, rac mis gareTaa. `SaSas revolu-ciaSi~ (moTxroba mwerlis sicocxleSi ar gamoqveynebula) egzistencialuri destruqciulobis gaRvivebas xels uw-yobs masobrivi gamos vlebi. SaSas SeerTeba revoluciasTan, rogorc mxatvruli idea, didi albaTobiT, viTardeba im az-

192

robriv qveteqstTan SesabamisobaSi, rom revolucia yovel-Tvis ikrebs Tavis rigebSi marginalebs, sociokulturulad da fsiqologiurad ganuxorcielebel, tramvirebul ada-mianebs, Sesabamisad – SurismaZieblebs. sam ya ros simetri-ulobas (simetriis Tema – maT Soris, vfiqrob, sakuTriv eTikur opoziciaTa simetriulobisac – rogorc `SaSas revoluciis~ SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli, guramis seriozuli interesis sa gani iyo moTxrobaze muSaobis periodSi (rCeu-liSvili 2004: 291)). igi xifaTiT emuqreba am Temis wamoweva 50-iani wlebis bolos, sabWoTa ideologiur-kulturuli sivrcis daSlis dasawyis etapze warmoadgenda revolucis miTis – masebis socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgenisaken mi-marTuli moraluri `Semoqmedebis~ – kritikul gadaazrebas sazogadoebis moazrovne nawilis mier.

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic gardamavali periodebis literaturebis Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, sazRvrebis prob-lemaa. amjerad ar vgulixmobT arc geopolitikur sazRvre-bze sabWoTa adamianis warmodgenebs, arc mxolod lite-raturul gvarebsa da Janrebs Soris sazRvrebis cvlilebas, aramed zogadad sazRvris konceptis mimarT kacobriobis cnobierebis damokidebu le bas sxvadas xva istoriul-kul-turul etapze – dawyebuli samyaros, materiis sazRvrebze warmodgenidan, mwerlis Tavisuflebisa da enis (sityvis) SesaZleblobebis zRvariT damTavrebuli. baxtinis mosaz-rebiT, adamianis samyaros Sinagani da garegani sazRvrebis xangrZlivi, guldasmiT damuSaveba `Txoulobs atmosferos RirebulebiT simkvrives~, mis gareT myofi poziciis mdgra-dobas da daculobas, romelSic suls SeuZlia xangrZlivad dahyos, flobdes sakuTar Zalebs da Tavisuflad moqmedeb-des (baxtini 1979: 177),

bunebrivia, rom am konteqstSi qarTuli mwerloba saku-Tar drosa da sivrces moiazrebs, rogorc daucvels, sazR-vrebmorRveuls ara mxolod `me~-s Sinagani egzistencialu-ri determinirebulobis gamo, aramed garegani – istoriuli, socialuri da politikuri faqtorebis gamoc (sazRvrebis

193

Semokaveba da radika luri moniSvna literaturam 70-iani wlebis bolosTvis daasrula). erTi CanawerSi rCeuliSvili CaniSnavs, rom igi SeigrZnobs `raRac mocemulobis bolo Jams~, romelic ìstoriuladac bolo dRea~ (àlaverdoba~).

pirvel moTxrobebSi axali Taoba jer isev `zedapiris gacnobiT~ iyo dakavebuli. xedvis gadanacvleba sagnidan saganze, adamianidan adamianze (g. gegeSiZis `mdinaresTan~, `mTebSi~, `gigi da leo~, g.rCeuliSvilis àsvla~ da sxv.), gan-wyobilebaTa sifaqize, gamaxvilebuli interesi imis mimarT, rasac, Cveulebriv, cxovrebas da adamianTa urTierTobas veZaxiT – jer isev Zalebis mosinjvis elfers atarebs. mwer-lobis ZiebaTa da interesTa magistraluri xazi moicavda uamrav niuanss, mimarTulebas, Sexedulebas, sxvadasxva mxat-vrul saSualebebs, Txrobis Tanmimdevrobis gansxvavebul modelebs, Janrul Ziebebs da enobriv eqsperimentebs. otia paWkorias varaudiT, am periodis literaturis zogierTi formobrivi sisuste poziciis gamJRavnebis xerxi iyo da adasturebda `metyvelebis konstruirebas metyvelebaSi~. banaluri formebisaTvis karis farTod gaxsniT, frazis simyifiT, èlementarulobiT igi Tavisebur ironizmsac gamoxatavda~ (paWkoria 1973: 85). ^60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mwerlobam SesZlo garemomcvel sinamdvileze ara mxolod socialuri warmodgenebis, aramed moraluri sazRvrebis moniSvna da Semokaveba, romlis gareSec azri ekargeba ada-mianis `me~-s realizaciis yvela pirobas.

TandaTan xedvis principi icvleba. `zedapiris kompozi-ciaSi~ iWreba siRrmiseuli niSnebi, mwerlis yuradRebis areSi eqceva adamianis Sinagani samyaros uxilavi moZraoba, misi damokidebuleba droisa da sivrcis mimarT, axali re-alobis prizmidan danaxuli urbanuli da pastoraluri yofa. pirveladi struqturebis saxiT Cndeba problemaTa rkali, romelic momdevno periodebSi ukve mTlianad ipyrobs mwer-lobis interesis sferos: yofierebis simbolur-algoriuli Sinaarsis mxatvruli asaxva; filosofiuri, miTosuri da bib-liuri struqturebis damuSavebis tendencia (a. sulakauris

194

àbelis dabruneba~, n. dumbaZis `maradisobis kanoni~, g. gege-SiZis `codvili~, vl. siaruliZis `meaTe mowme~, g. SatberaSvi-lis `mkvdris mze~, n. wuleiskiris `TuTarCela~). axali Taoba Seupovrad cdilobs sakuTar nebas daumorCilos enis urCi, mouxelTebeli segmentebi; Zalas cdis yofierebis rTuli, miriadi kavSiriT Seqmnili teqsturi faqturis CvenebaSi. adamianisa da realobis àxali parametrebis~ Ziebas axlavs gansakuTrebuli xarisxis sasicocxlo daZabuloba da àz-rovnebis vneba~, gamudmebuli fiqri imaze, riTac SeiZle-ba adamianma `pativi sces sakuTar arsebobas~ (g. gegeSiZis `siSore~).

60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi axali Taoba jer isv sakuTari-poziciis, sakuTari saTqmelisa da individualuri xmis Zi-ebiTaa dakavebuli. igi acnobierebs humanizmis cnebis sazR-vrebis, misi principebis gafarToebis aucileblobasac da am procesebSi CarTvis mzadyofnas gamoxatavs.

am periodis prozas mSobliur garemoSi dabrunebis xib-li axlavs. `mSobliurs~ aq ormagi mniSvneloba aqvs: realuri cxovrebiseuli garemo – ganumeorebeli koloritiT, sike-Tis bunebrivi genetikuri madliT damuxtuli xalisiani yofa (n. dumbaZis `me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni~, `me vxedav mzes~, otia ioselianis, revaz inaniSvilis, rezo WeiSvilis, merab elioziSvilis moTxrobebi) da adamianis Sinagan `me~-Si mze-raCabrunebuli, mis labirinTebSi garkvevis mosurne, magram erTgvarad SemkrTali da moridebulic mis siRrmeebSi ar-sebuli ufskrulebisa da mwvervalebis winaSe (a. sulakauris, g. gegeSiZis, T. WilaZis moTxrobebi). dabrunebis procesSi, tradiciuli zneobrivi da kulturuli Rirebulebebisadmi gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT, erTveba Zveli Taobac (g. leoniZis `natvris xe”; g. SatberaSvilis `mkvdris mze~).

yvelaze adre monumentalizmi da pompezuroba daiZlia. sabWouri cxovrebis ze i mu robis gancda qalaqisa da soflis sada, martivma yoveldRiurobam, cxov rebis naTelma da sev-dianma ganwyobilebebma Caanacvla (a. sulakauri, T. WilaZe, o. ioseliani). niSneulia isic, rom obieqtivaciis mkafiod

195

gamoxatuli tenden ciis miuxedavad, `axali realizmis~ qar-Tvel warmomadgenlebs ar gauziarebiaT is samwerlo praq-tika, roca, miSel biutoris formulirebiT, `personaJebi ukanmouxedavad sagndebian~ (biutori 1978: 401). Txrobis obieqtivacia, rogorc adamianis natura lizacia, ganiv Teba, gasagneba, `romelSic araa WeSmariti dialogurobisTvis damaxasaTebeli `Sen~ (baxtini 1979: 291), personaJis fsi-qologiuri realobisa da teqstis esTetikuri mTlianobis daSlis safrTxed iqna aRqmuli.

erlom axvledianma sulxan-sabas filosofiuri iga vis tradicia gaacocxla, `vano da niko~ adamianis arsebobaze yvelaze arsebiT da mniSvnelovan saTqmels ambobs. mwerali aq martivi opoziciuri sqemebiT gvesaubreba da simartivis simbolur bunebas dagvanaxebs. swored simartive inaxavs sawyisebis xsovnas, simartiveSi aris ubraloeba da mSve-niereba, cxovrebis mTeli sibrZne da marili. cnebebis, az-rebis, opoziciebis gadaxedva, paradoqsebi, mniSvnelobaTa ga farToeba, mokled, enis SesaZleblobebiT TamaSi erlom axvledianis Semo med ebaSi araorazrovnad migvaniSnebs, rom misTvis samyaro erT adgilze ar dgas, rom adamiani, miT uf-ro, mwerali, `drois isaria~ da cvlilebebis aRnusxva evale-ba. mwerals ainteresebs am cvlilebaTa moraluri Sinaarsi da Sedegi, cxovrebis maradiul, ucvlel arsTan maTi Sesa-bamisobis principi.

guram gegeSiZis `siSore~ pirovnebis TviTSemecnebisken gaWrili gzaa. kacobrioba, romlis nawiladac gmiri Tavs Se-icnobs, jer mxolod emociuri damokidebulebis obieqtia. `SuriZiebiT~ SevdivarT im problemaTa rkalSi, romelic g. ge-geSiZis eTikur koncefcias udevs safuZvlad. esaa moTxroba arCevanis gziT miRweul Tavisuflebaze, sikeTis gamoRwevis urTules gzaze adamianuri instinqtebis bneli wiaRidan. mwerlobis mier uaxlesi istoriuli etapis Sefaseba da pir-velive nabiji am mcdelobisa gabeduli mxilebiT gamoir-Ceoda: oTar CxeiZis romanebsa da moTxrobeSi kritikuli intonaciebi gaisma socialur usamarTlobisa da adamianuri

196

gulgrilobis mimarT(,,tinis xidi~, `burusi~, `meCeCi~, `kver-naqi~, `aRmarT-aRmarTi~). pirovnebasa da sazogadoebaze, is-toriis msvlelobaze sisxliani komunisturi reJimis poli-tikur-ideologiuri Zaladobis Temas mieZRvna `boriayi” (1974 w.), romlis mTavari `gmiri~ uxilavi, yvelganSemRwevi SiSis fantomia. g. gegeSiZis `devnilSi~ bedisweris problema pirvelad daismis saxelmwifoebrivi determinaciis konteqs-tSi da Tavis marwuxebSi ketavs sazogadoebis moraluri gan-viTarebis SesaZleblobebs.

adamianuri arsebobis sipatarave, umniSvneloba tragi-kul-farsuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli vova sixaruliZis moTx-robaSi `meaTe mowme~. sazogadoebis mier daviwyebuli, uar-naTqvami kaci sakuTar arsebobas am uaryofis gziT Seicnobs da imasac xvdeba, rom `arsebobas moqmedebiT sWirdeba da-dastureba~ (paWkoria 1973: 88). swored uaryofis gziT iRvi-Zebs misi cnobiereba da usulgulo, araadamianuri sazoga-doebis mimarT aqtiuri protestis grZnobiT imsWvaleba. lodebi, romelsac igi sofels protestisa da SuriZiebis mizniT uSens, im lodTan asociacias aRZravs, romelsac ab-surdis gmiri mTis mwvervalidan agorebs, Tumca sizifesagan gansxvavebiT, es protesti Sedegiania, igi raRacas aRviZebs adamianis bedis mimarT dauinteresebel, gulgril, mexsiere-badakargul sociumSi. `sabalaxo~ – avtoris satiruli mze-ris sivrce-obieqti – soflis saxelwodebasTan erTad, misi amqveyniuri daniSnulebis metaforaa, savlesnair Ta poli-tikuri Tu pragmatuli ambiciebis gansaxorcielebeli arena.

nodar dumbaZis uCveulo humanizi adamianSi keTil sa-wyisze akeTebs aqcents da sikeTes miiCnevs adamianur ur-TierTobaTa mamoZravebel, gardamqmnel sawyisad. im dama-jereblobaSi ki, romliTac Tavis mizans aRwevs, misi iumori ukanasknel rols ar TamaSobs. Tanac, es iumori `dasvenebu-li sulis~ nayofi ki araa, aramed cxovrebis dramatizmis gada-deba, gadavadeba, misgan droebiT ganTavisuflebis survili da adamianebisTvis rwmenis, sikeTis, siTbos ganawilebis aq-ti literaturis `SesaZlo gancdili cxovrebis~ (s. langeri) sivrceSi.

197

70-iani wlebis proza, arsebiTad, upirispirdeba 60-ianel-Ta `zomieri realizmis~ pirobebSi aRmocenebul `sentimen-talur humanizms~. …amave `zomieri realizmis~ sapirwoned literaturis wiaRSive Cndeba moTxovnileba banalur yovel-dRiurobas garidebul, amaRlebul, meamboxe xasiaTebze. g. ge-geSiZem erT-erTma pirvelma gadadga nabiji misken: romani `codvili~ (1966) zustad exmianeboda 60-iani wlebis sazoga-doebriv ganwyobilebaTa im gamas, romelmac gansakuTrebu-li daZabuloba da energia mianiWa adamianis koncefciis da-muSavebas Semdgom aTwleulebSi.

am periodidan dawyebuli, romanis Janris uCveulo gaaq-tiureba sazogadoebis momwifebuli problemebis masStabeb-sa da ZiebaTa siRrmeze metyvelebda.

* * *humanizmi im uiSviaTes cnebaTa rigs miekuTvneba, romel-

Ta Sinagan, arsebiT mTlianobas organulad erwymis gamov-lenis formaTa usasrulo mravalferovneba.

60-iani wlebis dasasruls humanizmis cnebam qarTul li-teraturaSi dahkarga is simtkice, romelic masTan damoki-debulebaSi imTaviTve krZalavs yovelgvar eWvs. qarTulma mwerlobam saarsebo zneobriv sivrceSi humanizmis cnebas amofarebuli moSvebulobisa da modunebis saxifaTo niS-nebi SeigrZno. SegrZno mwerlobis pasuxismgeblobis Sesus-tebac im saxifaTo atmosferos mimarT, romelic humanizmis, sikeTis, siyvarulis, samarTlianobisa da Semwynareblobis saxeliT eTikur upasuxismgeblobas (`ormag standarts~) am-kvidrebda. mwerlobam uari Tqva e. w. `sentimentalur human-izmze~ da mis uarSi radi kalu ri, gaRizianebuli nota gaisma. Semwynarebloba, daTmoba axal polotikur socialur da zneobriv viTarebaSi humanizmis cnebasTan SeuTavsebeli aR-moCnda ufro metad, vidre dapirispireba, brZola, mopoveba, Tumca am dapirispirebas g. asaTianis dakvirvebiT, qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciisamebr, `Zalisadmi realuri Zalis da-pirispireba edo safuZvlad... da ara `sisxli sisxlis wil~ (asaTiani 2003: 197).

198

`realuri Zalis~ SinaarsSi am sityvebis avtori qarTuli xasiaTYis istoriulad gamomuSavebul sayrdens – sicocx-lesTan TanxmierebaSi myof dadebiT energetikas, gautexe-lobasa da WirTaTmenas moiazrebda.

arcTu iSviaTad kritikul paToss iumoris elferi ax-lda, magram qarTuli mwerlobisTvis igi dominantur tona-lobad ar qceula, samagierod, Zalze faseuli iyo misi moTx-ovnileba sicilisa. nodar dumbaZis mziani samyaro simxneves aniWebda mkiTxvelTa mravalricxovan da mravalferovan audi-torias. Tamaz WilaZis sevdiani da naTeli romanebi axal-gazrda inteleqtualis fsiqologiuri cxovrebis niuansebs aTvalsaCinoebda. misi personaJebis advilad mowyvladi, po-eturi samyaro, daxatuli `rbili saRebavebiT~, magram da-samaxsovrebeli StrixebiTa da detalebiT, verSemdgari ada-mianebis Temas exmianeboda.

winaaRmdegobis suliskveTebiT iyvnen aRbeWdilni guram doCanaSvilis ucnauri, Tavisuflebismoyvare personaJebi. imedsa da rwmenas aRviZebda misi uCveulo cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, fsiqologiurad zustad moxazuli xasiaTebi da kolorituli garemo. `Serekilobis motivis~ damuSaveba, romelic am periodis qarTuli kinematografisTvisac gaxda damaxasiaTebeli, erovnuli xasiaTis ucnauri momxiblao-bis, gamZleobi, gnebavT,raindobis xatad rCeboda mexsiere-baSi. cxovrebis lirizmisa da dramatizmis urTierTgamWoli daZabuloba ismoda rezo WeiSvilis moTxrobaTa ciklidan `musika qarSi~. komplienturobisagan daclili, grotesku-li da imavdroulad, sevdiani iyo misi moTxrobebis saerTo intonacia. sicocxlis miuwvdomeli mSvenirebis, adamianuri madlis idumali sxivi efina revaz inaniSvilis sikeTiTa da sevdiT savse mxatvrul samyaros. Txrobis uCveulo sisa-davesTan Serwymuli misi ufaqizesi smena da umdidresi fer-wera qarTuli moTxrobis mier dapyrobil simaRleebze me-tyvelebda.

50-70-iani wlebis istoriul-politikurma viTarebam qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis winaSe mTeli simwvaviT

199

daayena gadarCenis problema. literaturisa da xelovnebis yvela sferoSi ganuwyvetliv igrZnoboda mouTmenloba im ideologiuri da zneobrivi viTarebis mimarT, romelic Ria Tu faruli imperiuli zewolis Sedegad Camoyalibda (1956 wlis martisa da 1978 wlis aprilis masobrivi politikuri gamosvlebi).

istoriuli romanis Janris ganviTareba istoriasTan mZime da xangrZlivi dialogis aucileblobam gansazRvra.

istorizmis gancda, misadmi damokidebuleba odnav gan-sxvavebulia am vrceli periodis sxvadasva etapebze. rCeu-liSvilTan igi warsulis egzistencialuri saidumlos gam-xelis, erTgvari `cnobis aqtia~. istoriis, kulturis zogadi substancia `exeba” `me~-s cnobierebis yvelaze Rrma fenebs, cnobierebis pirvelad matricas. `alaverdobaSi~ koleqtiur aracnobierTan Sexvedris eqstatiuri wami Rrma da yovlis-momcvel erovnuli identobis gancdaSi gadaizrdeba da sab-olood sakuTari xalxisa da istoriis Semfasebel, Semkreb cnobierebad yalibdeba.

mogvianebiT qarTulma romanma istoriuli perspqtivis idea wamoswia da igi ara mxolod eTikur da egzistencialur problemaTa WrilSi, aramed bediweris idesTan korelacia-Sic gaiazra. samyarosa da kacobriobis, droisa da adamianis uwyvet dialogurobaSi mwerloba kiTxulobda did droSi Cakiruli sazrisebis farul moTxovnilebas gacocxlebi-saken, xelaxali gaxmovanebisaken. kulturis, cnobierebis am signalebTan erTad Semodioda warsulis RirebulebiTi aR-qma da yofierebis myari, mdgradi elementi, masTan erTad ki – identobis gacnobierebuli gancda da momavlis perspeqtiva. istoriis realisturi narativis ( l. goTua, r. jafariZe, g. ge-geSiZe, g. maRularia...) paralelurad, imave sivrceSi 70-ian wlebSi iqmneba oTar WilaZis axali tipis romani-metaforebi – istoriis epikur-tragikuli xedvisa da mZlavri lirikul-poeturi nakadis mxatvruli sinTezi. miTosuri da bibliuri saxeebis rekonstruqcia warsulTan polemikuri dialogis wamyvan formad iqceva.

200

miTosTan mibruneba literaturis ganviTarebis Sinagan-ma kanonzomierebam gansazRvra, upirvelesad ki – energiisa da Zalis pirvelwyarosTan mibrunebis aucileblobam, naci-is miTologiuri fesvebis Ziebam.

OoTar WilaZis romanebi SekiTxvebia miTis, istoriis, koleqtiuri da individualuri cnobierebis uRrmesi Sre-ebis – sicocxlis, bedisweris, warsulisa da momavlis mimarT. isini pasuxs eZeben veeberTela tevadobis, lamis usasrulo semantikur sivrceSi.

mwerali empiriul da yofiT doneze Wvrets istoriis tragediis metafizikur dasabams, mis pirvelsafuZvels. swored aq gamoxatavs bediswera Tavis Soreul mizans da iZ-leva niSnebs, romlebic unda amovicnoT. o. WilaZe xatavs ara politikur panoramas, aramed fsiqologiur situaciebs. realur istoriul process, magaliTad, imperiis ngrevas igi xedavs yofiT simboloebSi da ganuwyvetliv gviTrevs maTi mniSvnelobebis dadgenis procesSi. o. WilaZis mravalplani-ani samyaro mkiTxvels amocnobis poetikas sTavazobda, uf-ro zustad ki amocana-amoxsnis opoziciis, rogorc kiTxva-pasuxis diqotomiis gadawyvtas. kiTxvebi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis momwifebul problemebs exeboda, pasuxebi ki – gzis Ziebas am problemaTa gadasawyvetad.

o. WilaZis personaJebi cnobierebis mimarTulebaTa, su-lier mdgomarobaTa, ideaTa rTuli kompleqsuri niSnebia. konkretul grZnobad-emociur saxeobriobasTan erTad, isi-ni qmnian Tavisuflebis, Zalauflebis, gadarCenis, sikeTis, borotebis, siZulvilis, monaniebis, moTminebis, siyvarulis, Ralatisa da erTgulebis ideaTa simboloebs. adamianis Sida da garekosmosi Zirfesvianad msWvalavs erTmaneTs konota-ciur doneze. mniSvnelobaTa asociaciuri fenebis gaaqti-urebiT cdilobs o. WilaZe saganTa bunebrivi wesrigis, kav-Sirebisa da Sesabamisobebis, maTi siRrmiseuli funqciebisa da uxilavi Zirebis amowevas, raTa upasuxs kiTxvas: `ra sWirs adamians, ra Seayola RmerTma miwas amisTana mourCeneli?~ (`yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~).

201

droTa kavSiris idea ukavSirdeba xsovnas da am gziT – gadarCenas (`momavalSi rom gadavides, awmyom jer warsuli unda gaiaros~). warsuli ganfenilia yvelgan – WilaZis mxat-vruli enis mTel qsovilze da ganuwyvetliv moedineba awmyos-Tan, sicocxlesTan erTad. mxatvruli da msoflmxedvelo-brivi amocanis Sesabamisad, ZiriTadad, upiratesoba eniWeba cikluri drois models. rogorc drois fsiqologiuri ar-qetipi, Jamis cikluri svla movlenaTa Seqcevadobis, dakar-gulis dabrunebis, gardacvalebisa da ara kvdomis, bunebrivi da samarTliani cvalebadobis rwmenas ukavSirdeba da imedis, gadarCenis, momavlis impulss atarebs.

am periodis qarTul romanSi drois modelebis mraval-ferovneba ara mxolod cxovrebisa da adamianis koncepteb-Tan dakavSirebul problemaTa simravlem gansazRvra, aramed am problemaTa xedvis vertikaluri da horizontaluri pla-nebis interferenciam da maTi mxatvruli asaxvis sirTulemac. am periodis literaturaSi yvelaze intensiurad cikluri drois mxatvruli modeli gamoiyeneba (o.WilaZe, g. doCanaS-vili, g. gegeSiZe). wre, rogorc yofierebis egzistencialu-ri prastruqtura, kavSirisa da komunikaciis, dausrulebeli brunvis, urTierTgadasvlis, usawyisobisa da usasrulobis simboloa guram doCanaSvilis romanSi `samoseli pirveli~. wris dro-sivrculi modelis wyalobiT, romanis mxatvrul universumSi TaobaTa kavSirs, kulturul faseulobaTa mim-Reobis jaWvs gawyveta ar emuqreba. domeniko – uZRebi Svi-li – xangrZlivi xetialisa da gansacdelis mere yovelTvis daubrundeba Tavis did mamas da yovelTvis miiRebs misgan saCuqrad sityvas, rogorc `samosel pirvels~ – Tavisi adami-anuri gamocdilebis `Sesamosad~ da gasavrceleblad.

`nebismieri istoria warmoadgens bedisweris zemoqmede-bas movlenebze~. guram gegeSiZis romani `xma mRaRadeblisa~ istoriisa da bedisweris dapirispirebis swored amgvari gaazrebis nayofia. g. gegeSiZis istoriuli koncefcia erT mTlianobad kravs romanis mxatvruli samyaros sam mamoZ-ravebel Zalas: bedisweris ideas, zneobriv problemasa da

202

erovnul amocanas. bedisweris realuri moqmedebis are ro-manis socialur- politikur urTierTobaTa sferoa; zneob-rivi problema ukavSirdeba erovnuli tradiciis rRvevasa da mis miadagze aRmocenebul, sazogadoebis maxinj eTikur fizionomias; rac Seexeba erovnul amocanas, igi romanSi gzis ideis saxiT arsebobs. pirvel or sferoSi ar aris Tavi-sufleba, Tavisufali mxolod gzis mxatvruli ideaa. ro-manis yvela siuJeturi Tu azrobrivi naskvi swored masTan mimarTebaSi ixsneba.

am periodis literaturaSi rogorc Tematurad, aseve formobrivad safuZvlianad muSavdeba ramdenime, qarTuli realobisTvis gansakuTrebiTi mniSvnelovani koncepti da sivrculi modeli.

Tavisuflebis neba warmodgenilia rogorc adamianuri yofierebisa da cnobierebis uRrmesi struqtura, adamianis ZiriTadi sasicocxlo swrafva, rogorc `brZolis ufleba~ da adamianis yelaze Rrma `me~-s sarealizacio garemo. 70-iani wlebis prozaSi – romansa Tu moTxrobaSi – Tavisufali Te-mis damuSavebis tendenciam mTlianad moicva socialuri, politikuri da eTikuri konteqsti da Seqmna personaJTa mravalferovani, saintereso galerea.

adamianis pasuxismgeblobis egzistencialuri problema, anu pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin agebs pasuxs adamanis moqmedebaze – 70-iani wlebidan aseve ipyrobs saazrovno sivrces. mwer-lobis gamaxvilebuli interesis obieqtad iqceva am Temis socialuri aspeqti – adamianis uflebaTa daucveloba da in-deferentizmi valdebulebebis mimarT, adamianis SesaZleb-lobebis mimarT gaCenili damangreveli eWvi (a. sulakauri, `luka~). mwerloba adamians – `garemoebebiT Sekrul arss~ – ori rakursiT warmogvidgens: `garedan~ – garemomcvrel samyarosTan urTierTobaSi, im viTarebaSi, romelic gare-dan zRudavs misi SesaZleblobebis farglebs da `Signidan~ – adamianis bunebis paradoqsuli siRrmeebidan, misi ltol-vebisa da nebis uxilavi, daudgeneli sazRvrebidan. nebasa da uflebas Soris ganfenil Tavisufal sivrceSi Semodis

203

swored kacobis koncepti, rogorc nebis ganuwyveteli svla uflebisaken da mTeli tragizmi am ltolvisa: `Tavzardamce-mi sisastikiTa da daundoblobiT igrZno, Tu ra mZime tvir-Tia kacoba, ra mZime satarebeli~ (o. WilaZe).

Wabua amirejibis `daTa TuTaSxias~ qarTulma kriti-kam (k. imedaSvili) `mxmobi~ uwoda. igi krebiTi suli iyo, `ar-sebagrZeli sikeTis~ mxatruli xati, maradiuli arsebobis uflebamosilebiT ganfenili erovnul cnobierebaSi. daTas mxatvrul saxes romanSive axlda Tavisi miTosuri `zeka-curi~ modeli da mTeli romanis manZilze TuTaSxias zneob-rivi srulyofa swored masTan miaxloebis gziT xorciel-deboda. miaxloebis yoveli momdevno safexuri tragikulad iyo gamZafrebuli: `da iqmna Ze igi xorcieli RmerTad~... da-Tas saxis miTosuri transformacia mxolod avtoris, Wabua amirejibis nebis gamoxatuleba ar yofila. igi sazogado-ebis yvelaze Rrma interesis gamoZaxili iyo. daTas dilema – `ver gamovitane azri, ra vqna da rogor viyo~ – Tavisi ar-siT sxva araferia, Tu ara arCevanis, gadawyvetilebis Tavi-suflebis problema, anu sizifes kiTxva: ras unda daafuZ-nos adamianma Tavisi adamianuri mowodeba: wminda adamianur normebs, miwier cxovrebiseul xedvas Tu RmerTis mowodeba, RmerTis mier sanqcirebul qcevebs? es kiTxvebi W. amire-jibma didi drois konteqstSi waikiTxa da `gamarjvebuli msxverplis~ rwmenaze daafuZna. mwerlobam adamianis am, re-ligiuri Seferilobis idealis aRdgenisa da gacocxlebis aucilebloba mas Semdeg SeigrZno, rac ara mxolod realo-bidan, aramed literaturidanac mTlianad gaqra adamianis is tipi, romelic `gansakuTrebulis~, `maradiulis~ saxeli-Taa cnobili litera turaSi; mas Semdeg, rac Tavad ideali, am cnebis Sinaarsi aRmoCnda gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe. cno-bierebam safrTxed aRiqva saukunis WeSmariti drama: ganx-eTqileba droSi moqceul da zedroul adamians Soris, dro da viTareba, romelic ufskruls nebas aZlevs gaizardos. am, maradiul siRrmiseul ganzomilebasTan erTad, sairmis mTisa da virTagvebis epizodebSi, muSni zarandias, gudunas

204

saxeebSi, anu romanis `simbolur ganzomilebaSi~ komunizmis ideis groteskuli modelebi, politikur realobaze mkafio miniSnebebi ikiTxeboda.

mwerlobis yuradRebis areSi eqceva sivrcis zedapiru-li vizuluri aRqmis miRma arsebuli sistemuroba da ana-loguroba, mxatvruli saxeebisa da realobis homologiuri Sesabamisoba. axali SemoqmedebiTi amocana anu mxatvrul teqstSi am tipis xedvis kodireba moiTxovs sivrculi xate-bis Seqmnis gansxvavebul princips: sivrcis teqsturi faqtu-ris aRqmas, mis gaazrebas drois konteqstSi, drosivrcul mTlianobad, Sesabamisad, droiTi struqturis reaorganiza-cias (garTulebas) da sivrcis cvlilebaTa ritmis gamaxvi-lebul grZnobas. axal mxatvrul amocanasTan SesabamisobaSi, sagangebo yuradReba eqceva Txrobis nakadebis ganawilebas droiT planebs Soris. `drois cnobiereba~ samyaros suraTs aRiqvams ara mxolod linearul TanmimdevrobaSi, aramed wyvetilobaSi, gameorebebi, SeqcevadobaSi, naxtomebSi, sxva-dasxva siCqareTa korelaciaSi. momentis, situaciis mniS-vnelovnebis asaxva mwerals karnaxobs mzeris Seyovnebas sivrcis mTel moculobaze, segmentebis Tanafardobis problemis gadawyvetas. magaliTad, bedias Toki saaTis ci-ferblatia, romelzedac aisaxeba sivrculi struqturis cvlilebis, anu zRvis ukandaxevis (katastrofis) dro. be-dia am TokiT, faqtobrivad, ara mxolod sivrces, aramed drosac zomavs. sagrZnoblad farTovdeba realobis aRqmis sazRvrebi. warmosaxva, Tavisi aramaterialuri sagnobri-obiT, mouxelTebeli fsiqologiuri materiiT mwerlobis asaxvis obieqtad iqceva. romanis struqtura rTuldeba da `izidavs~ dokumentur narkvevs, eses, dRiurs, aRsarebas, Jurnalistur reportaJs.

Tu roJe garodis wignis saTaurs metaforad gamoviye-nebT, es movlena sxva araferia, Tu ara `realizmi sazRvrebs gareSe~ ( `unapiro realizmi~). redekeri am movlenis amgvar axsnas gvTavazobs: `literaturuli gamosaxulebis modeli-rebuli xasiaTi (buneba) amkvidrebs gardaTqmas (gardasax-

205

vas, mxatvrul pirobiTobas – m.k.), rogorc realisturi gar-dasaxvis formas. am gardasaxvisas erTi movlena aRiwereba meoris meSveobiT Sedarebis gziT. orive movlenis elemente-bi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebulia, magram struqturulad – izomorfuli. is, rom parabolis saSualebiT obieqturad SesaZlebelia procesebis aRwera modelebis meSveobiT, efuZ-neba analogiebis arsebobas realobaSi~ (redekeri 1971: 32).

oTar WilaZesTan sivrculi wesrigi, upirvelesad, sik-vdil-sicocxlis samarTlian urTierTgacvlas emsaxureba: mkvdari cocxals uTavisuflebs adgils, samagierod gada-dis xsovnaSi, anu warmosaxviT sivrceSi, sadac yvelasTvis gamoinaxeba adgili. uxeiros afrisxela tilo (`gzaze erTi kaci midioda~) ganuxorcielebeli cxovrebis xatia, sadac warsuli, rogorc adamianis Sinagani gamocdileba, mTlianad sivrcul xatebad – garegani gamocdilebis formebadaa gar-dasaxuli da adamianis Sidakosmosis teqstur faqturaze metyvelebs.

axali SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT mu-Savdeba èrTisa~ da gzis~ simbolikac (o. WilaZis, W. amire-jibis, g. doCanaSvilis, g, gegeSiZis ro manebi).

gza Ria sivrcis arCevanis metaforaa, gaurkveveli, da-uxarjavi sivrculi modeli, dauxuravi siuJeturi xazi, moulodneloba, SemTxveviToba, molodini. misi dausru-lebloba, Riaoba samomavlo petspeqtivis rwmenaze migva-niSnebs. gzaze gamosuli kacis modeli am perspeqtivis ga-moxatuleba da maradiulo martoobaze, magram amasTanave, maradiul brZolaze (moZraobaze, moqmedebaze=svlaze) pro-ecirebuli adamianis xatia.

èrTi~ ubrundeba sakuTar keras, miwas, enas, mTel im sa-sicocxlo garemos, romelSic iSva, èrTive~ ibrZvis mis ga-dasarCenad. erTis koncepcia gaxmovanda daTa TuTaSxis, farnaozis, aleqsandres, vamex guramiSvilis, domenikos, igis saxeebSi. yvela isini gankcebis simboluri gzis euli, martoxela mgzavrebi arian, nebisyofis saSineli daZabviT, brZoliT rom cdiloben adamianur `SesaZleblobaTa bolo zRudemde~ miRwevas.

206

igis saxis arqetipuli modelirebiT (ìgi~) jemal qar-CxaZem im protestuli sulis simbolizeba moaxdina, romelic ganuSoreblad Tan axlavs anTroposis, kulturuli gmiris ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobriv gzas. adamianis mtkivneuli, Seupovari moZraoba zogadi ìgi~-dan sakuTari `me“-saken, ,,absoluturi motivirebisaken~, MmTavari niSansvetebi da an-Tropologiuri aqtebi am gzaze, Tavis mxriv, adamianis so-cializaciis niSnebad iqceva. moTxrobis siuJeti agebulia, rogorc uwyveti, zeaRmavali, magram araTanabari ganviTa-rebis procesi mudmivi fluqtuaciebis TanxlebiT. perso-naJis cnobiereba viTardeba uxeSi biZgebiT, afeTqebebiT, talRovani traeqtoriiT, magram jiutad da Tanmmdevrulad, agresiuladac ki. àm mtkivneul proceSi ibadeba adamiani da axlad Tvalaxelili, upirovno arsebobidan gamosxvavebuli, aRqmaSi gaCenili napralidan interesiT umzers imas, rasac daSorda, svams axal kiTxvebs da pasuxebsac agnebs~ (kvaWanti-raZe 2013: 108-115).

Tanamdrove socialuri yofisadmi mwerlobis aqtiurma protestma warmoSva 70-iani wlebis prozasa da poeziaSi ironiul-parodiuli nakadi.

am periodis literaturSi gaCenili kriticizmis axali talRa Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo Tavisi funqciiT, mizanda-saxulebT, sasicocxlo amocanebiT. mwerlobam kritikulad gaacnobiera erovnuli xasiaTis TaviseburebaTa is uaryofi-Ti gama, romelic yovelTvis tovebda sakuTari danaSaulis SegrZnebas istoriuli gzis Semecnebisas. am kriticizmSi ori Taobis xma gaJRerda: 50-ianelTa ukve dabrZenebuli, cxovre-bis gamocdilebiT gamdidrebuli, sazogadoebrivi cxovre-bis sxva tradiciiT nasazrdoebi... da 70-iani wlebis bolos mosuli axali YTaobisa – axalgazrduli mouTmenlobiTa da radikalizmiT, gamZafrebuli emociebiT datvirTuli da zneobrivi maqsimalizmis poziciebidan danaxuli samomav-lo geziT. pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sarealizacio garemos ararseboba, adamianis socialuri daucvelobis, misi verSem-dgari cxovrebis mimarT pasuxismgebloba badebda tragikul

207

bgeras axalgazrdul prozaSi: adamianisa da garesamyaros gaTiSvis apokalifsur xilvebs (g. Coxelis àrwivTan frena~, `Tevzis werilebi~; j. TofuriZis `dioskuria zRvaSi CaZiru-li qalaqia~; g. lomaZis `krosvordi~, m. aleqsiZis, g. baqaniZis, m. abaSiZis moTxrobebi); adamianis qcevis, misi tragikuli bedis socialuri da fsiqikuri safuZvlebis Ziebis paToss (n. gelaSvilis `serso~, ànabeWdebi~), sakoncentracio bana-kebis, TabaSiris kacebis, TevzTan gasaidumlebuli martoxe-la, tanjuli adamianebis ucnaur xatebs. magram 80-ianel-Ta tragikuli msoflSegrZneba mainc ar qceula krizisul cnobierebad da swored pasuxismgeblobis Zalam ixsna igi am xifaTisgan. masSi yovelTvis iyo urCobis Sinagani Zala, an sulac, sasowarkveTis ucnauri forma, romelic metis daT-mobaze uars ambobs da am uariT sicocxlis nebismier formas Rirseuli arsebobis saxes unarCunebs.

70-ianis bolosTvis rekonstruqciis procesi dasrul-da. dasasrulis niSnebi gamoikveTa rogorc prozasa da poeziaSi, ise kritikasa da eseistikaSi. murman lebaniZis leqsis striqonebSi samomavlo perspeqtivis idea da radi-kaluri dapirispirebisTvis sruli mzadyofna gacxadda: ùfliscixesTan sisxlisferi yayaCos wveTi/ ara daRvrilis, dasaRvrelis, albaT, macnea/ araviTari sxva samSoblo amaze meti.../sxva gza, sxva xsna ar gamaCnia~.

prozaSi am ideam adamianis daniSnulebis egzistenci-aluri konteqstic moicva, romlis yvelaze mkafio, pirda-piri gamoxatuleba iyo oTar WilaZis romanis (`yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~) finali: `mtveriviT iolad gaifanta sau-kunovani eWvi da qarSi afafrfatebuli foToliviT ubralo da ufesvo aRmoCnda saukunovani gamocana: vina var da ratom var...~ g. asaTianis SefasebiT, àm kacma Tavisi Tavic ipova maSin. arsi Tavisi pirovnebisa, Tavisi Tvistomobisa, Tavisi kacobis esencia~... (asaTiani 2003: 200).

70-iani wlebis kritikul diskusSi mTeli Tavisi mra-valferovnebiT, orive rakursidan warmoCnda qarTuli xasi-aTis winaaRmdegobrivi gama, guram asaTianisa gamamxnevebeli

208

(`saTaveebTan~) da akaki baqraZis gamafrTxilebeli (`mkvaxe SeZaxili~) intonaciebiT Sejerebuli.

am periodis literaturas ar Seuqmnia momavlis das-rulebuli koncefcia – es literaturis saqme arc aris. imxanobiT, rogorc vTqviT, igi humanisturi, erovnuli, Tavisuflebis ideebis gadarCenisTvis ibrZoda. es faqtic realobis gamomatveli kanonzomiereba iyo. samagierod, man Seqmna am koncefciis safuZveli: totalitaruli saxel-mwifos pirobebSi sicocxlisaTvis, namdvili yofierebis-Tvis brZolis idea; Seqmna msxverplis fasad gadarCenili erovnuli mexsierebisa da momavlis rwmenis tragikuli da imediani mxatvruli modeli. dabolos: mTeli am periodis literaturas bundovani, ZneladSesamCnevi, magram daJine-buli saerTo ganwyoba axlavs: romantizmis analogiurad, TiTqos xelaxla iRviZebs da esTetikur Rirebulebas iZens sicocxlis sazrissgareSe sawyisi.

SeniSvna:

1. politikuri, ideologiuri da kulturuli sivrcis mTlian da radikalur dekonstruqcias, romelic 20-iani wlebis bolodan iwye-ba da stalinis gardacvalebiT, pirovnebis kultis gamocxadebiTa da 56 wlis movlenebiT sruldeba, saqarTveloSi mosdevs erovnuli ideologiis momzadebis xangrZlivi, mzardi da frTxili procesi, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc rekonstruqciis etapi da logocentrizmis dabruneba. am procesSi TandaTan erTvebian re-ligiuri da politikuri jgufebi, literaturuli Jurnal-gazeTe-bi, gamomcemlobebi, Teatri, kinematografi, studentoba. Zalze frTxilad iwyeba eklesiis institucionaluri gaZliereba, rasac axlavs religiuri konceptebis dabruneba qarTul samoqalaqo cnobierebaSi (a. baqraZe), qarTuli xasiaTis TaviseburebaTa kvleva folkloruli da literaturuli saxeebis magaliTze ( g. asaTiani), zneobriv da humanistur RirebulebaTa^ restavracia, literaturu-li da miTosuri arqetipebis rekonstruqcia, istoriuli gzis, is-toriuli niSansvetebis xelaxali gaazreba qarTul mwerlobaSi da a. S., mokled, safuZvlis momzadeba totalitarizmTan radikaluri dapirispirebisaTvis.

209

mTeli sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT `soveturi dekon struqciis~ arsebobas adasturebs mixeil riklinic, roca 1992 wels moskovSi gamarTul cnobil diskusiaze (am dis kusiaSi riklinTan erTad mi-nawileobdnen Jak derida, vasil podoroga da natalia avtonomova) dekonstruqciis avtorisagan – ukve postsabWoTa dekon struqciis konteqstSi – ganmartebas Txoulobs am `specifikuri kul turuli si tu aciis Sesaxeb~.

deridas pasuxi riklins ar akmayofilebs: `Tqveni pro cedurebi ver iqneba mTlianad misaRebi Cveni situ aci isa Tvis, ramdenadac... metafizikis Se saZ leb lobe bi ar yofila realizebuli Cvens kul-turaSi. Tuki Cven logocen trizms gavakritikebT, maSin arc is unda da vi viw yoT, rom CvenSi gabatonebuli ideologiac yovel Tvis ak-ritikebda imas, rasac SeiZleba logocentrizmi ewo dos. mag ram, cx-adia, ara Tqveni poziciebidan, aramed, ubral od, rogorc burJua-ziul idealistur mecnierebas~ ( Jak derida ... 1993: 168)

rekonstruqciis niSnebis amokiTxva drois aRniSnul monakveT-Si – dawyebuli 1956 wlis martis aSkara politikuri movlenebiT, damTavrebuli perestroikis periodis ganuwyveteli politikuri aqtivobebiTa da radikaluri politikuri moTxovnebiT, maT Soris, sazogadoebis masobrivi gamosvla qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis dasacavad 1978 wels – ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebul siZneles. ase rom, 80-wlian intervalSi saqarTvelo ori dekon-struqciis qronotoposia: `soveturisa~ da globalisturis. maT Soris ganTavsdeba qarTuli kulturuli da saxelovnebo sivrcis rekonstruqciis periodi 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan 80-iani wlebis bolomde. vfiqrob, am specifikis gaTvaliswineba qarTuli kulturis sivrcis mkvlevarisTvis aucilebeblia iseve, rogorc aucilebelia terminebis dekonstruqcia- rekonstruqciis mimarT Zalze frTxili damokidebuleba.

amave ideologiur movlenaTa WrilSi unda ganvixiloT teqstis avtorobis problemac, romelic dekonstruqciul-postmodernis-tul TeoriebSi `avtoris sikvdilis~ konceptis saxiTaa warmodge-nili. baxtinis TqmiT, am problemis filosofiuri safuZvelia sic-ocxlis Caketiloba sakuTr TavSi, sakuTar Sinagan usasrulobaSi. am intenciis ukiduresi ganviTareba aRmoacenebs sasicocxlo Zalebis naklebobas, undoblobas yovelgvari garearsebobis mimarT, RmerTi-sa da religiis fsiqologizacias (baxtini 1979:176-180). savaraudod,

210

Tanamedrove cnobierebis krizisuli mdgomareoba – realobis, mniS-vnelobis, RmerTisa da adamianis krizisis CaTvliT, sxva araferia, Tu ara metafizikis deficiti. gamodis, rom avtoris ganadgurebis orive `teqne~ – `soveturic” ( `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ saxeliT cnobili) da globalisturic (`avtoris sikvdilis~ saxeliT) – erT-sa da imave msoflmxedvelobriv ̀ arqetips~ ukavSirdeba, saxeldobr, metafizikis, logocentrizmis, rogorc avtoritetuli diskursisa da universaluri metateqstis ganadgurebis mcdelobas. sadReisod am paralelis legitimuroba aSkaraa: sabWoTa `dekonstruqciis~ pe-riodSi avtoris nebis aSkara, pirdapirma fizikurma xelyofam Se-qmna socrealizmis literatura; globalisturi dekonstruqciis mier mwerlobis (avtoris) avtoritetze vualirebulma inteleq-tualurma Setevam ki postmodernistuli literaturuli kliSeebi daamkvidra.

damowmebani:

asaTiani 2003: asaTiani g. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oTx tomad. t. 4. Tbilisi: `neostudia~, 2003.

barti 1986: Барт Р. Драма, поэма, роман. Называть вещи своими именамию. Москва: «Прогресс», 1986.

baxtini 1979: Вахтин М.М. Эстетика словсного творчества. Москва: «Искусство» 1979.

biutori 1978: Бютор М. Размышления о технике романа. Писатели Франции о литературе. Москва: «Прогресс» 1978.

kvaWantiraZe 2015: kvaWantiraZe m. avtoris problema guram rCeuliS-vilis SemoqmedebaSi. sjani, № #16. Tbilisi: 2015.

kvaWantiraZe 2013: kvaWantiraZe m. `veqtorebi~. Tbilisi: `meridiani~, 2013.

kuznecovi 1969: Кузнецов В.Н. Жан-Поль Сартр и зкзистенциализм. Изд-тво МГУ, 1969.

paWkoria 198: paWkoria o. dro da saxelebi. Tbilisi: `merani”,1973.redekeri 1971: Редекер Хорст. Отражение и действие.М.: «Прогресс» 1971.rCeuliSvili 2007: rCeuliSvili g. eqvstomeuli. t. 3 (2004); t.4 (2006);

t.5 (2007). Tbilisi: `saari”.sartri 2006: sartri Jan-pol. egzistencializmi humanizmia. Tbilisi:

`jeo printi”, 2006.

211

irma ratiani

Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis formireba

gasuli saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze qarTuli lite-ratura aSkarad idga axali gamowvevebis winaSe, xolo dro-isa da konceptebis metamorfozis, iseve rogorc aTwleulTa (50-ini da 60-iani wlebis) literaturuli gzagasayaris mTa-var niSnulad erTi sikvdilis istoria unda miviCnioT: 1959 wels tragikulad dasruldeba XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis istoriis mniSvnelovani etapi, aRniSnuli sabWoTa diqta-turisa da WeSmariti poeziis sabediswero SejaxebiT, – Tavs moiklavs galaktion tabiZe, romlis damokidebulebac sab-WoTa xelisuflebasTan imTaviTve negatiuri niSniT iyo aR-beWdili.* galaktionis TviTmkvlelobam gayo ara marto epo-qa, aramed qarTuli mwerlobis istoria: mis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi, Tanxmobasa TuU winaaRmdegobaSi, Camoyalibdeba Semdgomi periodis qarTuli poezia da literaturuli ge-movneba, aRniSnuli masStaburi Tematuri da stilisturi transformaciebiT. drois swored am sinkopaSi, am napralSi formirdeba konturebi Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobisa da poeziisa, romelsac wilad xvda amozrda uaRresad sain-tereso niadagze: 50-iani-60-iani wlebis mijnaze qarTuli mwerlobis Rirebul frTas ukve daZleuli aqvs ideologiur reJimTan mwvave dapirispirebis – brZolis, likvidaciisa da kvlav aRorZinebis etapebi, is axal horizontebs gahyurebs – ufro gamocdili, vidre 20-30-ian wlebSi, gamobrZmedili, adaptirebulic ki, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi – damor-

* ganixilavs ra galaktionis erT leqss, Teimuraz doiaSvili aRniSnavs: ̀ gas-abWoebis TiTqmis wina dReebSi dabeWdili leqsi `1920~ poetisaTvis SeiZleba saxifaTo aRmoCeniliyo. miuxedavad intimur-lirikuli xasiaTisa, teqsti aSkarad Seicavs axali, postrevoluciuri drois negatiur daxasiaTebas: Cven winaSea ara Jami ganaxlebisa – diadi revolucia, romelsac xalxisTvis nana-tri Tavisufleba unda moetana, aramed `saSineli xana~ – `saukune umecari~, rodesac `drois SeCveneba~ socialuri Tanasworobis saxeliT fizikurad da sulierad anadgurebs adamianebs~ (doiaSvili 2012: 110-111).

212

Cilebuli: miuxedavad jer kidev Zlieri reJimisa, is emzadeba Zlevamosili rekonstruqciisTvis.

unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac: miuxedavad imisa, rom 50-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 60-iani wlebis pirveli na-xevridan qarTuli literatura masStaburad moicva saetapo mniSvnelobis Tematurma da stilisturma inovaciebma, XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli poezia da, zogadad, mwer-loba, miuxedavad misi gansxvavebuli formatisa, mWidro kontaqtSi darCa ara marto amave saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTul mwerlobasTan, aramed – winare epoqebis qarTul literaturul tradiciasTan. axali talRis qarTveli po-etebi angariSs uweven rogorc jer kidev moqmed metrebs – giorgi leoniZes, simon Ciqovans, aseve qarTuli klasikuri poeziis avtoritetebs. veTanxmebiT im mosazrebas, rom `XX saukunis mwerloba (zogadad – i.r.) memkvidreobiTo-bis erTi `grZeli xazis~ gamovlinebas warmoadgens, sadac tradiciebi miedineba ara mxolod uSualo winamorbedebi-saken, ara mxolod `Taobebis miRma~ (magaliTad, `mamebis~ Taobebs miRma `papebis~ Taobebisaken), aramed isini xSirad miedineba kulturis siRrmiseuli istoriuli plastebisa-ken (es iqca kidevac interteqstualobis, rogorc movlenis aRmoCenis erT-erT stimulad)... memkvidreobiTobis xazebi, mxatvruli urTierTmimarTebis veqtorebi ara marto grZel-deba da miemarTeba saukuneTa siRrmeSi, kulturis dasa-bamTan, aramed ganitoteba kidevac. gantotebuloba da gan-Stoebani kulturisa da misi Zirebisa vlindeba imaSi, rom XX saukunis evropuli kultura miemarTeba ara marto sakuTar, evropul tradiciebs (Suasaukuneebis kulturuli tradicia umberto ekos romanebSi), aramed afrikul tradiciebs (pika-sos kubizmi) da aRmosavlur tradiciebs (fazil iskanderis moTxrobebi)~ (borevi 2001d: 461-462). am tendencias verc sab-Wouri manqana aRudga win, miT ufro omgamovlili, rodesac rigiT jariskacebsac ki evropuli qveynebis naxvisa da dage-movnebis saSualeba miecaT (bevri maTgani aRarc dabrunebula sabWoeTSi): `memkvidreobiTobisa~ da `gantotebis~ msoflio

213

tendenciam nel-nela iCina Tavi aw ukve modificirebul sab-WoTa literaturul sivrceSi. koherentulobas ara mxolod qarTul, aramed araqarTul, msoflio kulturul da lite-raturul tradiciasTan avlens XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerlobac, romelic TandaTan xsnis reJimis mier Caketil wres, aqcevs mas jer spiralad, Semdeg ki gaxsnil konstruqciad, raTa sabolood moipovos Tavisufleba.

pirveli avtori, romelsac transformaciebis am rTul gzaze davasaxelebT, aris ana kalandaZe, romelmac sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis sakmaod rTuli da xangrZ-livi gza daZlia, vidre Tavisi poeziis Rirebul frTas gaaJRerebda. swored ana kalandaZis Semoqmedeba iqceva erT-erTi uadres gamovlinebad poeturi diskursis libe-ralizaciisa sabWoTa politikuri zegavlenisgan. garda imi-sa, rom misi poeturi xma axali epoqisaTvis aqtualuri ino-vaciurobiT, msoflmxedvelobrivi, esTetikuri da struq-turuli progresulobiT gamoirCa, niWieri poeti-qalis gamoCena samwerlo sivrceSi, sadac qalTa literatura mar-ginalur poziciaze iyo gadanacvlebuli, mniSvnelovan gen-derul datvirTvasac atarebda: Rrma, emociuri, fiqriani, gamoxatvis minimalistur maneraze dafuZnebuli leqsis meSveobiT kalandaZis Semoqmedeba organul Tavsebadobas amJRavnebs Tavisi Tanamedrove dasavleli qali-poetebis SemoqmedebiT xedvebTan:

askili, mocxari, mocvi...

gzadagza kunelic gvxvdeba...

aRar wvims... lamazi mxrebi

gaSales lamazma mTebma...

mivdivarT, mivdivarT, civi

seqtembris qarebi qrian...

svel gzebze wablis da ifnis

da muxis foTlebis yria...

(beTaniis gzaze)

214

Tumca, ana kalandaZis poeziaSi qaluri xedva elegan-turad ikveTeba nacionaluri cnobierebis tradiciul qar-Tul modelTan, istoriuli, miTologiuri da kulturuli arqetipebis sistemasTan, rac originaluri poeturi mode-lis saxes unarCunebs mis poezias:

fexi damadgiT,

gulze damadgiT fexi yovelman,

wyaloba hyaviT...

saqarTvelois yovlis mpyrobelman

visurve, daviT...

fexqveS gacviTeT saflavis lodi

yurZnis mtevnebiT...

– aseTi codva ra gaqvs, mefeo,

miutevebi?

Rirsmsaxurobdi qarTul miwa-wyals,

rai gadardebs?

gaswie igi „nikofsiiTgan

darubandamde“...

(`fexi damadgiT~)

50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze da Semdgom, 60-70-ian wlebSi, Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis istorias – liberalizebuli poeturi diskursis saxiT – ana kalandaZesTan erTad qmnian: SoTa CantlaZe, oTar WilaZe, Tamaz WilaZe, muxran maWava-riani, murman lebaniZe, givi gegeWkori, SoTa niSnianiZe, ar-Cil sulakauri, tariel Wanturia, vaxtang javaxaZe, mixeil qvliviZe, jansuR Carkviani, emzar kvitaiSvili, moris focx-iSvili, rezo amaSukeli. ai, arasruli nusxa qarTveli `samo-cianelebisa~, romelTa poetur teqstebSi cxadad SeigrZnoba zegavlena dasavluri literaturuli modisa, moWarbeba Ta-visufali poeturi stilisa, romelic, amavdros, organulad erwymis qarTul tradiciul poetur suliskveTebas: gaaq-tiurebulia patriotuli da antiideologiuri Tematikac ki (magaliTad, muxran maWavarianis 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis leqsebis cikli), xdeba erovnuli Rirebulebebis xazgasma:

264

Ten

giz

mir

zaS

vil

i.

`Sem

od

goma

~.

215

qarTuli marto enaa?!-

qarTuli qarTvelT rwmenaa!

RmerTia!

bedisweraa!

zRva roa!

imodenaa!

(m. maWavariani, `ena qarTuli”)

unda aRiniSnos, rom amave periodSi, poetTa axalgazrda Taobis gverdiT muSaoben, magram antiideologiur paToss emijnebian SedarebiT ufrosi Taobis poetebi – irakli aba-SiZe, grigol abaSiZe, ioseb noneSvili, romelTa poeturi ge-movnebis formireba sabWoeTis politikuri da kulturuli aRmavlobis periods daemTxva da bevri sakamaTo furcelic miiTvala*, TumcaRa mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada `axali droebisa da Temebis~ pirobebSi (am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ir. abaSiZis palestinis ciklis leqsebi).

`samocianelebi~ ki TandaTanobiT ipyroben literatu-rul sivrces: ibeWdebian wamyvan literaturul Jurnal-gazeTebSi, gamoscemen poetur krebulebs da qarTvel mkiTx-vels sTavazoben erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul poetur xedvebsa da riTmebs, Sinaarsobriv Tu formalur inovaciebs... guram asaTianis dakvirvebiT, `swrafva origi-nalurobisken calkeul SemTxvevebSi TviTmiznur xasiaTs atarebs. magram arsebiTad es mainc saRi midrekilebaa – prin-cipuli uaryofa im metad damaRonebeli tendenciisa, rode-sac erTgvarovan TemebSi, ganwyobilebebSi da Sesatyvis uni-sonur intonaciebSi umowyalod iTqvifeboda mTvari, riTac poezia cocxlobs – Semoqmedis individualoba...~ (asaTiani 2009: 483-484)

Tumca, diskursis es SedarebiT Tavisufali, prodasav-luri modeli, erTnairad damkvidrebuli qarTul poeziasa da prozaSi, arcTu xangrZlivi politikuri `daTbobis~ Se-

* winamdebare statiis mizans ar Seadgens am sakiTxis kvleva.

216

degi aRmoCndeba: 70-iani wlebidan, rogorc ki yinulis dno-bam saSiSi saxe miiRo, sabWoTa liderebs kvlav gauaqtiurdaT ucxo xilis akrZalvis instinqti – mZafrdeba sabWoTa xeli-suflebis agresia yovelgvari siaxlisadmi, rac, erTi mxriv, iZens ukiduresad xelovnur xasiaTs, xolo, meore mxriv, ar-Rvevs komunikaciis elementarul normebs. Sedegad, mwerali, rogorc informaciis erT-erTi yvelaze kvalificirebuli momxmarebeli, ganicdis informaciul deficits. politi-kuri marwuxebiT SeboWilma am axalma epoqam samarTlianad SeiZina `uZraobis~ xanis statusi, xolo mwerloba moTmine-biT Seudga reprezentaciis alternatiuli gzebis Ziebas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `mwerlobis moTviniereba~* grZeldeba da warmatebiTac (calkeul mwerlebs, iseve rogorc kul-turis sxva sferos progresul moRvaweebs, `Tavazianad~ sTavazoben qveynis datovebas, zogic nebayoflobiT irCevs emigraciis gzas), am periodis qarTuli mwerlobis alter-natiuli frTa mainc aRar iziarebs qarTvel modernistTa ganwiruli Taobis tragikul beds. es, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebaze dasavleTis gaZlierebuli zewolis Sedegia, xolo, meore mxriv, mwerlobis mier SeZenili gamocdilebisa: viCqaroT nela!

Seqmnil viTarebaSi, qarTul literaturul sivrceSi, maT Soris poeziaSi, diskursTaA didi mravalferovneba aRiniSne-ba. gamoikveTaL eqsistencialuri, subieqtivisturi, miTolo-giuri, realisturi, fsiqologiuri da sxva tipis diskursebi. arc sabWoTa diskursi gamqrala sadme: ubralod, garesamyar-odan gaZlierebuli politikuri Tu kulturuli zewolis fonze, saxecvlili ideologiuri marTvis pirobebSi, manac icvala saxe da modernizebuli forma SeiZina – momravldnen windaxeduli apologetebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, `Tanau-grZnobdnen~ da yovelmxriv `exmarebodnen~ SedarebiT Tamam da amis gamo marginalizebul kolegebs, xolo, meore mxriv, siamovnebiT iRebdnen xelisuflebisagan sxvadasxva saxis privilegiebs... aRniSnuli tendenciebi, cxadia, iwvevda Sina-

* akaki baqraZis termini.

217

gan dualizms, Tavisebur konceptualur ryevebs, romlebic dakvirvebuli TvalisaTvis sakmaod kargad ikveTeba calke-ul poetTa SemoqmedebaSi.

xarisxis TvalsazrisiT ramdenadme moisustebda mwer-lobis radikaluri frTa (e.w. disidenturi mwerloba)*, Tumca, sazogadoebis ideologiuri gamofxizlebis Tval-sazrisiT mas didi mniSnveloba hqonda (z. gamsaxurdias, m. kos-tavas leqsebi, p. gruzinskis – `me mecodeba Cemi Taoba~ da sxv.). antisabWoTa diskursis utrirebuli modelis poetiku-ri xarvezebi met sivrces tovebda modernizebuli sabWoTa diskursis ayvavebisTvis. TumcaRa, Mradikalur frTas `exa-teboda~ gansxvavebuli mizandasaxulobisa da funqciis kon-ceptualuri modelebi: a) `sxvagvarad moazrovneni~ – su-bieqtivisturi diskursi, rogorc antisabWoTa narativis SeniRbuli, siRrmiseuli modeli; b) neitraluri diskursi, Caurevlebi, rogorc antisabWoTa diskursis pasiuri mo-deli, romelic Sinaganad enaTesaveboda subieqtivistur diskurss, Tumca gansxvavdeboda misgan poziciis aqtivobis TvalsazrisiT da g) e.w. adaptirebuli diskursi, konfor-mistebi, rogorc antisabWoTa da sabWoTa diskursebis in-teleqtualuri morigebis mcdeloba. amgvari diferenciaci-is safuZveli, cxadia, ukve aRar aris mxolod ideologiuri antagonizmi diskursebs Soris an, Tundac, literaturuli produqciis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi, aramed mwerlebis pozicia, progresuli Tu regresuli, rogorc socialuri identifikaciisa da komunikaciis formis gamovlineba.

aseve mravalferovani da diskursuli TvalsazrisiT datvirTuli aRmoCndeba qarTuli poezia 70-80-iani wleb-Sic vlindeba poeturi narativis rogorc antisabWoTa, ise dasavluri xedvebiT gajerebuli siRrmiseuli modelebi. na-cionaluri problemebisa Tu filosofiuri Wvretis zRvar-ze iqmneba SesaniSnavi poeturi teqstebi, romelTa avtorebi, samocianelebTan erTad, arian besik xaranauli da lia stu-rua. maT qarTul poetur sivrceSi didi warmatebiT SemoaqvT

* vazustebT: ara disidenturi moZraoba, aramed – disidenturi mwerloba.

218

dasavleTSi ukve aprobirebuli Tavisufali leqsis forma – verlibri.*

RmerTo, rogori wuTieri aris cxovreba,

Seyvarebulni siyvarulsac ver moaswreben.

magram rogori xangrZlivia igi Cveni tkivilebisTvis,

rogor ar hyofnis did saqmeebs erTi cxovreba,

magram rogori xangrZlivia igi Cveni wvrilmanebisTvis.

(b. xaranauli, `xeebi~)

amave periodSi ibeWdeba givi alxaziSvilis, iza orjoni-kiZis, daviT mWedluris, Tedo beqiSvilis, jarji fxovelis, mamuka wiklauris, Tamaz baZaRuas (naadrevad gardacvlili niWieri poetis), baTu danelias, ela goCiaSvilis pirveli poeturi krebulebi, gamorCeuli Tematuri da Janruli Zie-bebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom 80-iani wlebis qarTulma poeziam srulad gaiziara im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi tendenciebi: 80-iani wlebis miwuruls saqarTvelo umZimes politikur fazaSi Seabijebs, win aris sabWoTa reJimis da-sasruli, samoqalaqo omi, msxverpli, qaosi... icvleba re-aloba, diskursi, stili; 50-60-70-ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli naratiuli modelebi, rogorc axali tradicia, TumcaRa inarCunebs poziciebs, aSkarad eqvemdebareba konteqstiT nakarnaxev cvlilebebs; mwerloba TiTqos avismomaswavebel molodinis reJimSi gadainacvlebs, is uaRresad gulaxdili xdeba, radikalizmi erwymis Taobis tragizms, socialuri plani gajerebulia braziT, protestiT, tkiviliT, fsiqo-logiuri dilemis SegrZnebiT; es tendenciebi mravalfero-van realizebas poulobs 80-ianelTa poetur SemoqmedebaSi.

Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis mesame faza, cxadia, postsabWoTa epoqaSi formirdeba, rodesac AdaSlili sabWoTa kavSiri, dangreuli berlinis kedeli, darRveuli erT dros monolioTuri teritoriebi kardinaluri cvli-

* verlibris mkvlevari qarTveli kritikosebi bolo dros xSirad mimarTaven 50-iani wlebis qarTveli poetis, SoTa CantlaZis poezias.

219

lebebis mauwyebelia. dasavleTi kvlavac irgebs politiku-ri da kulturuli lideris rols: msoflios did nawilSi, yofili sabWoeTis teritoriebze da sxva cxel wertilebSi gamefebuli krizisi amZafrebs gardauvali katastrofis SegrZnebas, xolo viTarebis dramatizmi xels uwyobs dasav-leTSi axali tipis materialuri da kulturuli dovlaTis dagrovebas. literaturuli procesebis TvalsazrisiT, Tavis Zlierebis fazaSi Seabijebs interteqstualoba, rac gulisxmobs teqstis Sinagan kavSirebs, mimarTuls ara gareT, cxovrebiseuli realobisken, aramed nacionaluri da saer-TaSoriso kulturuli wiaRisaken. dasavluri kanoni axal wesrigs awesebs, xolo procesi gansakuTrebul siRrmes iZens gaxsnili sazRvrebis pirobebSi da TandaTan ipyrobs msof-lio sivrces.* msoflio literaturul sivrceSi mkvidrdeba interteqstualoba da masTan dakavSirebuli iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: teqsti, konteqsti, qveteqsti, metateqsti da sxv. literaturuli produqcia gacilebiT ekleqturi, ko-laJuri xdeba, dafuZnebuli asociaciebsa da aluziebze; politikuri avtoretetebis dacemis kvaldakval iwyeba av-toritetebis totaluri devalvacia, izrdeba ironiisa da TviTironiis xarisxi, maRal idealebs fsevdoidealebi enac-vleba; dekonstruqcia eufleba inteleqtualur samyaros. Sesabamisad, postmodernizmi, romelic 70-80-ian wlebSi mxo-lod evro-amerikuli kulturis markeria**, axla ̀ mTeli sidi-adiT~ mkvidrdeba msoflio xelovnebasa da mwerlobaSi da zustad ergeba krizisuli sazogadoebis fsiqologias: `ada-miani ver uZlebs samyaros zewolas da postadamianad iqce-va~ (borevi 2001v: 323). postmodernizmi msoflio masS-tabiT axal nacionalur da kulturul identobaTa Ziebisa da aR-moCenis wyarod iqceva. am gamowvevas iRebs postkoloniur fazaSi gadanacvlebuli qarTuli mwerlobac, qarTuli poez-

* Tumca literaturis kritikosebis erTi nawilis azriT, aRmosavlurma kul-turam interteqstualobis Tavisi modeli SesTavaza msoflios da piriqiTi gavlena iqonia dasavlur procesze.** Cveni werilis mizans ar Seadgens postmodernizmis formirebis istoriis ganxilva.

220

ia, da, marTalia, garkveuli dagvianebiT, magram Zalze sain-teresod uerTdeba msoflio literaturul process: post-modernizmi aramarto krizisis fazaSi Sesuli kulturuli cnobierebis rekonstruirebis, aramed saWoTa kanonis daZ-levis saukeTeso saSualebad mogvevlineba.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan da XXI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi qarTuli literaturis didi nawili postmodernis-tuli mgrZnobelobis sivrceSia ganTavsebuli, Tumca, Sei-niSneba sxva tipis diskursebis aqcentirebac, maT Soris: klasikuri qarTuli narativis aRorZineba, politikuri Tema-tikis gamZafreba, egzistencialuri ganwyobilebebis rekon-struqcia da sxv. postsabWoTa qarTulma poeziam warmate-biT SeiTavsa yvela SesaZlo inovacia, Tumca, es sxva narkvevis Temaa.

Ddamowmebani:

asaTiani 2009: asaTiani, g. ̀ leqsis madani~. Tanamedevi sulebi. Tbilisi:

2009.

221

Tamar ciciSviliirine modebaZe

`feriscvalebis molodinSi~

(80-ani wlebis `axalgazrduli~ qarTuli proza)

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan naTeli gaxda, rom 1985 wels `perestroikisa~ da `glasnostis~ politikiT sabWoTa saxel-mwifom Tavisi ZiriTadi doqtrinis sruli fiasko aRiara. ruseTis imperiul kulturul politikas saboloo wertili daesva. warsuls Cabarda ara mxolod formiT mravalfero-vani da SinaarsiT erTi sabWoTa kulturis Seqmnis mcdelo-ba, aramed Homo Sovieticus–Ta saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideac, sa-dac yvelas erTnairad unda efiqra, erTi wesiT ecxovra da msgavsi Sexedulebebi hqonoda. 70-iani wlebis bolos sabWo-Ta politikuri elita aSkarad kargavda realobis grZnobas, gerontokratiis maxinji mmarTvelobis Sedegebi qveyanaSi sul ufro sacnauri xdeboda” (saqarTvelos istoria 2012: 487). sabWoTa imperiam amowura Tavisi resursi, 80-ian wleb-Si daiwyo daSla da saqarTveloc damoukideblobisaken mi-maval realur, magram rTul gzas daadga.

sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri ko-mitetis generaluri mdivnis mixeil gorbaCovis mier gamo-cxadebuli saxelmwifo kursis radikaluri Secvla vulkanis amofrqvevas SegviZlia SevadaroT. rogorc es bunebaSi xde-ba, am procesebsac win uswrebda xangrZlivi mosamzadebeli periodi da seriozuli kulturuli Zvrebi.

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qveyanaSi warmoudgeneli iyo politikuri sistemis aseTi swrafi cvlileba, magram yvela-nairi siaxlisadmi mgrZnobiare mxatvrul azrovnebaSi ga-regnuli simSvidis miRma gardauvali qariSxlis molodini aisaxa. `literaturas, bunebrivia ar moeTxoveba imis winas-war ganWvreta, Tu konkretulad ra socialur-politikuri movlenebia mosalodneli da rodis, magram literatura sa-

222

farvels aclis sazogadoebis sulieri da zneobrivi mdgo-mareobis Sinagan xeds da imis mixedviT, rogoria igi, SesaZ-lebelia Tundac miaxloebiT warmovidginoT, ras gvimzadebs momavali~ (vasaZe 2010: 307).

sagulisxmoa, rom totalitaruli reJimis damTrgunveli wnexis qveSac qarTvel mweralTa da SemoqmedTa garkveul jgufebSi, vinc jogur `erTsulovnebasa da morCilebas~ ver egueboda, individualuri azrovnebis gamoxatva mainc iyo SesaZlebeli. yvela mwerali partiuli ideologiis `xmagak-mendili mona-morCili~ ver iqneboda da ideologiuri diq-tatis zegavlenas ar ganicdida. sazogadoebaSi danergili SiSis fenomenis miuxedavad, 1974 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna ada-mianTa uflebaTa dacvis sainiciativo jgufi, romelic 1976 wels helsinkis jgufad gadakeTda. maT gamosces litera-turuli Jurnali `oqros sawmisi” da politikuri Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~.…

qarTul kulturul sivrceSi gamoCnda axalgazrda Ta-oba, romelmac Tamamad aimaRla xma pirovnebis uflebis dasacavad, rusifikaciis politikis winaaRmdeg, erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis. am procesebs win uswrebda 1978 wlis 14 aprilis saprotesto gamosvlebi qarTuli enis dasacavad da 1983 wlis TviTmfrinavis gamtacebelTa gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesi.

60-ani wlebidan qarTuli mwerlobSi fiqsirdeba gardama-vali kulturuli periodisaTvis damaxasaTebeli yvela mark-eri, romelic 70-ian wlebSi,@ `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ (a. baqraZe) xanaSi, garkveul transformacias ganicdis. `yoveli literaturuli epoqa winaswari, xSirad xangrZlivi kul-turuli momzadebis, erTgvari preparaciis Sedegia, Sesabam-isad, Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis aTvla gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 60-iani wle-bis pirveli naxevridan unda daviwyoT, im epoqidan,E rodesac qarTuli literatura masStaburad moicva saetapo mniSvnelobis Tematurma da stilisturma inovaciebma~ (ratiani 2015: 168). gasuli saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi ki – miiCnevs n.kupreiSvili:

223

`istoriul-kulturuli antiTezebis garemoSi Camoyalibe-buli axali Taoba `gareideologiuri sivrciske~ iswrafvo-da. misi pirveli TiTqmis refleqsuri survilia weros sxva eniT neostalinuri fsiqozis nacvlad es axalgazrdebi ser-viluri oficiozisgan gamijvnis jer farul, Semdgom ki sul ufro Tamamad translirebul miswrafebas amJRavneben~ (kupreiSvili 2013: 450).

80-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobas, Tavisi koherentulo-biT msoflio kulturuli da literaturuli tradiciebis mimarT, merab kostavas cnobili sityvebi `feriscvalebis molodini~ SegviZlia vuwodoT.

80-iani wlebis mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia e.w. `sa-sazRvro cnobiereba~ – `rodesac mZafrdeba raRac erTis dasrulebisa da meoris dawyebis SegrZneba~ (bagno 2014: 214). aSkara gaxda kulturuli epoqebis Senacvlebis gardamavali periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebi: arsebuli lite-raturuli kanonis transformireba da realobis axleburi mxatvruli xedva-asaxvis stiluri Ziebebi. marTalia, sxva-dasxva dros igi gamovlenis simZlavres kargavda, magram Zalasac ikrebda da ama Tu im formiT grZeldeboda kidec. TandaTan ikveTeba evropul kulturebSi gacilebiT adre gaCenili markerebi. qarTuli mwerloba Tavisi ganviTare-bis xelovnurad Sewyvetil bunebriv modelTan cdilobs dabrunebas. is `TandaTan xsnida reJimis mier Caketil wres, aqcevda mas jer spiralad, Semdeg ki gaxsnil konstruqciad, raTa sabolood moepovebina Tavisufleba~ (ratiani 2015: 169) da sabWoTa (anda postsabWouri) diskursisagan gaTavisuf-lebuli, msoflio literaturis konteqstSi CarTuliyo.

cvlilebebi kulturul cxovrebaSi axali mxatvrulobis ZiebaSi Cans. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis sax-viT xelovnebaSi `naTlad aisaxa epoqis Tanaxmieri meTodis Ziebis miswrafeba. iwyeba postmodernistuli tendenciebis qarTul niadagze danergvis procesi, mxatvarTa garkveuli jgufi ki axali masalebisa Tu inovaciuri formis ZiebaSi, eqsperimentebSi scdeba dazguri ferwerisa Tu qandakebebis

224

sazRvrebs da iwyebs saqarTveloSi performansis, hefeningis demonstrirebas, instalaciebis Seqmnas. Tumca zemodaRniS-nuli jgufis xelovneba xSirad oficiozisTvis da farTo masebisTvis miuRebeli da araseriozulia~ (http://www.culture.gov.ge/text-10.html). musikalur sferoSic didi Zvrebi SeiniS-neba: `sakompozitoro SemoqmedebaSi CaerTo Tanamedrove musikis TiTqmis yvela mxatvruli mimarTulebis niSan-Tvise-bebi, Janruli sinTezis mravalferovani formebi. yovelive amis Sedegad Seiqmna Tvisobrivad axali sakompozitoro sa-azrovno sistema, romelmac gaaerTiana mkveTrad gansxvaveb-uli individualuri xelweris mqone musikosebi~ (loria 2013L: 210). 80-iani wlebis qarTuli Teatri (igulisxmeba rusTave-lis Teatri), sruliad gansakuTrebuli movlenaa ara mxolod qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi, aramed msoflio Teatralur xelovnebaSi, robert sturuas mier Seqmnil Teatralur samyaroSi, `iseve, rogorc Seqspiris `cxovreba-TeatrSi~ yvelaferi warmosdgeba niRbebis, xasiaTebis, vnebebis kar-navaluri TamaSidan~ (gurabaniZe 2013: 249). mniSvnelovani cvli-lebebia qarTul kinoSi. 80-ian wlebSi moRvawe reJisorebma axali sunTqva, problemebi da samyaros Taviseburi xedva moitanes. `romantikuli ganzogadoebisa da poeturi forme-bisadmi swrafvam 60-70-iani wlebis reJisorTa ZalisxmeviT qarTuli kinos fenomeni Seqmna. axalgazrda reJisorebis SemoqmedebaSi TandaTan adgili eTmoba Tanamedrove prob-lemebisa da gmiris xasiaTis dramatul gaazrebasa da mkacr, xSir SemTxvevaSi, naturalistur stilistikas~ (SubaSvili 2013: 270). swored am wlebSi Seiqmna e.Sengelaias mxatvruli filmi `cisferi mTebi anu daujerebeli ambavi~, romelSic sabWoTa realobaa asaxuli da momavalSi misi ngrevaa nawi-naswarmetyvelebi. am wlebSive ekranze gamovida revaz Tabu-kaSvilis erovnuli suliskveTebiT aRbeWdili dokumenturi filmebic.

`sityvas~ qarTul kulturul azrovnebaSi yovelTvis wamyvani roli eniWeboda. „80-ian wlebSi dominanti qarTul kulturaSi, tradiciisamebr isev mwerloba iyo~ (nemsaZe

225

2014: 118). 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze wina Taobis ukve saxe-lovan mwerlebs: Wabua amirejibs, oTar WilaZes, nodar dumbaZes, oTar CxeiZes, Tamaz WilaZes, guram gegeSiZes, revaz WeiSvils, arCil sulakaurs, otia ioselians, guram doCanaSvils, jemal qarCxaZes, Tamaz bibilurs da sxvebs uerTdebian Semdgomi Taobis axalgazrda prozaikosebi: jemal TofuriZe*, nugzar SataiZe, goderZi Coxeli, laSa TabukaSvili**, gia lomaZe, Tengiz Calauri, merab abaSiZe, soso paiWaZe, badri WoxoneliZe, mika aleqsiZe, irakli lo-mouri. irakli samsonaZe, kote jandieri, mixeil anTaZe, zaza TvaraZe, gigi sulakauri, giorgi baqaniZe, mamuka doliZe, zaal samadaSvili, avTandil CxikviSvili, vano CxikvaZe, maka joxaZe, naira gelaSvili, ana mxeiZe, qeTi niJaraZe, neli batiaSvili, gulo kobiaSvili, lali bregaZeE da sxvebi. bevri maTgani dRes, samwuxarod, cocxali aRar aris. KKK

niSandoblivia, rom 80-iani wlebis qarTuli literatu-ruli periodikac ufro mravalferovani gaxda da sakmaod didi roli Seasrula axalgazrda mweralTa teqstebis po-pularizaciaSi: Jurnalebi – `mnaTobi~, `ciskari~, `litera-turnaia gruzia~, `ganTiadi~, `saunje~, `Woroxi~, `nobaTi~, `liaxvi~, `saTave~, gazeTi – `literaturuli saqarTvelo~. im periodis literaturul presas gansakuTrebuli zomiereba, sifrTxile da taqti marTebda, `rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, prin-cipebis daTmobas sulac ar niSnavda~.

70-80-iani wlebis zRrublze da Semdgom periodSi qar-Tul saliteraturo sivrceSi, diskursebisa da naratiul formaTa didi mravalferovneba SeiniSneba – filosofiuri, gansakuTrebiT egzistencialuri diskursi, fsiqologiuri realizmi, genderuli da pastoraluri Tematika. aseve gvxvdeba dasavluri xedvis modelirebis mcdelobebic.

rTulma politikurma da sazogadoebrivma cxovrebam aRmoacena nairgvari movlenebi, istoriulad warmavali,

* marTalia, jemal TofuriZe 1978 wels gardaicvala, magram misi teqstebis recefcia, albad, ufro 80-ian wlebs ekuTvnis.** laSa TabukaSvili da irakli samsonaZe am periodSi upiratesad drama-turgiis JanrSi moRvaweoben.

226

ideologiurad da politikurad determinirebuli, magram iseTebic, romlebmac Seqmnes literaturuli da kulturu-li tradicia, norma da Rirebuleba (kvaWantiraZe 2013: 69). rogorc zemod aRvniSneT, 80-ani wlebis dasawyisis axalgaz-rda qarTvel mweralTa teqstebSi umniSvnelovanesi `kul-turuli Zvrebi~ realobis axlebur aRqmaSi, gansxvavebuli literaturuli principebis gadakveTasa da sxvadasxva sti-listuri formebis ZiebaSi aisaxa. naTlad gamoikveTa mxatv-ruli azrovnebis is ZiriTadi veqtorebi, romlebic kul-turuli epoqebis `gardamavlobis~ daskvniTi etapisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

warmodgenil sqemaSi moyvanilia mdgrad da gardamaval epoqaTa ganmasxvavebeli markerebi (krivcuni 1998: )

SedarebiT mdgradi kulturuli epoqa

gardamavali kulturuli epoqa

warmodgena samyaros wesrigze, rogorc mdgradze

warmodgena samyaroze, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivsa da cvale-badze

pozitiuri msoflmxedvelobiTi paradigma – socialuri fsiqo-logiis stabiluroba da miz-nobrioba

msoflmxedvelobrivi pozi-ciebis meryeoba, socialur-fsiqologiuri rxevebis maRali amplituda

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis upira-tesad obieqturi tipi

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis upira-tesad subieqturi tipi

SemoqmedebaSi racionalur cno-bierebaze orientacia, gonebis absoluturi Zalis rwmena

SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da bunebrivi stiqiis daaxloebis mcdeloba, intuitur-emociu-risa da gauTvaliswinebelisad-mi yuradrebis mipyroba.

mxatvruli asaxvis kanonebze yu-radRebis gamaxvileba, ostato-bis maRali statusi, ganaTlebis sferos gaZliereba

mxatvruli TviTgamoxatvis spontanuri xerxebis priori-teti

227

kulturaSi xelovnebis gamomsa-xvelobiTi saxeobebis dominire-ba (literatura, Teatri, saxviTi xelovneba-ferwera da skulptura)

kulturaSi xelovnebis ara-gamomsaxvelobiTi saxeobebis dominireba (musika, arqiteqtu-ra, baleti)

gamosaxvis saSualebaTa specifi-kuri saxeobebis gamoyeneba

gansxvavebuli mxatvruli xer-xebis urTierTSerwymisken aq-tiuri swrafva

Janruli sazRvrebis sicxade tendencia xelovnebis sxva-dasxva dargebis sinTezisaken

mxatvruli saxis plastikurobis upiratesoba

mxatvruli saxis mravalfer-ovnebis upiratesoba

mxatvrul saxeSi arsiseuli-sa da movlenis SedarebiTi erTianoba

mxatvruli saxis metaforulo-bis da simbolikis gaRrmaveba

epikur da heroikul formaTa prioriteti

ironiuli sawyisis prioriteti

mxatvrul saxeTa monumenturoba mxatvrul saxeTa intimuroba da gaxsniloba

es maxasiaTeblebi 80-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis-Tvisac niSandoblivia. gare samyaroze warmodgena, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivze, romelic adamianis sapirispiro, mtru-li xasiaTis matareblad aRiqmeba. adamiansa da sociums Soris socialur-fsiqologiuri kavSiris msxvreva: personaJebi martoobasa da sociumisagan gariyvas ganicdian. wina planze iwevs mxatvruli azrovnebis subieqturi tipi. mxatvruli sa-xeebi `intimur~ xasiaTs iZenen, mwerlis yuradRebis centr-Sia maTi piradi gancdebi da problemebi. igrZnoba yuradReba intuiciur-emociuri (bunebriv-stiqiuri) msoflSegrZnebis mimarT. mxatvruli TviTgamoxatva ufro spontanuri xdeba. SeiniSneba sxvadasxvagvari mxatvruli xerxebis Serwymisken swrafva.

mxatvruli realoba `arasemiotizirebulia~, radgan wina sistema sabolood daimsxvra, axali ki jer ar aris formire-

228

buli, ucnobia, ra saxes miiRebs igi da rogor esTetikur ka-nons daeqvemdebareba.

mweralTa am TaobisTvis mxatvruli azrovnebis damaxa-siaTebel niSnad sruliad gacnobierebuli neotradicio-naluri diskursis uaryofa iqca. neotradicionalur dis-kurss `mwerlobaSi – araklasikur pirobebSi, araklasikuri mentalobis saSualebaTa meSveobiT klasikuri azrovnebis mcdelobad~ miiCneven (skliarovi 2014: 217). tradicia – sa-zogadoebrivi arsebobis mdgradobis matarebelia (gadameri) da kulturuli tradiciisadmi gansakuTrebuli pativiscema XX saukunis miwurulis sabWoTa tradicionalistTa axali TaobisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. isini TavianT teqstebSi mentalur kulturul gamocdilebasa da tradiciul opo-zicias mimarTaven: sikeTe-boroteba, zneoba-uzneoba da a.S.,raTa am fonze `ganviTarebadi cvlilebebis~ pirobebSi ada-miansa da sociums Soris urTierTobaTa sirTuleebi asaxon. am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlTaTvis umTavresi ara mxat-vrulobis, aramed ideis prioritetia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, re-alisturi Txrobis tradiciuli modelebis variantebi gamo-iyeneba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, neotradicionalistebi, amave problemebis asaxvis dros, ara tradiciuli mxatvruli xe-rxebis gamoyenebas arCeven, aramed arsebuli tradiciis gan-viTarebas novaciebis inkorporirebis meSveobiT cdiloben. `maT SemoqmedebaSi Cans axalgazrduli energia, tradici-uli gzidan gadaxvevis, gabatonebuli literaturuli for-mebis msxvrevisa da siaxlis Semotanis survili, Tavisuflebis surnelic igrZnoba... am periodis prozis mTavari Tematuri markeri ki egzistencialuri problematika da samyaroSi mar-tod darCenili adamianis tragikuli bedia: adamiani zneob-rivad daeca, RmerTma miatova da sociumisaganac uRvTod gaiwira~ (nemsaZe 2014: 119). mwerali winamorbedTa mxatvrul-stilur monapovrebs aRiarebs Tu uaryofs, is mainc mxat-vruli gamocdilebis mTlian konteqstSi arsebobs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi wamyvani tendenciebis gagrZelebaze vsaubrobT, meoreSi ki – inovaciebze. `teqsts miRma~ ki yovelTvis li-

229

teraturuli procesis mTlianoba igulisxmeba. 80-ani wlebis axalgazrda qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasi-aTebel Taviseburebad 70-anebSi danergili ZiriTadi tenden-ciebi unda miviCnioT. im dros kulturuli novaciebis didi nawili Caisaxa. egzistencializmi pirovnebisaTvis miuRebeli realobisagan distancirebisa da gaRrmavebuli TviTSemec-nebis erT-erTi mdgomareobaa. amitom is qarTul mwerlobaSi antisabWoTa narativis saxiT jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi gaCnda: `politikuri marwuxebiT SeboWilma am epoqam samarTlianad SeiZina ̀ uZraobis xanis~ statusi, xolo mwerloba moTminebiT Seudga reprezentaciis alternatiuli gzebis Ziebas ... Seqm-nil viTarebaSi, qarTul literaturul sivrceSi gamokveTi-li diskursis sxvadasxva modelebis fonze, gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens egzistencialuri proza, subieqtivisturi diskursi, rogorc antisabWoTa narativis SeniRbuli, siRrm-iseuli modeli~ (ratiani 2015: 171-172).

sabWoTa periodis kultura awyobili iyo antagonizmis principiT òficialuri-araoficialuri~. am orive kul-turul `zonaSi~ iqmneboda da ingreoda miTebi. swored am zRvarze arsebobda ègzistenciuri cnobiereba~, rasac Semo-qmedTa nawilic iziarebda. isini eZiebdnen `yofis WeSmarite-bas~ da am Ziebas asaxavdnen xelovnebasa da publicistikaSi. egzistenturi ìdeaTa kompleqsi~ ewinaaRmdegeboda sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTad totalitarul dogmebs, radgan calkeuli individis egzistenciis refleqsia aqtualuri ar iyo im sa-zogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobis erTaderTi algoriTmi iyo gabatonebuli.

qarTul mwerlobaSi 80-ian wlebSi pirovnebasa da sociums Soris konfliqtma udides daZabulobas miaRwia. 1985 wlis Semdgom periodSi, e.w. `perestroikisa~ da `glastnostis~ pi-robebSi, erTgvarad,DD sustdeba sabWoTa cenzuris poziciebi, rac antitotaluri diskursis nawarmoebebis gamoqveyneb-is saSualebas iZleva. Tumca, ìs faqti, rom CvenSi sabWoTa ideologia TviT totalitarizmis zeobis periodSic ki ara-sodes uRiarebiaT dominanturad, swored periferiulad

230

(marginalurad) miCneuli erovnuli diskursis aqtiurobis Sedegi iyo da ara – oficiozis pasiurobisa~ (kvaWantiraZe 2013: 72). ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi radikalurad Seicvala adamianis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze, arsebul ga-remosTan damokidebulebaze, kardinalurad gadaisinja su-lieri faseulobani. bunebrivia, rom es cvlilebebi qarTul literaturasac Seexo. erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanad ada-mianis sulieri samyaros siRrmeebSi `SeRweva~ iqca. mwerlebi cdiloben, adamianis cnobierebaSi aRmoaCinon WeSmariteba. subieqturi, iracionaluri, `metaforuli cnobierebis~ sa-myaro Tanamedrove literaturaSi adamianis garSemo arse-buli usasrulo realobis uSualo proeqciaa. gare samyaro, erTi SexedviT, adamianisgan sruliad damoukidebeli, da-culia zRudiT, romelic materialurobasa da sulierebas erTmaneTisgan acalkevebs, avlens Tavis paradoqsul ur-TierTkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebas adamianis gonis iracionalur siRrmeebTan.

cnobilia, rom yovel epoqas ideologiur konteqstSi Tavisi garkveuli Rirebulebebi gaaCnia, romelic mxatvru-li Semoqmedebis yvela mimarTulebas aerTianebs. swored es Rirebulebebi xdeba mocemuli epoqis literaturis wamyvani Tema. egzistencialuri motivebi damkvidrda bevri axal- egzistencialuri motivebi damkvidrda bevri axal-gazrda qarTveli mwerlis teqstebSi. isini axali mxatvruli sistemis Camoyalibebis procesSi, cdiloben myari sayrdenis povnas - skepticizmis, eskapizmis, gaucxoebis, moZvelebu-li faseulobebisa da racionaluri Secnobis SeuZleblobis fonze. am periodSi metad aqtualuria adamianis fsiqikis ga-orebis problema, `pirovnebas ver gauges~, mudmivi Sinagani konfliqti, antagonizmi da daZabuloba, Warbi emociebi, dar-Rveulia pirovnuli wonasworoba. es is `sasazRvro situaci-aa~, rodesac konfliqtis mizezi Tavad adamianSia, romelic acnobierebs `yoveldRiurobis absurdulobas~. adamiani, sa-kuTar Tavs konkretul situaciaSi aRiqvams, rogorc `mito-vebuls~ da misi nebis gareSe `Casmuls~ garkveul CarCoSi, is uSedegod cdilobs am viTarebidan Tavis daRwevas.

231

80-iani wlebis qarTuli àxalgazrduli talRa~ gamoir-Ceva imiTac, rom mwerlebi TavianTi egzistencialuri gan-wyobebis gamosaxatavad evropuli mwerlobis mier damuSave-bul modelebs mimarTaven. magaliTisaTvis, `damsxvreuli samyaros~ or dapirispirebul realobaTa Soris myofi gia lomaZis `TabaSiris kacis~ qarTveli personaJis gancdebSi gaismis ara mxolod sartriseuli, aramed kamiuseuli into-naciebic. aqtualuri xdeba gavlenis problemis Taobaze eJen ioneskos sityvebi: àdamiani vakuumSi ar cxovrobs. Cven vcdebiT, rodesac vfiqrobT, rom mwerlebi arCevanSi Tavi-sufalni arian da Tavad wyveten ra daweron. sinamdvileSi mRelvareba, àkviatebuli saxeebi~, msoflio problemebi CvenSia. oci wlis winandeli SedarebiTi literaturaT-mcodneobis udidesi Secdoma is iyo, rom isini erTi mwerlis meoreze gavlenas ganixilavdnen, rogorc uSualo, pirdapir zemoqmedebas. xSirad saerTod ar arsebobs raime gavlena, ubralod, aris raRac mocemuloba. zogierTi mwerali am sa-kiTxze erTnairad reagirebs. am mimarTebiT Cveni Zieba Ta-visufalia, magram imavdroulad, winaswar ganzraxuli~ (ionesko 1999: 403).

im periodis qarTvel axalgazrda prozaikosebTan gvxde-ba, rogorc evropuli egzistencialuri literaturidan kargad nacnobi (adamiani – sxva danarCeni, sulieri sispeta-ke – uzneoba, wesrigi – qaosi, adamianis Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba – orad dayofil samyaros Soris arCevanis aucileb-loba, SiSi (sartriseuli gagebiT) da misi daZleva), agreTve universaluri opoziciebic (simaxinje – silamaze, bedniere-ba – ubedureba, Zala – sisuste, Tavisufleba – monoba, ual-ternativo an mxolod orpolusiani samyaro, Tavisufleba – politikuri determinizacia da sxva). TiTqmis yvela am ti-pis teqstebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simartovis qaoturi da uzneo samyarosgan gaucxoebis gancdis, sinamdvilidan gaq-cevis~, sakuTar sulSi CaRrmavebis, `mosazRvre situaciebSi~ myofi adamianisTvis rTuli arCevanis aucileblobis, pirov-nuli Tavisuflebisken swrafvis da sociumTan gawyvetili

232

kavSiris problemis aqtualizacia da aqedan gamomdinare – mwuxareba, sevda, SiSi, uimedoba da usazRvro simartovis SegrZneba. amave dros, axalgazrda qarTvel prozaikosebTan, igrZnoba saerTo suliskveTebac – gamosavlis Zieba, xandaxan radikaluri formiTac ki.

80-iani wlebis qarTul prozaSi yvelaze gavrcelebul xerxad disonansebi, tragikuli da komikuri kontrastebis Serwyma iqca, dominirebs mcire Janri, SeimCneva Txrobis stilis mravalsaxeoba, gansakuTrebiT ki Sinagani monologi (mika aleqsiZis `mdumarebis mejlisi~), istoriuli warsulis simulakri (merab abaSiZis `cecxlSi ganbanilni~, `sityvai WeSmariti~, `serviusis mona~), alegoriul-simboluri (gia lomaZis `krosvordi~) da sxva.

mwerlebi aRweren am gancdebs, msjeloben Tanamedro-ve samyaroSi siyvarulis deficitze, xelovnebis arsze da WeSmaritebaze.

Txrobis mkacr kompoziciur sicxades enacvleba gax-snili struqturebi, Ria finali, Txrobis fragmentuloba (wyvetiloba, epizodebis kolaJur-kaleidoskopuri monac-vleoba): naira gelaSvilis `werilebi samSobiarodan~, kote jandieris `saojaxo qronika~, gia lomaZis `TabaSiris kaci~, `kaci galavanze~ da sxva. erTian mxatvrul sivrceSi maT kravs personaJis meditaciebi, zogjer ki – `cnobierebis nakadi~.

Aam periodis prozaSi aRsaniSnavia, sxvadasxva mxatvruli mimarTulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis Serwy-mis eqsperimentebi. magaliTad, detalebisadmi gansakuTre-buli yuradReba, romelmac SesaZloa neorealisturi elfe-ric miiRos da sxva.

80-iani wlebis axalgazrda qarTvel mweralTa Soris goderZi Coxeli `gadaiqca erT-erT yvelaze originalur mwerlad… misi Semoqmedebis analizi da kvleva warmoadgens namdvil da Rirseul gamowvevas qarTuli kulturis mkvle-varTaTvis~ (rolbergi 2012: 43). yvelaferi, razec Coxeli wers, misTvis bunebrivi da maxlobelia. Mmisi teqstebi yu-

233

radRebas ipyrobs dafaruli Rrma miTologiuri mniSvne-lobiT, filosofiuri lirizmiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi siR-rmiT, realobisa da SeTxzulis urTierTkavSiriT, sadac sazogadoebis gulgriloba da farisevloba pirovnebis ga-ucxovebas iwvevs. mwerals aRelvebs dangreuli samyaros aRdgenis problema da adamianis dabeCavebuli mdgomareoba misadmi usamarTlod ganwyobil sociumSi. Coxelis moTx-robebis zogierTi gmiri Serekilia~ da swored maTi piriT ambobs avtori simarTles. Serekilebi~ 80–iani wlebis qar-Tuli literaturisa da kinosaTvis sayvareli Tema iyo, Zal-zed saWiro da aqtualuri, radgan realobac, tradiciac da saRi azric TiTqos adamianebisaTvis gasageb da misaReb sazRvrebs kargavda, kargavda avtoritets da auditorias~ (kvaWantiraZe2013: 268). teqstebSi `brZolis veli~ adamianis cnobierebaSi, mis Sinagan samyaroSia gadatanili. sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispireba fatalur xasiaTs iRebs, rac adamianis sulze tragikulad moqmedebs, `raRac amoucnobi sevdiani kaeSniT aris Cemi guli savse da vwer moTxrobebs sikvdil-sicocxleze, iqneb rogorme sxvas mainc gauqarvo amiT sikvdilis kaeSani~ (Coxeli 1989: 4).

nugzar SataiZis moTxrobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mka-fio individualoba, Txrobis gamorCeuli manera, frazis daxvewiloba. sakuTar TavTan harmoniis mopovebis survili, rac mis teqtebs xangrZlivi `sicocxlisunarianobis Senar-Cunebis~ SesaZleblobas aZlevs. avtori orientirebulia Tavisi moTxrobebis aRqmis xelmisawvdomobaze da amavdrou-lad maT siRrmiseul humanur-filosofiur arsze (krebuli `molxino~ 1986). mravlismTqmelia SataiZis Tanamedrove prozaikosis, kote jandieris sityvebi: `nugzaris ena erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da Rrma fenomenia qarTuli sity-vierebis istoriaSi ... nugzar SataiZe cxovrobda enaSi da agemovnebda am enas, undoda Caxrakavda am enis daxmarebiT, undoda Caqafavda, undoda ise, umad dagiyrida literatu-rul nadimze. SemTxveviTi araa es gastronomiuli Sedarebebi rom wamomcda, nugzari xom erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli pi-

234

ris gemos mqone kaci iyo da misnairi gurmanuli proza SesaZ-loa arc aravis dauweria manamde qarTulad~ (jandieri http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/24253749.html).

mxatvruli stilis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva merab aba-SiZis teqstebi. mwerali miTologiur Txrobas, qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebis inovaciebs mimarTavs. misi pirveli moTxroba 1975 wels disidentur Jurnal `oqros sawmisSi~ ga-moqveynda. abaSiZis TvalTaxedviT, iq sadac monoba batonobs, Tavisufali aravinaa. swored pirovnebis Tavisuflebidan iwyeba yvela sxva Tavisufleba. abaSiZis TxzulebaTa mkafio simboloebsa da alegoriebSi, `realobis universalur xed-vasa da Seupovar paTosSi SeuzRudavad batonobs erovnuli Tavisuflebis idea, romelze ubralo fiqric ki zogierT im-droindel `moRvawes~, dRes demokratiisa da samarTliano-bis qurumad movlenils, SiSis zars scemda (gogia 2006: 188).

gia lomaZis gaxmaurebul da Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod Tamamad daweril moTxrobaSi `krosvordi~, `pirdapir ga-SiSvlebuli totalitaruli saxelmwifoa daxatuli, ro-melSic sabWoTa kavSiris amocnoba arc ise Znelia. moTxrobis Tematika da paTosi swored drois Sesaferisia, gamWirvale mxatvruli qsovili ki, romelSic sakmaod gamokveTili ide-ologiuri foni kodirebuli sityvebis amosaxsnelad (amis-ken TviT saTauric gvibiZgebs) Sors wasvlas ar saWiroebs, 70-iani wlebis bolodan dawyebuli procesebis Sesabamisia~(nemsaZe 2014: 135). moTxrobaSi dageroidTa rezervaciis lo-zungebi kinoenis, montaJurad warmarTuli Txrobis da li-riuli monologebis monacvleobiT iqmneba da komunizmis mSenebel sabWoTa qveynis ideologias gvaxsenebs: `mohkal Zlieri, raTa TviTon ar iyo mokluli~, `Zlieri unda iqces sustad, mamaci-laCrad, gonieri-ugunurad~, `giyvardes mwe-rali, romelsac TviTon aswavle wera da gZuldes is, vinc TavisiT iswavla~. dabezReba arsad ar aris waqezebuli da aR-zevebuli ise, rogorc totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac idealebi gaufasurebulia da mxolod maxinji lozungebis

235

amaraRaa darCenili. dageroidTa rezervacia sabWoTa sakon-centracio banakTan saocar msgavsebas badebs.

ironiuli sawyisis prioriteti igrZnoba ir. lomouris moTxrobebSi. avtoris ironia amsxvrevs stereotipebsa da banalurobas. mweralTan ironias socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs, is pirovnebis sulieri TviTganviTarebis saSualebaa. avtori xSirad qveteqsts, orazrovnebis enas amjobinebs. ma-galiTad, 1982 wels daweril erT-erT saukeTeso moTxrobaSi `SemTxveva~, romelmac ufrosi Taobis qarTvel prozaikosTa didi mowoneba daimsaxura, lomouri dro-sivrcul kontini-umTan TamaSs mimarTavs da amiT neorealisturi xasiaTis Ca-naxati alegoriul-simbolur WrilSi gadayavs.

80-ian wlebSi Seiqmna kote jandieris ori moTxroba `sa-ojaxo qronika~ da `dapatiJeba kinoSi~. maTSi naTlad ikveTe-ba axalgazrda mwerlis mier gancdebis simZafris mTeli si-savsiT gamoxatvis unari, sityvis mravalsaxovneba, adamianis sulier faseulobebze koncentrireba, konkretulSi zoga-dis ganWvreta. avtori reliefurad gamoxatavs im emociebs, romelic mkiTxvels misda uneburad xSirad ganucdia, magram SeumCneveli darCenia. 80-ian wlebSi `saojaxo qronikis~ ti-pis narativis Semotana kote jandieris saxels ukavSirdeba. avtori TviTonve azustebs, rom, Tu weris procesSi emoci-uri stresi ar arsebobs, maSin arc kaTarsisi ganxorciel-deba da teqsti Tanabrad uintereso iqneba rogorc mwerlis, ise mkiTxvelisTvis. gamocdilebas ki moaqvs is, rom adamians saSualebas aZlevs yvelafers, razedac ki is fiqrobs, Sexe-dos ramdenime kuTxiT, Tavi daaRwios sworxazovnebasa da plakaturobas, ar gadaiWras moralizatorobaSi da ar gax-des mosawyeni~ (`arili~ 2010: # 9).

calke saubars saWiroebs mwerali qalebis teqstebi. `qa-luri prozis~ qarTuli literaturis calke mimarTulebad Casaxva da formireba, 80-iani wlebis sazogadoebriv – kul-turul da socialur - politikur gardaqmnebTanaa dakav-Sirebuli. `qaluri prozisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebelia teqstis Semdegi formebi – socialur-fsiqologiuri romani, moTx-

236

roba, ese. avtor qalebTan Txroba maradiuli Temebis – sike-Tisa da borotebis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, simarTlisa da sicruis, gare samyarosTan urTierTobis fonze viTarde-ba da cxovrebiseuli istoriebis garSemo mimdinareobs. wina planzea wamoweuli iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa – ojaxi, siy-– ojaxi, siy-ojaxi, siy-varuli, erTguleba, Ralati, piradi urTierTobebis msxvre-va da, Sesabamisad, qalis gancdebi.

80-iani wlebis qarTuli `qaluri proza~ Tematuri speq-tris mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, is qalis TvaliT dana-xuli samyaroa, misi bunebisTvis niSneuli Rrma fsiqolo-gizmiT. yuradRebis centrSi eqceva qalis buneba, azrovnebis wesi, fsiqologia, qceva da moqmedebis gamapirovnebeli mo-tivebi. warmoCenilia qalis martooba, eWvi, SiSi sayvareladamianTan ganSorebis gamo, rodesac iluziebi gaqarwyle-bulia, Zveli idealebi da Rirebulebebi dakninebulia axali ki ar Cans. magram movlenaTa dramatizmi aiZulebs mweral qa-lebs gadaxedon arsebul viTarebas, axleburad gaiazron da gamoxaton igi. avtorebs aerTianebs eTikuri imperativis ua-ryofa, protesti socialuri da genderuli akrZalvebis mi-marT. isini TavianT personaJ qalebs moqmedebis Tavisufle-bas aniWeben, rac mravalferovnebasa da moulodnelobas qmnis. esec samyaros qaluri xedvaa. 80-iani wlebis qarTuli `qaluri prozis~ mxatvruli koncefcia imaSic vlindeba, rom qalis bedze ara marto mamakacia pasuxismgebeli, ara-med qalsac akisria pasuxismgebloba mamakacis bedis mimarT. qalisTvis, teqstis avtorisa da gmirisTvis, racionalurad axsnadi viTareba mniSvnelovani ar aris. qali cdilobs emo-ciebis Sekavebas da amavdroulad gamomxatvelobiT aRwers cxovrebiseul saerTo emociur fons.

naira gelaSvilis 80-iani wlebis proza – moTxrobebi `serso~, `mivemgzavrebi madrids~, `werilebi samSobiarodan~, `dedis oTaxi~, romani ̀ ambrni, umbrni da arabni~ SeiZleba gan-vixiloT, rogorc rTuli, sinTezuri movlena. misi Txzule-bebi Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis im gamomsaxvelobiTi tendenciebis matarebelia, romelic Seicavs realizmisa (Te-

237

mebi, siuJetebi) da modernizmis (asaxvis xerxebi, gamoxatvis manera) sinTezis gansazRvrul niSnebs. avtorisaTvis niSne-ulia sakuTari Tavis Zieba, Secnoba, cxovrebiseuli gzis ar-Ceva. mweralTan uZveles WeSmaritebebze saubari sxvadasxva stilur registrSi viTardeba. gelaSvilis proza dafuZne-bulia winaaRmdegobebze, disonansebze. teqstis gmiri qale-bis antagonizmi gamokveTilia garegnobis aRwerasa da qceva-Si, Sinagani qaluri samyaros asaxvasa da mwerlis personalur aqsiologiur paradigmaSi. `naira gelaSvilis Tzulebebi uamravi simboluri da emblemuri niSniTaa daxunZluli, sa-dac dasavleTis esTetikur da filosofiur azrovnebasTan gaSinaurebis wyurvili igrZnoba~ (gogia 2014: 107).

maka joxaZis teqstebi rafinirebulia, emociuri plasti gaZlierebuli. personaJi qalebiL TviTonve qmnian TavianT avtoportrets, sxvadasxva zneobrivi aspeqtiT warmoCin-debian, mgrZnobelobiT, pirovnuli RirsebiT, TavdadebiT, sxvisi tkivilisa da gasaWiris gaTavisebiT gamoirCevian. safrangeTSi misi prozis metaforuloba da `fsiqologiuri wvdomis~ unari kenaburo oes Seadares. Aavtors gansakuTre-biT aRelvebs Tavisi Taobis ucnauri bediswera samSobloSi samSoblos monatreba~. maka joxaZis TvalTaxedviT 80-iani wlebis axalgazrda qarTveli xelovani mTavari gamowvevis winaSe dgas: tradiciebis gaTaviseba, gadaxarSva da Tan mso-flio stantartebze aRmoCena wina Taobamac kargad SesZlo ... Cems Taobas aRaraferi aqvs aRsadgeni, igi cdilobs nia-dagidan iZulebiT mowyvetas gadaurCes. mosalodneli mowy-vetis Sedegad gamowveuli tkivilebi, SegrZnebebi (rac gin-daT is daarqviT) gadmosces da gamoxatos~ (joxaZe 2013: 40). mweralTan mxatvrul teqstSi Semodian cocxali realuri personaJebi, umetesad Semoqmedi adamianebisa, masTan sityva yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli energiiTaa uaRresad datvir-Tulia, `is sityvis mcvelia. avtoris stili xazgasmulad po-eturia, is aris sityvis pativismcemeli, romelic poetiviT arCevs gamoxatvis formas~ (jaliaSvili, http://taobebi.site.ge/wordpress/?p=1900#more-1900).

238

80-ian wlebSi daibeWda ana mxeiZisa da qeTi niJaraZis, genderuli problematikis gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod warmomCenTa, teqstebi. ana mxeiZis mZafrad emociuri, nati-fi, TavisTavadi proza im periodisTvis sakmaod Tamami we-ris maneriT gamoirCeva. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ana mxeiZis moTxroba ”arCevani me” Taobis erT-erT manifes-tad iqca. 1987 wels daibeWda qeTi niJaraZis pirveli vrceli moTxroba àvtoportreti~. masSi yvelaferia: teqstis agebis Tavisufali teqnika, Rrma gaazrebuloba, tevadi remarkebi. avtoportreti~ aRsarebis formiTaa dawerili. ès nawar-moebi CemTvis aRsareba iyo – wers qeTi niJaraZe, aRsarebis dros ki ar cruoben, rogorc Cans, Cemda uneblied maradiul simebs Sevexe ... rogorc Cans Cems afeqtur mexsierebas Semo-naxuli hqonda kiTxvisagan miRebuli, sanimuSod gamosadegi StabeWdilebebi~ (gaz. `qomagi~ 1999: 17/III).

miuxedavad mxatvrul ZiebaTa esodeni mravalferovne-bisa, 80-iani wlebis axalgazrda mweralTa Semoqmedeba er-Tian literaturul nakads warmoadgens. maT epoqisaTvis da-maxasiaTebeli arsebuli sabWoTa realobis msxvrevis mwvave winaTgrZnoba, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gamZafrebuli SegrZneba, siaxlis aucileblobis gacnobiereba da cvlile-bebis natvra-molodini aerTianebT.

kulturul epoqaTa gardamaval periodebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli eqsperimentebisken da mxatvruli variaciebisken swrafva yovelTvis “TamaSis sawyis” gaZlierebaze migviTi-Tebs. `gardamaval epoqaSi TamaSdeba da mwifdeba orienta-ciis axali saxeobebi, formirebas ganicdian Camoyalibebis mdgomareobaSi myofi samyaros suraTis elementebi ... aseTi periodebis qaoturi Serwymebi da Sexamebebi SemdgomSi xSi-rad dominantur simbolizmad iqceva da ama Tu im tipis kul-turis mdgradobas ganapirobebs~ (krivcuni 1998: 273). àxali mxatvruli norma ara imdenad gacnobierebuli Zalisxmevis wyalobiT, ramdenad SemTxveviTi cdebisa da Secdomebis gziT Cndeba~ (krivcuni 1998: 277).

239

saintereso sakiTxad migvaCnia, Tu ra mxatvruli nova-ciebi aRmoCnda yvelaze Rirebuli momdevno periodisaTvis? dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es postmodernizmia. `borxesis, baxtinis, ekos, paviCis, ziuskindis wakiTxvis Sedegad saqarT-veloSi literaturuli postmodernizmis mimdevrebic Cnde-bian. literaturuli postmodernizmis `gadmoqarTulebis~ pirveli koleqtiuri cda dakavSirebulia almanaxTan `axa-li droebasTan~, romelic 1991 wels gamosces da wamoiwyes Targmanis kolegiidan gamosulma literatorebma~ (qarumiZe http://demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=814). magram es ukve sxva, axali droebis mauwyebeli iyo.

damowmebani:

bagno 2014: Багно, В. Е. “Миф, Образ, Мотив”. В кн: Русская литература в контексте мировой. Москва: 2014.

gogia 2014: gogia z. razec mifiqria. Tbilisi: 2014.

gogia 2016: gogia z. saukuneTa gzagasayarze. Tbilisi: 2006.

gurabaniZe 2013: gurabaniZe n. qarTuli kultura. Tbilisi: 2013.

vasaZe 2010: vasaZe T. literatura WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi. TbilisiL: 2010.

ionesko 1999: Ионеско Э. Между жизнью и сновидением. беседы с Клодом Бонфуа. СПб. Симпозиум. 1999.

kvaWantiraZe 2013: kvaWantiraZe m. veqtorebi. Tbilisi: 2013.

krivcuni 1998: krivcuni o. esTetika. Mmoskovi. 1998. (rusul enaze)^.

kupreiSvili 2013: kupreiSvili n. sityvis degustacia. Tbilisi: 2013.

loria 2013: loria n. qarTuli kultura. Tbilisi: 2013.

nemsaZe 2014: nemsaZe a. `80-ani wlebis qarTuli moTxroba ~. kritika.

Tbilisi: 2014.

ratiani 2015: ratiani i. qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literatu-

ruli procesi. Tbilisi: 2015.

rolbergi 2012: rolbergi. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis

`goderZi Coxeli-Semoqmedeba sazRvrebs gareSe~. samecniero Sromebis

krebuli. Tbilisi: 2012.

240

saqarTvelos istoria 2012: saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi: 2012.

skliarovi 2014: Скляров О.А. «В заговоре против пустоты и небытия» (Неот-радиционализм в русской литературе XX века). М. 2014.

qarumiZe: qarumiZe z. http://demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=814).SubaSvili. 2013: SubaSvili a. qarTuli kultura. Tbilisi: 2013.

Coxeli 1989: Coxeli g. Tevzis werilebi. Tbilisi: 1989.

jaliaSvili: jaliaSvili m.http://taobebi.site.ge/wordpress/?p=1900#more-1900).

jandieri 2010: jandieri k. saubrebi literaturaze. arili, №9. 2010. jandieri: jandieri k. http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/24253749.

html)

241

pirTa saZiebeli

abaSiZe grigol 155, 215abaSiZe irakli 215abaSiZe kita 93, 110abaSiZe merab 207, 225,232, 234avtonomova Natalia 209ainStaini albert 130al-abedini zein 170aleqsanderi jefri 65aleqsiZe mika 207, 225,232alxaziSvili givi 218amaSukeli revaz 214amirejibi Wabua 182, 203, 205, 225anTaZe mixeil 225antonovi zurab 33, 35apolineri giiom 117ardaziani lavrenti 33, 37asaTiani guram 184, 197, 207, 208, 210, 215, 220afxaiZe Salva 168axvlediani erlom 182, 195axmeteli sandro 160

baargeldi iohanes 138bagno vsevolod 223, 239bakunini 130baironi jorj Ggordon 115, 116, 117bala jakomo 129balzaki blez 32, 36, 37balzaki de onore 112baJbeuk-meliqovi aleqsandre 143baraTaSvili nikoloz 114, 115, 117, 120, 141barnovi vasil 93, 94, 95, 98, 100, 105, 167barti rolan 185, 210batiaSvili neli 225baqaniZe giorgi207, 225baqraZe akaki 152, 153, 155, 158, 160, 161, 163, 208, 216, 222baZaRua Tamaz 218baxi iohan sebastian 158baxtini mixail 37, 43, 45, 187, 192, 195, 209, 210, 239beli Andrei 119beliaSvili akaki 136beniamini valter 146

242

beria lavrenti 111, 152, 156beThoveni van ludvig158bergsoni a. 83beqiSvili Tedo 218bibiluri Tamaz 182, 225biutori miSel 195bloki aleqsandr 62, 116bodleri Sarl 42, 50, 58, 69, 70, 79, 105, 116, 117, 119, 122, 143, 171borevi iuri 31, 32, 33, 45, 212, 219borxesi xorxe luis 239boConi umberto 129braki JorJ 68bregaZe konstantine 71, 74, 78, 81, 85, 87, 88, 90, 127, 147bregaZe lali 225bredbederi malkolm 53, 70bredSou d. 125, 147breJnevi leonid 161briusovi valeri 62, 100, 110bulgakovi mixail 166bulgakovi sergei 154burliuki 142

gabaSvili besik 171gabeskiria aleqsandre 136gadameri hans georg 228gamrekeli irakli 144gamsaxurdia konstantine 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 96, 159, 166, 167, 168garodi roJe 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 138, 141, 143, 147, 155, 156, 204, 217gafrindaSvili valerian 71, 72, 85, 107, 109, 118, 128, 129, 147, 168gaCeCilaZe giorgi 146, 147gaCeCilaZe daviT 136gegeSiZe guram 181, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 201, 205, 225gegeWkori givi 214gei peter 67, 69geini de Jak 144gelaSvili naira 207, 225, 232, 236, 237gvetaZe raJden 156gogebaSvili iakob 39gogeni pol 158gogia zaza 234, 237, 239gogoli nikolai 36goTua levan 199goeTe iohan volfgang 82, 115, 116, 127, 128, 171

243

gorbaCovi mixail 221gordeziani beno 113gorki maqsim 150, 151, 154gotie Teofil 170goCiaSvili ela 218graneli terenti 114, 168griSaSvili ioseb 171groisi boris boris 130, 131, 147gronski i. 151gruzinski petre 217gudiaSvili lado 143, 145, 152, 153gurabaniZe nodar 224, 239

danelia baTu 218darvini Carlz 42, 132degeni iuri 134dekarti rene 48, 68, 69derida Jak 209dikensi Carlz 32, 36, 37diogene 116diuSani marsel 69, 139, 140doborjginiZe beno 112doiaSvili Teimuraz 145, 147, 168, 169, 180, 211doliZe mamuka 225dorevili barbare 99dostoevski fiodor 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 125, 156, 157, 163doCanaSvili guram 182, 198, 201, 205, 225dumbaZe nodar 179, 182, 194, 196, 198, 225

einsteisoni astradur 67eko umberto 212, 239elioziSvili merab 194engelsi fridrix 42, 161erisTavi giorgi 33, 35, 38erisTavi mzia 136ernsti maqs 138euli sandro 153

vagneri rihard 72, 99, 158vagneri peter 66vaJa-fSavela 37, 39, 44, 45, 111, 112valerSteini imanuil 33, 34vasaZe Tamaz 222, 239veberi maqs48, 70verleni pol 55, 58, 79, 105, 117, 118, 170

244

verharni emil 50vieta s. 87, 90vulfi virjinia 69

zdaneviCi ilia 134, 135, 136, 143, zdaneviCi kirile 134, 135, 136, 143ziuskindi patrik 239zola emil 36zomleTeli noe 153

TabukaSvili laSa 225TabukaSvili revaz 224TavdgiriZe nikoloz 136Tanfinari 170TevzaZe guram 68TvaraZe zaza 225TofuriZe jemal 207, 225

iakobsoni roman 130iaSvili paolo 71, 74, 77, 79, 80, 85, 90, 101, 117, 121, 134, 168, 169, 175, 180ivanovi viaCeslav 118,119imedaSvili koba 203inaniSvili revaz 179, 182, 194, 198ioseliani otia 182, 194, 225iskanderi fazil 212ionesku eJeni 231iungi karl 83, 132

kakabaZe daviT 117, 121, 123, 144, 147, 176, 177, 178kakabaZe polikarpe 178kalandaZe ana 212kalunesku maTae 52, 70kamenski vasil 135, 142kamiu alber 107, 110, 231kandinski vasil 68kanti imanuil 48, 65kara karlo 129kafka franc 60, 166kenWoSvili irakli 145, 147kvaWantiraZe manana 181, 187, 206, 210, 226, 230, 233, 239kvitaiSvili emzar 214kirkegori sioren 41, 42, 72, 83kitsi jon 144klaisti henrix 128

245

kldiaSvili daviT 44, 105, 176, 177, 178klee paul 146koka iurgen 33, 34, 46konradi nikolai 170, 180koperniki nikoloz 157kostava merab 217, 223,kotetiSvili vaxtang 72, 175krivcuni o. 226, 238, 239kropotkini petre 130kruConixi aleqsei 132, 136kuznecovi v. 184, 210kumara k. 43, 46kupreiSvili nona 222, 223

ladaria nodar 129, 132langeri s. 196laturi Bruno 65lebaniZe murman 207, 214levisi persils 58, 66, 68, 69lenini 149, 151, 152, 156, 161, 162lenci 128leoniZe giorgi 72, 85, 156, 168lomaZe gia 207, 225, 231, 232lehani riCard 66lil-adani de vilie 116lomouri irakli 225, 235loria n. 224, 239liotari Jan-fransua 53liska vivian 67lomTaTiZe Wola 92, 98, 112lorTqifaniZe konstantine 155lorTqifaniZe niko 71, 72, 85, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 167lotmani iuri 111, 114, 147lourensi devid Herbert 62lunaCarski anton 151, 152, 163

magaroto luiji 77, 90, 147maiakovski vladimir 132, 134, 142malarme stefan 58, 76, 78, 79, 80, 116, 117, 124, 170maleviCi kazimir 68, 132malkolmi mirza 170mane eduard 68marineti filipo tomazo 60, 77, 129, 130, 132, 136, 172marqsi karl 42, 151, 152, 157, 161, 162matisi anri 123

246

maRularia givi 199maWavariani muxran 214, 215meTiusi stiven 70meliqiSvili basil 109melnikova sofia 135meterlinki moris 54mili jeims 34milorava inga 92, 121miqaberiZe kote 144miwiSvili nikolo 85, 101, 121, 160,168modebaZe irine 221mondriani pit 68moreti franko 33, 34, 46muzili robert 60, 62muSiSvili grigol 153mWedluri daviT 218mxeiZe ana 225, 238

nabokovi vladimir 166nadiraZe kolau 101, 121, 168nekrasovi nikoloz 36nemsaZe ada 224, 228, 234, 239nikolskaia tatiana 129, 147niJaraZe qeTi 225, 238niSnianiZe SoTa 214nicSe fridrix 41, 42, 55, 72, 75, 82, 83, 95, 99, 119 120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 139, 148novalisi 117nozaZe pol (pavle) 113, 136noneSvili ioseb 215

oragveliZe grigol 136orbeliani sulxan-saba 195orbeliani grigol 38orjonikiZeE iza 218ocxeli petre 144

paviCi milorad 239paiWaZe Tamar 113, 114, 148paiWaZe soso 225palaceski aldo 138paundi ezra 62paWkoria otia 193, 196, 210pikaso Ppablo 68, 212platoni 92, 94

247

podogra vasil 209po edgarpojioli r. 172prudomi 171prusti marsel 60, 170puSkini aleqsandr 118, 145

Jidi andre 170JRenti besarion 136

rable fransua 31, 176raburi alkolm 50raseli bertran 42ratiani irma 31, 42, 46, 97, 110, 164, 165, 166, 175, 211, 212, 222, 223, 229, 239redekeri horst 204, 210rembo artur 58, 79, 117riklini mixeil 209robaqiZe grigol 71, 72, 74, 75, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 111, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 134, 143, 144, 148, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 167, 168, 175robertsi s.e. 134rodCenko aleqsandr 132rolbergi 232, 239rusTaveli SoTa 76, 78, 80, 124rCeuliSvili guram 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 199

saakaZe giorgi 121samadaSvili zaal 225samadaSvili niko 175samsonaZe irakli 225sartri Jan-pol 183, 185, 191, 210, 231severini jino 129sezani pol 68servantesi migel 176sigua soso 77, 90sixaruliZe vladimer (vova) 182, 194, 196skliarovi o. 228, 240sokolovi saSa 111stalini 130, 132, 146, 151, 152, 156, 161, 208, 223steenviki 144stravinski igor 69stendali 32sulakauri gigi 225

248

sturua lia 217sturua robert 224sudeikini sergei 135, 144sulakauri arCil 182, 190, 193, 194, 202, 214, 225

tabiZe galaktion 71, 73, 79, 85, 86, 90, 94, 105, 108, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 142, 144, 145, 146, 156, 161, 162, 163, 168, 211tabiZe tician 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 90, 93, 101, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 136, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153, 156, 16, 168, 171, 175, 180tatiSvili erekle 72, 85terentievi igor 135, 136tolstoi lev 36, 37trocki lev 130, 169turgenevi ivan 36tuxmanovi daviT 162tcara Tristan 137, 140

uaildi oskar 99, 117uelsi orso 69uesteini uilem 69

fadeevi aleqsandr 150famuqi orHan 170, 180fanjikiZe guram 182fTabaTei 170fiodorovi nikolai 130floberi gustav 32, 69focxiSvili moris 214froidi zigmund 72, 83, 108, 109, 128, 142, 164fromi v. 174, 180fuko miSel 116fxoveli jarji 218

qarumiZeE zurab 239, 240qarCxaZe jemal 182, 206, 225qrmali ihaia 170qiaCeli leo 95, 96, 101, 110,166, 167, 168qvliviZe mixeil 214qiqoZe geronti 72, 74, 93qoCu reSat eqrem 170quriZE noe (ix. zomleTeli noe)quriZe sandro (ix. euli sandro)

249

RoRoberiZe Jango 141

yazbegi aleqsandre 37, 38, 40, 44yifiani n. 124, 136, 148

SaTiriSvili zaza 145, 148SataiZe nugzar 225, 233SatberaSvili giorgi 194Seli persi biSi 117Sengelaia demna 71, 75, 85, 106, 108, 109Sengelaia eldar 224Sengelaia nikoloz 171Seqspiri uiliam 116, 157, 224Sileri fridrix 128Sina abdulhaq 170Soo 170Sopenhaueri artur 41, 42, 57, 72, 83, 125Spengleri osvald 62, 82, 83SubaSvili a. 224, 240

Cagini aleqsandr 142, 148CantlaZe SoTa 214, 218Calauri Tengiz 225Carkviani jansuR 214Cexovi anton 36, 41, 44, 176Ciqovani simon 136,212, 171Coxeli goderZi 207, 225, 232, 233, 24Cubouti 170CxeiZe oTar 181, 195, 225CxikvaZe vano 225CxikviSvili avTandil 225

cecxlaZe grigol 113, 141cvaigi Stefan 86cirekiZe sandro 101, 107, 110ciceroni 157ciciSvili Tamar 221cxakaia mixa 141

wereTeli akaki 37, 38, 39, 40, 118wiklauri mamuka 218wifuria bela 47, 76, 77, 80, 85, 91, 134, 148, 164, 169, 171, 172, 180wiqariSvili lela 165, 180wuleiskiri nodar 182, 194

250

WavWavaZe ilia 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 77, 81, 82, 118, 146, 147Wanturia tariel 214WeiSvili rezo 179, 182, 194, 198, 225Wilai sergi 151, 155, 156, 163WilaZe Tamaz 182, 194, 198, 225WilaZe oTar 182, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 214, 225WoxoneliZe badri 225

xaranauli besik 217, 218xaritonovi vladimer 162ximSiaSvili kote 175xinTibiZe akaki 161, 163xlebnikovi velimir 132, 142xoferia grigol (ix. muSiSvili grigol)xruSCovi nikita 161

javaxaZe vaxtang 214javaxiSvili mixeil 75, 85, 97, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175jaliaSvili maia 149, 237, 240jandieri kote 22, 232, 233, 234, 235, 240jafariZe revaz 199jefersoni Tomas 48, 65joisi jeimz 162, 163jorjaZe arCil 75, 91, 93, 110joxaZe maka 225, 237

habermasi iurgen 76, 91haieti gilbert 68hasegava 170hafizi 171hese herman 60, 64hiugo viqtor 118hiusmansi Joris-karlo 54horaciusi 145