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Hdtdcid Fdg`u*

JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^

JLCD^@ MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HIIDC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

Hiv`cuc tiih i m` jdrt` d plpucdi`i uh`i ri m`pihm` m` plcitijd jucturdcprlflvdt m` ihstituiic` stdtucui i m` plsinicitic` `i m` r`dcizdr`. hsui prl-j`suc m` ihstruir` pr`supuh` `xist`hd d mli djtlri `s`hidci1 hvtlr i `c`v.@xist`hd uhlr hjp`ri jlcdr` sp`jidc df`hdadt`, jlhlrf j`rih`clr sdhitdr`i `rklhlfij` jlhstitui` jlhmiid `s`hidc m` r`dcizdr` ju sujj`s d prlj`sucui

ihstrujtiv `mujdtiv. Phd mih prlnc`f`c` ju jdr` s` jlhruhtdu dutlritic` mihNdsdrdnid iht`rn`cij, h urfd dmlptrii lncikdtivitii hvfhtucui prifdr,d lst ihsufflji`hd spdiiclr jlcdr`. Jtr` hj`putuc s`jlcucui dc RR-c`d, dj`dstprlnc`f `rd pr`z`ht h fdalritdt`d stdt`clr `urlp`h`. h ric` ju `jlhlfi`m`zvlctdt d lst fdi puih r`sifit, mdtlrit plcitijii sljidc` h mlf`hiuc rimi-jrii hiv`cucui m` ihstruir` dc plpucdi`i.

h Grdhd, stdtuc jlhtrinuid cd rimijdr`d jlhstrujiiclr jlcdr` prihtr-lsunv`hi` djlrmdt m`pdrtdf`ht`clr, lrd`clr i jlfuh`clr rurdc`. Zufddjlrmdt vdrid h m`p`hm`h m` v`hituric`, hdtdcitdt`d i dct` lncikdii dc` uhitii

dmfihistrdtiv`. Ph`lri, sunv`hid p`htru jlfuh`c` srdj` s` put`d rimijd phcd 25%4. h jdhtlhuc Qurijbi, jdr` s` jlhsim`rd j dr` j`d fdi nuh lrkdhizdr`jlcdr mih @cv`id, h prif`c` m`j`hii dc` s`j. RR, stdtuc djlrmd sunv`hii huhufdi p`htru jlhstrujii jlcdr`, mdr i p`htru cljuih`c` hvtlriclr, p`htruflnici`r, sci m` kifhdstij, `tj. Frif`d sunv`hi`i `rd stdnicit h rdplrt juifplzituc kclndc, dst`c jd dhuitdt`d fprufuturiclr s pldt ffl dflrtizdt h40 dhi. h dct` pri, s` lrfd uh ifplzit p`htru jldc p` jdp m` cljuitlr, m` d-fici` sdu p` dv`r`. Dj`std urfd s ffl` hmr`ptdt spr` djlp`rir`d fprufuturiclrjlhtrdjtdt`>. Nuckdrid, prih C`k`d mih 4959, ifpuh`d tuturlr jlfuh`clr s-ijlhstruidsj tifp m` 45 dhi l jcmir` m`stihdt jlcii. Gi`jdr` cljdcitdt` urfd s-i jr``z` uh lhm sp`jidc, pr`vzhm, dhudc, h nuk`t l pdrt` mih suf`. U`htrujlfuh`c` srdj`, stdtuc l`r`d l sunv`hi`. Idr h jdz, mdj jlfuhd hu r`u`d srimij` cljdcuc, stdtuc put`d jlhtrdjtd uh fprufut, hsjriihm dhuitic` h nuk`tucjlfuh`i:. h W`jbiuc ^`kdt, ph jtr` 429; `rd l ihsufflji`h djut m` spdii jlcdr`nih` df`hdadt`. Mup hfflihdr`d Jds`i jldc`clr situdid tr`ptdt s` sjbifn.

* Hdtdcid Fdg`u, j`rj`ttlr tiihifflj stdkidr cd Ihstitutuc m` Istlri` dc DF.4 J. Dhk`c`sju, C`k`d p`htru hvfhtuc prifdr dc stdtucui i hlrfdc prifdr, Nujur`ti, 49>0,

p. 4=0.> Inim`f, p. 4=0-4=7.: Inim`f, p. 4=7.

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JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^ JLCD^@MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HII DC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

Dj`st`i ihstituii i r`v`h`d rlcuc m` d dmfihistrd lhmuric` jr`dt` prih c`k` hsjlpuc dautlrrii jlfuh`clr h jlhstrujid jlcdr. @d dv`d sdrjihd m` d jllrmlhdi v`riffljd htr`ih`r`d jlciclr i m` d c` mltd ju flnici`r i fdt`ridc` mimdjtij`mih lhmuric` prlprii i j`c` m` stdt. Dhudc, s` htljf`d uh pcdh m` djtivitdt`, hjdr` s` pr`v`m`d hufruc m` cljdcuri jdr` urfdu d ffl jlhstruit` sdu r`pdrdt`.Z` htljf`du m`viz` m` jb`ctui`ci p`htru tldt` h`j`sitic` pr`jlhizdt`. Mihlhmuric` pus` cd misplzii` m` jtr` stdt, Jdsd jldc`clr djlrmd fprufuturip` t`rf`h cuhk jlfuh`clr jdr` hu dv`du lhmuri sufflji`ht` p`htru jlhstrujiijlcdr`. h jdz mdj lhmuric` misplhinic` hu put`du djlp`ri jb`ctui`cic`, dj`dstd`rd dutlrizdt m` d jlhtrdjtd fprufuturi m` cd ihstituiic` fflhdhjidr`, ju jlhmiidjd r`sp`jtiv`c` jlfuh` s djlp`r` mlnhmd. Idr, mdj dmfihistrdid jlfuhdc hu`rd jdpdnic s djlp`r` mlnhmd, mi`r`hd rfds `rd djlp`rit pdridc m` jtr`aum` i stdt.

h Ndsdrdnid, prlnc`fd jcmiriclr jlcdr` s-d r`sifit fdi djut, dnid mupPhir`d mih 4942, jhm hvfhtuc prifdr d lst m`jcdrdt lncikdtlriu. Dht`rilr,hu d `xistdt l pr`ljupdr` p`rfdh`ht d dutlriticlr h prlnc`fd jlcdrizriihtr`kii plpucdii. @xist`hd jlciclr prifdr` p` t`ritlriuc Ndsdrdni`i h dhii 75-25di s`j. RIR s` mdtlrd, h `xjcusivitdt`, plpucdi`i, lnticlr st`ti, jdr`, dsikurdutltdcf`ht`, fdt`ridcuc h`j`sdr dj`st`i ihstituii. Jtr` s. s`j. RIR, h jdmrucdmuhriclr Q`fstv`i Kun`rhidc` d Ndsdrdni`i, d lst dnlrmdt i situdid jlciclrplpucdr`. Idr, h dhuc 429;, mup dhi m` ihmi`r`h, d lst misjutdt prlnc`fddjlrmrii uhlr surs` fflhdhjidr` p`htru dsikurdr`d uhjilhrii jlciclr plpucdr`.

h 4292 Q`fstvd Kun`rhidc d Ndsdrdni`i d bltrt s dclj` jt` :555 m` runc`p`htru ffl`jdr` aum`, h v`m`r`d jlhstruji`i i df`hdarii spdiiclr jlcdr`. h4292 h Ndsdrdnid `rdu, mldr, 4; jlci m` z`fstv. Jlhlrf uh`i jlfuhijri mihjdmruc z`fstv`i mih dhuc 4950, dsuprd hvfhtucui plpucdr, s` jlhstdt jNdsdrdnid s` dd h urfd tuturlr z`fstv`clr kun`rhidc` dc` usi`i, mup hufrucm` jlci (;9 m` jlci m` z`fstv)=.

Ph dct tip m` jlci prifdr`, jdr` du uhjilhdt h dhii ljupdi`i drist`, dulst jlcic` pdrlbidc`. Djtivitdt`d jlciclr nis`rij`ti h Ndsdrdnid sun stphir`drus i-d dfpcldr` jtr` dhuc 422=, jhm `st` htrit ^`kucdf`htuc m` uhjil-hdr` d dj`stlr jlci0. Jtr` dhuc 4957, s` hufrdu :;5 m` jlci nis`rij`ti, juuhuc i mli dhi m` stumiu. Dj`st`d, fflihm susihut` m` kuv`rhuc drist i dutlritic`nis`rij`ti, idr fflhdhjidr m` jtr` plpucdi`, jdpt l rsphmir` fdi cdrk, hjlfpdrdi` ju j`c` m` z`fstv. Zpr` `x`fpcu, h aum`uc Nci, jlhlrf mdt`clrm` drbiv, lns`rvf j hdiht` m` 494; h fdalritdt` `rdu jlci pdrlbidc`7.

= ]. . , , .. . , , 4905, j.>7.

0 Inim`f, p. >9. (dutlruc dj` trifit`r` cd r`kucdf`htuc rus dc jlciclr prifdr` d - , dprlndt h iuhi`, 422=).

7

DH^F, G. 4=;;, ihv.4, m. >5;, . 4- 470. h tltdc du lst dhdcizdt` 0= m` jlci prifdr` i m` jlpiifiji mih aum`uc Nci. Dj`st`d jlhstitui`, mldr l pdrt` mih cljdcitic` dj`stui aum`. Z-d jlhstdtdtj mldr h 4: cljdciti, mih j`c` dhdcizdt , hdiht` m` 494;, du uhjilhdt jlci pdrlbidc` ju 4 i >

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Cd hj`putuc s`j. RR, h jlfpdrdi` ju p`rildmd pr`j`m`ht, s` lns`rv l jr`t`r`d hufrucui m` jlci fihist`ridc` i m` z`fstv. Jlhlrf mdt`clr stdtistij`;,h dhuc 494= h Ndsdrdnid `rdu hr`kistrdt`42=7 jlci prifdr` rus` m` miv`rs

sunlrmih` i m` mi`rit` tipuri, h jdr` hvdu :=.422 `c`vi. Mih dj`st`d, 442= s`sunlrmlhdu Mir`ji`i jlciclr Ulpucdr` (jlci m` stdt1 29>? pdrtijucdr`1 >79) i77> jlci dc` @pdrbi`i Jbiihucui (4: jlci ju > jcds`? 7>5 jlci ju 4 jcds? >; m`jlci m` dcdn`tizdr` i > jlci mufihijdc`). Ndzd fdt`ridc d ihstituiiclr m` hvfht prifdr jtr` dhuc 494= `rd mi-`rit. Mih j`c` 29> m` jlci sunlrmlhdt` Mir`ji`i jlciclr Ulpucdr`, ;92 dv`ducljdc prlpriu? j`c`cdct` 9= - dr`hmdu jds` rh`ti, ju l sdc m` jcds, h jdr`hvdu >0-:5 m` jlpii. ^``ritlr cd jlcic` nis`rij`ti, situdid rd fuct fdi kr`d, dj`st`d uhjilhdumih jlhtuc mlhdiiclr plpucdi`i. Idr hjp`ric` `rdu, m` ds`f`h`d, dr`hmdt`, uh`-lri uhjilhdu h dh`x`c` nis`rij`ti. ^``ritlr cd stdr`d fdt`ridc d dj`stlr jlci,Jlhkr`suc cujrtlriclr nis`rij`ti-jlcdri mih 494: d jlhstdtdt j `c` pdrjurk l`tdp miffljic i, tltlmdt, ifplrtdht. Zitudid kr`d fflhdhjidr, jdcitdt`d ihstru-ji`i, rfh`r`d h urf d m` jlcic` m` z`fstv i j`c` fihist`ridc` du mus cdsjbifndr`d dtitumihii plpucdi`i d m` jlcic` nis`rij`ti. ]ldt` dj`st`d puh`duh p`rijlc `xist`hd clr m` fdi m`pdrt`2. M`spr` stdr`d fdt`ridc kr`d d jlciclrprifdr` pdrlbidc` st`ti f`hilh`dz i p`mdklkii jdr` djtivdu h dj`c` tifpuri.hvtlruc F. Qdvdt, m`sjriihm situdid jlcii h p`rildmd drist, f`hilhd, hjdmruc uh`i `stiviti mih dprici` 4942, j ph cd m`sjbim`r`d jlciclr nis`ri-

j`ti i dc` z`fstv`i, h Ndsdrdnid l jldc m`s`rv`d, j`c puih, 0-7 sdt`. Idr, jlh-miiic` kr`c` mih jlcic` st`ti (rikuc, fuj`kdiuc dhtisdhitdrid, h`fdivlrnihm, m`ih`xist`hd flnic`i h`j`sdr`, d fdhudc`clr i dctlr fdt`ridc` mimdjtij`), i j`dup` ni`ii hvtlri s uk, h jutdr` m` jlci fdi nuh`9.

Mup 4942 jlcic` prifdr` mih Ndsdrdnid du lst uhiffljdt` i iht`krdt` h jd-mruc sist`fucui m` hvfht rlfh`sj. ]ldt` ihstituiic` m` hvfht prifdr

dhi m` stumiu. h prifii z`j` dhi, mup Phir`, h dj`st` sdt` du lst hfflihdt` p`htru prifd mdt- :0 m` ihstituii m` hvfht pr`jlcdr i prifdr, idr h urftlrii z`j` dhi (49>9-49:9) du lstjlhstruit`, hj, jihji jlci.

^``ritlr cd stdr`d hjp`riclr jlcdr`, situdid `rd mi`rit. h k`h`rdc, `rd l ihsufflji`h m`hjp`ri m`stihdt` prlj`sucui m` ihstruir`. Dj`dstd s` r``r fdi fuct cd sdt`c` ju plpucdi`rlfh`sj. Fuct` mih jcmiric` `xist`ht` `rdu ldrt` v`jbi, ju p`r`ii jrpdi, dct`c` mistrus`h tifpuc rznliucui. Mihtr` dj`st`d, dv`du cljdcuri prlprii >0 m` ihstituii. ]r`ispr`z`j` mihjcmiric` fdi v`jbi us`s`r r`pdrdt`. Fdi fuct m` auftdt` mih jlci uhjilhdu h cljdcurihjbiridt` >9. h aur m` 7 jcmiri rdu h prlj`s m` jlhstruji`. Z-d jlhstdtdt j h uh`c` jlfuh`,h plfflmd dptucui j dv`du uh hufr fij dc plpucdi`i, mdtlrit h`rki`i, spiritucui m` ihiidtiv,d jlhcujrrii mihtr` dmfihistrdid cljdc i j`d jlcdr s-d r`uit s s` jlhstruidsj s`mii p`htrujldc, krmihi, fuz`u, jdhtih i krmih jlcdr `tj.

; ]. . , ,. :;.2 Inim`f.9

Dfihtiri mih vidd f`d m` hvtlr, Kb`lrkb` Fu, Lhisilr Kbinu M` cd Ndsdrdnid ^us`dsjcd Ndsdrdnid ^lfh`dsj, `mii` hkriait m` mr. Fdridh ^dmu, @miturd Z`fh`, Nujur`ti, 499;,p. :20-:27?Dfihtiri mih vidd f`d m` hvtldr`, Inim`f, p. :7>-:70.

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JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^ JLCD^@MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HII DC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

`xist`ht` p` t`ritlriuc Ndsdrdni`i du lst hdilhdcizdt` i supus` uhui sihkur r`-kucdf`ht m` uhjilhdr`. ^`dcizdr`d pr`v`m`riclr c`kiscdi`i d htfpihdt ldrt`fuct` kr`uti. Phd mih c` d lst cipsd jcmiriclr jlcdr` h ldrt` fuct` cljdciti

st`ti, h`fdivlrnihm, m`spr` j`c`cdct` jlhmiii p`htru uhjilhdr`d uh`i jlci. Jlhlrf drt. >= dc Jlhstitui`i ^lfhi`i, mih fdrti` 49>:, hvfhtucd lst m`jcdrdt cin`r h jlhmiiic` stdnicit` prih c`kic` sp`jidc`. Idr hvfh-tuc prifdr - lncikdtlr. h jlcic` stdtucui dj`st tip m` hvfht d lst m`jcdrdtkrdtuit. Idr, stdtuc, aum``c` i jlfuh`c` urfdu s djlrm` dautldr` i hc`shiri `c`-viclr cipsii m` fiacldj`, cd tldt` tr`pt`c` hvfhtucui, h fsurd i flmdcitic`pr`vzut` m` c`k`45. Urih dmlptdr`d hlii Jlhstituii, jlhsim`rdt d ffl uhd mih j`c`fdi m`fljrdtij` mih @urlpd iht`rn`cij, s-du jr`dt jlhmiiic` h`j`sdr` p`htru`cdnlrdr`d i prlfuckdr`d uh`i hli c`ki d hvfhtucui h ^lfhid uhiffljdt.L c`k` jdr` s jr`i`z` djj`s `kdc p`htru tldt` pturic` plpucdi`i cd hvfhtucprifdr i s rspuhm h`j`siticlr pr`z`ht` i m` viitlr dc` rii.

Urih dmlptdr`d C`kii hvfhtucui prifdr dc stdtucui i dc hvfhtucuihlrfdc-prifdr, mih >7 iuci` 49>=, s-d urfrit, h dhsdfncu, uhiffljdr`d sist`f`clrm` hvfht mih prlvihjiic` uhit`, d c`kiscdi`i jlcdr`, d prlkrdf`clr m` stumiu,cijbimdr`d dhdcdn`tisfucui, lrfdr`d uh`i jucturi k`h`rdc` i d jucturii prdjtij`uticitdr` sp`jifflj r`kilhdc`, `mujdi`i flrdc - jivij` i fflzij` `tj44.

U`htru prifd mdt p` t`ritlriuc ^lfhi`i htr`kit` s` stdnic`d uhitdt`d,lncikdtivitdt`d i krdtuitdt`d hvfhtucui prifdr. Lrij` j`t`dh ihmi`r`htm` r`ciki`, lrikih` `thij, stdr` sljidc sdu fdt`ridc dv`d djj`s i `rd lncikdt s

urf`z` uhd mih ihstituiic` m` hvfht prifdr. Cifnd m` pr`mdr` h ihstituiic`m` hvfht prifdr h jlcic` m` stdt, jlhlrf c`kii, d lst stdnicit - rlfhd.U`htru r`kiuhic` `t`rlkclt` stdtuc s` lncikd s dsikur` pr`mdr`d h cifnd fdt`rhd plpucdi`i r`sp`jtiv` h prifii pdtru dhi, ju lncikdtivitdt`d stumi`rii cifnii m`stdt.

C`k`d hvfhtucui prifdr mih 49>= m`fflh`d i mistihk`d hvfhtucprifdr dc stdtucui m` hvfhtuc pdrtijucdr, stdnic`d rlcuc stdtucui h dmfi-histrdr`d k`h`rdc d hvfhtucui prih lrkdhizdr`d, hmrufdr`d i jlhtrlcuchvfhtucui prifdr.

h drt. 70 dc c`kii f`hilhdt` s` stipucd jd h ffl`jdr` jlfuh urndh i rurdcs s` hfflih`z` dtt`d jlci jt` suht h`j`sdr` spr` d juprihm` tltdcuc jlpiiclr hvrst m` jldc (htr` ;-47 dhi). Jlhlrf ihstrujiuhiclr, s` pr`v`m`d 75 m` `c`vicd l sdc m` jcds i uh hvtlr p`htru jcds`c` I-IW i jt` =5 m` `c`vi cd l sdc m`jcds p`htru jcds`c` IW-WII. h jdz mdj jldcd `rd fdi m`pdrt` m` : of sdu jujlfuhijdii kr`c`, s` r`jlfdhmd m`sjbim`r`d uh`i dct` jlci prifdr` p`htru j`cpuih :5 m` jlpii u vrstd m` jldc. Mdj `rdu sdt` fdi dprlpidt` m` : of i ju

45 Flhitlruc Lffljidc mih >9 fdrti` 49>:.44

J. Dhk`c`sju, C`k`d p`htru hvfhtuc prifdr dc stdtucui i hlrfdc prifdr, Nujur`ti, 49>0?U. H`kuc`sju, K. Dc`xiu, Jlmuc hvfhtucui (prifdr, s`juhmdr, sup`rilr), Nujur`ti, 49>9?@hjijclp`mid lfhi`i, vlc. I, Nujur`ti,49:2, p. =7;.

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mrufuri djj`sinic`, s` r`jlfdhmd s s` lrf`z` l sihkur jirjufsjripi` jlcdrju l jldc jlfuh. h sdt`c` fiji, hm`prtdt`, ju uh hufr ihsufflji`ht m` jlpiis` put`d m`sjbim` l jldc ju uh hvtlr dfnucdht.

D lst sp`jiffljdt i dpdrt`h`hd cljdcuriclr jlcdr`, htr`ih`r`d i mltd-r`d clr. Jlhlrf drt. 474 dc C`kii hvfhtucui prifdr i hlrfdc-prifdr mih49>=, htr`ih`r`d hvfhtucui prifdr jm`d h sdrjihd jlfuh`clr. Dj`st`d`rdu lncikdt` s jlhstruidsj, s jlfpc t`z` sdu s trdhslrf` h t`rf`h m` 0 dhim` cd prlfuckdr`d c`kii, cljdcuc i flnici`ruc h`j`sdr jlciclr, jlhlrf pcdhuri-clr - tip, r`kucdf`htucui i ihstrujiuhiclr mdt` m` fihist`r. h jlfuh`c` urndh`djiuh`d m` miriadr` d jlhstrujiiclr jlcdr` urfd s ffl` r`dcizdt m` jtr` jlfuh`prih iht`rf`miuc Jlfit`t`clr jlcdr` jlfuhdc`. Idr h jlfuh`c` rurdc`, prih ih-t`rf`miuc Jlfit`tucui jlcdr aum``dh. C`k`d pr`v`m`d i dh`x`c` p` jdr` tr`nuid

s c` jlhih cljdcuc m`stihdt jlcii. ]dncluc cljdciticlr lncikdt` s-i jcm`dsjcljdcuri jlcdr` `rd htljfit i dprlndt m` jtr` fihist`r ju uh dh hdiht`, hdjlrm ju dutlritic` aum``h`. M`jizid fihist`rucui `rd lncikdtlri` p`htru jl-fuh`. Dj`st`d tr`nuidu s ks`dsj t`r`huc h`j`sdr p`htru jlhstruji`, jr`mituci izvldr`c` m` v`hituri p`htru djlp`rir`d m` jb`ctui`ci. Dv`du mr`ptuc, jlhlrfJlhstitui`i jd, h jdzuc mdj hu mispuh`du m` t`r`huri h j`htru jirjufsjripi`ijlcdr`, s pldt `xprlprid t`r`huri cin`r` sdu ju jcmiri p`htru jduzd m` uticitd-t` puncij. h cifitd fiacldj`clr, Jdsd jldc`clr put`d djlrmd fprufuturi sdufiaclj`d jlhtrdjtdr`d clr, ju kdrdhid stdtucui, jlhtrinuid cd dslji`r`d jlfuh`clr

jdr` jlhsif`du r`jiprlj h uhiffljdr`d lr`clr p`htru jlhstrujiic` jlcdr`. hjdzuric` jhm jlfuhd r`uzd s-i dsuf` r`splhsdnicitdt`d jlhstruji`i `mifflji-ucui jlcdr, cujrric` urfdu s ffl` ``jtudt` m` fihist`r prih iht`rf`miuc Jds`ijldc`clr, jdr` jlhtrdjtd fprufuturi h huf`c` i jlhtuc jlfuh`i r`sp`jtiv`,idr pcdtd jr`mit`clr s` hsjrid mih lffljiu h nuk`tuc jlfuh`i i s` hjdsd m` jtr`stdt. h jlfuh`c` srdj`, jdr` hu `rdu h stdr` s jlhstruidsj sih`stttlr, stdtuc,jlhlrf c`kii, djlrmd l sunv`hi`. @vim`hd `x`jutrii cujrriclr m` jlhstruji`jlhlrf pcdhuriclr i m`viz`clr m` jb`ctui`ci `rd hptuit m` jtr` fihist`r. Ztdtuc jlhtrinuid fflhdhjidr mldr cd pcdtd p`rslhdcucui mimdjtij.

Fihist`ruc put`d lncikd jlfit`t`c` jlcdr` s hfflih`z` jdhtih` jlcdr` p`h-tru c`vii jdr` cljuidu fdi m`pdrt` m` 4055 f m` jldc, jlhtrinuihm ju auftdtmih sufd h`j`sdr. Idr, p`htru jlpiii cipsii m` suprdv`kb`r`, h lr`c` jhm prih-ii `rdu cd s`rvijiu s` pr`v`m`d dmplstir`d clr h jfih`.

h c`k` s` stipucd hfflihdr`d m` nincilt`ji jlcdr` i plpucdr`? nincilt`ji p`-mdklkij` aum``h`. Glhmuc nincilt`j`clr urfd s ffl` jr`dt mih suf`c` djlrmdt` m`jtr` jlfit`t`c` jlcdr`, mih fiacldj`c` dcljdt` m` jtr` stdt, Jdsd jldc`clr, m`aum` i dct` ihstituii, mih mlhdii.

@rd pr`vzut i hfflihdr`d dsist`h`i f`mijdc` jlcdr`, jdr` `rd dh`xdt cdZ`rvijiuc m` Iki`h i Zdcunritdt` Uuncij d jlfuh`i. U`htru jlfuh`c` uhm` hu`xistd uh ds`f`h`d s`rvijiu, f`mijii m` pcds i j`i jlfuhdci `rdu lncikdi s

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Hdtdcid Fdg`u

JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^ JLCD^@MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HII DC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

suprdv`kb`z` iki`hd i shtdt`d `c`viclr. M` ds`f`h`d, jlfit`t`c` ihstituiiclrm` hvfht tr`nuidu s dsikur` jr`dr`d i mltdr`d drfdjiiclr jlcdr`.

h sjlpuc m`zvlctrii d dniciticlr `jlhlfij` dc` `c`viclr, h ffl`jdr` jldc

prifdr s` pr`v`m`d m`sjbim`r`d uh`i Jds` m` @jlhlfi` jlcdr, uhm` ffl`jdr``c`v prif`d uh civr`t h jdr` `rdu hs`fhdt` suf`c` `jlhlfisit`. Jlhlrf c`kii, tldt` jlcic` prifdr`, s`juhmdr` mih lrd` i sdt` `rdulncikdt` s din jlfit`t` jlcdr`. @c` tr`nuidu s din kria m` jldc i s dmu-j jucturd h plplr. Jlfit`t`c` `rdu lrfdt` mih prifdruc jlfuh`i sdu r`pr`-z`htdhtuc Jlhsiciucui jlfuhdc, pr`ltuc pdrlb, uhuc mih hvtlri sdu mir`jtlrucjlcii, pdtru cljuitlri di jlfuh`i. Jlfit`t`c` jlcdr` `rdu jlhstituit` jd p`rsldh`aurimij`. @rd lncikdtlriu jd dj`st`d s din uh aurhdc m` `vim`h d surs`clrfflhdhjidr`, pr`juf i pr`z`htdr`d dhudc d mriclr m` s`df. h austii` `rdur`pr`z`htdt` m` jtr` pr``miht` i s`jr`tdr. Ur``miht`c` `rd dc`s p` tifp m` uhdh. hvtlruc, m` r`kuc, `rd s`jr`tdruc. Zdrjihd m` f`fnru `rd jlhsim`rdtlhlrifflj i hu s` r`fuh`rd. Jlfit`tuc s` htruh`du h uhji` m` h`j`sitdt`,hs, hu fdi rdr m` l mdt h cuh. J`i = f`fnri di jlfit`tucui jlfuh`i `rdusjbifndi jt` uhuc dhudc, j`icdci f`fnri, lmdt cd = dhi.

Jlhtrlcuc i k`stiuh`d lhmuriclr jlcdr` `rdu `x`rjitdt` m` Fihist`ruc Ih-strujiuhii, prih iht`rf`miuc Jds`i jldc`clr. h j``d j` priv`t` cdturd mimdj-tij i `mujdtiv, jlhtrlcuc `rd ``jtudt m` jtr` ihsp`jtlrii i r`vizlrii jlcdri.Dmfihistrdid Jds`i jldc`clr dv`d sdrjihd m` d ifprifd tuturlr jlfit`t`clr luhitdt` m` djiuh` i c` civrd ihstruf`ht`c` m` djtivitdt`. @d s` hkria`d m` r`pdr-tizdr`d r`kistr`clr i d mljuf`ht`clr m` jlhtdnicitdt`, v`riffljd drbivd, prlpuh`dpcdhuric` m` jlhstruji` d jcmiriclr jlcdr`, v`riffljd h`j`sitic` m` fdt`ridc` mi-mdjtij`, flnici`r . d.

]r`ptdt, dmfihistrdiic` cljdc` h djlrm ju j`c` aum``h`, prih susih`r`d Jd-s`i jldc`clr, du r`pdrdt fdi fuct` jcmiri jlcdr`, dct`c` c`-du jlhstruit, idr uhm`hu du lst plsiniciti, `rdu dr`hmdt` hjp`ri m` cd p`rsldh` pdrtijucdr`4>. hj`phm ju dhuc 4942 ph jtr` 49>=, h Ndsdrdnid du lst jlhstruit` ir`pdrdt` l s`ri` m` jcmiri jlcdr`. h aum`uc Jdbuc s-du jcmit i trdhslrfdt :9 m` jlci ju ;7 m` sci m` jcds,

mihtr` jdr`1s-du jlhstruit >: m` jlci ju =4 sci m` jcds?

s-du trdhslrfdt 4: jlci ju :> sci m` jcds?s-du r`pdrdt > jlci ju : sci m` jcds.

h aum`uc Zlrljd s-du jlhstruit = cljdcuri ju 4> sci i cljuih` p`htruhvtlri? cljuitlrii du sunsjris 44 ficildh` m` c`i p`htru jlhstrujid m` jlci,mihtr` jdr` d lst vrsdt 4 ficilh m` c`i. Cd J`tdt`d Dcn d lst jlhstruit uh cljdc ju = sci m` jcds i s-du strhs :,0ficildh` m` c`i.

4> DH^F, G. 4=;;, ihv.4, m. >5;, . 4- 470.

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Cd Lrb`i du lst rimijdt` : cljdcuri ju ; sci m` jcds i : cljdcuri du lstjufprdt`.

Cd Nci plpucdid d jlc`jtdt uh ficilh m` c`i p`htru jlhstrujii jlcdr`4:.

Dst`c, mdj h dhii 4947-494; h Ndsdrdnid du lst hr`kistrdt 4:2: m` jlciprifdr` rus`4=, dtuhji jtr` dhuc 49>=, rdu, m`ad, 4757 jlci prifdr` hdilhdcizdt`.Fdalritdt`d mih `c` s-du hfflihdt h p`rildmd m` mup Jlhkr`suc Jdmr`clrMimdjtij` mih cuhd fdi 494;, h dhuc m` hvfht 4949-49>5 hr`kistrhmu-s`>>: m` jlci prifdr` hli.

h urftlrii dhi jlhstrujid jlcdr d lst spriaihit tlt fdi fuct m` Jdsdjldc`clr. Dj`dstd dmfihistrd lhmuric` jr`dt` m` stdt h sjlpuc jlhstruji`icljdcuriclr p`htru jlci. Dv`d h sdrjihd sd flhitlrizdr`d i jlhtrlcuc htr`ih`riijlciclr, mltdr`d ju flnici`r, ju fdt`ridc` mimdjtij`. Urih iht`rf`miuc Jds`ijldc`clr stdtuc put`d iht`rv`hi ju jr`mit` p`htru dsikurdr`d jlcdr. Dj`dstihstitui` dcjtuid tldt` m`viz`c` m` jb`ctui`ci, diji s` m`jim`d, dhudc, jt` jcmiriurfdu s ffl` jlhstruit` sdu r`pdrdt` p`htru dhuc urftlr. Jdsd jldc`clr put`dfprufutd jlfuh`clr, jdr` hu dv`du lhmuri sufflji`ht`, m` ds`f`h`d, put`ddjlrmd l sunv`hi` m` 05 % p`htru djlp`rir`d fprufuturiclr. Djtivitdt`d Jds`ijldc`clr d hj`put h W`jbiuc ^`kdt prih 4297. Ju dautlruc dj`st`i ihstituiidu lst m sjbis` fuct` jlci. Urih iht`rf`miuc `i, fdr`c` f`j`hdt ndsdrdn`dh,nli`ruc Wdsic` Ztrli`sju d jlhtrinuit cd jlhstrujid d :4 m` cljdcuri m` hvfhth j`c` fdi srdj` sdt` dc` Flcmlv`i m` p`st` Urut, jhm huf`rlds` mlhdii.Jcmiric` jlciclr jlhstruit` prih iht`rf`miuc Jds`i jldc`clr s` m`ls`n`du prih

jdcitdt`d i slcimitdt`d fdt`ridcucui lclsit h jlhstruji`. M` j`c` fdi m`s` lri s`lcls`d pidtrd h jlhstrujid zimuriclr, rdr`lri jrfimd (h jlfpdrdi` ju jlcic`jlhstruit` dht`rilr m` jtr` jlfuh`, jdr` dv`du zimuric` mih vctuji, c`fh,pdidh)40. M` ds`f`h`d, dj`st`d hm`pcih`du jlhmiiic` sdhitdr i `rklhlfij`stdnicit` m` r`kucdf`ht.

Wlf f`hilhd, tltlmdt, j ihiidtivd Fihist`rucui Ihstrujiuhii m`dsikurdr` d ffl`jr`i jirjufsjripii jlcdr` ju cljdcuri d htfpihdt i uh`c`pi`miji. Jlhlrf uhui mljuf`ht m` drbiv, df j h dhii 49>;-49>2 fuct`mih pdrlbiic` cljdc` du djilhdt h aum`jdt Fihist`ruc Ihstrujiuhii p`htru

d r`v`hmijd iflnic`c` j` s`rvis`r p` vr`furi jd jlci nis`rij`ti. Fihist`rucIhstrujiuhii d jut l dhjb`t prih jdr` d ihv`stikdt dpdrt`h`hd i fiacldj`c`mih jdr` du lst jlhstruit` ffl`jdr` mih dj`st` cljdcuri jlcdr`. Hufdi h aum`ucNci `rdu >; m` dst`c m` j`r`ri47. Ddmdr, cd hj`putuc s`j. RR, h jlfpdrdi` ju p`rildmd pr`j`m`ht, hNdsdrdnid s` lns`rv l jr`t`r` d hufrucui m` jlci fihist`ridc` i m` z`fstv,ju pr`mdr` h cifnd rus. hs, hufruc clr `rd dtt m` fij, hjt l jldc pri-

4:J. Dhk`c`sju, lp. jit., p.4=4.4=

Jlhlrf mdt`clr mih tdn`cuc 4.4mih dh`x`.40 DH^F, G. 4=;;, ihv.4, m. >5;, . 4- 470.47 Inim`f, m. =, . ;0-;7.

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Hdtdcid Fdg`u

JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^ JLCD^@MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HII DC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

fdr r`v`h`d cd jt`vd cljdciti. Dnid, mup Jlhkr`s`c` Jdmr`clr Mimdjtij` mih494;, h Ndsdrdnid hj`p` uh prlj`s hlu m` hfflihdr` m` jlci prifdr` hdil-hdc`. Cd hj`put, ht`f`i`r`d jlciclr d dvut uh jdrdjt`r splhtdh, jd fdi dpli,

mup Phir`d mih 4942 i iht`krdr`d Ndsdrdni`i h jdmruc ^lfhi`i, dj`st prlj`ss i-d dfpcldr . h urfd jlhcujrrii dutlriticlr puncij` j`htrdc` ju j`c` cljdc`,d ihiidtiv`i pdrtijucdr`, du lst jlhstruit`, jufprdt` sdu hjbiridt` cljdcuri p`h-tru jlci h fdalritdt`d sdt`clr ndsdrdn`h`. h uh`c` jlfuh`, h plfflmd dptucuij `rdu m`stuc m` fiji, mdtlrit `htuzidsfucui, spiritucui m` ihiidtiv dc jlhmuj-tlriclr jlcdri i susih`rii clr m` jtr` plpucdi`, du lst jlhstruit` jcmiri p`htrujlci, krmihi`, fuz`` jlcdr`, jdhtih`, lrkdhizdt` krmihi jlcdr` `tj. Phuc mihjlht`fplrdhii vr`fii d f`hilhdt, p` nuh mr`ptdt`, j1 H-d rfds, h >> m`dhi, jtuh jt m` fij s h-din jldcd cui4;.

Dh`xd hr. 4

Hufruc jlciclr prifdr` mih Ndsdrdnidh dhuc m` hvfht 4947-494;

]dn. hr. 4.4

Hr.lrm.

ihutuc Hufructltdc m` jlci

Hufructltdc m` `c`vi

4. Nci >57 2.5:5

>. J`tdt`d Dcn 4;9 4:.24:

:. Jbiihu 4;4 2.9:2

=. Bltih 4;7 9.:07.

0. Isfdic >:= 44.5>9

7 Lrb`i 405 9.902

;. Zlrljd 4:7 2.>>5

2. ]ikbihd 4:4 44.5=;

9. tltdc 4:2: 25.:94

Zurs1 t`dh Jilndhu, Ndsdrdnid. Ulpucdid, istlrid, jucturd. @mii` hkriait m`Jlrh`c Zjd`, Nujur`ti - Jbiihu, 499>, p. ;0-;7? Civiu Fdridh, Jucturd i jldcd, hflhlkrdffld Ndsdrdnid, sun hkriair`d cui t`dh Jilndhu, Jbiihu, 499:, p. >=7.

4;M. Umur`, Ndsdrdnid i Nujlvihd m` sus sun hlud stphir`, hli`fnri` 49=5 (49=4), :5 p.

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Zitudid mih hvfhtuc prifdr m` stdt mih Ndsdrdnidh dhii 4949-49>=

]dn. hr. 4.>

Dhii Hr. m` jlci U`rslhdcuc mimdjtij Hufruc c`viclr hsjrii

4949-49>5 400; >;;7 442.>>5

49>5-49>4 407= >9:2 4:7.4;>

49>4-49>> 4=;> >252 4:7.2:9

49>>-49>: 4790 :474 470.2;4

49>:-49>= 4757 :0=9 4;7.207

Zurs1 Dhudruc stdtistij dc ^lfhi`i 49:4-49:>, Nujur`ti, 49::, p. :04.

Jr`t`r`d hufrucui m` jlci prifdr` m` stdt mih Ndsdrdnidh p`rildmd1 49>5/49>4- idhudri` 49:9

]dn. hr. 4.:

Zurs1 D. Nlcmur, Ndsdrdnid lfh`dsj, Nujur`ti, 49=:, p.4=4.

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Hdtdcid Fdg`u

JLHZIM@^DII U^IWIHM U^LNC@FD ZUDIICL^ JLCD^@MIH NDZD^DNID H U^IF@C@ M@J@HII DC@ Z@JLCPCPI DC RRC@D

Dh`xd hr. >

Ihstituii m` hvfht prifdr mih p`rildmd iht`rn`cijjldcd prifdr fixt ju uh plst mih sdtuc Nuaihi,

jlf. Jiujiuc`hi, aum. Nci42

jldcd d lst hfflihdt h dhuc 49>0. Mispuh`d m` cljdc prlpriu. Qimuric` dulst jlhstruit` mih cdfpdji i ju djlp`ri mih ihmric. Jcmir`d jlhih`d l sdcspdilds ju 0 k`dfuri? uh dhtr`u? l nujtri`? > jdf`r` fiji p`htru mir`jtlr.Dv`d i l dh`x p`htru pstrdr`d c`fh`clr. Cd hj`putuc dhucui m` hvfht49:2-49:9 h sdt us`s`r hr`kistrdi 4:2 m` jlpii1 0-; dhi >; jlpii? ;-47 dhi 45; jlpii? 47-42 dhi = jlpii. hsjrii cd jldc ;> `c`vi1

Jcdsd I >7 `c`vi? Jcdsd II >4 `c`vi? Jcdsd III 4: `c`vi? Jcdsd IW 4> `c`vi.

jldcd prifdr fixt ju 0 plsturi mih sdtuc i jlfuhd Jbijr`hi,aum. Nci49

jldcd s-d hfflihdt h dhuc 4952. Dv`d cljdc prlpriu htr` sdt`c` Jbijr`hi iZclnlzid Jbijr`hi. D lst jlhstruit mih jrfim drs. Dv`d > sci m` jcds? sdc

m` r`jr`di`? fuz`u? jdhj`cdri` i > cljuih` p`htru hvtlri. Dj`std h`fflihmhjptlr i m`pdrt` m` sdt, s-d fdi jlhstruit dc mlic`d cljdc h fiacljuc sdtucui ju7 sci m` jcds, mup uctific` j`rih`1 > sci m` r`jr`di`? jdhj`cdri`? nincilt`j?sdc m` sp`jtdjlc` i kifhdstij? cljuih p`htru mir`jtlr. Flnici`r `rd p`htru 0sci ju l jdpdjitdt` m` 055 m` `c`vi. h dhuc m` hvfht 49:2-49:9 `rdu hsjrii >;7 `c`vi.

jldcd prifdr fixt ju : plsturi mih sdtuc Zclnlzid-Jbijr`hi,aum. Nci>5

jldcd s-d hfflihdt h 4949. Cljdc hlu jlhstruit ju : sci m` jcds? jdhj`cdri`?jlrimlr. h sdt `rdu hsjrii h dhuc m` hvfht 49:2-49:9 0>> m` jlpii hvrstd m` 0- 42 dhi1 0-; dhi 20? ;-47 dhi :2;? 47-42 dhi 05.

hsjrii h jldcd 40= `c`vi. Jursuric` p`htru dmuci `rdu r`jv`htdt` m`455 ldf`hi.

42

DH^F, 4=;;, ihv. 4, mlsdr >5;, . 90.49 Inim`f, . 4::.>5 Inim`f, . 4=;.

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jldcd m` jlpii fiji mih sdtuc ZclnlzidJbijr`hi,aum. Nci>4

jldcd s-d hfflihdt h dhuc 49>4. Guhjilhd h jcmir`d jlcii prifdr`, h

cljuihd m`stihdt mir`jtlrucui (`c hu dv`d h`vli` m` cljuih). Dv`d prlkrdfp`htru ziud htr`dk. Mih j`i 20 m` jlpii mih sdt, 05 r`jv`htdu krmihid.

jldcd prifdr fixt ju uh plst mih s. Wdc`d ^mldi`i,jlf. Mrkh`ti, aum. Nci>>

Cljdcuc jlcii `rd hjbiridt. Jlhih`d l sdc hjptldr`, cufihlds. Z` pr`-jlhizd jlhstrujid uhui cljdc prlpriu. h dhuc m` hvfht 49:9-49=5 h jldc`rdu hsjrii 00 m` `c`vi, mihtr` jdr` 0> ju r`jv`hd 9= %. Guhjilhdu jursuri

zichij` p`htru dmuci. h jldc `rd drfdji` jlcdr ju f`mij.

jldcd prifdr fixt ju uh plstmih sdtuc Lpihjd,jlfuhd Kciha`hi, aum. Nci>:

jldcd dv`d jcmir` prlpri` ju l sdc fdr` spdilds? sdc m` r`jr`di`?jdhj`cdri`, cljuih p`htru mir`jtlr. Ihstituid mispuh`d m` krmih jlcdr (4bd), uhm` s` juctivdu c`kuf` i zdrzdvdt` i l p`p`hi`r ju plfi dctlii m` jtr`mir`jtlr p`htru d pcdhtd l krmih m` plfi. C`jiic` dv`du clj h mlu sjbifnuri.Mifih`dd1 jcdsd II 4= pr`z`hi mih 47 hsjrii? jcdsd IW >5 pr`z`hi mih >5

hsjrii. Mup dfidz1 jcdsd I >5 pr`z`hi mih :5 hsjrii? jcdsd III 4: pr`z`himih 4; hsjrii.

Gr`jv`hd `x`fpcdr d lst lnihut r df`hzi. Jlhtihk`htuc m` `c`vi `rdjlhstituit h fdalritdt` mih fihlritdri ujrdih`hi.

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Zuffdry

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Inim`f, . 404.>> Inim`f, m. >57, . >:.>: Inim`f, . 9.

7/21/2019 Mafteuta

12/12

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Hdtdcid Fdg`u

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j`htury, jlfpdr`m witb tb` pr`vilus p`rilm, ih N`ssdrdnid wds dh ihjr`ds` ih tb`hufn`r lg fihist`ridc dhm Q`fstvl sjbllcs witb t`djbihk ih ^ussidh. Nut tb`irhufn`r wds sl sfdcc tbdt d prifdry sjbllc wds glr d g`w cljdciti`s. Lhcy dgt`rt`djbihk stdst jlhkr`ss`s ih 494;, N`ssdrdnid stdrts d h`w prlj`ss, tb` `stdncisbf`htlg hdtilhdc prifdry sjbllcs. Dgt`r tb` Philh lg 4942 dhm tb` iht`krdtilh lg N`ssdrdnidih ^lfdhid tbis prlj`ss n`jlf`s wim`spr`dm. Glcclwihk tb` j`htrdc klv`rhf`htjllp`rdtilh witb cljdc privdt` ihitidtiv` w`r` nuict, purjbds`m lr r`ht`m pr`fis`s glrsjbllcs ih flst lg N`ssdrdnidh viccdk`s.