eseu louis sallivan

8/11/2019 Eseu Louis Sallivan

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UNIVERSITATEA “GHEORGHE ASACHI DIN IASI”

FACULTATEA DE ARHITECTURA

G.M.CANTACUZINO

CONTRADICTII INTRE

SOCIOLOGIA LUI H.L.SULLIVAN

SI

NONSALANSA LUI D. BURNHAM

STUDENT : st.arh.Eman!"#C.I$r%m



CUPRINS:

PARTILE:- HENRI LOUIS SULLIVAN

reprezentat prin avocat .Emanue-C.I!rim-"ANIEL #URNHA$reprezentat prin avocat Ae%an&ru #u&aca

'ON": Pan(ere )!orma urmeaz* !unc ia)ț

INTRODUCERE&B%'(ra$%!)************* ****... *..+

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/.S'0%'"'(%a s% arh%t!0tra "% S""%1an..............................................................2

3.CONCLUZII ................................................................................................... ,4

#i+io(ra!ie



INTRO"UCERE,+io(ra!ia

Loui Henri Suivan/ a&eea &oar Loui Suivan ,0 eptem+rie 1234 516 apriie 1786 /a !ot un ar9itect american/&enumit )p*rinteear9itecturii mo&ernite). Suivan/ care ete coni&erat &e mu ițpeciai ti i ar9itec i ca !iin& creatoruș ș ț z(rie-norior mo&erni/ a !ot unar9itect care a e%ercitat o puternic* in!uen * aupra ar9itecturii iț ș

ar9itec ior/ critic a )ț coii &in C9ica(oȘ ) i mentor a uiș 'ran; Lo<&=ri(9t.

Loui Suivan -a n*cut >n #oton/ $aac9uett !iu a unui iran&ezi a unei eve iene/ care au emi(rat >n Statee Unite a !aritu anuuiș ț

126?. Crecut >ntr-o !amiie muti-etnic* i muti-cutura*/ tn*ru Louiș

Suivan a >nv* at numeroae i &ivere ucruri +azate pe cait* ie aeț ș ț

native/ a a cum untș &eenu/ (ra!ica/ cntatu a mai mute intrumente

muzicae/ &anuri caice i popuare/ upravie uirea >n con&i iie vie iiș ț ț ț&e a ar* i a ceei ur+ane. Era proi!ic i !uent >nț ș ș en(ez*/ !rancez*/(erman*/ iran&ez* i ateș im+i (aice. Toate acetea/ mani!etate pe un!on& puternic orientat artitic/ -au !*cut * !ie e%trem &e in&epen&ent/tiin& >nc* &e a vrta &e 11 ani c* va urma * &evin*ș ar9itect.

@n timpu ct a !ot >n iceu/ Suivan a !ot un eev a pro!eoruui $oe=ooon/ a c*rui in!uen * e&ucativ* -a e%ercitat &e-a un(u >ntre(iiț

ae vie i. "up* a+ovirea iceuui >naintea (enera iei ae/ a vrta &eț ț

14 ani/ i &up* ce trecue nenum*rate e%amene evere &e capacitate i &eștete/ a intrat a coaa &e ar9itectur* &inș $aac9uett Intitute o!Tec9noo(</ in(ura intitu ie &e >nv* *mnt uperior &in Statee Uniteț ț

care o!erea atunci at!e &e peciaizare. "up* numai un an/ &ezam*(it acontatat c* !acutatea &e ar9itectur* $IT/ copia pro(rama &e >nv* *mntț

&e a École des beaux-arts &in Pari/ care e a%a pe tu&iu e%cuiv a

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_septembrie

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_aprilie


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zg%C3%A2rie-nori

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C8%98colii_din_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1840

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desen

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_muzical

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dans

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_irlandez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbi_galice&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Woolson&action=edit&redlink=1


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_beaux-arts

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_septembrie


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_aprilie


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zg%C3%A2rie-nori




http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1840

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desen

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_muzical

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dans

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_irlandez%C4%83

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbi_galice&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83





http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_beaux-arts




ar9itecturii anticior/ Rena teriiș / +arocuui/ caicimuui iș

aca&emimuui.P*rae te tu&iie/ e mut* aș P9ia&ep9ia/ Penn<vania i > i (*e te in(ur erviciu a !irma ar9itectuuiș ș ș 'ran; 'urne.

"epreiunea economic* &in 120 prin care a trecut Stateor Unite/ -a!*cut pe 'urne * renun e a Suivan/ >n ciu&a aprecierii &eoe+ite aț

cait* ior ae te9nice i artitice. @n acet punct &e cotitur* a cariereiț ș

ae/ Suivan -a mutat a C9ica(o/ >n acea i an 120/ pentru a !i parte aș

e%poziei &ezvot*rii ora uui care a urmat &ezatruui provocat &eș

Marele incendiu din Chicago &in 121. @n aceat* perioa&*/ Suivan aucrat pentru =iiam Le#aron Benne</ ar9itectu a&eeori cre&itat cu>n* area primei c*&iri mo&erne cu c9eet &eț o eț .

"up* mai pu in &e un an &e ucru a !irma ui Le#aron/ Suivan -aț

mutat a Pari i a tu&iat pentru un an a renumitaș coe nationaeupDrieure &e +eau%-art. "e i pro(ramu aceteia/ copiat &e $IT/ș

!uee cu &oar &oi ani >n urm* o &ezam*(ire pentru Suivan/ &e &ataaceata arta Rena teriiș i piritu !ecun& i puternic inpirant a uiș ș

$ic9ean(eo > captiveaz* i >i timueaz* intereu i creativitateaș ș

artitic*.

Intor a C9ica(o a inceput a ucreze pentru !irma &e Boep9 S. Bo9ntoni Bo9n E&eman caș &eenator . Bo9nton E&eman primec proiectarea&ei(n-uui &e interior pentru Ta+ernace $oo&</ &ecorative )!recoecco) a+oane ,te9nic* &e tenci apicat pe tencuia* ucat*/ proiectatș

&e Suivan.

In 127 "an;mar A&er i an(aFeaza pe Suivan i un an mai trziu/ e a&evenit partener >n !irma. Aceata a marcat >nceputu ceor mai pro&uctivi ani ai ui Suivan. Aici a in!uen at pro!un& tinerii &ei(neri/ț

cum ar !i 'ran; Lo<& =ri(9t care a venit * >m+r* i eze &eene iț ș ș

principiie ui Suivan ca ur* &e inpira ie pentru munca a.ț

A&er i Suivanș i au marit !aima ca i ar9itecti a inceput/ prinnumeroae proiecte &e teatru in Coora&o /Seatte/ =a9in(ton/proiectucuminant a acetei !aze &in itoria !irmei a !ot in anu 1227 #ui&in(

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroc

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasicism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Furness&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_incendiu_din_Chicago


http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_LeBaron_Jenney&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C8%9Bel



http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_beaux-arts




http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarotti

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing&usg=ALkJrhiDY08ipzJKuxg6nG4JfgxxGP-yGQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankmar_Adler&usg=ALkJrhixiuCItxCPz3tDqBwmz3dXXAPZEQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright&usg=ALkJrhjJ1hLR5oKiNWfFZh4KoteUIqRYwA

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_and_Sullivan&usg=ALkJrhiVms8ljf86BXUeoikW5D4NHqPw_A


http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado&usg=ALkJrhjk-kWjTNhaKAyctkWpo7bRvAv1pQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington&usg=ALkJrhgWPmQlYKl0mB5PsBMt5QSBH6kkgA

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium_Building,_Chicago&usg=ALkJrhjV-304H06UzVCkvZp066qls0FxWw


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroc

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasicism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academism

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Furness&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_incendiu_din_Chicago


http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_LeBaron_Jenney&action=edit&redlink=1






http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarotti

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing&usg=ALkJrhiDY08ipzJKuxg6nG4JfgxxGP-yGQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankmar_Adler&usg=ALkJrhixiuCItxCPz3tDqBwmz3dXXAPZEQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright&usg=ALkJrhjJ1hLR5oKiNWfFZh4KoteUIqRYwA


http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado&usg=ALkJrhjk-kWjTNhaKAyctkWpo7bRvAv1pQ

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington&usg=ALkJrhgWPmQlYKl0mB5PsBMt5QSBH6kkgA

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlouis%2Bsullivan%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D596&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium_Building,_Chicago&usg=ALkJrhjV-304H06UzVCkvZp066qls0FxWw



• Sc9ier #ui&in( ,ater arric; T9eater/ C9ica(o. A&er Suivan. 1271. "emoata 1741.M01

• T9ir& $cVic;er T9eater/ C9ica(o. A&er Suivan. 1220"emoata 1788.

•

T9irt<-Nint9 Street Paen(er Station/ C9ica(o. A&er Suivan.1224. "emoi9e& 1706.

• Stan&ar& Cu+/ C9ica(o. A&er Suivan. 122522. "emoi9e&1701.

• Pi(rim #aptit C9urc9. A&er Suivan. 1271. "etro<e& +< !ireBanuar< 4/ 8??4.

• =irt "e%ter #ui&in(. A&er Suivan. 122. "etro<e& +< !ireOcto+er 86/ 8??4.

•

eor(e Harve< Houe. A&er Suivan. 1222. "etro<e& +< !ire Novem+er 6/ 8??4.

A-%t'r%m B%"-%n(/ C9ica(o 5 cea mai emni!icativa opera &e inceputa ui L. Suivan. Ocupa/ &in pucnt &e ve&ere ur+anitic intrea(a inua/cu o a&ancime !oarte mare/ tema &e proiectare !iin& &eoe+it &ecompe%a. In miFoc/ piea cea mai importanta/ era cea mai mare aa &epectacoe/ in pricipiu opera/ cu o capacitate &e ??? &e ocuri/ o ci!ra

a+out impreionanta. Ca&irea ete mar(inita &e ca&iri &e 2 niveuri/9ote i +irouri - panu aii principae &e o inovatie te9nicaremarca+ia/ ucceu acetei ec9ipe e &atoreaza i !aptuui ca aveaucompetente &i!erite/ Suivan a avut rou ce mai mare in &epaireaeteticii ric9ar&onieine &e inceput a ca&irior inate coii &in C9ica(o/intr-o etetica proprie.

Au&itoriumu/ &upa cum e o+erva/ &in punct &e ve&ere etetic iiete in&atorat ui Ricar&on/ pentru ca eementee &e +aza/ maivitatea

pietrei aproape nepreucrata !ooita a primee niveuri/ toata ro+uteteai o+rietatea pe care -au &eranFat a un moment &at pe A&er/ i e&atorau ui Ricar&on. Si(ur ca aa e intampa cu toate peronaitatiear9itecturii &e care ne ocupam/ in perioa&a &e inceput/ in perioa&auceniciei/ i(ur ca in!uenta maetruui ete covaritoare/ iar Ricar&on ain!uentat pe toti ar9itectii epocii/ nu numai pe Suivan/ &ar e mai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan#cite_note-31

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Baptist_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirt_Dexter_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Harvey_House&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan#cite_note-31

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Baptist_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirt_Dexter_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Harvey_House&action=edit&redlink=1



tarziu e ei+ereaza &upa cum vom ve&ea prin capo&operee ae: T9e=ainGr(9t #ui&in( i uarant<.

Lui Suivan i e &atoreaza i cateva ucrari teoretice/ prin care e i-a

contituit para&i(ma proprie ar9itecturaa. At!e contituin& in aceaitimp inceputu/ c9iar &aca nu !oarte +ine precizat/ a ar9itecturiior(anice/ pe care a preuat-o i a continuat-o/ urmarin& principiie ceemai importante/ ar9itectu american '.L.=ri(9t. Apoi -a contituit intr-un curent/ care poate !i urmarit &e-a un(u epocior. Incuiv inar9itectura contemporana e%ita o ramura a ar9itecturii or(anice care acapatat i ea &i!erite !orme. E%ita un or(anic apropiat au impetit cuar9itectura 9i(9-tec9/ &e !apt cea mai intereanta com+inatie poi+ia/ i

cumva putem utine ca cee mai pectacuoae rever+eratii aear9itecturii contemporane/ nu ar !i !ot poi+ie !ara preceptee teoriior(anicuui ae ui Suivan.Acete principii univera vaa+ie/ precepte&e urmat con&enate in cateva a!orime re(ui &e compozitie/ carecontituie &e !apt o e%e&ra a teoriei ar9itecturae/ toate !acute pentru a !iurmate. Citatu eentia/ care iutreaza inceputu ar9itecturii ui Suivan/ete con&enat intr-un a!orim )'orm !ooG !unction) &in care a !otintee e%act contrariu. Tot Suivan coni&era neceara in!ranarea &in!ooirea ornamentuui at!e atentia a e concentreze pe ce ete maiimportant. "ar cu toate acetea/ e !ace o com+inatie &e &ecoratie/ &ein!uenta orientaa/ pe care o apica in toata ar9itectura a. Le(ea!un&amentaa/ !orma urmeaza !unctiei/ a !ot un o(an a&aptat ime&iat&e tot mo&ernimu practic/ care e reven&ica &in opera ar9itecturaa a uiSuivan. Opera a e contituie in cateva repere eentiae/ cuminan& cuCaron Pirie care e contituie intr-un e%empu &e ar9itectura pur mo&erna. "eci &e ar9itectura care -a practicat pana a Fumatateaecouui 8?/ aproape c9iar tot ecou 8?/ aproape !ara niciun !e &e

mo&i!icare. Pentru ca aici/ in cazu ca&iri Caron Pirie/ rezovarea &ecot pe care a !ooit-o Suivan i in!orecenta +o(ata a niveumezaninuui/ a niveu trotuaruui/ a pietonuui/ at!e ete o tructura pura e%primata ca atare/ a !e cum ete in Letter #ui&in( 1 i 8. E aretinut &in or(anic ca mani!etarea ar9itecturii ete &in ine inpre a!ara/aici e(atura cu Spencer/ =it9man/ pentru ca e ca toti ar9itectii



practicieni i apoi teoreticieni/ nu !ac &ecat a ii creeze propria !ioo!iear9itecturaa +azata pe ce coni&era ei mai emni!icativ in teoriie i inetetica &in perioa&a !iecaruia &e !ormare. "e aceea in!uenta atat &e puternica ui Vioet Le "uc/ Entretien ur Karc9itecture/ !iin& e%empu

pentru toata ar9itectura ecouui 17 i 8?. At!e perceptee acetea aear9itecturii or(anice/ e%trem &e practice/ pe care e-a !ooit Suivan.

In toata ar9itectura ui/ in pecia a ca&irie inate cu care ei&enti!ica/ vom putea intani cee trei componente eentiae ae or&inuuicaic/ +aza/ trunc9i i coronament. In preceptee ar9itecturii or(anice/ pecare o anticipeaza/ i&ea aceata &e cretere/ &ezvotare &upa mo&euumii vii/ a unui em+rion/ a unei eminte/ &in care apare ar9itectura/ ete principiu !un&amenta a unei ar9itecturi vii/ a unei ar9itecturi or(anice.

Aceata repartitie/ in pecia in ca&irie inate/ ne va !rapa/ mai aee%u+eranta coronamentuui/ pentru ca Suivan recunoate roucoronamentuui in ar9itecutra in enu acetei creteri !ireti i aimpinirii creterii pantei cu o in!orecenta &eoe+it &e +o(atornamentata i careia ii acor&a toata atentia. $ai &eparte vom ve&ea une%empu caic/ cum ete ar9itectura ui $ie van "er Ro9e &upa a &oua Fumatate a ecouui 8?/ acet ucru &ipare/ i z(arie-norii unt &oar cutrunc9i/ au e%act aceeai e%preivitate.$o&uarea !ata&ei/ a eementeor tructurae iar apoi u+impartirea/ &e

o+icei in trei/ a eementeor &e !enetrare/ eemente evi&ent neportante!ooirea in cee mai mute cazuri/ &ar nu in parter / pacarea cu carami&a!ireproo! a tructurii &e rezitenta i mo&uarea i pre!a+ricareaeementeor &e parapet &in teracota/ care poate !i e%trem &e puternic&ecorata.



SOCIOLOIA LUI SULLIVAN

Suivan a coni&erat ocioo(ia/ a !i cea mai ur(ent* &intre &icipine aacum America a >ncercat * reaizeze promiiune &emocratic*. Animat &eanumite >n ee(eri &epre ine i comunitate/ care vor &e!ini mai trziu/ț ș

coaa &e a C9ica(o &e Socioo(ie/ Suivan e ve&ea pe ine ca un !eȘ

&e in(iner &e ocioo(ie/a c*rui ar9itectur* ar (enera pa iu &emocratic iț ș

ar >ncuraFa interac iunea autentic*. C9ica(o a !ot a+oratoru ui/ un&e eț

uptat cu !ervoare pentru ie irea &in c*tu ee &e tra&i ie/pentru a &a !orm*ș ș ț

unui prezent &emocratic. @n timp ce mi carea a aFutat inpira remo&eatș peiaFu >n care oamenii au ucrat i au trait/ pu ini at*zi ar con!un&aț

pa iu ar9itectura a unui z(rie-nori/ au mo&ernimu ar9itectura/ >nț

(enera/ cu cutivarea &e autenticitate/ c9iar i mai pu ini -ar con!un&aș ț

mo&ernim i z(rie-nori cu >n&epinirea &emocra iei. Ne>n!rnatș ț

Suivan per* pentru viitor au !ot >n*+u it &e critici potmo&erne aeș

&inamica pa ia* a >m+r* i at. Se u ine c* aceat* c9im+are &ramatic*ț ț ș ț

a !ot o !unc ie &e un viciu !un&amenta >n teoria ocia* Suivan. @nț

urma Leo Strau/ e u ine c* impicit/ >n cee+ru ui Suivan &ictonț

)!orma urmeaz* !unc ia) a !ot pr*+u irea/&itinc ia >ntre rea i i&ea.ț ș ț ș

Aceata a u+minat vocea ui Suivan >nca&rarea >n timp ce entimentu&e &emocra ie &in punct &e ve&ere trict &e proceiune. @n cee &in urm*/ț

Suivan a c*utat o ar9itectur* prin care controu aupra circumtan ei nuț

ervit nici unui cop mai mare &ecat ce &e avare/ o ar9itectur* a c*ruieva&are &in trecut acun &e a ve&ea un !e &e &irec ie/ care ar putea &aț

en ui Suivan. Se u(ereaz* c* ocioo(ii nu unt/ pre &eoe+ire &eSuivan/ i c* apeurie or &e autonomie i repona+iizare vor+i aș ș

proce i mi care/ mai &e(ra+* &ect e termin* au &etina ii.ș ș ț ) piritu &emocra iei ete o !unc ie care caut* e%preie >n or(anizare/ț ț

!orma ociaa ... Prin urmare/ aranFa ar9itectura pentru &emocra ie/ nuț

pentru !eu&aim. @ncin(e inima taQ )



Ca un miFoc principa &e or(anizare a pa iuui ocia i coor&onarea aț ș

interac iunii ociae/ -ar preupune ca ar9itectura a !i &e intere principaț

pentru ocioo(i. "ar pu ini au e%aminat rou ar9itecturii in crearea &eț

&inamica pa ia* a reait* ii ociae i tipuri &e rouri cuturae aț ț ș

vaorior acetor &inamici &e e%preie. O mare parte &in aceatane(iFare poate !i e%picat prin !aptu c* ocioo(ii itorici/ au u+iniat&imeniunie temporae ae vie ii ociae. Ca "avi& Harve< a pu/ timp iț ș

itorie/ mai &e(ra+* &ect pa iu i (eo(ra!ia. "ar/ a a cum i&&en neț ș ș

aminte te/ * e concentreze pe tempora* a e%cu&erea teritoriuui eteș

&e a tr*&a reaitatea ocia* >n ine. Spa iu i timpu unt varia+ieț ș

inte(rae/ >mpreun* compun >ntrea(a numim via * ocia* ,1721. Cumț

ne or(aniz*m tempora/ atunci/ nu poate !i >n eea* eparat &e &inamicaț

&e pa iu. i nici un eement a vie ii noatre pa iae nu ete mut maiț Ș ț ț&eciiv &ect peiaFu ar9itectura >n care ucr*m i ocuim. //arc9itectureș

ete eminamente caracter pu+ic/) a cri $a(ai Sar!atti-Laron/ )&a ,eo importan * ocioo(ic* em+ematic*) ,1770:14.ț

@n cazu >n care ocioo(ii au i(norat >n mare parte emni!ica ia ocia* aț

ar9itecturii/ nu acea i ucru e poate pune &e ar9itec i/ &intre care mu iș ț ț

au >n ee am+arca iunie or/ centraa i ocia* . @ntr-a&ev*r/ nu ar !i oț ț ș

e%a(erare * punem c*/ prin &ecenii/ ei -au v*zut ca in(inerii ociae/&e&icate pentru rezovarea pro+emeor ociae. $ai mut &e un eco >nurm*/ &e e%empu/ un num*r mic &e ar9itecti cu e&iu >n C9ica(o/ nu au!ot i(uri &e capacitatea or &e a vin&eca +oie ociae/ &ar -au v*zut acon&uce ocietatea pre un viitor &emocratic (orio. "intre acetear9itec i niciuna nu a !ot mai >ncrez*tor &ect Loui Suivan ,1234-ț

1786. Suivan ete >n (enera coni&erat* ca pro!et a mo&ernimuuiar9itectura i inpira ia &e a C9ica(o-ti Star; z(rie-nori. ,1 E a !otș ț

convin c* mo&ernimu pa ia* creatiie ae pre!i(urat*/ &e care z(rie-ț

nori a !ot o e%preie centra*/ ar putea aFuta a a&ucerea a >n&epinire a&emocra iei/ o promiiune pe care Suivan a >n eea o >n termeniț ț

e(aitariti/ participativi. "ei a !ot !oarte contetata a inceput pozitia i!iozo!ia ui /un e%empu ar !i/Bane Baco+/ via a i moartea &in marieț ș

ora e americane ,1741/ at*zi/ utima ima(ine pe care o aociemș

mo&ernimuui ar9itectura/ >n (enera/ i z(rie-nori/ >n pecia/ eteș



>mpinirea &emocra iei. Nu ete urprinzator >ncre&erea >n capacitateaț

ar9itectuui &e a a&uce c9im+*ri ociae pozitive/ &ei atazi a cazutconi&era+i aceata incre&ere.Unu &intre cei mai importanti critic &ear9itectur*/ A&a Louie Hu%ta+e/ &e e%empu/ a cri >ntr-o carte/

!avora+i ui Suivan/at!e )Am trecut &e mut timp >n punctu >n carecineva coni&er* c* ar9itectu poate rezova reee &in ocietate aure!acerea me&iuui/ au c9iar c* e ar tre+ui * >ncerce ),1728:1?.

CONCLUJIE@ncre&erea ui Suivan i a (enera iei ae contrateaz* puternic cuș ț

am+ivaen a/ &ac* nu cu peimimu pur &in ziua &e azi. Aceat*ț

c9im+are &ramatic* &e evauare ete convin(*toare/ i ar tre+ui * !ie &eșintere pecia pentru ocioo(i .Ima(ina ia ar9itectura Suivan a !otț

aimentata &e anumite >n ee(eri teoretice &e ine i comunitar*/ >nț ș

concor&an * cu ceea ce -ar &e!ini mai trziu coaa &e a C9ica(o. Peț Ș

curt/ ar9itectura/au nu Suivan nu poate !i eparat &e ocioo(ie/viziunea a aupra umii/ o viziune aupra umii nu ete cu totu tr*in &eceea ce anim* mu i ocioo(i at*zi.ț

@n conecin */ acet artico anaizeaz* critic &imeniunie ocioo(ice aeț

teoriei ar9itecturae /ar9itecturii ui Suivan.Cateva (reei care e%picacum i &e ce at!e &e peran e &e ne>n!rnt/ au !ot pu+erate a !r ituș ț ș

ecouui a pro(reuui. #azn&u- ne pe a!imrmatiie ui Leo Strau/ euu in c* impicita i cee+ra a!irmatie : )!orma urmeaz* !unc ia) a !otț ț

pr*+u irea/&itinc ia >ntre rea/ au ceea ce ete/ i i&eau/ au ceea ce arș ț ș

tre+ui * !ie. Ca rezutat/ Suivan a u+minat propria voce.Socioo(ii par mai pu in i mai pu in >ncina i * a!irme autonomia &eț ș ț ț

i&ei >n crearea pa iuui ocia i materia/ i unt mai pu in >ncina i *ț ș ș ț ț

Fu&ece ca importante i&eie unui in&ivi& >n proceu &e tran!ormare a

unei umi i &e ce nu ar9itecturae."ac* Suivan a !ot revou ionar /muti itorici u in/ &ac* e a !otț ț

ar9itectu care a anticipat tiu interna iona acum &icre&itat/ț

e%aminarea critic* a teoriei ui ar9itecturae ete o trate(ie a&ecvat* pentru a aFun(e a un acor& cu c*&erea &ramatic* a mi c*rii mo&erne.ș



@n timp/ ar9itectura american* a !ot >n c9inurie unei //rena teri care vaș

continua i >n ecou 8?/ o rena tere/ care a +ntuit pe Suivan >ntrea(aș ș

ui via *. "eene pu+ice/ comerciae/ i interne au !ot inpirate &eț ș

perioa&e (otice/ romanic/ renacentit. Ar9itec i/care >n een * auț ț

recreat trecutu i nu au &orit a &ea !orm* a un (en &e ar9itectura carear putea apea propria or teorie. Unu &intre aceti ar9itecti a !ot "anie#ur9am. 'irma #eau% Art &in $cim/ $ea& i ate !irme/ au !otș

reprezentante ae acetui an(aFament itoric/ proiectarea >n utimee&ecenii ae ecouui a 17-ea i primu &eceniu a ecouui 8? o erie &eș

mari cae >n ti renacentit i c*&iri pu+ice. 'irme/ cum ar !i $cim/ș

$ea&/au !ot/ &ei(ur/ patronat &e c*tre in&utria i na iunii pentru careș ț

&ei(nu itoric a >nemnat patina &e repecta+iitate/ un !e &e pe&i(ree

intant &etinate * impreioneze caeor popuare.



B%5"%'(ra$%!

-9ttp:ro.Gi;ipe&ia.or(Gi;iLouiSuivan

-Loui Suivan/ Arc9itectura $o&ernim/ an& t9e Creation o! "emocraticSpace,.GGG.accem<i+rar<.com

-Walt Whitman and Louis Sullivan: The Aesthetics of Egalitarianism Kevin Murphy, http:ir!uio"a!edu""#r



A a principa mean o! or(anizin( ocia pace an& coor&inatin( ocia interaction/ one Gou&aume arc9itecture to +e o! principa interet to ocioo(it. T9i/ 9oGever/ i not t9e cae. To +e ure/ ocioo(it 9ave on( ac;noGe&(e& arc9itectureK i(ni!icance. eor(e Her+ert $ea&/!or e%ampe/ once remar;e& on t9e <m+oic importance o! materia +ui&in( ,1706. #ut !eG9ave e%amine& <tematica< arc9itectureK roe in creatin( t9e patia &<namic o! ocia reait<

an& t9e ;in& o! cutura roe an& vaue t9ee &<namic e%pre/ encoura(e/ or impoe. $uc9 o! t9i ne(ect can +e e%paine& +< t9e !act t9at ocioo(it 9itorica< 9ave emp9aize& t9etempora &imenion o! ocia i!e. A "avi& Harve< put it/ time an& 9itor</ rat9er t9an pacean& (eo(rap9</ 9ave capture& our ima(ination ,1723. #ut a i&&en remin& u/ to !ocu ont9e tempora to t9e e%cuion o! t9e patia i to +etra< ocia reait< ite!. Space an& time areinte(ra varia+e to(et9er t9e< compoe t9e G9oe Ge ca ocia i!e ,1721. HoG Ge or(anizeoureve tempora</ t9en/ cannot +e un&ertoo& apart !rom t9e &<namic o! pace. An& noeement o! our patia ive i more &eciive t9an t9e arc9itectura an&cape in G9ic9 Ge Gor;an& rei&e. )MArc9itectureK eminent< pu+ic c9aracter/) Grote $a(ai Sar!atti-Laron/ )(ive, item+ematic ocioo(ica i(ni!icance) ,1770:14.

I! ocioo(it 9ave ar(e< i(nore& t9e ocia i(ni!icance o! arc9itecture/ t9e ame cannot +eai& o! arc9itect/ man< o! G9om 9ave un&ertoo& t9eir cra!t a centra to ocieta Ge +ein(.In&ee&/ it Gou& not +e too muc9 o! an e%a((eration to a< t9at t9rou(9 t9e &eca&e t9e< 9aveeen t9emeve a ocia en(ineer/ &e&icate& to ovin( pro+em an& upi!tin( ociet< at ar(e.Over a centur< a(o/ !or e%ampe/ a ma num+er o! arc9itect +ae& in C9ica(o Gere not on<certain o! t9eir a+iit< to cure ocia i +ut aG t9emeve ea&in( ociet< toGar& a (oriou&emocratic !uture. O! t9ee arc9itect none Ga more con!i&ent t9an Loui Suivan ,1234-1786.Suivan i common< re(ar&e& a t9e prop9et o! arc9itectura mo&ernim an& t9e inpiration o!t9e tar; C9ica(o-t<e ;<craper.,1 He Ga convince& t9at t9e patia mo&ernim 9i &ei(n!ore9a&oGe&/ o! G9ic9 t9e ;<craper Ga a centra e%preion/ Gou& 9ep +rin( to !ruition&emocrac<K promie/ a promie Suivan un&ertoo& in e(aitarian/ participator< term. HoGnaive ,or mi(ui&e& SuivanK optimim appear to&a<. It 9a +een amot !ort< <ear ince t9e pu+ication o! Bane Baco+K popuar an& in!uentia Gor;/ T9e Li!e an& "eat9 o! reat AmericanCitie ,1741. Baco+ anticipate& t9e potmo&ern reaction a(aint t9e ver< patia &<namicSuivan epoue& t9i reaction continue in our time an& trancen& i&eoo(ica +oun&arie ,SeeHa+erma/ 1723. To&a</ ome event<-!ive <ear a!ter SuivanK &eat9/ t9e at ima(e Geaociate arc9itectura mo&ernim Git9/ in (enera/ an& t9e ;<craper/ in particuar/ i t9e!u!iment o! &emocrac<. Not urpriin(</ con!i&ence in t9e arc9itectK a+iit< to +rin( a+out poitive ocia c9an(e 9a Gane& coni&era+<. T9e ea&in( arc9itectura critic/ A&a LouieHu%ta+e/ !or e%ampe/ in a +oo; ot9erGie !avora+e to Suivan/ cou& Grite Git9out a& iron</)=e 9ave on( pae& t9e point G9ere an<one +eieve t9at t9e arc9itect can ove t9e i o!ociet< or rema;e t9e environment/ or even t9at 9e 9ou& tr<) ,1728:1?.

T9e con!i&ence o! Suivan an& 9i (eneration contrat 9arp< Git9 t9e am+ivaence/ i! notoutri(9t peimim/ o! t9e preent &a<. T9i &ramatic evauative 9i!t i compein(/ an& 9ou& +e o! particuar interet to ocioo(it. Suivan re(ar&e& ocioo(< to 9ave +een t9e mot ur(ento! t9e &icipine an& 9e aG 9ime! a a ;in& o! ocioo(ica practitioner. A Hu(9 "azie"uncan ,M1743 1727 9a 9oGn in 9i caic tu&< o! t9e u+Fect/ SuivanK arc9itecturaima(ination Ga poGere& +< certain t9eoretica un&ertan&in( o! e! an& communit< conitentGit9 G9at Gou& ater &e!ine t9e C9ica(o Sc9oo o! Socioo(<.,8 An& true to t9e activim o! t9eC9ica(o Sc9oo/ an& to American Socioo(< in (enera/ Suivan aG 9i art a a ve9ice !or



ocia meioration. In 9ort/ SuivanK noG !aie& arc9itecture cannot +e &ivorce& !rom 9iocioo(ica Gor&vieG/ a Gor&vieG not ato(et9er !orei(n to G9at animate man< ocioo(itto&a<. Reviitin( SuivanK orientation cou& +ene!it not on< t9oe interete& in t9e !a o!mo&ernim +ut t9oe concerne& a+out pro+ematic intrinic to ocioo(< a Ge.

Accor&in(</ t9i artice e%amine critica< t9e ocioo(ica &imenion o! SuivanKarc9itectura t9eor<. In G9at !ooG/ I (ean !rom 9i t9ou(9t certain !aG t9at 9ep e%pain 9oGan& G9< uc9 un+ri&e& 9ope 9ave +een &a9e& at t9e coe o! t9e centur< o! pro(re. "raGin(on t9e Gor; o! Leo Strau/ I ar(ue t9at impicit to SuivanK !amou &octrine )!orm !ooG!unction) Ga t9e coape o! t9e &itinction +etGeen t9e rea/ or G9at i/ an& t9e i&ea/ or G9atou(9t to +e. A a reut/ Suivan un&ermine& 9i oGn voice. $ore important</ 9e cou&un&ertan& &emocrac< on< in proceiona Ga< accor&in( to G9ic9 contro over con&ition Gavaue& !or no 9i(9er purpoe ave contro. In t9e en&/ t9e ;<craper ite! +ecame a ;in& o!pace over G9ic9 9uman 9ave no contro. I concu&e +< comparin( SuivanK &iemma tocontemporar< ocioo(ica aumption re(ar&in( t9e &<namic an& ue o! pace/ caimin( t9att9e Xuetion o! vaue t9at un&ermine& SuivanK a(en&a remain prein( to&a<.

Rationae

Socioo(it appear e an& e incine& to poit t9e autonom< o! i&ea in t9e creation o! ociaan& materia pace an& Ge are ti e incine& to Fu&(e a aient t9e i&ea o! an in&ivi&uaactor in t9e tran!ormation o! an arc9itectura Gor& ta;en-!or-(rante&. Structura e%panation o!mo&ernimK rie an& !a 9ave !oun& !avor over t9e cutura/ an& ar(ument a to t9e u+tantivecontri+ution o! in&ivi&ua actor 9ave +een ummari< &imie&/ an& on occaion +eitte&.Sar!atti-Laron/ !or e%ampe/ !et it necear< to apoo(ize to 9er rea&er +e!ore preentin( a +rie! revieG o! t9e arc9itect G9o e& t9e mo&ern movement in Europe. S9e tate& &eriive< t9at anemp9ai on in&ivi&ua actor Ga t9e ;in& o! t9in( )t<pica o! art 9itor< +oo;) an& +<impication not t9e proper !ocu o! eriou c9oar ,1770:06. Sar!atti-Laron Gou& 9ave u +eieve in t9e impotenc< o! i&ea/ t9at in&ivi&ua arc9itect/ peci!ica< t9eir t9eoreticaorientation/ pa< no in&epen&ent roe in t9e or(anization o! pace. So too Caro =ii/ G9o pre!ace& 9er +oo; on ;<craper an& ;<ine o! C9ica(o an& NeG or; +< announcin( 9eGou& )&oGnpa< t9e roe o! arc9itect a &ei(ner) a 9er &eire Ga not to )privie(e) t9eir poition in t9e +ui&in( proce ,1773:1?/ 16. =ii c9oe intea& to )privie(e) t9e ;in& o!macro-tructura p9enomena over G9ic9 9uman/ incu&in( arc9itect/ 9ave itte contro: poitica tructure/ &<namic o! ur+an capitaim/ an& oca zonin( re(uation ,amon( ot9er.,0 =iiK commitment to tructurait aumption (oe +e<on& t9e empirica/ an& it !unctionto ren&er invii+e t9e arc9itect G9oe &ei(n Ge Gou& ot9erGie aume 9epe& 9ape 9umanan&cape.

Bur(en Ha+erma ,1723 eentia< concurre& Git9 Sar!atti-Laron an& =ii. He &i&ac;noGe&(e/ 9oGever/ t9e aienc< o! t9e i&ea &rivin( t9e ear< mo&ern. A 9e note&/mo&ernim Ga )t9e on< arc9itectura movement to ori(inate !rom t9e avant-(ar&e pirit: it ieXuivaent to t9e avant-(ar&e paintin(/ muic/ an& iterature o! our centur<) ,1723:017. #ut t9iavant-(ar&e pirit Ga u+verte& +< mar;et capitaim an& it !unctionarie. Arc9itecturamo&ernim/ Ha+erma Grote/ )reacte& 9epe< to t9e preure o! t9e mar;et an& t9e pannin( +ureaucracie) ,1723:086. Ha+erma amente& t9e u+verion o! mo&ernim +< macro mar;et!orce/ a 9e i cear< <mpat9etic Git9 t9e avant-(ar&e pirit animatin( ear< mo&ern arc9itect.



He t9ere!ore aume& t9at t9e mo&ernit an&cape uni!orm< con&emne& to&a< aremirepreentation o! mo&ernimK true pirit ,1723:017/ t9at Gere it not !or mar;et !orce t9ean&cape enviione& +< t9e ear< avant-(ar&e Gou& to&a< tan& triump9ant. T9e u+verion o!t9e avant-(ar&e/ Ha+erma Gou& 9ave u +eieve/ Ga pro!oun&< &etrimenta to t9e +o&< ocia.

$< approac9 to arc9itect an& arc9itectura mo&ernim &i!!er ra&ica< !rom t9e tructuraitaccount I 9ave note& earier/ an& it &epart i(ni!icant< !rom Ha+ermaK entimenta attac9mentto t9e avant-(ar&e. Uni;e =ii an& Sar!atti-Laron/ I am committe& to t9e notion t9at G9atocia actor t9in; an& &o i i(ni!icant. I am !urt9ermore convince& t9at G9atever t9e in!inite<compe% reation9ip +etGeen a(enc< an& tructure mi(9t +e/ t9e t9ou(9t o! ea&in( arc9itect9a +een in!uentia/ t9at in&ivi&ua uc9 a Suivan/ t9rou(9 t9e poGer o! t9eir i&ea/ c9an(e&t9e coure o! arc9itectura &ei(n an& t9ere+< atere& t9e ocia environment. Si% &eca&e o!c9oar9ip +< arc9itectura 9itorian Gou& appear to upport t9i notion.,6 Suivan certain<a+ore& Git9in an& a(aint t9e tructura reaitie o! ate 17t9 an& ear< 8?t9 centur< ur+anin&utria capitaim/ t9e ;in& o! )9eteronomou con&ition) G9ic9 Gere t9e !ocu o! Sar!atti-Laron. An& t9ere i no &en<in( t9at Suivan Ga part o! a (eneration o! arc9itect &eperate toecure pro!eiona privie(e. T9ere i no &en<in(/ 9oGever/ t9e reac9 o! SuivanK arc9itecturat9eor< an& t9e increain( in!uence 9e 9a& on u+eXuent (eneration o! arc9itect in Americaan& Europe/ no more poGer!u mani!etation o! G9ic9 Ga 9i principa pupi/ 'ran; Lo<&=ri(9t.

To aume t9e aienc< o! SuivanK i&ea 9ou& not encoura(e t9e uncritica em+race o! an< oneo! t9em. #ut t9i i precie< G9at Ha+erma 9a &one Git9 t9e avant-(ar&e pirit/ a pirit G9oeeentia nature 9a& +een e%pree& +< Suivan Ge +e!ore it attaine& a certain cac9et in Europe.Ha+ermaK ent9uiam !or t9i et9o i +in& 9e a&opt it a a matter o! coure. So &i& Suivan.T9e ar(ument I a&vance ater ta;e t9i et9o to ta;. I !rame mo&ernim a intrinica< pro+ematic/ &riven +< a Gor&vieG reponi+e !or it oGn unravein(/ irrepective o! t9etructura con&ition in G9ic9 it emer(e& an& a(aint G9ic9 it tru((e&. I! Suivan Ga t9erevoutionar< o man< arc9itectura 9itorian caim/ i! 9e Ga t9e arc9itect G9o anticipate& t9enoG &icre&ite& Internationa St<e/ critica e%amination o! 9i arc9itectura t9eor< i anappropriate trate(< !or comin( to term Git9 t9e &ramatic !a o! t9e mo&ern movement.

C9ica(o a a =or& o! Poi+iit<

In 121 t9e cit< o! C9ica(o Ga conume& +< !ire. Over a perio& o! t9ree &a< t9e con!a(ration&etro<e& ome 8/??? acre/ raze& 12/??? +ui&in(/ caue& Y8?? miion in propert< &ama(e/eavin( coe to 1??/??? peope 9omee ,$a<er an& =a&e/ 1747:11. Ot9er citie 9a& an&Gou& u!!er imiar &iater/ an& one +< one t9e< re+uit t9emeve. #ut t9e ima(er<urroun&in( C9ica(oK reFuvenation +ecame em+ematic o! t9e &itinctive< American ,an& pra(matit conviction t9at 9uman +ein( can 9ape circumtance in accor&ance Git9 apiration,$ier/ 177?. $uc9 o! t9i ima(er< reute& !rom t9e cit<K arc9itect an& en(ineer/ man< o!G9om ene& t9emeve a 9avin( an unprece&ente& opportunit< to +ui& a cit< aneG. T9eirGa a verita+e ta+ua raa/ a vat an& tar; canva Grou(9t +< a !ire G9ic9 9a&/ <m+oica< an&itera</ upet manK or(anic reation to t9e pat. In t9eir e<e/ t9e !ire 9a& +een a ;in& o!reveation/ an apoca<ptic event t9at !oreto& o! a (oriou !uture.,3 In re&ucin( t9e cit< to a9et9e !ire !ree& t9eir ima(ination !rom t9e !etter t9at i 9itor< an& t9u aoGe& !or t9e ret9in;in(o! 9uman environment in a Ga< 9ereto!ore inaccei+e. T9e< noG con!ronte& an in!inite preent



aume& to e%ten& to a imite !uture. T9e !uture t9e< enviione& Ga not9in( 9ort o! a&emocrac< triump9ant. C9ica(oK pot-!ire arc9itect an& en(ineer aG t9emeve poitione& to&ei(n an ur+an environment conitent Git9 an& encoura(in( o! &emocratic ociet<. Pot-!ireC9ica(o Ga t9eir Gor& o! poi+iit<.

'eG o! C9ica(oK viionarie Gere a animate& +< t9e poi+iit< o! &emocratic pro(re a LouiSuivan/ +orn in #oton in 1234 to immi(rant parent. ,'or an in-&ept9 ana<i o! SuivanK +io(rap9</ ee TGom+</ 1724. Hi !at9er ma&e a ivin( a a &ance intructor/ G9o in t9ecompan< o! LouiK mot9er/ travee& a+out t9e nort9eat in earc9 o! Gor;. oun( Loui Garaie& primari< +< (ran&parent. #< t9e a(e o! i%teen Suivan Ga reco(nize& a a pro&i(</ an&9e Ga a&mitte& a a pecia tu&ent to t9e #ui&in( an& Arc9itecture "epartment o! $.I.T.

In Bune o! 120 Suivan move& to P9ia&ep9ia G9ere 9e Foine& t9e arc9itectura !irm o! 'urnean& HeGitt. ,Amon( t9e proFect Suivan Gor;e& on Ga t9e !amou Penn<vania Aca&em< o!'ine Art. At t9e time/ American arc9itecture Ga in t9e t9roe o! a revivaim t9at Gou&continue Ge into t9e 8?t9 centur</ a revivaim t9at Gou& 9aunt Suivan 9i entire i!e. Pu+ic/

commercia/ an& &ometic &ei(n Gere inpire& +< t9e ot9ic/ RomaneXue/ an& Renaiance perio& ,Con&it/ 170:0. Arc9itect eentia< recreate& t9e pat/ unGiin( or una+e to (ive9ape to an arc9itectura (enre t9e< cou& ca t9eir oGn. T9e +eau% art !irm o! $cim/ $ea&an& =9ite Ga repreentative o! t9i 9itorica commitment/ &ei(nin( in t9e at &eca&e o! t9e17t9 centur< an& t9e !irt &eca&e o! t9e 8?t9 centur< a erie o! (ran& Renaiance-t<e 9omean& pu+ic +ui&in(. 'irm uc9 a $cim/ $ea& an& =9ite Gere o! coure patronize& +< t9enationK in&utriait !or G9om 9itorica &ei(n meant t9e patina o! repecta+iit</ a ;in& o!intant pe&i(ree inten&e& to impre t9e popuar cae. T9u/ +an; Gere 9oue& in maiveree; tempe/ +ro;era(e !irm in overize& paazzo/ an& G9at particuar< incene& Suivan/intitution o! 9i(9er earnin( in !a;e ot9ic tone. Li;e 9i contemporar< Ve+en ,1712/ 1706/Suivan Fu&(e& !eG t9in( more a+ur& an& 9<pocritica t9an pacin( t9e Univerit< o! C9ica(o +uine c9oo/ !or e%ampe/ in a ot9ic t<e tructure ,ee ao "uncan/ M1743/ 1727:8?7-812. A Ge 9a ee ater/ Suivan &e&icate& 9ime! to en&in( t9i &epen&ence on t9e pat an&to e%poin( t9e capitait 9<pocri< t9at 9e +eieve& Ga it !oun&ation.

In Novem+er o! 120/ Suivan mi(rate& to C9ica(o/ at G9ic9 time muc9 o! t9e cit< remaine& ina9e. He Ga imme&iate< ta;en Git9 t9e )into%icatin( raGne) o! t9e cit< a it ou(9t tore!a9ion ite!. He ene& )+i( t9in( MGere to +e &one) t9ere +< )am+itiou &reamer) &riven +< a )prima poGer aumin( e!-e%preion ami& natureK impein( ur(e.) C9ica(oan Gere!on& o! +oatin(/ Suivan conce&e&/ +ut t9e< Gere not e!-!atterer. Nor Gere t9eir procamation o! (reatne mere +rava&o. C9ica(o Ga an environment in G9ic9 (reat am+itionGere !u!ie& t9rou(9 action/ t9rou(9 9uman a(enc< t9at 9a& on( +een uppree&. Suivan Gaconvince& t9at C9ica(oan )9a& viion.) T9e< Gere o! )9i(9 coura(e ... MG9at t9e< aG Ga rea/t9e< aG it a &etin<) ,M1786/ 1734:8??-8?1. )T9ere can +e no neG NeG or;/) Suivanreaone&/ )+ut t9ere ma< +e a neG C9ica(o) ,M1712/ 177:111. Senin( 9ime! in t9e mi&t o!an entire< nove 9uman e%periment/ an& +eievin( 9ime! capa+e o! &irectin( t9e &eveopmento! t9i ocia or&er on t9e 9orizon/ Suivan Ga compee& to ca C9ica(o 9i 9ome.

Suivan Ga convince& t9at t9i nove 9uman e%periment Ga a tru< &emocratic one G9erein9uman Gere &etine& to contro t9e rea circumtance o! t9eir ive. 'ore9a&oGin( +ot9 t9e pra(matic an& t9e C9ica(o Sc9oo o! Socioo(</ Suivan un&ertoo& &emocrac< to +e



contin(ent in part on manK capacit< to +rin( circumtance into ai(nment Git9 9umanapiration ,"uncan/ M1743/ 1727. I! &emocrac< Gere to +e !u!ie&/ eac9 citizen mut +e poitione& to tran!orm ever-!re9 ituation in accor&ance Git9 oneK am+ition/ a on( a t9eeare conitent Git9 t9e &i(nit< an& autonom< o! e!. Suivan re(ar&e& t9i capacit< a omet9in(Ge Gere mora< o+i(ate& to cutivate/ an& 9e +eieve& t9i mora +ur&en to !a mot 9eavi< on

t9e 9ou&er o! t9e )artit/) in G9ic9 roe 9e aG 9ime!. Artit o! t9e pat/ Suivan +eieve&/!or(e& environment t9at &enie& 9uman t9eir 9umanit<. Ur+an pannin( an& arc9itectura &ei(nt9rou(9out =etern 9itor<--!rom ancient At9en to t9e citie o! t9e American eatern ea+oar&--Gere ripe Git9 G9at 9e cae& )m<ti!ication.) T9ee m<ti!ication impoe& t9e Gi o! t9e !eGover t9e man</ creatin( in t9e proce circumtance over G9ic9 peope 9a& no contro/ G9ic99ape& 9uman in&epen&ent o! t9eir Gi. Suivan &imie& 9itorica artit an& a t9oein&e+te& to t9em a )!eu&a): t9eir in!atuation Git9 a poGer Suivan Fu&(e& ato(et9er !aeren&ere& t9em 9eep-i;e/ a m<ti!ie& +< t9eir oGn &ei(n a t9e common !o; G9o ive&amon( t9em. #ut G9at an artit 9a contructe&/ ot9er more eni(9tene& one ma< &econtructan& +ui& aneG. Suivan aG 9i oGn roe in precie< t9ee term. He Ga to ue C9ica(o to!or(e an arc9itectura environment to aGa;en t9e &emocratic poi+iitie t9at 9a& on(um+ere& un&er t9e Gei(9t o! !eu&a m<ti!ication.

In man< Ga< SuivanK un&ertan&in( o! 9itor< an& 9i appreciation o! t9e tran!ormative potentia o! art anticipate& t9e eentia c9aracteritic o! European mo&ernim a it evove& a!ter t9e 'irt =or& =ar. Here t9e recent Gor; o! Sar!atti-Laron ,1770 i (ermane. =9ie 9ertreatment o! mo&ernim virtua< i(nore Suivan/ t9e manner in G9ic9 9e !rame t9emo&ernit in Europe i ver< muc9 conitent Git9 t9e Gor& vieG o! t9e C9ica(o arc9itect.Accor&in( to Sar!atti-Laron/ t9e European mo&ernit/ 9oGever &ivere t9e< ma< 9ave +een/9e& tGo t9in( in common ,1770:08-00. 'irt/ t9e< aume& t9at pro(re &eman&e& an ecape!rom t9e pat. T9e 9orror o! =or& =ar I !rame& 9itor< a a (rave error. To reume i!e tatuXuo ante Gou& t9ere!ore mean reivin( 9itor<K mita;e/ or at t9e ver< eat returnin( to aocia or&er reveae& a !un&amenta< !aGe&. T9u &i& t9e< !ee an ur(enc< to reFect a t9at 9a& +een/ muc9 a Suivan Ga preac9in( ome &eca&e +e!ore in t9e Ga;e o! t9e C9ica(o !ire.Secon&/ t9e European aume&/ a(ain a Suivan 9a& &eca&e +e!ore/ t9at art Ga a ve9ice o! poitive tran!ormation/ t9at t9rou(9 arc9itecture/ in particuar/ +rave an& +etter Gor& cou& +emanu!acture&. #< no coinci&ence/ t9en/ 9a Suivan +een Fu&(e& t9e proto-mo&ernit/ t9ein&ivi&ua G9o (ave !irt e%preion to a (enre o! arc9itecture t9at Ga inten&e& to aGa;en9uman poi+iit< aroun& t9e (o+e. An& +< no coinci&ence &i& t9e European emi(re $ie van&er Ro9e ette in SuivanK a&opte& cit<. )T9e revot Suivan e&/) Grote Hu(9 "azie "uncan/)!ame& into (reatne in t9e pirit o! 9i pupi/ 'ran; Lo<& =ri(9t/ an& in t9e Gor; o! $ie van&er Ro9e o! t9e #au9au/ G9o !oun& a 9ome !or 9i pirit in C9ica(o) ,M1743/ 1727:373.

SuivanK !ait9 in &emocratic poi+iit< !oun& it mot ent9uiatic e%preion in t9e tar;C9ica(o-t<e ;<craper/ AmericaK &itinctive contri+ution to arc9itecture. ,A Ge 9a eeater/ t9e 9ei(9t o! a +ui&in( Ga not u!!icient to earn SuivanK a&miration--9e &etete& NeGor; ;<craper G9oe 9itorica em+ei9ment contrate& 9arp< Git9 t9e C9ica(o t<pe.=9ie aut9or ma< &i!!er a to t9e ;<craperK precie provenance/ it i (enera< a(ree& t9at t9iarc9itectura !orm Ga !irt e%pree& t9rou(9 =iiam Le#aron Benne<K Home Inurance#ui&in(/ compete& in 1226. ,It Ga Benne< G9o (ave Suivan 9i !irt Fo+ in C9ica(o. T9itructure Ga pre&icate& on a num+er o! materia invention/ amon( t9em tee !ramecontruction/ t9e !oatin( !oun&ation/ improve& !ire proo!in( met9o& an& communication



eat o! G9om Ga Bo9n "eGe</ Gere ver< muc9 enamore& o! t9e ta +ui&in( ,Sc9eier/ 1720:3-1. Even t9e poet Car San&+ur( aG in t9e ta +ui&in( t9e materia e%preion o! &emocratic poi+iit</ t9at in it ma o! tee an& (a Ga a ou animate& +< commoner G9o toie&Git9in it.,4 T9i ent9uiam/ it 9ou& +e note&/ Ga not !eetin(. =it9 t9e pain( o! SuivanK(eneration/ ot9er arc9itect came center ta(e to pro!e t9e i+eratin( potentia o! t9e ;<craper.

One o! t9ee arc9itect Ga Le Cor+uier/ G9oe pan to re&ei(n NeG or; Cit</ a pan t9atGou& 9ave eiminate& treet in !avor o! e%preGa< an& toGn 9ome !or immene 9i(9 rie/reveae& a paion +e<on& even SuivanK. Anot9er arc9itect Ga $ie van &er Ro9e/ G9o Gatraine& in t9e ame o!!ice a Le Cor+uier an& G9o mi(rate& to C9ica(o in 1702 to aume t9emante Suivan 9a& e!t. An& no e a !i(ure t9an SuivanK pupi/ 'ran; Lo<& =ri(9t/ !oun&er o! t9e prairie c9oo o! arc9itecture/ propoe& Git9 (reat ent9uiam t9e contruction o! a;<craper one-mie in 9ei(9t.

T9e Inverion o! Pro(re

In t9e pat !eG &eca&e/ 9oGever/ evauation o! t9e ta +ui&in( 9a ta;en a &i!!erent &irection/ to

a< t9e eat. A virtua conenu e%it to&a< in c9aracterizin( SuivanK )prou& an& oarin()toGer a antit9etica to &emocratic principe an& apiration ,ee Ha+erma/ 1723. AHa+erma 9a note&/ rare< 9a a !acet o! our materia cuture +een o ummari< &imie& +<uc9 a Gi&e variet< o! i&eoo(ica camp. )MA Mi&eoo(ica partie a(ree/) Ha+erma Grote/ )int9e critiXue o! t9e oue ZcontainerK arc9itecture/ o! t9e a+ence o! a reation9ip Git9 t9eenvironment an& t9e oitar< arro(ance o! t9e unarticuate& o!!ice +oc; ... So man< McriticimGit9 no &ia(reement G9atoeverQ) ,1723:012

Repreentative o! t9i critiXue/ an& mot reevant to t9e iue at 9an&/ i t9e Gor; o! p9oto(rap9er #erenice A++ott an& t9e 9itorian Sam #a =arner. ,A++ott i t9e ;in& o! artitSuivan &eeme& important/ an& t9e u+Fect o! =arnerK critiXue are artit. T9e ta o!!ice +ui&in( capture& t9rou(9 A++ottK en (ave !ore+o&in( e%preion to a Gor& over G9ic99uman 9a& ot contro. T9e ;<craper 9a& trippe& 9uman o! t9eir a(enc< t9rou(9 it&ominance o! t9e an&cape. In&ivi&ua Gere no on(er or(anica< reate& to t9eir p9<icaenvironment an& Gere t9u incapa+e o! communin( Git9 it. T9e< Gere no on(er reate& to eac9ot9er a t9e oarin( toGer atomize& t9oe G9o ive& an& a+ore& amon( t9em. In t9e en&/ A++ott!rame a Gor& in G9ic9 t9e ;<craper encoura(e t9e &iminution o! eve/ eac9 tan&in( a anian&/ overG9eme& +< a ;in& o! m<ti!ication t9at Gou& 9ave &um+!oun&e& Suivan an& 9i peer.

Centra to t9i m<ti!ication Ga t9e increain( +ut veie& mi(9t o! corporate America. =arnertoo; e%ception Git9 ot9er p9oto(rap9er G9o aG in ;<craper an& t9eir Fu%tapoition a);<ine) ,1726:121-173. In t9i tran!ormation/ <m+o o! corporate poGer Gere ren&ere& aa+tract art/ creatin( an ima(er< in G9ic9 ur+an &Geer errin(< too; pri&e an& one t9at t9e<mita;en< +eieve& o!!ere& 9ope !or t9e !uture. T9i iuion !urt9er re&uce& t9e 9uman G9otoo& in t9e 9a&oG o! t9e ta +ui&in(. Accor&in( to =arner/ +< turnin( <m+o o! corporate poGer into o+Fect o! art/ artit &e!ecte& attention !rom t9e ource o! ur+an pro+em an& paci!ie& t9oe victimize& +< t9em. In t9e 9a&oG o! ;<craper/ ocia pro+em evove& t9at;<craper t9emeve 9a& create&--povert< an& unempo<ment/ ocia an& ca ceava(e/ t9e&epair t9ee en(en&er/ in 9ort/ t9e um/ G9oe ima(er< 9a +een tran!orme& to paci!< t9evictimize&. #ut ino!ar a t9e toGer Gere vieGe& a art/ t9ee pro+em Gere pu9e& !urt9er into



t9e 9a&oG/ 9i&&en/ a it Gere/ +eneat9 art!u <et &eceptive ima(e t9at 9ave inpire& pri&e inG9at in !act i t9e ource o! &epair.

T9u/ in t9e pace o! a !eG 9ort &eca&e t9ere Ga an evauative inverion o! AmericaK&itinctive arc9itectura !orm. Once <m+oic o! &emocrac<K triump9/ t9e ;<craper noG

ren&er ma an& poGere t9e common man !or G9om &emocrac< ae(e&< tan& once<m+oic o! +ot9 in&ivi&ua !ree&om an& &emocratic communit</ t9e ;<craper noG imprion9uman Git9in corporate +ureaucracie/ pro&ucin( in t9e proce t9e muc9 mai(ne&)or(anization man) or )neG in&ivi&uait/) neit9er o! G9om i !ree nor communa. Once t9ou(9tto &emontrate &emocratic manK &ominance over circumtance/ t9e corporate toGer 9a +ecomet9e !orce over G9ic9 no one/ incu&in( t9oe G9o comman& it/ 9a an< contro. T9e neG Gor&Suivan enviione& never materiaize&/ ae(e&< t9Garte& +< t9e ver< tructure 9e aume& Gait !u!iment.

It i temptin( to !rame t9e ent9uiam o! Suivan an& 9i coea(ue Git9in t9e ever-!a9iona+ecritica trate(ie o! pot-mo&ernim. "econtructin( t9eir viion o! pro(re a Ge a t9eir

un&ertan&in( o! &emocrac< ite! cou& revea t9e uua upect--ca/ race/ an& (en&erinteret a centra to t9eir Gi to poGer. T9i ana<tica trate(</ 9oGever/ &oe not &o !u Futice to t9e iue at 9an&. T9e &uait< t9at i ;<craper ima(er< pea; to a pro!oun& reverao! intention. =e tan& to (ain more +< con!rontin( t9i revera &irect</ rat9er t9an &imiin( itt9rou(9 evein( inteectua trate(ie t9at aume Ge are in a privie(e& poition to un&ertan&9itorica t9in;er +etter t9an t9e< un&ertoo& t9emeve/ or t9at compre9enion o! 9itoricat9ou(9t i unnecear< !or t9e purpoe o! it &econtruction. Suivan an& 9i coea(ue Gereneit9er unGittin( &upe o! capitait propa(an&a ,t9eir e!tit poitica i&eoo(ie an& t9eir &i&ain!or capitait a uc9 mi(9t u((et ot9erGie nor Gere t9e< un;noGin( or ;noGin( pa<er int9e (ame o! poGer. Rat9er/ t9e inverion o! ;<craper ima(er< point to G9at I coni&er a ar(eriue/ name</ pro+em intrinic to mo&ern i+eraim ite!.

Suivan a T9eorit

Suivan t9e man Ga a para&o%ica a t9e 9itorica evauation o! 9i +eove& ;<craper 9ave prove& to +e. He 9e& +oo; earnin( an& t9e inteect (enera< in contempt/ +ut t9i &i& not &eter9im !rom Gritin( core o! artice an& t9ree accaime& +oo; on arc9itectura t9eor<. He Ga&i&ain!u o! en(ineerin( an& en(ineer/ <et 9e Ga &epen&ent on t9em !or t9e !u!iment o! 9i&ei(n. He revere& nature an& our or(anic reation to it. He ao Fu&(e& t9e ur+an environment to +e corruptin( o! t9e 9uman pirit. #ut 9i viion o! oarin( toGer/ eac9 cim+in( toGar& t9e9eaven/ eeme& to &e!< nature moreover/ t9e ;<craper 9e o cee+rate& 9a& +ut one 9ome/ t9ecit<. A ra&ica &emocrat an& e!-procaime& ea&er o! &emocrac</ Suivan e%pen&e& itte timean& ener(< &irectin( t9e !o;/ an& toGar& t9e en& o! 9i i!e e%pree& itte +ut contempt !ort9em. ,On< one o! 9i ea< Ga pu+i9e& !or a (enera au&ience/ an au&ience G9oe em+raceo! t9e Coum+ian E%9i+ition at once +a!!e& an& &i(ute& 9im.,2 'ina</ Suivan +eieve&arc9itecture to +e epip9enomena/ unti/ t9at i/ 9i oGn &ei(n came un&er crutin</ at G9ic9time 9e &ecare& immunit< !rom 9i oGn ver&ict. HoGever impaui+e an& contra&ictor< Ga t9e)a+oute moment/) Suivan +eieve& 9i oGn voice to 9ave +een trancen&ent/ univera/tran9itorica.



SuivanK ene o! arc9itectura trut9 ma< +e c9aracterize& a !ooG. A arc9itectura !ormGere &ramatic ta(e on G9ic9 in&ivi&ua enacte& t9eir roe. T9u/ an< one ta(e mut +e&ei(ne& to encoura(e an& !aciitate t9e proper actin( out o! reevant roe. It mut (ive !orm toG9atever !unction ocia roe are to !u!i. In ot9er Gor&/ t9e aumption o! roe an& t9e ta;in(o! t9e roe o! ot9er are contin(ent on proper pacin(/ t9at i/ on t9e ta(e arc9itecture create.

Utiit</ 9oGever/ Ga not 9i principa concern. #ein( )9uman/) in SuivanK vieG/ Gacontin(ent on ocia procee--t9e &<namic o! interaction--in term o! G9ic9 t9e e! evove&an& eve &irect< con!ronte& t9e pro+em o! t9eir time Git9in ever-!re9 ituation. 'orSuivan t9ere i no e! outi&e o! ocia e%perience an& no ociet< in&epen&ent o! t9e <m+oiccommunication +etGeen ocia actor. T9i eentia< $ea&ian i&ea +e!ore $ea&/ !rame&arc9itecture an& t9e an&cape it create& a inte(ra varia+e in t9e ocia contruction o!i&entit< an& in&ee& !or ocia pro(re ite!. In t9i ene/ Suivan can +e een a a proponent o!t9e C9ica(o Sc9oo o! Socioo(< +e!ore t9e Univerit< o! C9ica(o Ga !oun&e&/ an ar(ument t9at"uncan 9a !orce!u< ma&e ,M1743/ 1727:84-0?1. In "uncanK vieG/ t9e movement Suivaninpire& Gent +e<on& arc9itecture proper an& !oun& e%preion in )t9e pirit o! Ve+en/ "eGe</$ea&/ Cooe< an& Par;) ,M1743/ 1727:373. In particuar/ t9e arc9itectK &ramatitic !rameGor;/9i aumption t9at e! an& ociet< Gere emer(ent/ 9i conviction t9at ocia actor createreaitie t9rou(9 interaction an& t9e <m+oization in9erent in roe pa<in(/ t9at 9e un&ertoo&interaction ite! a 9ape& +< a erie o! or(anica< reate& pace/ a ;in& o! ecoo(ica approac9to ocia reait</ an& not eat/ 9i commitment to art a an eentia ve9ice !or &emocrac</eta+i9e& SuivanK t9eoretica a!!init< Git9 t9e C9ica(o c9oo t9at Gou& &eveop ome tGo&eca&e ater. =9at Suivan emp9aize&/ an& G9at t9e C9ica(o ocia cientit ten&e& eit9er toi(nore or ta;e !or (rante&/ Ga t9at ocia interaction an& t9e &eveopment o! ocia eve Gere!aciitate& +< t9e arc9itectura ta(e Git9in G9ic9 t9e< occur. T9e arc9itectura ta(e/ in ot9erGor&/ Ga t9e !orm (ivin( !unction to t9e &emocratic eve an& t9e &emocratic ociet< SuivanGa &eperate to a!!ect.

In SuivanK min&/ not a arc9itectura ta(e Gere eXua. Not a !unction encoura(e& +< !ormGere con&ucive to t9e ocia !ormation o! e!. A Ge 9ave een/ Suivan Ga o! t9e convictiont9at t9e 9itor< o! arc9itecture &enie& t9e 9umanit< o! 9uman +ein(. T9e arc9itecture o! t9e patGa/ in 9i term/ )!eu&a.) T9e arc9itectura t<e o! Ancient reece an& ot9ic Europe Gereone-i&e&. T9e !ormer Ga pure inteect G9ie t9e atter Ga e%cuive< an e%preion o! t9eemotion. To(et9er t9e< con!oun&e& popuation an& evee& 9uman a(enc<. A+ove a/ t9e one-i&e&ne o! eac9 !orm vioate& t9e mo+ie eXuii+rium/ t9e )paticit</) G9ic9 i at root tru<9uman. Suivan +eieve& t9at on< )&ramatic reaon) cou& +rin( t9ee i&e into 9armon<. HoG9e un&ertoo& &ramatic reaon i uncear/ +ut t9i/ 9e ae(e&/ Ga t9e mean Git9 G9ic9arc9itect cou& create )ta(e) enitive to t9e paticit< o! e(aitarian man in communion Git99i peer. Suc9 a ta(e--an& on< uc9 a ta(e--cou& provi&e t9e parameter Git9in G9ic9 mo+ieeXuii+rium cou& !ouri9. 'rom t9ee aumption came 9i revoutionar< &ictum t9at !orm9ou& !ooG !unction. T9i Ga 9i Futi!ication !or ecapin( 9itor< an& a it m<ti!<in(moti!. T9i provi&e& t9e impetu to &ei(n ever aneG accor&in( to t9e maea+iit< o! 9umanan& t9e ever-!re9 ituation t9e< con!ront/ a eve-in-t9e-ma;in( Git9in an emer(entcommunit<.

To &ei(n ever aneG &eman&e& o! Suivan t9at 9e trip !rom 9i arc9itectura ima(ination aremnant o! t9e pat. A 9e put it/ )no arc9itectura &ictum or tra&ition/ or upertition/ or 9a+it9ou& tan& in t9e Ga<) o! 9uman poi+iit< ,M1786/ 1734:83. It i &i!!icut to e%a((erate



SuivanK 9otiit< toGar& 9itor< an& 9i &e&ication to ma;e a cean +rea; !rom it. An<arc9itectura !orm-&ometic/ commercia/ or aca&emic--t9at Ga in an< Ga< in&e+te& to 9itorica prece&ent Ga Fu&(e& +< 9im to vioate &emocrac<. To +e ure/ 9e !et it necear< to turn to t9e pat in or&er to act more e!!ective< in t9e preent/ +ut 9itor< Ga imp< a ne(ative re!erent/ acoection o! mita;e to +e avoi&e&. He con&emne& in no uncertain term t9e parvenu o! 9i a(e

G9o +uit 'renc9t<e c9ateau or peu&o-ot9ic manion/ caimin( t9at no one cou& ive)mora</ menta</ or piritua<) in uc9 tructure a t9e< &enie& peron o! a(enc< or paticit< +aic to &emocratic eve ,M1712/ 177:1?2. He &imie& NeG or; ;<craper/ em+ei9e&a t9e< Gere Git9 9itorica moti!/ a t9e )ne(ation o! &emocrac<) ,M1712/ 177:. SuivanGon&ere& G9et9er to au(9 or Geep at t9e i(9t o! a NeG or; toGer t9at cuminate& in a Romantempe or ot9er uc9 montroitie o! t9e pat. Ec9oin( Ve+en ,1712/ 1706/ Suivan con&emne&a &eceit!u t9e arc9itecture o! t9e Univerit< o! C9ica(o. Houin( +uine c9oo in ot9ictructure Ga +a& enou(9 t9at an intitution oteni+< &e&icate& to t9e earc9 !or trut9 Gou&a&orn ite! in 9itor<K m<ti!ication Gent +e<on& t9e pae. Suivan Fu&(e& uc9 tructure a)pro!oun&< anti-ocia ... Mma;in( t9e cit< poorer an& emptier ... un&erminin( American i!e),M1712/ 177: ,emp9ai ori(ina. An& 9i !ore+o&in( critiXue o! C9ica(oK caica<inpire& )=9ite Cit<) 9a +ecome e(en&ar<. So &epree& Ga Suivan over t9e caica&ei(n o! 9i coea(ue/ "anie #urn9am an& t9e eatern arc9itect/ to +e peci!ic/ t9at 9e +eieve& arc9itecture Gou& not recover )!or 9a! a centur< ... i! not on(er. It ,t9e =9ite Cit< 9a penetrate& &eep into t9e contitution o! t9e American min&/ e!!ectin( t9ere eion i(ni!icant o!&ementia) ,M1734/ 1786:083. In um/ Suivan aG an< &e+t to 9itor< to 9ave +een a conceionto circumtance/ a urren&er o! 9uman a(enc<: to re< on t9e pat Ga tantamount to in;in( intocon&ition. )T9e Roman tempe/) Suivan aerte&/ )can no more e%it in !act on $onroe Street/C9ica(o/ U.S.A./ t9an can Roman civiization e%it t9ere. Suc9 a tructure mut o! neceit< +e aimuacrum/ a (9ot) ,M1712/ 177:07.

Suivan Ga particuar< contemptuou o! c9oo o! arc9itecture/ in&e+te& a t9e< Gere to9itorica tan&ar& an& a+ove a to t9e inteectuaization o! t9eir cra!t/ G9ic9 Suivan +eieve&enervate& t9e ima(ination/ ma;in( t9ee c9oo o man< cemeterie G9ere i&ea Gent to &ie.One earne& !ar more communin( Git9 tree/ Suivan t9ou(9t/ t9an Git9 +oo;. )Un&ertan&in(an& Gor&/) 9e caime&/ )are o!ten !ar apart/ t9e< 9ave +ut itte in common. Un&ertan&in( i o!t9e 9eart ...) ,M1712/ 177:34. 'or Suivan/ t9in;in( a+out arc9itecture Ga co&/ ana<tic/ an&o+!ucatin(. Ima(inin( arc9itecture Ga roote& in )reaone& paion.) T9oe Git9 coura(e toima(ine mut return to t9e tate o! c9i&9oo& in G9ic9 t9e purit< o! e%preion Ga poi+e. )Letu remain c9i&ren a Ge (roG o&/) Suivan e%caime&/ )M!or I te <ou i! <ou ;i t9e c9i& inman <ou ;i t9e man in man) ,M1712/ 177:34. In Roueauean !a9ion/ Suivan ar(ue& t9att9e mita;e o! 9itor< +e(an Git9 inteectuaization a t9i create& &itance +etGeen man an&t9e Gi&e-e<e& ene o! aGe an& Gon&erment t9at Ga 9i a&oecence. AGe an& Gon&ermentGere t9e mean Git9 G9ic9 certaint< o! perception Ga o+taine&. To eave t9i tate o! purit< Gato enveop oureve in a !o( o! our oGn creation. )IT9e $eia9 o! our art/) Suivan Grote/ Gi +e t9e c9i& MG9o )9a in 9i +reat t9e true arc9itectura a!!atu....) ,"uncan/ M1743/1727:866.

SuivanK arc9itectura t9eor< Ga !uee& a Ge +< a poGer!u e(aitarianim aimiate& inar(e part t9rou(9 9i i!e-on( in!atuation Git9 =at =9itman. T9e =9itmaneXue pirit o!eXuait< an& in&ivi&uaim mar;e& C9ica(o arc9itect a a G9oe/ &epite t9eir reuctance toem+race &irect< t9e peope t9e< aG t9emeve ea&in( to a +etter tomorroG. An& it Ga a pirit



Con&it/ t9e &itin(ui9e& arc9itectura 9itorian. #ut Con&it eem to 9ave overoo;e& t9at t9etra&ition 9e Gi9e& to preerve Ga mar;e& +< an interna o(ic t9at &eman&e& it unravein(. Tocee+rate/ a Con&it &i&/ t9e !u reac9 o! t9e Suivan tra&ition Ga to +etra< Suivan 9ime!,NeGman/ 1728/ In um/ SuivanK )tra&ition o! t9e neG) prove& contra&ictor< a t9e ateravant-(ar&e Gou& come to un&ertan&.

Au(mentin( t9i &etermination to contruct neGer an& +i((er tructure 9a +een/ ironica<enou(9/ t9e ver< e(aitarianim t9at animate& t9e cit<K pot-!ire arc9itect. In eta+i9in(t9rou(9 t9e (ri& t9e eXuait< o! a ot/ an& t9ere+< evein( t9e Xuaitative 9ierarc9ie o! t9e pat/ C9ica(oK cit< panner unGittin(< encoura(e& Xuantitative e%panion--9orizonta orvertica--a t9e +ai o! &i!!erentiation. A no tructure cou& caim u+Fective uperiorit</arc9itect ou(9t uniXuene in o+Fective Ga<. T9u it i t9at C9ica(o 9a +een t9e eXuentia9ome to t9e ar(et ,T9e $erc9an&ie $art an& taet ,unti recent</ T9e Sear ToGertructure ever +uit. ,In recent mont9 C9ica(oan 9ave ta;e& o! contructin( a 1/33? !eet toGer G9ic9 Gou& recaim t9e cit<K 9onor o! +ein( 9ome to t9e Gor&K taet +ui&in(. Hence t9eGa((i9 vieG t9at C9ica(oan +ui& on< !or t9e purpoe o! tearin( &oGn. One Gou& e%pect noe !rom a cit< G9oe ecape !rom t9e pat Ga at t9e ame time an aertion o! t9e e(aitarianpirit.

In t9i i(9t/ SuivanK arc9itectura ta(e are !rame& a movement &evoi& o! &etination. Nota(e i ever )&one) an& certain< no ta(e cou& +e 9e& a an )en&.) A ta(e +ecome act in anever-en&in( &rama/ an& Git9 t9e pain( o! one cene Ge natura< Gitne t9e &imantin( o! itet an& t9e contruction o! omet9in( neG o/ too/ t9e &emocratic eve t9at t9ee ta(e Gere tocutivate. In 9o&in( t9at t9e e! 9a& no ontoo(ica tatu apart !rom ociet</ in aumin( t9ee!K paticit< or mo+ie eXuii+rium/ Suivan aG i&entit< a contin(ent on ocia procee/t9at i/ on t9e roe an in&ivi&ua aume in communion Git9 ot9er roe/ apart !rom G9ic9 t9ee! &oe not e%it. T9e e! i t9e e%perience o! )+ecomin(/ a&aptin( an& !a9ionin(/ omet9in(in t9e ma;in(/ or to +e more precie/ omet9in( continuou< rema&e) ,"i((in/ 1776:04?-023.An& o it Ga !or t9e communitie t9at t9ee eve (enerate& an& t9e trut9 or meanin( un&erG9ic9 t9ee communitie operate&. In um/ Suivan !rame& a o! i!e a proviiona--t9e e!/ t9eroe t9e in&ivi&ua aume/ t9e communitie t9at eve (enerate t9rou(9 interaction/ an& t9earc9itectura pace in G9ic9 t9e &rama un!o&. A e%itence i mar;e& +< movement/ neit9ert9e e!/ communit</ nor trut9 ma< +e Fu&(e& &e!initive. To aert ot9erGie Gou& vioate t9e9uman paticit< Suivan 9e& &ear.

In aumin( a a matter o! coure t9e proviiona nature o! e%itence/ Suivan Ga o+iviou tot9e e%itentia am+i(uitie t9i poition mi(9t en(en&er. =9at Ga o! (rave concern to t9e i;eo! $a% =e+er an& a 9ot o! ot9er ocia t9in;er o! t9e time Ga apparent< o! no concern to t9earc9itect. One ma< a< t9e ame !or man< C9ica(o Sc9oo ocioo(it. NoG9ere in SuivanKGritin( &o Ge Gitne enitivit< to t9e &iemma o! a i!e reveae& a &e&icate& to a pro(re !or no ot9er purpoe t9an pro(re ite!. T9e en&e re!a9ionin( o! e!/ communit</ an& meanin(Ga e!-Futi!<in(/ intrinica< meanin(!u/ or o Suivan eeme& to aume. Simiar</ noG9ere&o Ge Gitne enitivit< to t9e tenuoune o! reaitie reveae& a ep9emera. He imp< too; it!or (rante& t9at commitment to an< one reait<--t9e co9erence o! e! an& coective--Gou& +eutaine& even t9ou(9 reait< a uc9 9a& +een &e!ine& out o! e%itence. Nor Ga Suivanconcerne& t9at eve-in-t9e-ma;in( cou& encoura(e a uni!ormit< in G9ic9 ot9er-&irecte&neGa mita;en !or in&ivi&uait<. "eveopin( an& utainin( in&epen&ence G9ie a aon(



&epen&ent on t9e evauation o! ot9er !or e!-i&entit< Ga a para&o% t9e ater pra(matit Gou&con!ront an& never Xuite reconcie/ at eat in t9e e<e o! ome critic--in particuar LioneTriin( ,ee "i((in/ 1776. #ut Suivan eeme& to Gecome t9e immerion o! e! in t9e mao! 9i !eoG. In one tri;in( paa(e 9e e%picit< <earne& !or it:

%n plain #ords #e find each human eing uni'ue. When #e say uni'ue, #e mean

the only one. Thus each one is the only one. %f #e ha&e mused long enough

upon the immense fecundity and industry of )ife, the paradox &anishes( The

only one and the all coalesce. The %ndi&idual and the mass ecome one, in a

ne# phase of po#er #hose stupendous potency of creati&e art in ci&ilization

stuns the sense of possiility. Thus opens to our &ie# the emocratic

-ista! [/012], /034(156$15/7 emphasis in original7

T9e notion o! a romanticize& !o; arme& Git9 a poGer o! tupen&ou potenc</ preuma+<marc9in( toGar& (oriou victor</ conFure up ima(e Git9 G9ic9 man< o! u to&a< areuncom!orta+e. T9e impication o! t9i paa(e are (rave/ particuar< amon( t9oe G9o ive&t9rou(9 t9e ma movement o! t9i centur<. It Gou& +e un!air to 9o& Suivan reponi+e !or

t9ee ima(e a Ge can +e reaona+< certain t9at i! 9e Gere aive to&a</ Git9 !u +ene!it o! our9itorica perpective/ 9i ent9uiam Gou& +e tempere&. =9at remain to +e een/ 9oGever/ i9oG Suivan u+tantiate& 9i ene o! t9e )"emocratic Vita) an& on G9at reaone& +ai cou&9e temper 9i ent9uiam. In ot9er Gor&/ 9oG &i& Suivan account !or 9i oGn voice an& onG9at +ai &i& 9e Futi!< 9i procamation o! vaue Precie< 9ere &i& 9e trea& precariou<. Totate t9e matter +a&</ Suivan Ga not conitent Git9 t9e ver&ict 9e ren&ere&.,1? 'ore%ampe/ i! e!/ communit</ an& meanin( Gere ocia< contructe&/ i! trut9 Ga imp< t9atG9ic9 emer(e& !rom t9e &<namic o! interaction/ on G9at +ai cou& Suivan privie(e 9i oGn'or t9at matter/ on G9at +ai cou& 9e privie(e an< trut9 =9< 9ou& &emocratic eve +econtrue& a aut9entic i! t9e e! a uc9 &oe not e%it =9< are &emocratic ta(e pre!era+e to9itorica one i! eac9 i a ocia contruction an& t9u +< &e!inition )trut9) In i(9t o! G9at

tan&ar& over an& a+ove G9at i &i& 9e !ormuate an& aert 9i Fu&(ment o! vaue In&ee&/ areuc9 evauation poi+e i! one 9o& t9at )G9at i)--t9e ocia procee o! i!e--contitute t9eG9oe o! e%itence

Suivan Ga not Ge poitione& to a&&re t9ee Xuetion. Hi ver< premie un&ermine& 9ioGn voice. To +e ure/ t9rou(9out 9i Gritin( Suivan ma&e re!erence to 9uman )i&ea/))apiration/) )<earnin(/) an& ot9er uc9 term u((etive o! a )(oo&.) At no time/ 9oGever/ &i&9e pea; &irect< to t9i (oo& t9at 9i arc9itecture Ga &ei(ne& to erve. He ma< 9ave aume&t9at a more &emocratic art reXuire& no Futi!ication/ t9at it Ga a e!-evi&ent trut9. #ut t9i i toanGer a Xuetion Git9 a Xuetion. Per9ap Ge ma< &icern t9e ee& o! t9i &iemma in 9i&ictum )!orm !ooG !unction.) HoGever i+eratin( t9i prove& to +e/ an& G9atever contro it

(ave peope over con&ition/ it eta+i9e& arc9itecture a a ;in& o! ervant ati!<in( t9eimme&iate nee& o! ocia actor. A arc9itectura !orm Gere conceive& on t9e +ai o! G9at9uman Gere actua< &oin(. On t9i iue Suivan Ga a&amant. )T9e true Function o! t9earc9itect/) 9e e%caime&/ ) to initiate uc9 +ui&in( a 9a correpon& to t9e rea nee& o! t9e peope) ,M1712/ 177:107 ,emp9ai ori(ina. HoG t9ee rea nee& are &etermine& an& G9o orG9at (rant certain nee& e(itimac< are e!t un;noGn. $ore important/ Suivan 9a e!tune%amine& t9e 9i(9er (oo& in term o! G9ic9 )nee&) +ecome )rea) an& accor&in( to G9ic99uman orient t9eir +e9avior. T9i i o +ecaue SuivanK )9i(9er (oo&) i not9in( more t9an



t9ee rea an& imme&iate nee&/ .not9in( more t9an ocia action ite!. Hi arc9itectura )ou(9t)t9u +ecame t9e interactiona )i/) t9e &itinction coape&/ a it Gere/ uc9 t9at Xuetion o!vaue an& !unction +ecame one an& t9e ame. In t9i ene/ arc9itecture cannot pea; to G9atactor ou(9t to &o/ an& certain< not to 9oG t9e< ou(9t to +e/ a action ite!--movement--&e!inet9e (oo& o! e%itence.

A Ge 9ave een/ Suivan ar(ue& t9at in a &emocrac< artit 9ou& come &oGn to t9e peope an&create environment G9ic9 e%pre t9e i!e o! in&ivi&ua 9ere an& noG )in a communit< o! t9eeart9/ not ... in a upernatura ream) +e<on& t9eir reaone& ima(ination. ,emp9ai a&&e&. Heaume& t9at uc9 environment Gou& provi&e 9uman actor t9e a+iit< to contro con&ition. #<o ar(uin(/ Suivan unGittin(< a+an&one& t9e re!erent over an& a+ove t9e 9ere an& noG G9ic9in!ue ocia action Git9 meanin( an& permit it evauation. In ot9er Gor&/ 9i commitment tot9e 9ere an& noG Ga a commitment to mean to t9e e%cuion o! en&/ to t9e !orm o! interactionrat9er t9an it u+tantive content. It carce< nee& to +e ai& t9at t9e contruction o! ever-taer +ui&in( &oe not in ite! en& meanin( to t9e ;in& o! contro over circumtance uc9contruction &emontrate. T9u Ga Suivan una+e to Futi!< 9i reoute Xuet !or t9erationaization o! i!e/ 9i reente activim.,11 No Gon&er t9e ima(er< urroun&in( t9e ta +ui&in( 9a o ra&ica< c9an(e&. 'rom t9e +e(innin( Suivan Ga &eperate to empoGer popuation G9ic9 9a& u!!ere& a a reut o! )!eu&a) m<ti!ication. To t9i en& 9e evee& at9at 9a& +een/ aumin( t9i Gou& ecure t9e !ree&om 9uman nee&e& to contro ever-!re9ituation. At no time &i& Suivan pon&er t9e u+tantive meanin( o! t9i !ree&om at no time &i&9e eta+i9 t9e utimate purpoe uc9 contro Gou& erve. At no time/ t9en/ cou& Suivanconceive t9at t9e arc9itectura pace o! t9e ;<craper cou& +e &epo<e& +< t9e !eG !or t9e purpoe o! controin( an& e%poitin( t9e man<. In um/ SuivanK ar&ent ecape !rom 9itor<meant t9e 9itorization o! 9i oGn t9ou(9t/ a<in( +are a i!e mar;e& +< procee &evoi& o!&etination.

=e 9ou& not t9in; t9i &iemma pecuiar to t9e patia &<namic o! t9e ;<craper. Late in 9icareer Suivan &ei(ne& a num+er o! +an; +ui&in( in ma $i&Getern toGn/ one o! G9ic9Ga t9e cee+rate& PeopeK Savin( #an; in Ce&ar Rapi&/ IoGa. T9e interior o! t9i particuar&ei(n Ga remar;a+e !or it openne. In t9e interet o! creatin( a more &emocratic paceSuivan trie& to oGer t9e +arrier eparatin( +an; empo<ee an& cutomer a Ge a t9e +arrier t9at &ivi&e& t9e empo<ee t9emeve. To t9i en& t9e o!!ice o! +an; e%ecutive Gerema&e a vii+e an& accei+e a t9e pace ue& +< t9e +an; teer. T9e o!!ice an& teer paceGere or(anize& aroun& a centra area ue& +< t9e pu+ic. ,T9i ;in& o! &ei(n anticipate& t9emo&ernit &ometic interior/ mar;e& +< open pace in G9ic9 9uman Gere !ree o! t9e retriction +orn o! t9e &emarcate&/ compartmentaize& patia arran(ement o! t9e pat. Suc9 an interior/ 9e +eieve&/ Gou& (enerate (reater interaction amon( in&ivi&ua/ G9o/ G9ie not eXua in t9e!unctiona ene/ are encoura(e& +< t9e p9<ica pace to aume an eXuait< o! &i(nit<.

At !irt (ance/ t9e manner in G9ic9 Suivan carrie& out 9i o+Fective o! a more &emocratic paceeem reaona+e ome ma< !in& it a&mira+e. #< t9e ame to;en/ t9ou(9/ t9e ;in& o! pace Fu&(e& &emocratic +< Suivan i !rom anot9er perpective t9e ;in& o! pace t9at !aciitateurveiance an& ocia contro. #orroGin( a pa(e !rom 'oucaut/ t9e open pace Suivan(enerate& ma< Fut a Ge provi&e eite t9e opportunit< to monitor +etter t9eir empo<ee,177. =9at Ga inten&e& a a &emocratic patia arran(ement/ t9en/ cou& +ecome in reait< anarc9itecture t9at not on< con!irme& +ut utaine& t9e +arrier +etGeen in&ivi&ua. T9i poi+e



revera o! intention mani!et ite! a(ain +< virtue o! Suivan catin( a +in& e<e to t9e 9i(9er purpoe erve& +< t9e interaction 9i arc9itecture encoura(e&. To encoura(e 9uman intercoure&oe not neceari< &irect 9uman actor in meanin(!u Ga< nor &oe it prevent 9uman actor!rom manipuatin( uc9 intercoure !or private (ain. Interaction !or t9e a;e o! interaction/ !ormrat9er t9an content/ movement rat9er t9an &irection/ an& G9at )i) a oppoe& to G9at )ou(9t to

+e) Gere un!ortunate< t9e +e(innin( an& en& o! SuivanK un&ertan&in( o! arc9itectura pacean& t9e &emocratic cuture 9e aume& it Gou& create.

Leo Strau an& t9e =a<Gar& $ovement o! $o&ern Li+eraim

T9e traFector< o! SuivanK arc9itectura t9eor</ an& +< e%tenion t9e &eveopment o! 9i +eove&;<craper/ Gere t9ematica< conitent Git9 t9e tenet o! mo&ern p9ioop9<. To t9oe !amiiarGit9 t9e Gor; o! Leo Strau/ t9e Ga<Gar& movement o! arc9itectura mo&ernim/ an& t9e&icre&itation o! it principa e%preion/ t9e ;<craper come a itte urprie ,1730/ 1722:7-33. SuivanK Fourne<--9i e!!ort to ac9ieve pro(re +< coapin( t9e &itinction +etGeen t9erea an& t9e i&ea--9a +een centra to t9e mo&ern p9ioop9ic proFect a it evove& !rom

$ac9iavei t9rou(9 Nietzc9e. It Ga $ac9iavei G9o !irt u((ete& t9at Ge ta;e 9uman at9e< are/ not a t9e< 9ou& +e. He &i& o !or t9e purpoe o! eta+i9in( a cience t9at cou&e!!ective< contro circumtance/ or a 9e put it/ )!ortuna.) T9e ancient/ in t9eir Xuet !or t9ei&ea/ in ta;in( t9eir +earin( +< virtue/ e!t too muc9 to c9ance. #ei&e/ o! G9at utiit< Ga t9e puruit o! an i&ea G9oe reveation Ga a&mitte&< impro+a+e =9at can +e &one/ in$ac9iaveiK teac9in(/ i uperior in a repect to G9at 9ou& +e &one. Ho++e Gou& ater +rin( t9i viion to !ruition/ re!a9ionin( it a a para&i(m o! poi+iit< !or ociet< a a G9oe.,$ac9iavei 9a& Gritten On t9e Prince Ho++e/ On t9e Citizen. In Ho++eK teac9in(/eta+i9in( ociet< on t9e +ai o! 9oG 9uman are Gou& !ree ocia Gor& !rom t9e turmoian& con!ict/ an& contin(encie an& uncertaintie t9at pa(ue& t9e ancient a t9e< Xuete& !orvirtue. Human +e(innin( ,e!-preervation/ not 9uman en&/ 9ou& +e t9e principe in term o! G9ic9 ocia i!e i or(anize&.,18 An& o it Ga ao !or Loc;e !or G9om t9e (oo& ociet< GaeXuate& Git9 materia com!ort/ a ;in& o! mi&&e ca e%itence !or a/ G9ic9 i! not o!t< GaGit9in t9e ream o! poi+iit<. In eac9 intance/ Ge Gitne a para&o%: T9e e%panion o! 9uman poi+iit< Ga at t9e ame time a oGerin( o! 9uman 9orizon.,10 To +e more precie/ e!!ort tocontro con&ition/ to mana(e i!e procee more e!!icient</ came at t9e e%pene o! t9e utimate purpoe t9at uc9 contro Gou& norma< erve an& in term o! G9ic9 uc9 procee Gereevauate&.

Roueau Ga not immune to t9i para&o% 9oGever muc9 9e !a9ione& 9ime! in oppoition tot9e Ho++eian tra&ition. A Strau ar(ue/ RoueauK ae(e& counter-movement un!o&e& inGa< t<pica o! Ho++e/ at eat in re(ar& to t9e &itinction +etGeen t9e rea an& t9e i&ea. I! t9e(oo& o! ociet< i e%pree& t9rou(9 t9e (enera Gi/ virtue +ecome immanent/ rat9er t9antrancen&ent/ omet9in( Ge &o not Xuet !or/ +ut omet9in( o! G9ic9 Ge are area&< in poeion. T9e i&ea/ t9en/ i &erive& in an& t9rou(9 t9e rea. Lot in t9e proce a(ain are t9e9i(9er purpoe in term o! G9ic9 (enera Gi ma< +e evauate& an& accor&in( to G9ic9 t9e<are &irecte&. T9u &i& (enera Gi +ecome o man< 9itorica arti!act ,a in t9e Gor; o! Emie"ur;9eim. T9u too &i& mo&ern p9ioop9< cuminate in t9e 9itoricim o! a Nietzc9e G9ere+<aertion o! trut9 are i&entica Git9 aertion o! poGer an& Xuetion o! vaue are re!rame& a pre!erence Git9out !oun&ation. In StrauK vieG/ uc9 Ga t9e !ate o! mo&ern G9oe &eire to



contro con&ition &enie t9em t9e +ai to Futi!< t9eir reente activim/ an& a+ove a/ to (ive&irection to t9e contro t9e< continue o !ervent< to &eire.

Concuion

SuivanK optimim urroun&in( t9e mater< o! con&ition temme& !rom a p9ioop9ica!oun&ation a precariou a t9e o((< mar9an& !rom G9ic9 t9e C9ica(o-t<e ;<craperpran(. T9e arc9itectura movement 9e 9epe& inpire/ !in&in( it preeminent e%preion in t9enoG &icre&ite& ta +ui&in(/ Ga a aon( !aGe&. It triump9 Ga neceari< it oGn ne(ation.A Ge 9ave een/ t9e ;<craper iutrate& manK contro over t9e environment. #ut a amovement &evoi& o! &etination/ Ge noG !in& oureve una+e to (ive an accountin( o! our oGnactivim/ o! t9e procee t9at 9ave come to &e!ine t9e (oo& o! e%itence. T9e con&ition SuivanGa o &eperate to contro 9ave +ecome con&ition into G9ic9 9i &emocratic eve 9ave +eenu+mer(e&. Over a centur< a(o/ Henr< A&am anticipate& t9i a 9e contempate& t9e neGAmerica on t9e 9orizon/ <m+oize& +< C9ica(o ite!.,16 So too Bo9n "eGe< G9o/ per9ap in aGea; moment/ once re!ecte& on t9e &iemma o! a pra(matim t9at emp9aize& mean to t9e

e%cuion o! en&.,13 A&am retreate& to t9e m<tica Gor& o! me&ieva Cat9oicim/ an& in particuar t9e arc9itecture o! t9e ot9ic cat9e&ra/ 9opin( to !in& t9ere t9e 9i(9er purpoe ini(9t o! G9ic9 i!e 9a& meanin(. "eGe</ i;e Suivan +e!ore 9im/ pree& !orGar& una+e to !ree9ime! !rom a para&i(m 9e 9epe& contruct/ +ut G9oe !oun&ation 9a& +een ai& on( +e!ore.

A&am mi(9t 9ave +een +etter erve& +< returnin( to t9e ancient an& t9e reaction a(aint t9emt9at et into motion t9e mo&ernit &rama. T9e !ooGer o! "eGe</ in particuar Ric9ar& Rort</9ave a+an&one& ato(et9er Xuetion o! vaue an& 9ave em+race& e%picit< ocia procee at9e mean an& en& o! e%itence.,14 A !or Suivan an& t9e roe 9e pa<e& in t9i &rama/ one ma<concu&e t9at 9i arc9itectura viion Ga in!orme& +< a comman&in( !ait9. So committe& Ga 9eto mo&ern &emocratic virtue 9e Ga incapa+e o! critica re!ection. T9e tra(e&ian un&ertoo&t9at virtue Ga necear<. =it9out it i!e ite! i inconceiva+e. #ut neceit< i +in& an& ourencounter Git9 it ro+ u o! our e<e ,Steiner/ 1740:3.

$eanG9ie/ t9e conceptuaization o! a &emocratic arc9itecture !or(in( &emocratic pace remaina prein( iue. Un!ortunate< muc9 o! G9at 9a +een o!!ere& in reaction a(aint t9e mo&ern arean&cape G9ic9 continue to !rame &emocrac< in proceiona Ga<. Bane Baco+/ !or e%ampe/a&vocate& a an&cape t9at Gou& increae t9e intenit< an& !reXuenc< o! interaction. So too=iiam H. =9<te G9o oo;e& approvin(< on t9e interaction (enerate& +< t9e ver< &i!!erentarc9itectura an& (eo(rap9ica an&cape o! European citie ,1722. In eac9 cae/ interaction !ort9e a;e o! interaction i t9e point o! &eparture. T9e o+Fective &oe not &i!!er !rom SuivanK/on< t9e mean. T9e ame can +e ai& o! Ha+ermaK 9ope !or an incuive an& more or ee(aitarian pu+ic p9ere t9at encoura(e G9at 9e (enerica< ca communicative action. =9ieGe ma< &ou+t t9e i;ei9oo& t9at uc9 a pace cou& +e create&/ an& G9ie Ge ma< +e concerne&a+out t9e price pai& in manu!acturin( t9i ;in& o! p9ere. ,A!ter a/ inurin( t9e ;in& o!e(aitarian reation9ip Ha+erma a&vocate Git9out t9reatenin( !un&amenta !ree&om Gou& +e no mean !eat +ei&e/ an& a Ha+erma 9ime! conce&e/ t9e more incuive t9e pu+icp9ere 9a +ecome t9e e eevate& i our poitica &icoure/ a !act t9at 9ar&< +ui& con!i&encein Ha+ermaK proFect Mee Ca9oun/ 1778:0. T9e iue I raie 9ere i t9at interaction ite!/ nomatter 9oG e(aitarian/ &oe not neceari< (ui&e 9uman actor in meanin(!u Ga<. In ot9erGor&/ +ui&in(/ i&eGa;/ treet/ an& paza o! &i!!erent con!i(uration Gi not (ive &irection



to t9e mora &enit< t9e< (enerate. $o&ernim remain a movement &evoi& o! &etination. T9e pro+em o! meanin(/ G9ic9 eventua< conume& Suivan an& t9e mo&ern 9e inpire&/continue to pa(ue. To con!ront t9i pro+em i to con!ront Xuetion a+out t9e (oo& or (oo&.To pon&er G9at a &emocratic pace mi(9t oo; i;e an& G9at ;in& o! interaction t9i pace mi(9tcreate &eman& !irt an articuation o! i&ea/ o! 9i(9er purpoe an& en& toGar& G9ic9

&emocratic eve apire.Per9ap Suivan Ga correct in aumin( t9at ree; an& Roman tempe/ ot9ic cat9e&ra/ an&ot9er uc9 &ei(n o! t9e pat 9ave no meanin( in a &emocratic ociet<. He mi(9t 9ave +een tooXuic;/ 9oGever/ in &imiin( 9itorica arc9itecture a m<ti!ication/ pro&uce& +< an& !or t9e poGer!u. T9e &ei(n Suivan !oun& o!!enive cannot +e &ivorce& !rom t9e &<namic o! poGer.#ut to re(ar& t9em a not9in( more t9an e%preion o! poGer/ a mani!etation o! t9e &eire to&ominate/ Ga a mita;e. T9ee &ei(n po;e to utimate meanin(/ to t9e 9i(9er purpoeaccor&in( to G9ic9 ocia interaction Ga oriente&. In t9i re(ar&/ Suivan can +e compare& toman< preent &a< ocioo(it G9o e%pen& (reat ener(< in ana<zin( ocia procee !or t9e purpoe o! unma;in( poGer. =e are increain(< e%pert in eein( t9rou(9 t9e ;in& o!m<ti!ication Suivan trie& to &imante t9rou(9 9i arc9itecture. #ut/ a one critic put it/ to eet9rou(9 a t9in( on< to revea t9e c<nica or &eperate tru((e !or poGer +rin( itte oace,Im+er/ 177?.,1 T9e ni9iim at t9e center o! o muc9 recent ocioo(ica Gor;/ epecia<Gor; animate& +< t9e potmo&ern temperament/ i no (roun& !or 9ope. I Gou& i;e to t9in;/9oGever/ t9at utimate< our ana<e are inpire& an& &riven +< ome notion o! a (oo&. Criticimo! an< ocia reait< ,or G9at i i &riven +< a viion o! G9at ou(9t to +e. Our cenoriou voice/even t9e potmo&ern/ are raie& in repone to vioation o! certain i&ea. Un!ortunate</ ourvaue commitment are rare< en(a(e& an& are uua< 9i&&en in a Geat9 o! aumption. =9ati more/ ocioo(it G9oe vaue commitment revove aroun& empoGerment an& e(aitarianimGou& appear to pea; more to procee an& movement t9an to &irection or &etination.SuivanK &iemma/ name< 9i Xuet !or autonom< an& eXuait< in&epen&ent o! a 9i(9er (oo&uc9 principe Gou& erve/ continue to pa(ue. Our vaue commitment/ in ot9er Gor&/ ma<ver< Ge ret on !oun&ation a !ra(ie a SuivanK. I! ocioo(it Gi9 to contri+ute to t9econtruction o! a &emocratic arc9itecture Ge mut return to t9e eementa an& a importantXuetion/ )=9at ou(9t Ge to &o an& 9oG ou(9t Ge to ive)

, A verion o! t9i paper Ga preente& at t9e annua meetin( o! t9e American Socioo(icaAociation/ Au(ut 1772/ San 'rancico/ CA.

Note

,1. SuivanK in!uence 9a +een a u+Fect o! &e+ate t9rou(9 t9e &eca&e. Some critic/ voicin( aminorit< opinion/ 9ave ar(ue& t9at 9e Ga perip9era to t9e mo&ern movement/ t9at 9e Ga toomuc9 o! an ornamentait an& a romantic to +e coni&ere& mo&ern. ,See Roc9ee #er(er Etein/1724. A maForit< vieG/ 9e& +< 9i pupi 'ran; Lo<& =ri(9t/ i t9at mo&ernim cannot +eun&ertoo& apart !rom SuivanK Gor;/ an& 9oGever ornamenta ome o! 9i tructure ma< 9ave +een/ 9i &ictum )!orm !ooG !unction) containe& t9e ee& !rom G9ic9 (reG )t9e mo&ernre&uctive movement.) ,See $ario $anieri Eia/ 1774. Or a Hu(9 $orrion put it/ SuivanKac9ievement )Ga in 9i emancipation o! arc9itectura t9in;in( !rom t9e &ea& !orm o! t9e patan& 9i &emontration o! t9e poi+iit< o! t9e &eveopment o! neG !orm &irect< out o! t9enature o! t9e pro+em at 9an& ... Suivan 9a Mt9u +een vieGe& more an& more a t9e (reat



!orerunner o! mo&ern arc9itecture.) ,See $orrion/ 1703. Sti ot9er navi(ate a mi&&e (roun& +< ar(uin( t9at Suivan Ga +ot9 )mo&ern/) meanin( re&uctive an& re!ormit/ an& )mo&ernitic/)meanin( &ecorative an& 9e&onitic. Etein point to SuivanK !amou Caron/ Pirie/ Scott#ui&in( a evi&ence in upport o! t9i vieG. T9i &e+ate a to SuivanK pace in arc9itectura9itor< ma< +e attri+ute& to t9e !act t9at G9at 9e e%pree& in 9i Gritin( Ga not aGa<

reaize& in 9i &ei(n. Suivan t9e t9eorit/ in ot9er Gor&/ Ga more mo&ernit t9an Suivant9e +ui&er/ an& t9e tenion +etGeen t9e tGo Ga a ource o! (reat !rutration !or 9im. A Eia point out/ Suivan too; 9ime! to ta; over 9i #a<ar& #ui&in( in NeG or;/ G9oe avi9&ei(n/ in&e+te& a it Ga to t9e pat/ vioate& t9e artitic principe 9e 9e& o &eep< ,See Ea/ p. 187. 'urt9ermore/ a(ain a Eia point out/ ome o! SuivanK tron(et criticim o!arc9itectura 9itor< Gere pu+i9e& toGar& t9e en& o! 9i career/ Ge a!ter 9i mot active perio& a a +ui&er. At an< rate/ Suivan t9e t9eorit i t9e prime !ocu o! t9i ea<.

,8. See Hu(9 "azie "uncan ,1743. "uncanK mater!u tu&< o! arc9itecture an& cuture i ane%ception to t9e rue o! ocioo(ica ne(ect o! t9e u+Fect. On "uncanK tu&< I &epen& a (reat&ea/ at9ou(9 m< evauation o! SuivanK t9ou(9t &iver(e i(ni!icant< !rom 9i morecee+rator< interpretation. At an< rate/ "uncan ar(ue convincin(< t9at Suivan Ga a pra(matit +e!ore t9i C9ica(o c9oo o! p9ioop9< Ga +orn an& t9at 9e Ga a C9ica(o-c9ooocioo(it +e!ore t9e Univerit< o! C9ica(o Ga !oun&e&. Important</ in in&er(arten C9atan& Ot9er =ritin( Suivan caime& ocioo(< to +e t9e )mot ur(ent o! a preent 9umaninXuirie) ,C9ap. [[[I/ p. 1?8.

,0. I Gou& +e o +o& a to ar(ue t9at t9e poition a&vance& +< =i an& Sar!atti-Laron are amuc9 poitica a ana<tica. T9e< 9o& in &i&ain t9e ;in& o! )eitim) t9at un&ercore ana<e!ocuin( on canonica !i(ure. ,T9e term canonica o!ten appear in Xuote o a to Xuetion ite(itimac<. =9at t9e< o!!er intea& i preuma+< a more &emocratic an& e(aitarian portrait/ +utone G9ic9 para&o%ica< imprion anon<mou ocia actor in a compe% maze o! tructura procee. =ii i particuar< iutrative o! t9i &<namic. S9e ta;e evi&ent peaure in&em<ti!<in( t9e arc9itectura canon on< to eave u Git9 a portrait o! ur+an arc9itectureuntouc9e& +< t9e 9uman 9an&/ a t9e pro&uct o! imperona !orce over G9ic9 9uman 9a& ittei! an< contro. Her more &emocratic portrait i &evoi& o! t9e &emo 9er more e(aitarian approac9Ga to erve. In ot9er Gor&/ t9i ;in& o! 9itor< !rom +eoG come at t9e cot o! 9uman a(enc<.=9at i more/ =iiK approac9/ a Ge a LaronK/ ren&er moot t9e ;in& o! i&ea t9at are t9eu+Fect o! t9i ea<. Lea&in( arc9itect i;e Suivan are a muc9 t9e pro&uct o! tructura procee a an< one ee. T9eir t9ou(9t nee& not +e a&&ree& &irect< +ut in&irect< t9rou(9,t<pica< t9e varia+e ca/ (en&er/ race/ pro!eion. T9at =ii an& Sar!atti-Laron preumeto ;noG 9itorica !i(ure +etter t9an t9e< ;neG t9emeve +etra< a ;in& o! eitim. At an< rate/t9e conte%tuaization o! t9ou(9t G9ie important an& in man< cae !ruit!u ten& to reieve u o!t9at 9eav< +ur&en o! con!rontin( i&ea a i&ea.

,6. 'rom $orrionK 1703 Gor; ,op. cit announcin( Suivan a t9e prop9et o! mo&ernim toEiaK 1774 critica tu&< o! t9e arc9itect ,op. cit/ it i cear t9at arc9itectura 9itorian 9ave Fu&(e& SuivanK in!uence to +e u+tantia an& t9at t9e tructura !orce Git9in G9ic9 9e a+ore&neit9er compromie& nor prevente& t9e promu(ation o! 9i i&ea. Ur+an 9itorian 9ave i;eGieeen Suivan a a revoutionar< !i(ure. No e a !i(ure t9an LeGi $um!or&/ !or e%ampe/ar(ue& t9at Suivan c9an(e& t9e Ga< arc9itect t9ou(9t a+out t9eir cra!t. In 9i T9e #roGn"eca&e ,1700/ $um!or& Grote/ )Suivan Ga t9e !irt American acr9itect to t9in; conciou<



o! 9i reation Git9 civiization.... T9e G9oe pro+em o! +ui&in(/ Suivan aG/ mut +e t9ou(9tout a!re9/ an& t9e oution mut +e o! a nature t9at it Gou& app< to ever< manner o! tructure/!rom t9e 9ome to t9e !actor</ !rom t9e o!!ice to. t9e tom+: no activit< Ga too mean to ecape t9eminitration o! t9e arc9itect ... MHe 9a& a pecia poGer to react upon 9i environment ...Suivan ma&e a rea +e(innin() ,148-143.

,3. See Ro $ier ,177? !or an ana<i o! 9oG &evatation an& u!!erin( aume& t9e tenor o! optimim an& 9ope. $ier trie to !rame t9e ent9uiam o! C9ica(oK ea&er/ arc9itectincu&e&/ a )m<t9ic) e!!ort to vei t9e )actua) u!!erin( o! t9e cit<K citizen an& t9e ca an&et9nic con!ict G9ic9 o +eet t9em. At t9e ame time/ t9ou(9/ $ier unGittin(< !rame t9ere+ui&in( o! t9e cit< a an<t9in( +ut m<t9ic.

,4. See Car S. Smit9 ,1726: 18-187 !or a reveain( &icuion o! San&+ur(K evauation o! t9eta +ui&in(. )#< t9e &emocratic o(ic San&+ur( in9erite& !rom =9itman/) Smit9 Grote/ )t9ein&ivi&ua Ga mot creative< an& piritua< aive G9en 9e Ga !u< inte(rate& into t9e i!e o!t9e ;<craper.) T9u &i& San&+ur( +eieve t9at t9e ;<craper Ga )potentia< one o! t9e mot

tri;in( iutration o! t9e ri(9t reation +etGeen t9e in&ivi&ua an& t9e communit< in ur+anociet<.)

,. It i interetin( to note t9at t9e arc9itectura ima(ination o! $ie van &er Ro9e inpire& t9e&ei(n o! C9ica(oK in!amou Ca+rini-reen ,noG +ein( &emoi9e& an& ot9er 9i(9 rie pu+ic9ouin( proFect aroun& t9e nation. T9e reort to 9i(9 rie &ei(n 9a +een un&ertoo& a a!unction o! e%or+itant an& cot. T9i Ga not t9e cae !or Ca+rini-reen. T9e proFect Gainten&e& to 9oue 1?/??? peope in a pace e%ten&in( over ? acre Fut Get o! C9ica(oK o&Coat. Suc9 a pace cou& 9ave 9oue& t9e 1?/??? t9rou(9 oG-rie tructure or tra&itiona toGn9ome. See =ito& R<+cz<n;i ,1773: 146-143. Le t9an t9ree &eca&e a!ter Ca+rini-reen Ga +uit/ it ? acre Gere Fu&(e& t9e mot &an(erou (eo(rap9ica pace in t9e Gor&.

,2. See Hu(9 "azie "uncan/ ,op cit./ p. 014 !n. 7 p. 083 !n 1 p. 6? p. 688. "uncanac;noGe&(e/ o!ten unintentiona</ t9at Suivan Ga not ato(et9er conitent Git9 9i pro!ee& &emocratic p9ioop9<. A a &emocratic ea&er--one G9o perua&e rat9er t9ancomman&--Suivan Ga aut9oritarian in 9i oGn inter-perona reation9ip an& procamationo! &emocratic art. A a over o! t9e peope/ animate& +< !ait9 in t9e Gi&om o! t9e !o;/ Suivan!oun& 9ime! in t9e para&o%ica poition o! attri+utin( t9eir in!atuation Git9 t9e =9ite Cit< toi(norance: Hi +eove& peope Gere too tupi& to reaize t9e 9am perpetrate& on t9em.

,7. C9ica(o &oe not &icriminate in razin( it 9itorica tructure. =iiam Le+aron Benne<KHome Inurance #ui&in(/ !or e%ampe/ t9e Gor&K !irt ;<craper/ Ga &emoi9e& in 1701/!ort< i% <ear a!ter it Ga +uit.

,1?. In t9i intance Suivan mirror ocioo(it G9o i;eGie ,an& routine< caim immunit<!rom t9eir ver&ict. Leo Strau ,1730/ 1722 Ga amon( t9e more !ormi&a+e critic G9o too;ocioo(it to ta; !or a&vancin( ar(ument an& !or ta;in( poition &enie& or un&ermine& +<t9eir 9itoricit premie. $an< ocioo(it/ !or e%ampe/ &en< t9e poi+iit< o! reaone&evauation a t9e< ma;e one vaue Fu&(ement a!ter anot9er ot9er &en< t9e e%itence o! univeratrut9 a t9e< aert t9em ti ot9er &ou+t t9e poi+iit< o! o+Fectivit< a t9e G9ie certain t9at



t9e< ee t9rou(9 t9e (a cear<. 'or an e%ceptiona &iection o! t9ee epitemoo(ica iueee ao/ Step9en . Sa;ever ,177?.

,11. Here I au&e to $a% =e+erK !amou paa(e in )Science a a Vocation) in !rom $a%=e+er. Suivan cou& not in t9e en& (ive an account o! t9e utimate meanin( o! 9i oGn con&uct.

=e ma< i;en 9im to t9oe &eperate to +urn t9e at ton o! !oiize& coa--t9eir rationa mater<o! con&ition/ i;e SuivanK/ erve no 9i(9er purpoe. See =e+erK prop9etic Gor& in/ T9eProtetant Et9ic an& t9e Spirit o! Capitaim ,pp. 128-126.

,18. 'or a imiar interpretation o! Ho++e/ ee C. #. $acp9eron/ T9e Poitica T9eor< o!Poeive In&ivi&uaim: Ho++e to Loc;e ,pp. 6-2. $acp9eron un&ertoo& t9at Ho++etoo; a ra&ica< &i!!erent poition +< &erivin( )ri(9t) or vaue !rom )!act/) an& t9at t9e coapin(o! t9ee cate(orie meant t9e urren&erin( o! e%terna tan&ar& +< G9ic9 )ri(9tK or vaue 9a& +een previou< eta+i9e&.

,10. TocXuevie Ga enitive to t9i para&o%/ a 9e un&ertoo& &emocrac< to 9ave e%pan&e&

9uman poi+iitie: )a cate &iappear ... a ancient opinion are &iipate& ... t9e ima(e o! ani&ea +ut aGa< !u(itive per!ection preent ite! to t9e 9uman min&.) et TocXuevie Fu&(e&t9i i&ea/ 9oGever !u(itive/ to 9ave +een e t9an o!t<. "emocratic peope Gere am+itiou +utver< !eG entertaine& )9ope o! (reat ma(nitu&e or to purue ver</ o!t< aim.) T9e ame 9e& !or&emocratic art:

The painters of the 8enaissance generally sought far ao&e themsel&es, and

a#ay from their o#n time, for mighty su9ects #hich left to their

imagination an unounded range. :ur painters often employ their talents in

the exact imitation of the details of pri&ate life, #hich they ha&e al#ays

efore their eyes; and they are fore&er copying tri&ial o9ects, the

originals of #hich are only too aundant in nature ... They ha&e left us an

exact portraiture of man ... [8aphael] disclosed in his #orks a glimpse ofthe i&inity.

,See "emocrac< in America/ op cit./ p. 03 p. 834 pp. 36-33 p. 36.

,16. See Henr< A&am ,1741 M1712: 001-063. A&am +eieve& t9at )C9ica(o Ga t9e !irte%preion o! American t9ou(9t a a unit< ...) He t9u venture& to t9e cit< in anticipation o!eein( t9e !uture/ arrivin( in 1270 a t9e Coum+ian E%poition Ga in !u Gin(. A&am e!tC9ica(o Git9 a ene o! !ore+o&in( !or reaon imiar to t9oe ;etc9e& 9ere. In 9i vieG/ t9ecit<K reente activim/ it Xuet to mater a con&ition/ ocia or natura/ erve& no purpoeave active mater<.

,13. "eGe<K am+ivaence Ga reveae& ear< in 9i career in an unpu+i9e& ea< 9e Grote onToto<:

<an=s command o&er the means of life, his industrial con'uest, seems only

to ha&e sharpened prior existing social ine'uities, to ha&e led to de&otion

to the means of life at the expense of its serious and significant ends$$a

nole free and happy life in #hich men participate on something like e'ual



Ha+erma/ Bur(en. 1722. )$o&ern an& Potmo&ern Arc9itecture.) ,Pp. 01-087 In Bo9n 'oreter,e&./ Critica T9eor< an& Pu+ic Li!e. Cam+ri&(e: $IT Pre.

Harve</ "avi&. 1723. Concioune an& t9e Ur+an E%perience. #atimore: Bo9n Hop;inUniverit< Pre.

Hu%ta+e/ A&a Louie. 1728. T9e Ta #ui&in( Artitica< Reconi&ere&. NeG or;: Pant9eon#oo;.

Im+er/ Bonat9an #. 177?. )Intro&uction/) in Bonat9an #. Im+er ,e&./ T9e 'eein( Inteect/ +<P9iip Rie!!. C9ica(o: Univerit< o! C9ica(o Pre.

Baco+/ Bane. 1741. T9e Li!e an& "eat9 o! reat American Citie. NeG or;: Ran&om Houe.

otz/ Heinric9. 172. )T9e C9ica(o $utitor< a a "ei(n Pro+em.) In Bo9n Ju;oG;< ,e&./C9ica(o Arc9itecture ... 128-1788. $unic9: Prete-Vera(.

$acp9eron/ C.#. 1748. T9e Poitica T9eor< o! Poeive In&ivi&uaim ... Ho++e to Loc;e.O%!or&: Univerit< o! O%!or& Pre.

$a<er/ Haro& an& Ric9ar& =a&e. 1747. C9ica(o: roGt9 o! a $etropoi. C9ica(o: Univerit<o! C9ica(o Pre.

$ea&/ eor(e Her+ert. 1706. On Socia P<c9oo(<. C9ica(o: Univerit< o! C9ica(o Pre.

$ier/ Ro. 177?. American Apoca<pe ... T9e reat 'ire an& t9e $<t9 o! C9ica(o. C9ica(o:Univerit< o! C9ica(o Pre.

$onroe/ Harriet. 1274. Bo9n =e+orn Root: A tu&< o! Hi Li!e an& =or;. NeG or;: Hou(9ton/$i!!in.

$orrion/ Hu(9. 1703. Loui Suivan: Prop9et o! $o&ern Arc9itecture. NeG or;: =.=. Norton.

$um!or&/ LeGi. 1700. T9e #roGn "eca&e: A Stu&< o! t9e Art in America 1243-1273. NeGor;: "over Pu+ication.

NeGman/ $.=. 1728. )Nort9GeternK Con&it Loo; #ac; in Sa&ne.) C9ica(o Sun-Time

,Apri 83: 0-6.Rort</ Ric9ar&. 1728. )Pra(matim/ Reativim/ Irrationaim.) In ConeXuence o! Pra(matim:Ea< 178-172?. $inneapoi: Univerit< o! $inneota Pre.

R<+cz<n;i/ =ito&. 1773. Cit< Li!e: Ur+an E%pectation in a NeG =or&. NeG or;: Scri+ner.

Sa;ever/ Step9en . 177?. 'in&in( t9e $ean. Princeton/ NB: Princeton Univerit< Pre.



A&&re !or correpon&ence: Bame R. A++ott/ "epartment o! Socioo(</ RoGan Univerit</a+oro/ NeG Bere< ?2?82 e-mai: A++ott\roGan.e&u.

eseu louis sallivan

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