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Prunus serotina

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Black cherry" redirects here. For other uses, seeBlack Cherry (disambiguation).

Prunus serotina

Flowers and leaves

Scientific classification

Kingdom:Plantae

(unranked):Angiosperms

(unranked):Eudicots

(unranked):Rosids

Order:Rosales

Family:Rosaceae

Genus:Prunus

Subgenus:Padus[1]

Species:P. serotina

Binomial name

Prunus serotinaEhrh.

Natural range ofPrunus serotina

Prunus serotina, commonly calledblack cherry,wild black cherry,rum cherry,[2]ormountain black cherry, is a woody plant species belonging to the genusPrunus. Thischerryis native to easternNorth America: fromeastern Canadathrough southernQuebecandOntario; south through theeastern United StatestoTexasand centralFlorida; with disjunct populations inArizonaandNew Mexico; and in the mountains ofMexicoandGuatemala.[3]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l "cite_note-usda-4" [4]

Immature fruit

Closeup of mature bark

Closeup of immature bark

A mature black cherry can easily be identified in a forest by its very broken, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance of very thick, burnt cornflakes. However, for about the first decade or so of its life, the bark is thin, smooth, and striped, resembling that of abirch. It can also quickly be identified by its long, shiny leaves resembling those of asourwood, and by an almond-like odor released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose.[5]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l "cite_note-6" [6]Contents

[hide] 1Subspecies 2Ecology and cultivation 3Biochemistry 4Uses 5See also 6ReferencesSubspecies[edit]The twosubspeciesofPrunus serotina:[7] P. s.subsp.serotina- Canada, United States

P. s.subsp.capuli(Cav.) McVaugh Mexico, Guatemala

The typical subsp.P. s. serotinais sometimes further divided into fourvarieties, var.serotinain the east of the range, var.eximiain Texas, and vars.rufulaandvirensin Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.[4]Black cherry is closely related to thechokecherry(Prunus virginiana); chokecherry, however, is classified as a shrub or small tree and has smaller, less glossy leaves

Ecology and cultivation[edit]P. serotinais apioneer species. In theMidwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such asblack walnut,black locust, andhackberry. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describeP. serotinaas "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins."[8]It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Seed production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in thesoil bankand not germinate for as long as three years. AllPrunusspecies have hard seeds that benefit fromscarificationto germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).[3]

Autumn foliage

P.serotinais also a host ofcaterpillarsof variousLepidoptera(seeList of Lepidoptera which feed onPrunus). Theeastern tent caterpillardefoliates entire groves some springs.

Black knotinfection

P.serotinawas widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as anornamental tree[9]in the mid 20th century,[10]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l "cite_note-EJPAU-11" [11]where it has become locallynaturalized.[9]It has acted as aninvasive speciesthere, negatively affecting forest communitybiodiversityand regeneration.[12]P. s.subsp.capuliwas cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.[13]Biochemistry[edit]Likeapricots, the seeds of black cherries contain compounds that can be converted intocyanide, such asamygdalin.[14]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l "cite_note-15" [15]These compounds releasehydrogen cyanidewhen the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds. These enzymes includeamygdalin beta-glucosidase,prunasin beta-glucosidaseandmandelonitrile lyase.[16]In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain these compounds, they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.[17]The foliage, particularly when wilted, containscyanogenic glycosides, which convert tohydrogen cyanideif eaten by animals.[18]Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because they often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness, and grazing animals' access to it should be limited.

Uses[edit]The fruit ofPrunus serotinais suitable for makingjamandcherry pies,[19]and has some use in flavoringliqueurs; they are also a popular flavoring forsodasandice creams. The black cherry is commonly used instead of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) to achieve a sharper taste. It is also used in cakes which include dark chocolate, such as aBlack Forest gateauand as garnishes forcocktails.[citation needed]The wood ofP.serotinais also used for cooking andsmokingfoods, where it imparts a unique flavor.

P.serotinatimberis valuable; perhaps the premiercabinetrytimber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". It is known for its strong red color and high price. Its density when dried is around 580kg/m3(980lb/cuyd).[20]P.serotinatrees are sometimes planted ornamentally.

See also[edit]

Trees portal

Cherry Grove, New York, named forP. serotina, which isindigenousto the area

References[edit]1. Jump up^Rehder, A. 1940, reprinted 1977.Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America exclusive of the subtropical and warmer temperate regions. Macmillan publishing Co., Inc, New York.2. Jump up^"BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived fromthe original(XLS)on 2015-02-25. Retrieved2014-10-17.3. ^Jump up to:abMarquis, D. A. (undated). U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual:Prunus serotinaEhrh. - Black Cherry4. ^Jump up to:abUSDA Plants Profile:NCRS:Prunus serotina5. Jump up^This odor is the result of minute amounts ofcyanidecompounds produced and stored by the plant as a defense mechanism againstherbivores.[1][dead link]6. Jump up^"VT Forest Biology and Dendrology". Cnr.vt.edu. Retrieved2012-10-22.7. Jump up^Germplasm Resources Information Network:Prunus serotina8. Jump up^Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. "Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition." The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, New York. 910 pp.9. ^Jump up to:abFlora of NW Europe:Prunus serotina10. Jump up^Starfinger U. 1997. Introduction and naturalization of Prunus serotina in Central Europe. In: Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe (eds by J.H. Brock, M. Wade, P.Pysek, D. Green). Backhuys Publ. Leiden: 161-171.11. Jump up^Kalina M. Nowakowska, Aleksandra Halarewicz (2006)."Coleoptera found on neophytePrunus serotina(Ehrh.) within forest community and open habitat"(PDF). Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Biology, Volume 9, Issue 1.