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Cele mai populare deschideri in sah

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Jj 1) Ruy Lopez Opening

Aceasta deschidere este una din cele mai populare deschideri. Se ajunge la ea dupa 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5. Multe continuari sunt posibile.

I a) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Berlin Defense Se ajunge la ea, cu Negrul jucand Cal g8-f6 la a 3-a mutare. A castigat mult in popularitate, dupa ce Vladimir Kramnik a folosit-o in victoria sa contra lui Garry Kasparov in meciul lor pt campionatul mondial. Deseori, e folosita

de Negru drept arma pt a se ajunge la o pozitie egala de jucatorii care o cunosc.

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i b) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Steinitz Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3.d6 la a 3-a mutare. A fost facuta populara de campionul mondial Wilhelm Steinitz. Desi e solida, lasa Negrul intr-o pozitie pasiva, deci nu are un grad prea mare de popularitate azi.

I c) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Bird Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3...Cd4 la a 3-a mutare. Poate usor lua prin surprindere un jucator alb nepregatit. Cel mai usor mod de a o contracara, este 4.Cxd4 exd4, si Albul are un usor avantaj datorita structurii pionilor sai. Alternativ, si rocada mica e o idee buna, desi asta lasa negrul cu piese in teritoriul sau. Ideea Negrului este ca in cazul in care Albul se lacomeste la pionul alb din f5, aparent nepazit si joaca 4.Cf3-e5, Negrul raspunde cu puternica mutare 4...Dd8-g5, amenintand devastator pozitia slaba din g2, chiar si e5, aducand Albul in mare primejdie.

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i d) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Schliemann Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3...f5 la a 3-a mutare. E o incercare populara in randul jucatorilor incepatori, ducand la pozitii salbatice pt ambele parti. Aici, ambele parti trebuie sa cunoasca bine pozitiile, sa le navigheze. Cel mai bun raspuns al Albului, e 4.Cb1-c3, dar si Negrul are multe variante. La nivelele mai inalte, cum Albul e mult mai probabil sa fie pregatit, e mai putin intalnita.

I e) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Morphy Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3...a6 la a 3-a mutare, fiind de departe, cel mai popular raspuns al Negrului la Ruy Lopez. Pune Albul sub presiune, si daca pleaca cu Nebunul b5-a4, Negrul poate opta pt b7-b5 cu multe continuari.

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i f) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Exchange Variation Desi mutarea de retragere Nb5-a4 e cea mai populara mutare a Albului, si Nb5-c6 e populara, iar Negrul poate recaptura ori cu pionul din d7 sau b7.

Aceasta varianta a fost facuta populara de Bobby Fischer, prin aceea ca Albul strica structura de pioni a Negrului, si de obicei, va incerca sa schimbe piese intr-un endgame favorabil, rege si pioni. Insa sunt si multe raspunsuri.

I g) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Open Variation Desi Varianta Deschisa (4. Na4 Cf6 5. 0-0 Cxe4), nu e la fel de populara ca cea inchisa, are aderentii sai. Negrul nu tine neaparat sa pastreze avantajul unui pion gratis, ci sa il faca pe Alb sa piarda timpul recastigand materialul. Sunt numeroase variante, unele analizate pana dupa mutarea 20 pt ambii jucatori.

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i h) Varianta Ruy Lopez - Marshall Attack E inovatia masterului american Frank Marshall, care a pastrat-o si a folosit-o contra lui Jose Capablanca in 1918. Desi Capablanca a castigat acel joc, ulterioare analize si inbunatatiri au transformat-o in una din cele mai de temut arme ale Negrului in Ruy Lopez. Din pozitia initala a Ruy Lopez, se joaca : 3...a7-a6 4.Nb5-a4 Cg8-f6 5.0-0 Nf8-e7 6.Tf1-e1 b7-b5 7.Na4-b3 0-0 8.c2-c3 d7-d5. Are multe mutari fortate, care cer ca jucatorii sa le cunoasca bine, si din aceasta cauze, multi jucatori cu Alb, aleg sa joace mutari anti-marshall, existand unele linii de mutari in care albul forteaza remiza. Mai e mult de analizat in Ruy Lopez, abia am zgariat suprafata.

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Kk 2) Italian Game opening Alta deschidere care este una din cele mai populare deschideri. Se ajunge la ea dupa 1. e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Cg1-f3 Cb8-c6 3.Nf1-c4 ... Este una din cele mai vechi deschideri si cu ea, Albul pune imediat presiune pe patratul slab f7 al Negrului. De-a lungul secolelor, diferite raspunsuri au aparut.

i a) Varianta Italian Game - Hungarian Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3...Nf8-e7, avem o aparare solida, dar nu prea palpitanta. E folosita de cei care vor sa evite liniile mai ascutite ale celorlalte deschideri.

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Ib) Varianta Italian Game - Two Knights Defense Cand Negrul joaca 3...Cg8-f6. Comparata cu alte raspunsuri ale Negrului, cu aceasta, se lupta cel mai bine pt initiativa caci ataca imediat pionul e4 alb. Raspunsuri acceptabile ale Albului : d3, d4 sau complexa Cal la g5 (respinsa uneori ca o mutare a unui incepator).

i c) Varianta Italian Game - Traxler Variation The Traxler Variation (1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Bc5), also known as the Wilkes-Barre Variation, is a stunning counter-attack that ignores White's attack on f7 by launching a similar attack on f2. There are several forcing variations, some of which lead to forced draws.

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Id) Varianta Italian Game - Two Knights Defense: Fried Liver attack The Fried Liver Attack is a wild variation in which White sacrifices a knight in exchange for a dangerous -- if not completely sound -- attack. The diagram above is a key position in the Fried Liver Attack, and is reached by the moves 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+.

i e) Varianta Italian Game - Giuoco Piano The Giuoco Piano -- marked by Black's third move, Bc5 -- is the oldest recorded chess opening, and remains a popular option today, particularly among club players. There are several options for white, three of which are discussed on the following pages.

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If) Varianta Italian Game - Giuoco Piano: Main Line The main line of the Giuoco Piano (Italian for "quiet game") is reached if White chooses to play 4. c3. This move prepares the advance of the d-pawn to d4. Black can counter this plan with Qe7 to help defend his e5 pawn, or initiate a counterattack with Nf6.

ig) Varianta Italian Game - Giuoco Pianissimo If White plays 4. d3, he reaches the Giuoco Pianissimo (Italian for "quietest game"). This opening leads to slow positional maneuvering with very little central tension.

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Ih) Varianta Italian Game - Evans Gambit Feared throughout the 19th century, and more recently revitalized by players such as Garry Kasparov, the Evans Gambit (4. b4) is an aggressive opening in which White sacrifices a pawn to build a strong center and launch an early attack on f7. The opening was first played by (and subsequently named after) Captain William Davies Evans in 1827.

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lL 3) Sicilian Defense opening The Sicilian Defense may be the single most common chess opening in modern play. There are countless lines that can arise from the starting moves of 1. e4 c5. Some of the most popular are discussed on the following pages, but many other lines are widely played as well. The Sicilian Defense allows Black to attack the d4 square and fight for the center without the symmetry that results from 1. ... e5. This generally leads to unbalanced positions, and usually leaves black with a central pawn majority after trading his c-pawn for White's d-pawn.

ia) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Smith Morra gambit The Smith-Morra Gambit (1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3) is popular at club levels, and is played at least occasionally by even some masters. If Black accepts the gambit by taking the pawn on c3, White will play 4. Nxc3, gaining an early initiative and a dangerous attack. While this gambit may not be entirely sound, it is dangerous in the hands of a player who knows the opening well, especially against an unprepared opponent.

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Ib) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Alapin Variation The Alapin Variation is reached if White plays 2. c3. While this supports the d4 advance, it takes away the c3 square, usually a good place for White's queenside knight

ic) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Closed Sicilian Another alternate second move for White is 2. Nc3, which typically ushers in the Closed Sicilian. This system, popular at all levels, allows White to keep the center closed. Typically, White plans to play 3. g3 and attack on the flanks. Another alternative for White is 3. f4, which is known as the Grand Prix attack.

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Id) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Classical Sicilian The Classical Sicilian (reached from many move orders, such as 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6) is one of the soundest lines of the Sicilian for Black, if not always the most enterprising. White has several options beginning on the sixth move, such as the Richter-Rauzer Attack and the Sozin attack.

ie) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Sveshnikov Variation Popularized by Evgeny Sveshnikov in the 1970s, the Sveshnikov is marked by an early e5 thrust by Black (for instance: 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e5). This is one of the riskier Sicilians for Black to play, but also one that gives the second player many chances to play for a win. For that reason, the Sveshnikov Variation is quite popular at the top levels of chess.

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If) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Dragon Variation Named for the formation of pawns from h7 to d6 (which were noted to look like the stars in the Draco constellation), the Dragon Variation is one of the sharpest openings in chess. Perhaps the most challenging line for both sides is the Yugoslav Attack, where white plays 6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3. Both sides typically launch fierce attacks: White on the kingside, Black on the queenside.

ig) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Accelerated Dragon Variation This allows Black to adopt a Dragon setup without having to fear the Yugoslav Attack. By playing g6 earlier (usually in the line 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 g6), Black retains the ability to play d5 in just one move (rather than having previously played d6 in the standard Dragon), saving a tempo. Also, this setup lets White to play the Maroczy Bind (5. c4), making this opening a much more positional one than the standard Sicilian Dragon. If Black really wants to play g6 as soon as possible, an even faster way is the Hyper-Accelerated Dragon, where black plays g6 on the second move (1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 g6).

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Ih) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Scheveningen Variation The Scheveningen (reached by move orders such as 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6) is a popular and ambitious system that allows Black to have a solid but flexible position that offers plenty of chances for counterplay on the queenside. Conversely, White has an obvious central space advantage and can choose from a variety of plans. The Scheveningen variation is popular at the highest levels of chess, due to its complex and creative nature.

ii) Varianta Sicilian Defense - Najdorf Variation The Najdorf Variation (marked by 5. ... a6) is today the most popular line in the Sicilian. Named after grandmaster Miguel Najdorf, this system is designed to exert control over b5 and later put pressure on White's e4 pawn. It is also a flexible idea, one that can transpose into many other Sicilian systems.

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JK 4) French Defense opening The French defense, signified by the starting moves 1. e4 e6, earned its name after it was played by a Parisian team in an 1834 correspondence match. Known as a solid and dependable defense, the French avoids many of the spectacular tactics that arise from open games (which occur when Black responds with e5), and after the usual 2. d4 d5, puts White's e-pawn to an immediate test. In exchange for a solid position, Black accepts the fact that he will be somewhat cramped in the opening in most lines. The French Defense is likely the third most common response to e4 in modern play, trailing only c5 (the Sicilian Defense) and e5 (the open games) in popularity.

ia) Varianta French Defense - Exchange Variation The Exchange Variation (3. exd5 exd5) is generally considered a boring, drawish choice for White, who will often play it when the first player wants to try for a half-point. However, things are not so simple, and while the resulting symmetrical position is certainly equal (or very close to it), it's not an automatic draw by any stretch.

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Ib) Varianta French Defense - Advance Variation Championed by Aron Nimzowitsch, the Advance Variation (3. e5) is an aggressive attempt by White to gain a kingside space advantage, and offers prospects of attacking on that side of the board. Black will counter by attacking the d4 pawn (beginning with a c5 pawn break), which White will have to defend.

ic) Varianta French Defense - Tarrasch Variation The Tarrasch (3. Nd2) allows white the option of still playing c3 at some point, thus preventing his knight from being pinned if Black attempts to play Bb4. The downside is that this move puts less pressure on Black (with the knight on c3, the d5 pawn is attacked), and the White dark-squared bishop is now restricted from immediately being developed.

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Id) Varianta French Defense - Rubinstein Variation The Rubinstein Variation can occur whether White plays 3. Nd2 or 3. Nc3, after which Black captures on e4 and White recaptures with his knight. White has a clear advantage in space, but Black's position is solid and difficult to crack with proper defense.

ie) Varianta French Defense - Classical Variation The Classical Variation (3. Nc3 Nf6) is a very solid option for Black, without the heavy amounts of theory that come by playing the more aggressive Winawer Variation. In general, playing Nc3 for White offers more chances to put pressure on Black's position, which leads to sharper positions than in the Nd2 lines.

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Ie) Varianta French Defense - Winawer Variation The Winawer Variation is reached when Black chooses to immediately attack the knight on c3 by playing 3. ... Bb4. White usually responds with 4. e5, safeguarding the pawn in case of a trade on c3. The Winawer leads to complex positions and requires a good amount of theoretical knowledge to stay out of trouble. Black will usually trade on c3, gaining a queenside advantage in exchange for the loss of his dark-squared bishop.

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jk 5) Caro-Kann Defense opening The Caro-Kann is a solid semi-open defense to 1. e4. While it may not be as dynamic as some of Black's other options against e4, the plans and ideas are fairly easy to understand, making it a popular and successful defense at all levels, from club players to World Championship matches. The opening begins with the moves 1. e4 c6.

ia) Varianta Caro Kann - Main Line In most Caro-Kann games, White will follow up with 2. d4, which Black will respond to with d5. As with the French Defense, Black is directly attacking the e4 pawn by applying pressure on the second move. White now has several choices.

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Ib) Varianta Caro Kann - Exchange Variation As in the French Defense, White has the option of immediately exchanging pawns with 3. exd5. If White chooses to continue playing in a manner similar to the French Exchange (such as by playing 4. Bd3), an approximately equal game can develop, though it is less symmetrical than the French -- Black is missing his c-pawn rather than his e-pawn.

ic) Varianta Caro Kann - Exchange Variation: Panov-Botvinnik Attack When White goes for the early exchange in the Caro-Kann Defense, he may have more ambitious aims. The Panov-Botvinnik Attack (4. c4) creates a pawn structure similar to those seen in the Queen's Gambit, and can even transpose into several lines seen after 1. d4.

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Id) Varianta Caro Kann - Advance Variation Of course, White may also choose to avoid exchanges by playing 3. e5. Black will usually respond with Bf5, after which White has a variety of very playable moves, such as Nf3, Nc3, and Be3.

ie) Varianta Caro Kann - Main Line Typically, however, White will choose to develop a knight to protect the e4 pawn. This can be done with either Nc3 or Nd2. While there are subtle differences between these two moves in side lines, against Black's popular response there is no difference.

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If) Varianta Caro Kann - Classical Variation If Black responds to the development of White's knight (either to d2 or c3) by capturing the e4 pawn, White will normally play 4. Nxe4, leading to the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann. Black has several options, but the most popular are Bf5 and Nd7.

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jk 6) Pirc Defense opening (or Yugoslav defense) Originally seen as an inferior opening, the Pirc Defense (1. e4 d6) is today known as a solid choice. Black allows White to build an imposing center, then attempts to turn that center into a target for attack. Some common variations in the Pirc Defense include the Classical System and the Austrian Attack.

Ia) Varianta Pirc Defense - Classical Variation: Quiet System Moves to get to it: 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.c3 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Be2 0-0. The Pirc Defence is a relatively new opening; while it was seen on occasion in the late nineteenth century, it was considered irregular, thus remained a sideline. The opening only began gaining some popularity after World War II, and by the 1960s it was regarded as playable, owing in large part to the efforts of Canadian Grandmaster Duncan Suttles. Black, in hypermodern fashion, does not immediately stake a claim in the centre with pawns; rather, he/she works to undermine White's centre from the flanks. Its first appearance in a World Championship match was in 1972, when it was played by Bobby Fischer against Boris Spasskyat Reykjavik (game 17); the game wound up drawn.

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Early deviations After 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3, 3...g6 is the main line Pirc. Black has an alternative, known as the Pribyl System or Czech Defence, which begins with 3...c6, which often transposes to the Pirc if Black later plays ...g6. Alternatively, Black can play ...Qa5 and ...e5 to challenge White's centre, or expand on the queenside with ...b5.

An unusual but quite reasonable deviation for White is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.f3. At the 1989 Barcelona World Cup event, former world champion Garry Kasparovsurprised American Grandmaster Yasser Seirawan with this move. After 3...g6 4.c4, an unhappy Seirawan found himself defending the King's Indian Defencefor the first time in his life,[2] though he managed to draw the game. Black can avoid a King's Indian with 3...e5, which may lead to an Old Indian type of position after 4.d5, or with 3...d5. This can transpose to the Classical Variation of the French Defence after 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 e6 6.Nf3, to the Tarrasch Variation of the French Defence after 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 e6 6.c3 c5 7.Nd2 Nc6 8.Ndf3, or even to the Blackmar-Diemer Gambit with an extra tempo for White after 4.Nc3 dxe4 5.Bg5 exf3 6.Nxf3.

A common deviation by Black in recent practice is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 e5. This has been tried by many GMs over the years, including Zurab Azmaiparashviliand Christian Bauer. White's 4.dxe5 is known to be equal, and play normally continues 4...dxe5 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Bc4 Be6 7.Bxe6 fxe6. Instead, White normallytransposes to the Philidor Defence with 4.Nf3.

Austrian Attack Main article: Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack

The Austrian Attack begins 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.f4 Bg7 5.Nf3, and was a favourite of Fischer. It is also well respected by Nick de Firmian, the author ofModern Chess Openings (MCO). In placing pawns on d4, e4 and f4, White establishes a powerful centre, intending to push in the centre and/or attack on thekingside; in the main line, Black will usually counter with ...e5, aiming for play against the dark squares and weaknesses created by White's central advance. This direct, aggressive line is one of the most ambitious systems against the Pirc. Jan Timman has played the Austrian successfully with both colours. Yuri Balashov does well with the White pieces, and Valery Beim has an impressive score on the Black side.

5...0-0 The most frequently played variation of this after 5...0-0 is the Weiss Variation, 6.Bd3, with 6...Nc6 the most common response. 6.e5 is a sharp try, with unclear consequences, which was much played in the 1960s, though it has never attained popularity at the highest levels. 6.Be2 is another move which was often seen in the 1950s and early 1960s, though the defeat sustained by Fischer in the game given below, at the hands of Korchnoi, spurred White players, including Fischer himself, to turn to 6.Bd3. In the 1980s, 6.Be2 c5 7.dxc5 Qa5 8.0-0 Qxc5+ 9.Kh1 was revived. 6.Be3 is another possibility, explored in the 1970s.

5...c5 Black's chief alternative to 5...0-0 lies in an immediate strike against the White centre with 5...c5, to which the usual response is either 6.dxc5 or 6.Bb5+. The former allows 6...Qa5. The latter promises a tactical melee, with a common line being 6.Bb5+ Bd7 7.e5 Ng4 8.e6 (8.h3 or 8.Bxd7+ are other possibilities) fxe6, which was thought bad, until Yasser Seirawan played the move against Gyula Sax in 1988 (8...Bxb5 is the alternative, if Black does not want the forced draw in the main line) 9.Ng5 Bxb5!

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Now if White tries 10.Nxe6, Black has 10...Bxd4!, ignoring the threat to his queen, in view of 11.Nxd8 Bf2+ 12.Kd2 Be3+ with a draw by perpetual check. White can instead try 11.Nxb5, with complicated play.

White can also essay the sharp 6.e5 against 5...c5, after which 6...Nfd7 7.exd6 0-0 is considered to offer good play for Black.

[edit]Classical (Two Knights) System The Classical (Two Knights) System begins 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Be2 0-0 6.0-0. White contents himself with the 'classical' pawn centre with pawns at e4 and d4, forgoing the committal move f2-f4 as Black castles and builds a compact structure. Efim Geller, Anatoly Karpov and Evgeni Vasiukov have all successfully used this system for White; Zurab Azmaiparashvili has scored well as Black. The most common responses for Black are 6...Bg4, 6...c6 or 6...Nc6, with 6...Bg4 the main line from the mid-1960s onwards.

[edit]150 Attack and Argentinian Attack The setup f2-f3, Be3 and Qd2 is commonly used against the King's Indian Defence and Dragon Sicilian, and can also be used against the Pirc; indeed, this system is as old as the Pirc itself.

The system 4.f3 was introduced by Argentine players around 1930 and again in 1950. It was never considered dangerous for Black because of 4.f3 Bg7 5.Be3 c6 6.Qd2 b5. It received a severe blow around 1985, when Gennady Zaichik showed that Black could castle anyway and play a dangerous gambit with 5...0-0 6.Qd2 e5.

The Argentines feared the sally ...Ng4, though some British players (especially Mark Hebden, Paul Motwani, Gary Lane, later also Michael Adams) came to realise that this was mainly dangerous for Black, therefore playing Be3 and Qd2 in all sorts of move orders, whilst omitting f2-f3. They called this the 150 Attack, because only players of this strength (about ELO 1800) could be naive enough to expect mate in 25 moves.[3]

The original Argentinian idea probably is only viable after 4.Be3 Bg7 5.Qd2 0-0 6.0-0-0 c6 (or Nc6) 7.f3 b5 8.h4. Black usually does not castle though and prefers 5...c6 or even 4...c6. The question of whether and when to insert Nf3 remains open.

[edit]Other systems 4.Bg5 was introduced by Robert Byrne in the 1960s, after which Black has often played the natural 4...Bg7, though 4...c6 is considered more flexible, as Black may wish to save a tempo in anticipation of White's plan of Qd2, followed by Bh6, by deferring ...Bg7 as long as possible, playing for queenside activity with ...b7-b5 and ...Qa5. White's idea of Qd2 and Bh6 may give a transposition to the lines with Be3 and Qd2. A less common method of playing this system is 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Bg5.

4.Bc4 Bg7 5.Qe2 is a sharp try for advantage; 5...Nc6 can lead to hair-raising complications after 6.e5, when Black's best line may be 6...Ng4 7.e6 Nxd4 8.Qxg4 Nxc2+, avoiding the more frequently played 6...Nxd4 7.exf6 Nxe2 8.fxg7 Rg8 9.Ngxe2 Rxg7, which has been generally considered to lead to an equal or unclear position, though White has scored heavily in practice. Another possibility for Black is 5...c6, though 6.e5 dxe5 7.dxe5 Nd5 8.Bd2, followed by long castling, gives White the advantage, as Black's position is cramped and he lacks active counterplay. 6...Nd7 is now considered fine for Black, in view of 7.e6?! fxe6 8.Qxe6 Nde5! 9.Qd5 e6 with advantage to Black. If White instead plays the better 7.Nf3, Black has multiple solid choices, including ...0-0 and ...Nb6 (followed by Na5), which is considered to equalise.

4.g3 and 5.Bg2, followed by Nge2, is a solid line, which was sometimes adopted by Karpov.

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