Tornike SaraSeniZe

Wadraki, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba ubralo garTobad mogeCvenoT, romelsac sportTan ara-feri aqvs saerTo. marTlacda – sad sportuli TamaSebi da sad dafasTan saaTobiT mjdomi ori adamiani?! sinamdvileSi, WadrakSi warmatebis miRwevas, gansakuTrebul gonebriv SesaZleblo-bebTan da fsiqologiur momzadebasTan erTad, karg fizikur formaSi yofna sWirdeba. swored amitomaa, rom moWadrakeTa umravlesoba piks daaxloebiT 30-35 wlis asakSi aRwevs.

Wadraki ar aris ubralod sportis erT-erTi saxeoba. Wadraki civi omis dros politikis na-wiladac ki iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobaSi undodaT ra, rom maTi qveyana yvelaferSi mowina-ve yofiliyo da rogorc maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dadasturebas – WadrakSi pir-velobas – msoflio Cempionobas – gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen da cdilobdnen, rom sxvas (dasavleTis romelime qveyanas) ar Cavardnoda xelSi. Sedegad, meore msoflio omis Semdeg WadrakSi (rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi) sabWoTa kavSiri batonobda. mxolod Wadrakis sayo-velTaod aRiarebulma geniam – amerikelma bobi fiSerma SeZlo sabWoTa pirvelobis droebiT damxoba. am gamonakliss Tu ar CavTvliT, civi omis bolomde sabWoTa kavSirs WadrakSi badali ar hyavda.

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Wadraki, zogadad, Wkuisa da grZelvadiani gaTvlis simbolod iqca. dRes putins, misi politikis gamo, swored rom moWadrakes eZaxian. am Sefasebas kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba putinis kritikosi da Wadrakis legendaruli Cempioni gari kasparovi. misi TqmiT, putini aris ara moWadrake, aramed – pokeris moTamaSe, romelsac SeuZlia mowinaaRmdegis daSineba da ara grZelvadiani gaTvlebis keTeba.

mokled, asea Tu ise, albaT Rirs, rom raRac vicodeT fenomenze, romelsac Wadraki hqvia.

gari kasparovi

bobi (robert jeims) fiSeri (1943-2008) – islandiuri warmoSobis amerike-li Wadrakis didostati da msoflios me-11 Cempioni (1972 w.). misi brZola Cempi-onobisaTvis daaxasiaTes, rogorc erTi amerikelis brZola civ omSi sabWoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg.

gari kasparovi (daib. 1963 w.) – sabWoTa da rusi moWadrake, msoflios me-13 Cempio-ni WadrakSi (1985 w.). igi aseve iyo saerTaSoriso didostati (1980), ssrk-is sportis damsa-xurebuli ostati (1985), ssrk-is da ruseTis Cempioni (1981,1988, 2004); saWadrako olimpia-debis rvagzis gamarjvebuli. kasparovs 11-jer mieniWa saWadrko „oskari“ (prizi wlis sau-keTeso moWadrakes).1985-2006 ww.-Si kasparovi pirvel adgils ikavebda fides reitingSi. 2005 wels Sewyvita saWadrako kariera da politikaSi gadainacvla.

bobi (robert jeims) fiSeri

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dabadeba – debiuti

Tanamedrove Wadrakis winamorbedi, TamaSi Caturanga, ax.w. III saukuneSi Caisaxa aRmosavleT indoeTSi. cnobilia legenda, rom adgilobrivma xelmwifem TamaSis gamomgoneblis dajildoeba gadawyvita da mas jildos SerCeva Tavadve SesTavaza. gamomgonebelma iTxova, rom misTvis mie-caT imdeni xorbali, ramdenic Seesabameboda Caturangas dafas Semdegi principiT: dafis erT ujraze – erTi xorblis marcvali, meoreze – ori, mesameze – oTxi, meoTxeze – rva da ase Semdeg, geometriuli progresiiT. mefes gamomgonebeli Seebrala da brZana dauTvaleT, ramdeni marc-vali ekuTvnis da gaataneTo.… mas arc ufiqria, rom aramcTu mis samefoSi, mTel msoflioSic ki ar moipoveboda imdeni xorbali, rac Caturangas gamomgonebelma moiTxova (mxolod 64-e ujras Seesabameba 2-is 63-e xarisxi, rac warmoudgenlad didi ricxvia). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve maSin gamoCnda, rom Wadrakis saTanadod arSefaseba saxifaTo saqme iyo.

Caturangas mixedviT, figurebi dayofili iyo qveiT jarad, kavaleriad, sabrZolo spiloe-bad da sabrZolo etlebad (iseve, rogorc induri armia). TamaSi male indoeTis gareT gavrcel-da – Tavidan sparseTSi, sadac mas Catrangi (Cveneburad ki Wadraki) Searqves, iqidan ki – evropa-Si. TamaSi TandaTan iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom evropelebma misi wesebis daxvewa da gaumjo-beseba gadawyvites. figurebi igive darCa (paikebi – qveiTi jari, mxedrebi – kavaleria, kuebi – spiloebi, etlebi – sabrZolo etlebi), magram Seicvala svlebi. XV saukunis bolos italielebma da espanelebma Caturangas Tanamedrove saxe misces, anu Wadrakad aqcies.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Wadraki axlac ki popularulia, Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, Tu ra popularuli iqneboda maSin, roca ar arsebobda aramcTu interneti, televizia da kino, ara-med eleqtrobac ki da dabnelebis Semdeg wignis kiTxvac ki rTuli xdeboda. Wadraks praqtiku-lad Zalian bevri adamiani TamaSobda. TamaSis popularobam iseT dones miaRwia, rom eklesiam erTi periodi misi devnac daiwyo, rac didxans ar gagrZelebula, radgan Wadraks Tavad sasulie-ro pirebic gatacebiT TamaSobdnen. XIX saukuneSi saWadrako klubebi da saWadrako Jurnalebic gamoCnda. 1851 wels londonSi pirveli Wadrakis turniri gaimarTa, 1886 wels ki iSva pirveli oficialuri Cempioni – avstrieli vilhelm stainici. Tumca yvela miiCnevs, rom im periodSi Tu-

radha da kriSna TamaSoben CaturangasCaturangas figurebi

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ki am tituls vinme imsaxurebda, es iyo ame-rikeli pol morfi, romelic evropaSi yve-las amarcxebda, magram Wadraks Zalian ad-reul asakSi daaneba Tavi (masze eklesiis ze-wolamac imoqmeda). sainteresoa, rom stai-nics ̀ avstriel morfis~ eZaxdnen. Tumca maT gansxvavebuli TamaSis stili hqondaT. mor-fi ufro Semtev, kombinaciur Wadraks Tama-Sobda, stainici ki e.w. poziciuri TamaSis mimdevari (rac gulisxmobs poziciuri upi-ratesobis TandaTanobiT mopovebas), ufro sworad ki, fuZemdebeli iyo. stainicamde moWadrakeebi mowinaaRmdegis poziciur si-susteebze yuradRebas naklebad amaxvileb-dnen da Setevaze manamde gadadiodnen, sanam Tavad moipovebdnen poziciur upirateso-bas. stainicma es siaxle ara mxolod praqti-kaSi danerga, aramed Teoriuladac daasabu-Ta. ase daiwyo Wadrakis seriozuli Teoriu-li ganviTarebac. TamaSi pirobiTad sam eta-pad daiyo: debiuti (germanuli sityvidan Debüt – dasawyisi), romlis drosac metoqe-ebs figurebi gamohyavT da pozicias aviTa-reben; mitelSpili (germanuli sityvebidan mittel – Sua, Spiel – TamaSi da, Sesabamisad, mi-telSpili niSnavs Sua TamaSs), rodesac, ro-gorc wesi, xdeba or mxares Soris gadamwyve-

ti Setakeba, rac mTavrdeba yaimiT, erTi mxa-ris gamarjvebiT an upiratesobis mopove-biT; endSpili (germanuli sityvebidan End – daboloeba, Spiel – TamaSi, da, Sesabamisad, daboloeba, dasasruli), romlis drosac me-toqeebs cota figura aqvT darCenili da upiratesobis mqone mxare cdilobs partia gamarjvebamde miiyvanos. Teoriebi ZiriTa-dad debiutebs daeTmo da iSva uamravi debi-uti, romelTa Soris yvelaze popularulia:

vilhelm stainici (1836-1900) – avstriel-amerikeli moWadrake. pirveli msoflio Cempioni (1886-1894 ww.-Si), mwerali da Wadrakis Teoreti-kosi.

pol morfi (1837-1887) – amerikeli moWadrake, miiCneva pirvel araoficialur msoflio Cempi-onad. mas Wadrakis `siamayesa da wuxils~ uwodeb-dnen, radgan brwyinvale saWadrako karieris miu-xedavad, TamaSs adre daaneba Tavi. pirveli msof-lio Cempionati WadrakSi 1886 wels gaimarTa, ro-ca pol morfi ukve aRar TamaSobda. bobi fiSerma mas Wadrakis istoriaSi `yvelaze zusti moTama-Se~ uwoda. pol morfi aris Wadrakis romantiku-li xanis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli – im droisa, roca dacvaze naklebad keTdeboda aqcenti da figurebis SewirviT lamaz kombinaciebs akeTeb-dnen.

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espanuri partia, siciliuri dacva, Zvelinduri dacva, lazieris gambiti.… cxadia, debiutebisa da Teoriis codna ver utoldeboda saWadrako niWs. gavixsenoT Tundac akaki wereTlis mogone-ba mamaze, romelic TamaSs ganapira paikiT iwyebda (rac arc erT debiutSi ar weria), magram mainc ugebda iseTebs, vinc Teoria kargad icoda.

stainicis Semdeg msoflios sami unikaluri Cempioni hyavda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo germane-li maTematikosi da filosofosi emanuel laskeri, romelic 27 wlis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda tituls. laskeris stili, erTi SexedviT, didad arafriT gamoirCeoda, magram 27 weli TavisTa-vad bevrze metyvelebs. misi warmatebebi imiTac aixsneba, rom maTematikos-filosofosi kargi fsiqologic iyo da metoqeTa rogorc saWadrako, aseve adamianur sisusteebs kargad swavlob-da. laskeris damarcxeba SeZlo mxolod aseve unikalurma moWadrakem, kubelma xose-raul ka-pablankam (1921 wels). laskeris bevri gulSematkivri amas imiT xsnis, rom laskerma pirveli msoflio omis dros mTeli Tavisi fuli dakarga (daabanda ra igi germaniis saxelmwifo obliga-ciebSi), kapablankasTan matCSi dawesebuli prizi ki arc ise maRali iyo da Tveebis ganmavlobaSi gamarjvebisaTvis brZola ar Rirda. amitomac laskerma ramdenime partiis wagebis Semdeg TamaSi ubralod Sewyvita. saerTod, moWadrakeebs, popularobis miuxedavad, maSin sakmaod uWirdaT da msoflio Cempionebs brZola ara marto saWadrako metoqeebTan, aramed sxvadasxva menejerebTan da enterpreniorebTanac uwevdaT, raTa normaluri honorari moepovebinaT.

emanuel laskeri (1868-1941) - germaneli moWadrake, maTematikosi da filosofosi, 27 wlis manZilze (1894-1921) iyo msoflio Cempioni da dRemde miCneulia yvela drois erT-erT uZlieres moWadraked.

emanuel laskeri

xose-raul kapablanka aleqsandre alioxini (1892-1946)

xose-raul kapablanka-i-graupera (1888-1942) – kubeli moWadrake, msoflios 3-gzis Cempioni, diplomati da Wadrakis Teoretikosi. 1910-1930-iani wlebis erT-erTi uZlieresi moWadrake. mas uwo-debdnen „Wadrakis avtomats“, radgan erTnairad virtuozulad, uSecdomod uZRveboda partias ro-gorc mitelSpilSi, ise endSpilSi.

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WoTa iyo – dacvasa da mowinaaRmdegis gamo-fitvaze orientirebuli. matC-revanSis wya-lobiT man orjer daibruna tituli: jer – vasili smislovTan, Semdeg ki – latviel mi-xeil talTan. es ukanaskneli aratipuri sab-WoTa moTamaSe iyo, kombinaciuri, xSirad av-antiuristuli TamaSis moyvaruli. misma ga-moCenam Wadraki gamoacocxla, magram droe-biT. botvinikis damarcxeba, saboloo jamSi, 1963 wels SeZlo TbilisSi dabadebulma so-mexma tigran petrosianma, aseve dacviTi da poziciuri TamaSis mimdevarma.

60-ianebSi, rogorc iqna, gamoCnda adami-ani romelsac unda daemarcxebina sabWoTa Wadrakis skola da saerTod sabWoTa siste-ma. cxadia, es sxva aravin iyo Tu ara legenda-ruli bobi fiSeri, bavSvobidan sigiJemde (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) Seyvarebu-li Wadrakze, romelmac rusuli ena mxolod imitom iswavla, rom sabWoTa saWadrako Jur-nalebi ekiTxa. fiSeri iyo, albaT, yvelaze didi moTamaSe, rac, SesaZloa, imanac ganapi-roba, rom yovel saWadrako partias udgebo-da ara rogorc ubralo TamaSs, aramed, ro-gorc gadamwyvet, egzistencialur brZo-las. Sedegad, igi metoqeebs ubralod ki ar amarcxebda, aramed fsiqologiuradac anad-gurebda. orma uniWieresma moWadrakem, tai-manovma da larsenma, fiSerTan marcxis Sem-deg (orivem eqvsidan eqvsive partia waago) Sokidan bolomde gamosvla veRarasodes SeZlo da mas Semdeg kargad veRarasodes iTamaSa.

bedis ironiiT, fiSerma sabWoTa Cempio-nebidan daamarcxa yvelaze naklebad sabWo-Ta moTamaSe da adamiani boris spaski, rome-lic arasodes yofila komunisturi partiis wevri da sistemisgan Tavi yovelTvis Sors eWira. fiSers igi 1972 wels Sexvda da miuxe-davad imisa, rom sanimuSo sabWoTa moqalaqe ar iyo, sistema mainc gverdiT edga, raTa Cempionis tituli amerikels ar Caegdo xel-Si: spaskis hyavda saukeTeso mwvrTnelebi, saukeTeso fsiqologebi, cxovrobda sauke-Teso pirobebSi. fiSeri namdvilad ver daik-vexnida msgavsi mxardaWeriT, radgan ameri-

bobi fiSeri (1943-2008) da mark taimanovi (1926-2016)

mixeil botviniki(1911-1995)

mixeil tali(1936-1992)

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bent larseni (1935-2010)

sabWoTa sistemam mas ver apatia fiSerTan marcxi, ver apatia Tamami gamonaTqvamebi (magaliTad, spaskim keresze Tqva, rom es ukanaskneli iseTive ubeduri iyo, rogorc misi eri) da pirdapiri daumorCilebloba – spaskim xeli ar moawera koleqtiur werils, romelic gmobda sabWoTa moWadra-kis, viqtor korCnois dasavleTSi gaparvas. sabWoTa kav-Siri namdvilad gamosworda, adre urCebs cimbirSi uS-

vebda, axla ki – safrangeTSio, Tqva, roca spaskis ambavi ga-igo, sabWoTa mweralma da iumoristma andrei nekrasovma. aR-

saniSnavia, rom spaski da fiSeri megobrebad darCnen. 1992 wels isini kidev erTxel Sexvdnen erTmaneTs – fiSeri, rogorc iqna, sa-

jarod gamoCnda, raTa ̀ 1972 wlis Sexvedris Semdgom matC-revanSSi~ mieRo monawileoba (rogorc vTqviT, igi karpovis gaCempionebas ar aRiarebda da Tavi isev moqmed Cempionad miaCnda). Sexvedra is-ev fiSeris gamarjvebiT dasrulda, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, fides fiSerisaTvis Cempionoba ar daubrunebia.

kaSi WadrakiT ase aravin iyo Sepyrobili (arc mTavroba). magram fiSerma gaimarjva. samwuxarod, amis Semdeg man Wadraks praqtikulad Tavi daaneba, risi mizezic fidesTan konfliqti iyo: fiSers, romelic yovelTvis ibrZoda sakuTari pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, momavali finaluri mat-Cis pirobebi ar moewona. is, rom moWadrakeebs axla ufro Rirseuli pirobebi aqvT, vidre, magali-Tad, II msoflio omamde, swored fiSeris didi damsaxurebaa. Tumca am miRwevebiT Tavad mas TiTq-mis ar usargeblia. is ki ara, Caiketa da sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis oci weli ar gamoCenila. Sedegad, msoflio Cempionoba fidem anatoli karpovs gadauloca – kidev erT samagaliTo sabWoTa moTama-Ses. am ukanasknelis Cempionoba fiSers arasodes ucvnia.

rac Seexeba spaskis, igi 1976 wels safrangeTSi gadasaxlda (iseve, rogorc manamde alioxini).

vasili smislovi (1921-2010)

paul keresi (1916-1975) tigran petrosiani(1929-1984)

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axali oficialuri Cempioni karpovi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, tipuri sabWoTa moTamaSe iyo – sistemis erTguli. simbolurad mas titulis dacvisaTvis korCnoisTan mouxda brZola. siste-mis erTguli Cempioni sistemisa da sabWoTa kavSiris ̀ mters~, dasavleTSi gaqceul pretendents daupirispirda. albaT saWiro ar aris imaze saubari, rom karpovs am brZolaSi saukeTeso mwvrTnelTa Stabi exmareboda. StabSi iyo talic, romelic karpovis fani arasodes yofila, mag-ram mas auxsnes, rom ̀ samSoblo safrTxeSi iyo~. Sedegad, karpovi orjer Sexvda finalSi korCno-is da orivejer daamarcxa. sabWoTa sistema isev uZleveli Canda.

Wadrakis endSpili?

magram, rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa kavSiri Signidan daingra da swored ase daemarTa sabWo-Ta sistemas WadrakSic. 1984 wels karpovs daupirispirda 21 wlis baqoeli gari kasparovi. erTi SexedviT, sabWoTa sistemas safrTxe ar emuqreboda – sabWoTa Cempioni sabWoTa pretendents unda Sexvedroda (talma am faqtiT isargebla da karpovis StabSi aRar CaerTo. samSoblo aRar aris safrTxeSio – upasuxa Wadrakis Cinovnikebs, roca isev sTxoves Cempionis daxmareba). magram kasparovi ukve maSin gamoirCeoda emociuri xasiaTiTa da Tavisufali gamonaTqvamebiT, rac mas mSvidi da konstruqciuli karpovis fonze Cempionobis arc ise sasurvel kandidatad aqcevda. kasparovis xasiaTi mis TamaSis stilSic vlindeboda – mas Seteva uyvarda da debiutebidan yve-laze didi siamovnebiT yvelaze mwvaves – siciliur dacvas – arCevda.

magram kasparovis mTeli sadebiuto momzadeba TaRliTuri gziT karpovis xelSi aRmoCnda. karpovTan TamaSi man gaTamamebulma daiwyo da Sedegad, cxra partiis Semdeg ukve 0:4-s agebda. sabWoTa sistemis kidev erT gamarjvebas TiTqosda aRaraferi aklda (TamaSi eqvs mogebamde iyo), magram kasparovma radikalurad Secvala midgoma da karpoviseulad frTxilad daiwyo TamaSi. Sedegad daiwyo yaimebis grZeli, dausrulebeli seria. kasparovs dro gahyavda da eloda rodis daiRleboda misi metoqe. sabolood misma strategiam gaWra – fizikurad ufro susti karpovi

anatoli karpovidab. 1954

boris spaskidab. 1937

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gadaiRala. man 27-e partiis mogeba SeZlo da TiTqosda iq yvelaferi dasrulda, magram ara – kas-parovma kidev ufro frTxilad gaagrZela TamaSi da freebis axali seria daiwyo. kasparovma am SualedSi erTis mogeba SeZlo, magram realurad igi isev bewvze ekida. da, ai, moulodnelad man zedized moigo 47-e da 48-e partiebi (im droisaTvis man da karpovma alioxinisa da kapablankas rekordi moxsnes) – 5:3!!! da aq kidev ufro moulodnelad fidem TamaSi Sewyvita da axali matCi daniSna, momavali wlisaTvis. oficialuri ganmartebiT, fide moWadrakeTa janmrTelobas ga-ufrTxilda, magram bevri eWvobda, rom amiT ubralod karpovi gadaarCines. aSkara iyo, rom as-eTi didi upiratesobis gaflangvis Semdeg igi fsiqologiurad ganadgurebuli iyo.

erTi wlis Semdeg mosaxdeni moxda: 24 partiisgan Semdgar dramatul SexvedraSi (mas Semdeg, rac moxda eqvs gamarjvebamde, TamaSze fiqric ki ukve aRaravis undoda) kasparovma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova da msoflios yvelaze axalgazrda Cempioni gaxda. ase damarcxda sistema da simbolurad imave dros daiwyo perestroikac, romelmac sabolood daasamara mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri.

kasparovi ki imdenad `antisistemuri~ moTamaSe aRmoCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg ukve fides daupirispirda da 1993 wels misi alternatiuli profesionaluri Wadrakis asociacia Seqmna. moyolebuli iqidan, paralelurad gaCnda ori Cempioni, rac, cxadia, Wadrakis popularizacias didad ar waadga. 2000 wels kasparovma rus vladimir kramnikTan waago da es ukanaskneli, profesionaluri Wadrakis asociaciis versiiT, axali Cempioni gaxda. 2006 wels man fides Cempioni daamarcxa da amgvarad gaerTianda ori tituli, Tumca Wadraki ukve iseT did in-teress aRar iwvevda. garda imisa, rom TamaSs ziani miayena ori titulis istoriam, gaqra poli-tikuri da ideologiuri paeqrobis momenti da, rac albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, amasobaSi daiwyo sainformacio epoqa, romelSic adamianebs kompiuterebi cvlian (swored ase daamarcxa WadrakSi kompiuterma TviT kasparovic ki) da romelSic adamianebs Zalian cota dro rCebaT imisTvis, ris gareSec sul raRac meoTxedi saukunis win civilizacia warmoudgeneli iyo – wig-nebisa Tu WadrakisaTvis...

viqtor korCnoi

(1931-2016)

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