chesca+unitatea+ii

8/12/2019 Chesca+Unitatea+II

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2. THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES (and specialized texts)

Specific objectives:

At the end of the chapter you will be able to:

analyse the rules of the sequence of tenses (past tense in the main clause,present tense in the main clause, future tense in the main clause);

find similarities and dissimilarities between the sequence of tenses inEnglish and the grammar rules in Romanian;

correctly translate texts from Romanian into English considering the rulesof the sequence of tenses

Estimated time for individual study: 4 hours

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2.1. Past Tense in the main clase

2.2. P!esent Tense in the main clase

2.". Ft!e Tense in the main clase

Speci#ic $%&ecti'es

Smma!

ssessment exe!cises

*i%li$+!aph


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses2.1. Past Tense in the main clase

$n English there are %ery strict rules as far as the sequence of tenses isconcerned &ere are the most important ones:

'hen there is a past tense in the main clause, in the subordinate clause we ha%e

the following cases:

2.1.1. ,# the acti$n in the s%$!dinate clase is simltane$s -ith the $ne in the mainclase $ -ill se Past Tense/

E.g.: He told me he was ill. - Mi-a spus c este bolnav.

He told me he was leaving the pat!. - Mi-a spus c pleac de lapetecee.

2.1.2. ,# the acti$n in the s%$!dinate clase is p!e'i$s t$ the $ne in the main clase

$ -ill se Past Pe!#ect/E.g.: " didn#t $now that !ou had alead! ung him. - %u &tiam c i-aitelefonatde'a.

He told me that he had been eading fo thee hous. - Mi-a spusc citea detei oe.

2.1.". ,# the acti$n in the s%$!dinate clase is s%se0ent t$ the $ne in the main clase$ -ill se Ft!einthePast/

E.g.: He pomised that he would wite to me soon. - Mi-a pomis c (mi va

scie cu)nd.

*he pomised she would be going with me. - Mi-a pomis c va mege cu mine.

2.2. P!esent Tense in the main clase

'hen there is a present tense in the main clause, in the subordinate clause youmay use any tense, according to the message of the context, except timeclauses and conditional clauses where it is forbidden to use a future tense

E.g. He thin$s +that,: El cede c:

it had ained when we plouase c)nd am a'unsacolo.

aived thee.

it had been aining fo thee ploua de oe c)nd ama'uns

hous when we aived thee acolo.

it was aining !esteda! a plouat ieiLimba engleza


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tensesinte &i

between and

it ained !esteda! a plouat iei.

it has been aining fo two plou de dou oe.

hous

it has 'ust ained tocmai a plouat

it is aining plou

it ains often in the autumn plou adesea toamna

it is goine' to ain umeaz s plou

it unii ain va ploua

it will be aining when !ou va ploua c)nd ve/ia'unge

aive thee acolo

it will have ained till ten va fi plouat p)n laoa zece

o#cloc$

2.". Ft!e Tense in the main clase

'hen there is a future tense in the main clause, you will use the following

tenses in the subordinate clause:

2.".1. $ ma se an tense acc$!din+ t$ the messa+e $# the text (except the timeclases and the c$nditi$nal clases)

E.g. Ma! will e0plain that she will go to London. - Ma! va e0plica c va

pleca la Londa.

2.".2. F$! timeclases/

a $f the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous to the one in the mainclause, you will use *resent +ense

Eg: ary will tell us the truth when she -nows it ary ne %a spune

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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tensesade%#rul atunci c.nd /l %a "ti

$ will be there whene%er it is raining Am s# fiu acolo oric.nd %a ploua

b $f the action in the subordinate clause is pre%ious to the one in the mainclause, you will use *resent *erfect +ense

Eg 0im will translate the lesson after he has learnt all the new words 0im %a

traduce lec1ia dup# ce %a fi /n%#1at toate cu%intele noiEg $2ll do my homewor- after $ ha%e been watering the flowers 3mi %oi facetema dup# ce %oi fi udat florile

cti'it 1

4 A5Anis a writ issued by a court of 6ustice requiring a person toappear before the court at a specified time

a in%ocation;b order;

c subpoena;d warrant

7 A5Anis a written statement which is signed before a solicitor andwhich can then be used as e%idence in court hearings

a in6unction;b affida%it;c indictment;d warrant

8 +he writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or 6udge, so thatthe court may ascertain whether his detention is lawful is called

99a certiorari;

b &abeas !orpus;c capias;d ratio legis

+he application of the writ of &abeas !orpus, also called the reat 'rit:a has ne%er been suspended throughout


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses

99999a intention;

b consideration;c capacity;d acceptance

$n the


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses+he *rime inister is also, by tradition, Dirst Iord of the +reasury andinister for the !i%il =er%ice +he *rime inisterFs unique position ofauthority deri%es from ma6ority support in the &ouse of !ommons and fromthe power to appoint and dismiss ministers Jy modern con%ention, the *rimeinister always sits in the &ouse of !ommons

+he *rime inister presides o%er the !abinet, is responsible for the allocation

of functions among ministers and informs the Hueen at regular meetings of thegeneral business of the o%ernment

+he *rime inisterFs other responsibilities include recommending anumber of appointments to the Hueen +hese include:

!hurch of England archbishops, bishops and deans and other !hurchappointments;

=enior 6udges, such as the Iord !hief 0ustice;

*ri%y !ounselors;

IordIieutenants

+he *rime inisterFs Kffice at 4 Cowning =treet, the official residence inIondon, has a staff of ci%il ser%ants who assist the *rime inister +he *rimeinister may also appoint special ad%isers to the Kffice to assist in theformation of policies

4epa!tmental 3iniste!

inisters in charge of go%ernment departments are usually in the !abinet; theyare -nown as F=ecretary of =tateF or FinisterF, or may ha%e special title, as inthe case of the !hancellor of the Exchequer

N$n4epa!tmental 3iniste!

+he holders of %arious traditional offices, namely the Iord *resident of the!ouncil, the !hancellor of the Cuchy of Iancaster, the Iord *ri%y =eal, the*aymaster eneral and, from time to time, inisters without *ortfolio, mayha%e few or no departmental duties +hey are thus a%ailable to perform anyduties the *rime inister may wish to gi%e them

5$!d Chancell$! and 5a- O##ice!s

+he Iord !hancellor holds a special position, as both a minister withdepartmental functions and the head of the 6udiciary +he four Iaw Kfficers ofthe !rown are: for England and 'ales, the Attorney eneral and the =olicitor

eneral; and for =cotland, the Iord Ad%ocate and =olicitor eneral for=cotland

3iniste!s $# State and 6ni$! 3iniste!s

inisters of =tate usually wor- with ministers in charge of departments +heynormally ha%e responsibilities, and are sometimes gi%en titles which reflectthese functions ore than one may wor- in a department A inister of =tatemay be gi%en a seat in the !abinet and be paid accordingly

0unior inisters generally *arliamentary


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses+he !abinet is composed of about 7 ministers, although the number can %ary+hey are chosen by the *rime inister and may include departmental and nondepartmental ministers +he functions of the !abinet are to initiate and decideon policy, the supreme control of go%ernment departments +he exercise ofthese functions is %itally affected by the fact that the !abinet is a group of

party representati%es, depending upon ma6ority support in the &ouse of!ommons

Ca%inet 3eetin+s

+he !abinet meets in pri%ate and its proceedings are confidential $ts membersare bound by their oath as *ri%y !ounselors not to disclose information aboutits proceedings, although after 8 years !abinet papers may be made a%ailablefor inspection

Lormally the !abinet meets for a few hours each wee- during parliamentarysittings, and rather less often when *arliament is not sitting

3iniste!ial !esp$nsi%ilit

Ministerial responsibilityM refers both to the collecti%e responsibility forgo%ernment policy and actions, which ministers share, and to ministersFindi%idual responsibility for their departmentsF wor-

+he doctrine of collecti%e responsibility means that the !abinet actsunanimously e%en when !abinet ministers do not all agree on a sub6ect +he

policy of departmental ministers must be consistent with the policy of theo%ernment as a whole Knce the o%ernmentFs policy on a matter has

been decided, each minister is expected to support it or resign Kr rareoccasions, ministers ha%e been allowed free %otes in *arliament ongo%ernment policies in%ol%ing important issues of principle

+he indi%idual responsibility of ministers for the wor- of their departmentsmeans that they are answerable to parliament for all their departmentsFacti%ities +hey bear the consequences of any failure in administration, anyin6ustice to an indi%idual or any aspect of policy which may be criticiGed in*arliament, whether personally responsible or not =ince most ministers aremembers of the &ouse of !ommons, they must answer questions and defendthemsel%es against criticism in person Cepartmental ministers in the &ouse ofIords are represented in the !ommons by someone qualified to spea- on their

behalf, usually a 6unior minister

Cepartmental ministers normally decide all matters within their responsibility

A decision by a departmental minister binds the o%ernment as a wholeKn assuming office ministers must resign directorships in pri%ate and publiccompanies, and must ensure that there is no conflict between their publicduties and pri%ate interest

The p!i' c$ncil

+he main function of the *ri%y !ouncil is to ad%ise Hueen on the appro%al ofKrders in !ouncil, including those made under prerogati%e powers, and thosemade under statutory powers Responsibility for each Krder, howe%er, restswith the minister answerable for the policy concerned, regardless of whetherhe or she is present at the meeting where appro%al is gi%en

+he *ri%y !ouncil also ad%ises the =o%ereign on the issue of royalproclamations, such as those summoning or dissol%ing *arliament

embership of the !ouncil, which is retained for life, except for %eryLimba engleza


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tensesoccasional remo%als, is granted by the =o%ereign, on the recommendation ofthe *rime inister, to people eminent in public life in Jritain and theindependent monarchies of the !ommonwealth !abinet ministers must be*ri%y !ounselors and, if not already members, are admitted to membership

before ta-ing their oath of office at a meeting of the !ouncil +here are about *ri%y !ounselors

+he 0udicial !ommittee of the *ri%y !ouncil is the final court of appeal forcertain independent members of the !ommonwealth, the Jritish dependentterritories, the !hannel $slands and the $sle of an $t also hears appeals fromthe disciplinary committees of the medical and allied professions and certainecclesiastical appeals

7$'e!nment depa!tments

o%ernment departments and their agencies, staffed by politically neutral ci%ilser%ants, are the main instruments for implementing go%ernment policy when*arliament has passed the necessary legislation, and for ad%ising ministers+hey often wor- alongside

local authorities, statutory boards, and go%ernmentsponsored organiGations,operating under %arious degrees of go%ernment control

Cepartments are usually headed by ministers $n some departments the head isa permanent official, and ministers with other duties are responsible for themto *arliament Dor instance, ministers in the +reasury are responsible for &!ustoms and Excise, the $nland Re%enue, the Lational $n%estment and IoansKffice and a number of other departments as well as executi%e agencies suchas the Royal int Cepartments generally recei%e their funds directly out ofmoney pro%ided by *arliament and are staffed by members of the !i%il=er%ice

+he fi%e main fields of legislation considered by *arliament are: o%ernmentJills; *ri%ate embersF Jills; *ri%ate Jills; =tatutory $nstruments; and &ybridJills

1. 7$'e!nment *ills embody o%ernment policy and introduced by ainister +hese are the most important form of legislation and ta-e up thelargest proportion of *arliamentary time +he o%ernmentFs *arliamentaryma6ority means that o%ernment Jills, with certain rare exceptions, aree%entually passed and become part of the law of the land, though they may behea%ily amended in the process

E0ample: +he &ousing Jill, which introduced numerous changes in the law

regulating landlords and tenants of FsocialF and Fnoprofitma-ingF housing2. P!i'ate 3em%e!s8 *ills are introduced not by the o%ernment but by anindi%idual bac-bench * or *eer of any political party Jecause relati%elylittle *arliamentary time is a%ailable for discussing these bills, their chancesof being enacted and becoming law are much smaller

E0ample: +he Loise Jill, which enables local councils to ta-e action againstpeople who ma-e excessi%e noise at night

+hese two types of Jill are also -nown as *ublic Jills +hey concern mattersof general interest, and when passed they apply across the nation

". P!i'ate *ills are promoted by organiGations see-ing specific, usually local,powers (excluding the construction of wor-s such as railways)

E0ample: +he


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses!ollege to unite with other public health institutions

9. H%!id *ills are *ublic Jills that statue which elements of *ri%ate Jills towhich elements of *ri%ate Jill procedure apply

E0ample: +he !hannel +unnel Jill, which authoriGed the construction of the!hannel +unnel

:. Statt$! inst!ments are detailed rules or regulations made under powerscontained in an Act of *arliament =tatutory $nstruments are also -nown assecondary legislation since they flow from primary legislation, ie Acts of*arliament

E0ample: +he Craft otor Nehicles ('earing of =eat Jelts in Rear =eats byAdults) Regulations, which require rearseat car passengers t

ost *ublic Jills apply to the whole of reat Jritain: that is, to England,=cotland and 'ales Jecause the =cottish legal system differs in some respectsfrom that of England and 'ales, some Jills apply to =cotland, or to Englandand 'ales, alone

Lorthern $reland legislation is rather more complex Jetween 4B74 and 4B@7,domestic legislation was the responsibility of =tormont, the pro%incial

parliament of Lorthern $reland =tormont was suspended in 4B@7, and directrule from 'estminster was substituted ost Lorthern $reland legislation is

proposed in the form of Krders in !ouncil +hese are discussed in the sameway as =tatutory $nstruments

cti'it 2

ultiple choice exercises:

4 $n the sentence: 2iminals use this infomation to un up debts onanothe peson#s account.., the expression to run up debts means:a) to get rid of oneFs debts by running;

b) to pay bac- oneFs debts;c) to amass5accumulate or incur debts

7 $n the sentence: 2iminals use this infomation to take over e0istingfinancial accounts.1 the expression to ta$e over means:a) to cancel the %alidity of5 abolish;

b) to assume the control or management of;c) to examine 5 in%estigate smth for accuracy

8 $n the phrase: to povide an appopiate penalt! fo each offence...1 thewordpenalt! means:a) a handicap awarded against a player or team for illegal play, such as

a free shot at goal by the opposing team, loss of points, etc;b) loss, suffering, or other unfortunate result of oneFs own action, error;c) a legal or official punishment, such as a term of imprisonment

$n the sentence: "n e0change fo $ic$bac$s1 some patients undegounwaanted medical

pocedues1 the word $ic$bac$s means:a) money gi%en to a person to ensure that something is -ept secret;

b) money to be paid as compensation to a person for in6ury, loss, etc;

c) money or %aluables used as a bribe;d) illegal commission paid to someone who helps in a business deal;> $n the sentence: 9ithout an indictment fom a gand 'u!1 posecutos

cannot bing chages against an individual1 the legal term indictment

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a) Freason for decidingF: main part of a court 6udgment setting out thelegal principles applicable to the case;

b) Freason of the lawF: the principle behind a law;c) Freason of the courtF: the argument the court has for the final ruling in

a case4> $n the sentence: 3 wit ne e0eat egno can be issued to pevent theembezzle fom leaving the count!1 the Iatin phrase ne e0eat egno means:

a) Fdo not lea%e the countryF: interdiction addressed to a debtor that isbeing prosecuted;

b) Fdo not pursueF: power used by the Attorneyeneral to stop acriminal trial;

c) Fdo not lea%e the houseF: interdiction addressed to an offender placedunder house arrest

4? $n the sentence: the seceta! signed pe po the manage1 the Iatinphrasepe po means:

a) the person who signs at the foot of a document;b) with the authority of 5on behalf of;

c) forging the signature of a superior in his5her absence4@ $n the sentence: 4o futhe infomation1 see the documents listedheeunde. +he text Freference wordF heeunde means:

a) at the bottom of a document;b) under the signature of the person who signs the documents;c) under this heading or below this phrase

4 $n the sentence: This case will hencefoth be $nown unde the name of*tate vs. ;ohnson1 the Ftext referenceF word hencefoth means:

a) from this time on;b) stated later in this document;c) according to this document

4B $n the sentence: The case poceeded notwithstanding the ob'ections ofthe defendant1 the Ftext referenceF word notwithstanding means:

a) consequently;b) in spite of;c) by whate%er means

7 $n the sentence: "n ciminal law1 mens rea is usuall! one of thenecessa! elements of a cime1 the Iatin term mens ea means:

a) Fgood willF: a feeling of bene%olence, appro%al, and -indly interest;b) Fwillful misconductF: beha%iour which may harm someone and which

is -nown to be -!$n+c) Fguilty mindF: mental state required to be guilty of committing a

crime74 $n the sentence:He got an in'unction peventing the compan!

fom selling his ca. +he legal term in'unction means:a) act of bringing someone to court to answer a charge;

b) ban or written court order, telling someone not to do something;c) court order compelling someone to stop doing something or not to

do something77 $n the sentence:"f a contact is not signed b! both paties1 is it legall!binding= +he legal term binding means:

a) which legally forces someone to do something;b) which is acceptable because it is true;c) which is open to negotiation

78 Amendment $N of the !onstitution of the


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a) the security of peopleFs li%es, houses, papers and effects;b) any unauthoriGed searches and seiGures without a %alid warrant,

legally issued for a specific purpose;c) peopleFs rights to offer resistance to ha%ing their houses searched

without a %alid warrant7 Amendment N of the !onstitution of the Amendment C! of the !onstitution of the


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a) finds, is released;b) will find, is released;c) has found, had been released;d) found, will be released

87 $f $ had -nown what an openended question is, $my last exama) will pass;

b) would pass;c) will ha%e passed;d) would ha%e passed

88 $f you were such a good lawyer, your argumentsin the presentsituation

a) will hold up;b) would hold up;c) would held up would had held up

8 $f youthe de%ilFs ad%ocate and some exceptions to the lawyersFargument, !ould ha%e won our last case

a) ha%e played, (ha%e) found;

b) play, find;c) would ha%e played, (would ha%e) found;d) had played, (had) found

8> $f you6ournalists co%ering the =upreme !ourt, what would youwrite in a murder case articleP

a) are;b) were;c) had been;d) ha%e been

8? $f the defendant were found guilty, the 6urythe appropriatesentence, a life term or death

a) will then determineb) would then determinec) might then determined) would then ha%e determined

8@ $f the sentence of death for rape the Eighth Amendment, the rapistmay recei%e a lifesentence

a) %iolates;b) is %iolated;c) will %iolate;d) has %iolated

8 0udges the authority to hold 6ournalists in contempt of court, ifreportersto complywith an order to re%eal the identity of unnamed sources

a) had, refused;b) ha%e, refuse;c) ha%e, would refuse;d) ha%e, will ha%e refused

8B $f the grand 6ury its proceedings in secret, requiring a 6ournalist tore%eal confidential sources would ha%e been considered prosecutorial abuse

a) had conducted;b) has conducted;c) conducted;d) would ha%e conducted

$f a 6ournalistFs source is engaged in illegal acti%ities and that the

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6ournalist could be required to identify him5her, the source hesitant to tal-a) -new, would be;

b) -nows, will be;c) is -nown, will be;d) will know, will be.

cti'it "

>ead and tanslate the following te0t:

THE SOU;CES OF THE EN75,SH 5< (2)

Drom the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally di%ided into two main

categories according to the solemnity of the form in which they are made+hey may be witten or unwitten. +hese traditional terms are misleading,

because the expression MwrittenM law signifies any law that is formallyenacted1 whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression MunwrittenMlaw signifies all unacted law

=ince the fashion was set by the 2ode %apoleon many continental countriesha%e codified much of their law, public or pri%ate; on the !ontinent the%olume of written law tends to preponderate o%er the %olume of unwrittenJut in England unwritten law is predominant, for more of their law deri%esfrom 6udicial precedents than from legislati%e enactment E%en if the

*arliament casts an increasing number of statutes upon its population, theyha%e not adopted the system of wholesale codification which pre%ails inmany continental countries

+wo principal and two subsidiary sources of law are worth being mentioned+he principal sources are Iegislation and 0udicial *recedent; the subsidiarysources are !ustom and Joo-s of Authority

5e+islati$n is enacted law and will be studied in the chapter about the!onstitutional Iaw

+he starting point from which to explain the English doctrine of p!ecedent isthe principle of 6ustice that li-e cases should be decided ali-e +his principleis enforced in English law by the rule of stae decisis (-eep to what has beendecided pre%iously) and this rule has a peculiarly coerci%e or binding naturein the English system English law is, to a large extent, based on caselaw

+he rules of common law ha%e been e%ol%ed inductivel! from decision todecision in%ol%ing similar facts, so that they are firmly grounded upon theactualities of litigation and the reality of human conduct And new cases leadonwards to reach forward new rules $ts principles are open ended; they arenot firm and inflexible decrees $n contrast, the European ci%il law supposesthe tas- of the courts to be deductive: to subsume the present case to underthe mantle of the generalised and codified rule =o a distincti%e feature of the

English system is that, because the English 6udge has through precedentpower to ma-e new law, his position in the legal system is central

+he 6udge may simply be obliged to consider the former decision as part of

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the material on which his present decision could be based, or he may beobliged to decide it in the same way as that in which the pre%ious case wasdecided $n the latter case the precedent is said to be MbindingM =o, anothersalient feature of the English system is the doctrine of the binding case Jythis doctrine the authority of the courts is hierarchycal; a court which isinferior in authority to another court is obliged to follow (Mbound byM) a courtof superior authority if called upon to decide upon facts similar to factsalready tried by the superior court Kn the criminal side of the !ourt ofAppeal the !ourt could depart from its pre%ious decisions Fin the interest of

6ustice4 Kn the ci%il side of that court the position is much more restricted $tmay depart from its pre%ious decisions in only three narrow situations: wherethere are two earlier conflicting decisions; where the !ourtFs earlier decisionscannot stand with a subsequent decision of +he &ouse of Iords; and whenthe !ourtFs earlier decision was gi%enpe incuiam (through negligence oro%ersight) +hese qualifications and exceptions to the rule of stae decisisunderline the fact that although the rules of precedent are important inEnglish law they are not as important as the 6udgeFs obligation to ha%e regard

to caselawDurther, e%en today cases of Ffirst impresion4sometimes arise; cases arisingupon facts which bear no resemblance to the facts of any pre%ious case'hen the 6udge rules in such a case he legislates, because future courts mustusually FfollowF him A remar- which leads to the comment that inFdistinguishingF between pre%ious decisions and FfollowingF one rather thananother 6udge, though appearing only to apply existing law, in fact exercisesa quasilegislati%e discretion: a fact which the system of FbindingF precedentser%es to conceal

=o the administration of 6ustice is not a simple process of matching

precedents +he 6udges ha%e a field of choice in ma-ing their decisions Jutthey do not exercises their discretion in an arbitrary way; they rest their6udgments upon the generalpinciplesin caselaw as a whole !aselaw doesnot consist of a blind series of decisions, FA will succeedF, or FJ will failF, butof reasoned 6udgments based upon rational principles +hese principles ha%e

been e%ol%ed by the courts through the centuries: and, building precedentupon precedent, they ha%e framed them with two ends in %iew Dirst, theyha%e sought so to formulate them that their application may be capable ofeffecting substantial 6ustice in particular cases; second, they ha%e sought toma-e them sufficiently general in scope to ser%e as guides to lawyers facedwith the tas- of gi%ing ad%ice in future legal disputes +hus in a sense the

history of the common law (as opposed to statute law for statutes aresometimes arbitrary and they ha%e often wrought in6ustice) is the story of thee%olution of the 6udgesF conception of 6ustice (a -ind of natural law seeabo%e) realiGed in the form of rules of law intended to be general in theirapplication and as easily ascertainable as possible

!ustoms are social habits, patterns of beha%iour, which all societies seem toe%ol%e without express formulation or conscious creation !ustom is notsolely important as a source of law1 for e%en today some customary rules areobser%ed in their own right and they command almost as much obedience asrules of law in that their obser%ance is not enfoced by the organs of the

=tateJut in modern times most general customs ha%e either fallen into desuetudeor become absorbed in rules of law Dor example many of the early rules ofthe common law were general customs which the courts adopted, and by this

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%ery act of adoption made into law Also many of the rules of the law relatingto the sale of goods originated as customs, were adopted by the courts, ande%entually moulded into a statutory code by the =ale of oods Act 4B8

Kn the !ontinent the writings of legal authors form an important sourceof law $n England, in accordance with our tradition that the law is to besought in'udicial decisions1 their writings ha%e in the past been treated

with comparati%ely little respect +hey ha%e been cited in court, if citedat all, rather by way of e%idence of what the law is than as independentsources from which it may be deri%ed

Smma!

+his chapter has approached the rules of the sequence of tenses, consideringthat in English you use different tenses according to whether we ha%e a timeclause, a conditional clause or a directob6ect one $t has been shown that a pasttense in the main clause requires a past tense, a past perfect or a futurein Qthe

Qpast in the subordinate clause oreo%er, it is forbidden to use a future tensein the timeclause (although in Romanian we do) or in the conditional oneJesides the grammar practice, you ha%e been requested to read and translatese%eral texts belonging to the field of Iaw

Sel#e'alati$n tests

,. Ch$$se the !i+ht 'a!iant/

4 $f reporters to identify their confidential sources before a grand 6ury, thepress will not truly be free

a) will be forced;b) must be forced;c) are forced;

d) can be forced

7


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$f the 6ournalistFs story criminal acti%ity, he would ha%e reported ita) has in%ol%ed;

b) in%ol%es;c) had in%ol%ed;d) will in%ol%e

> $f a prosecutor a grand 6ury in%estigation in bad faith, 6ournalists mightha%e a right to refuse to re%eal their sources

a) were conducting;b) is conducting;c) had been conducting;d) will be conducting

? $f the students hadnFt been enrolled in the 0ournalism $$ class, they articlesabout di%orce and teenage pregnancy some years ago

a) wonFt write;

b) wouldnFt write;c) wouldnFt written;d) wouldnFt ha%e written

@ $f the teacher the articles from being published in the paper, thestudents wouldnFt ha%e brought suit to the


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479999different if the school newspaper were writtenby members of anextracurricular clubP

a) +he ruling in that case would ha%e been 9999;b) 'ould the ruling in that case ha%e been 9999;c) 'ill the ruling in that case ha%e been 99999;d) +he ruling in that case will ha%e been 9999

48 +om will be released to the community if the !ourt 9999 that he iseligible for the home confinement program

a) will decide;b) decide;c) decides;d) would decide

4 +he press cannot truly be free unless it 9999 at liberty to report onstories of public interest, ie the drug crisis

a) is not;b) is;c) will be;d) will not be

4> $f reporters ha%e to identify their confidential sources before a grand 6ury,they 9999 stories of public interest

a) will not be able to publish;b) will be able not to publish;c) wouldnFt ha%e been able to publish;d) would ha%e been able not to publish

4? $f a reporter is forced to re%eal his sources, law enforcement 9999 afew criminals

a) may be able to apprehended;b) may be to apprehend;c) may be able to apprehend;d) be able to apprehend

4@ cetioai...by a higher court, it means that the 6ustices ha%e decidedto let the lower courtFs decision stand

a) $f is denied;

b)


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tensesc) spending;d) spent

7 &e made me all my charges, threatening me with a guna) to drop;

b) drop;c) dropping;d) to ha%e dropped

74 &e let me which option was the best for my difficult situationa) decide;

b) deciding;c) to decide;d) being to decide

TE3= 4E CONT;O5 (3en>i$nat? pe Plat#$!ma 4an%is $nline)

C$mment $n the #$ll$-in+/

@ll pe$ple a!e e0al %e#$!e the la-.@ (2 pa+es)

*i%li$+!aph/

Jroo-es, ichael, &orner, E (77)usiness English. Engleza pentu afacei.Jucure"ti: Ed +eora

Jroo-es, ichael (78)Engleza pentu 'ui&ti. Jucure"ti: Ed +eora

!hir#lescu, , *aidos ! (7>)?oficienc! in English. $nstitutul European!oo-, 0, ethin, A (4BB>)3 %ew 9a! to ?oficienc! in English.Kxford

Cayan, A, Iindsay, '& (7) Engleza pentu ma$eting si publicitateJucure"ti: Editura +eora

Celgiudice, Iuminita (4BBB) 4ift! 8seful Tests in English Jucure"ti: EdAramis

CemaGet, Jertrand (4BBB) Engleza cometului e0teio. Jucure"ti: Editura+eora

#l#1eanuD.rnoag#, (7)Limba englez (n convesatie.Jucure"ti: EdStiin1ific# "i Enciclopedic#

heorghitoiu, Andreea (4BB)5ictiona englez-oman de vebe cu paticulaadvebiala Jucure"ti: +eora

Limba engleza


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Alina !he"c# The sequence of tenses&anga, Nladimir (7) 5ictiona 'uidic englez-oman Jucure"ti: IuminaIex

&ealth, RJ (77)"mpact 3ssignments in English.Iondon: Iongman

&ulban & (4BB@)English fo @ou $a"i: Ed R#Ge"u

Ie Ci%enach, Eloi (7>)Engleza in pesa Jucure"ti: Editura +eora

Iupuleasa, R (7)>ead! fo E0ams. Jucure"ti: Editura *oliromarie!laude, Roland (7) 2A in limba engleza.8n pas spe anga'aeJucure"ti: Editura +eora

artin, !ombe (7)Listening and 2ompehending acmillan

ihaescu, Alexandra (7@) Bamatica limbii engleze Jucure"ti: EdituraLiculescu

olnar Kprea, Licoleta (7) 2us de limba engleza pentu studentiifacultatilo cu pofil 'uidic. Jucure"ti: Ed All Educational

Kprescu, =imona (4BBB)Engleza pentu 'ui&ti Jucure"ti: Ed Kscar *rint*eters, 0oAnn (7) LetCs Lean English. Metod Laousse de (nv/ae alimbii engleze Jucure"ti: Editura +eora

Rusu, Iiliana (74) Limba engleza pentu studentii facultatii de deptJucure"ti: Ed =yl%i

chesca+unitatea+ii

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