proiect de an la cultura pajistilor si a plantelor furajere

8/10/2019 Proiect de an La Cultura Pajistilor Si a Plantelor Furajere

1/60

UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE I DE MEDICIN VETERINAR

ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD IASI FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

SPECIALIZAREA AGRICULTUR

PROIECT DE AN

LA

CULTURA PAJITILOR

I A PLANTELOR FURAJERE

ndrum!"r#

Pr"$% dr% V&'()* VNTU

S!ud*n!#


2/60

PLANUL PROIECTULUI

CAPITOLUL I. INTRODUCRE

CAPITOLUL II. CARACTERIZAREA CADRULUI NATURAL

CAPITOLUL III. MSURI DE MBUNTIRE A PAJITILOR

a. msuri d su!ra"a#

$. msuri radi%a&

CAPITOLUL I'. OR(ANIZAREA PUNATULUI RAIONAL

CAPITOLUL '. APLICAII PRACTICE

)Bi$&i*+ra"i)


3/60

CAPITOLUL I

INTRODUCERE

0%0% Im1"r!&n2# 3)&'($(3&r*# r'14nd(r*

P&5(6!*& r*1r*7(n! 'u1r&$&2& d* !*r*n &3"1*r(! 3u 8*9*!&2(* (*r:"&'# &)3!u(!

;n 3*& m&( m&r* 1&r!* d(n 1)&n!* 1*r*n*# 3* &1&r2(n d($*r(!*)"r $&m()(( :"!&n(3*# & 3r"r

1r"du32(* *'!* u!()(7&! ;n &)(m*n!&2(& &n(m&)*)"r# 1r(n 16un&! '&u 3"'(!%

C"n9r*'u) In!*rn&2("n&) &) P&5(6!()"r# d*$(n*6!* !*rm*nu) d* 1&5(6!* 3& $(nnd

!*r*n &9r(3") *


4/60

P&5(6!()* n&!ur&)* 'un! r*1r*7*n!&!* d* 'u1r&$*2* 1* 3&r* 8*9*!&2(& (*r:"&' '=&

(n'!&)&! '1"n!&n% L& r4ndu) )"r *)* '* ;m1&r! ;n pajiti naturale primare 6( pajiti

naturale secundare%

Pajiti naturale primare 1&5(6!( n&!ur&)* 1r"1r(u=7('* 'un! r'14nd(!* ;n

d($*r(!* r*9(un( &)* 9)":u)u( und* $&3!"r(( *3")"9(3( nu &u 1*rm(' $"rm&r*& 1dur()"r%A3*'!*& 'un! r*1r*7*n!&!* d* 1&m1& &r9*n!(n(&n# '!*1& ru'*&'3# '&8&n& &$r(3&n#

m&r()* 34m1(( &m*r(3&n* 3u (*r:ur( '3und*# 1r**r(& 3u (*r:ur( ;n&)!*# !undr& n"rd(3 6(

!undr& d* &)!(!ud(n*# 3&r* "3u1&u 'u1r&$*2* (m*n'* 6( 'u: ;n8*)(6u) )"r (*r:"' '=&u

$"rm&! '")ur( n*9r*# $*r!()* 6( &d4n3(% n R"m4n( 1&5(6!()* n&!ur&)* 1r(m&r* 'un!

r*1r*7*n!&!* 1r(n "3(ur()* d* '!*1 d(n 'ud=*'!u) 2r(( 6( 1r(n 1&5(6!()* &)1(n*# 'u1r&$&2&

)"r $((nd &1r"


5/60

1*rm&n*n!* ++#? 6( 1dur()* +#+? 3**& 3* ;n'*&mn 3 H,# ? *'!* &3"1*r(! 3u

8*9*!&2(* 6( -#-? *'!* r*1r*7*n!&! d* &)!* !*r*nur(%

P"!r(8(! &nu&ru)u( '!&!('!(3 d(n 0# ;n R"m4n(& 'u1r&$&2& 1&5(6!()"r

1*rm&n*n!* *'!* d* /#+ m()("&n* 1"nd*r*& )"r $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& !"!&) r*1r*7(n!

+,#/? $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& u'3&!u)u( d* +0#+?# (&r $&2 d* 'u1r&$&2& &9r(3") -+#?%P&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* d(n 2&r& n"&'!r 'un! r'14nd(!* 3u 1r*3d*r* ;n r*9(un()*

d* d*&) 6( mun!*# und* d*2(n /? d(n 'u1r&$&2& $"ndu)u( 1&'!"r&)%

n $un32(* d* !(1u) d* 1&5(6!*# ;n &:'*n2& )u3rr()"r 3ur*n!* d* ;n!r*2(n*r* 6(

;m:un!2(r*# 1r"du32(& 1&5(6!()"r 1*rm&n*n!* "'3()*&7 ;n!r* ,#@ 6( - !.& S%U%

D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* 3&)(!&!(8# $ur&5u) 3"n2(n* ;n m*d(* 0, 0-? P%B% d(n

'u:'!&n2& u'3&! H ? P%B%D%% n &3*'!* 3"nd(2(( 1&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* $urn(7*&7 @, /,, J9.& P%B% 6( @,, -,,, U%N%.&%


6/60

CAPITOLUL II

CARACTERIZAREA CADRULUI NATURAL

DESCRIEREA CADRULUI NATURAL

,.- A/ara +*+ra"i%

S"3(*!&!*& &9r(3") S%C% KPr"d&9r"K S%A% Z"r)*n( $"'!u) I%A%S% Z"r)*n(

d*'!(n&! 1r"du32(*( 8*9*!&)* ;6( &r* '*d(u) )& @ Jm d* "r&6u) B4r)&d# 5ud*2u) V&')u(#

m&( *T*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* 1* &n"!(m1ur( '* 1r*7(n! &'!$*)>

= (&rn&> = 0#,C

- 1r(m8&r&> 00#0,C

- 8&r&> ++,C

- !"&mn&> 0,#-,C

T*m1*r&!ur& m&


7/60

Am1)(!ud(n*& !*rm(3 m*d(* &nu&) &5un9* 14n )& +@#-,C# (&r 3*& m&

=n anul agricol 1998 - 1999# 'um& 9r&d*)"r !*m1*r&!ur()"r m*d(( )un&r* & $"'!

d* 000#,C# n"rm&)& $((nd d* 0,+#0,C# d*3( &:&!*r*& $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! d* 0@#,C%

C*& m&( m&r* &:&!*r* n*9&!(8 $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;n )un& $*:ru&r(* 3u =

+#,C# (&r &:&!*r*& 1"7(!(8 3*& m&( m&r* $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;nr*9('!r&! ;n )un&

'*1!*m:r(* 3u @#@,C%

- n anul agricol 1999 - 2000# !*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* & $"'! d* 0-0,C# &:&!*r*& $&2

d* n"rm&) $((nd d* 0#,C% C*& m&( m&r* &:&!*r* n*9&!(8 $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'! ;n

)un& &1r()(* 3u H#-,C# (&r &:&!*r*& 1"7(!(8 3*& m&( m&r* $&2 d* n"rm&) & $"'!

;nr*9('!r&! ;n )un& '*1!*m:r(* 3u #@,C%

= n &nu) &9r(3") +,,, = +,,0# !*m1*r&!ur& m*d(* &nu&) & $"'! 3*& m&( m&r*#

0-/#/,C# du34nd )& " d(m(nu&r* & 1r"du32(*( )& 3u)!ur()* )u&!* ;n '!ud(u%

n !&:*)u) -%+%0% 'un! 1r*7*n!&!* 8&)"r()* !*m1*r&!ur()"r 1* 3*( !r*( &n( )u&2( ;n

'!ud(u%


8/60

Tabelul 321

T*m1*r&!ur( ;nr*9('!r&!* )& B4r)&d ;n &n(( &9r(3")( 0=+,,0

A2u& Lu2a Mdia &u2ar N*rma&a A$a1ra

0=0

IIIIIIIIII

IVVVIVIIVIII

0@#@0,#/0#0=@#=0#/,#H@#@

00#/0/#@+0#H+-#++0#+

0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H

#0/#,+0#,++#@0H#,

@#@,#-#0=0#0#-=+#,#

0#H,#@,#H,#@#0

T"!&) = 00# 0,+#0 0@#

0=+,,,

IIII

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII

0#@0,#/-#H0#,=/#00#-/#@

0-#@0#@+,#@++#H++#

0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H#0/#,+0#,++#@0H#,

#@,#@#H@#,=0#/=+#0=,#0H#--#@=,#@,#0H#

T"!&) = 0-0 0,+#0 +@#++,,,=+,,0 I

III

IIIIIIIVVVI

0@#,0,#@#+#0=,#+0#,H#

0,#0@#0#H

0,#,#@=+#,=/#,=+#-#//#H#0/#,+0#,

@#,0#,

0,#H#0+#@=+#/+#00

0#=+#/


9/60

VIII +-#- 0H#, #-

T"!&) = 0-H#/ 0,+#0 -/#-


10/60

Fig.1 Temperaturi nregistrate la statia meteo Brlad n

anii agricoli 1998-2001

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

I I II I II III I! ! !I !II !III

"unile

Temperaturi

1999

2000

2001

#ormala

0,


11/60


12/60

M*d(& mu)!(&nu&) & 1r*3(1(!&2(()"r *'!* d* /@0# mm%

C& r*9(m m*d(u )un&r# 3*)* m&( m&r( 3&n!(!&2( d* 1r*3(1(!&2(( 3&d ;n )un& (un(*

H-#, mm# d&r 1r*3(1(!&2(( &:und*n!* 3&d 6( ;n )un()* m&(# (u)(* 6( &u9u'!%

C*)* m&( 1u2(n* 1r*3(1(!&2(( 3&d ;n )un& m&r!(* ++#@ mm 1r*3um 6( )un()*

(&nu&r(* 6( $*:ru&r(*%R*$*r(!"r )& 1*r("&d& )u&! ;n '!ud(u '=& 3"n'!&!&! 3>

=n anul agricol 1998!19991r*3(1(!&2(()* &nu&)* &u $"'! d* @,#/ mm# n"rm&)&

$((nd d* /@0# mm# d*3( &3*'! &n '=& 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" &:&!*r* d* @H# mm%

n &3*'! &n 1u!*m &$(rm& 3 d(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* &) 1r*3(1(!&2(()"r 3"nd(2(()* &u

$"'! $"&r!* $&8"r&:()* 1*n!ru 1r(n3(1&)*)* 3u)!ur(%

="nul agricol 1999!2000'=& 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" &:&!*r* $&2 d* n"rm&) d*=0+ mm# 1r*3(1(!&2(()* ;n &3*'! &n $((nd d* -++# mm%

= "nul agricol 2000!2001& $"'! un &n '*3*!"' ;n )un()* "3!"m:r(*# (&nu&r(*#

$*:ru&r(* 6( &u9u'!% A3*'! $&1! & &du' )& d(m(nu&r*& 1r"du32(()"r )& 1r(n3(1&)*)*

3u)!ur(# 3u !"&!* 3 &:&!*r*& &nu&) $&2 d* 1r*3(1(!&2(()* n"rm&)* nu & $"'! n*9&!(8%


13/60

Tabelul 331

Pr*3(1(!&2(( mm ;nr*9('!r&!* )& B4r)&d ;n &n(( &9r(3")( 0=+,,0

A2u& Lu2a Mdia &u2ar N*rma&a A$a1ra

0=0

I

III

IIIIIIIVVVI

VIIVIII

/,#/

-,#H-H#H+#00#0#+0#/@@#0-+#0-/#,

/0#0@+#+

-#+

--#H-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,

@#,@,#-

-#+

=-#,0#H=,#@=#+=/#H=0#0+@#0=0#+0#,

=0#0#

T"!&) = @,#/ /@0# @H#

0=+,,,

IIII

III

IIIIVVVIVIIVIII

-#+-#@0#,-H#/0H#@+,#@

+#/+-#0#0@#@,#---#+

-#+--#H-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/

++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,@#,@,#-

+#,@#

=0H#@#=#@=+#

/#=H#0

=/#0=/#0=#

=0#T"!&) = -++# /@0# =0+

+,,,=+,,0

I

IIIIIIIIIIVVVIVII

VIII

H@#+#/

@,#0/##/

0H#+/#0@/#+-#+HH#@+#/

#

-#+--#H

-/#@+#H+@#,+-#/++#@-,#,@,#,H-#,@#,

@,#-

+#@=-0#+

0H#-=0-#=0@#H=H#0#H

+/#+=00#-#=H#H

=/+#@T"!&) = /,-#- /@0# =/#


14/60

3i+.0 Pr%i!i1a#ii 4mm5 62 a2ii a+ri%*&i -778)099-

Lu2i&

0

20

$0

%0

80

100

1201$0

1%0

I I II I II III I! ! !I !II !III

&mm'

1999

2000

2001

#ormala


15/60

,.: R+imu& ;

= 1r(m8*r( '3ur!* 6( ;n 9*n*r&) '*3*!"&'*# 3u 84n!ur( $r*38*n!* 3&r*

&33*n!u(&7 *8&1"!r&n'1(r&2(& &1*( d(n '")# 9r:(nd u'3&r*& )u(

= 1)"( &:und*n!* )& '$4r6(!u) 1r(m8*r(( 6( m&( &)*' )& ;n3*1u!u) 8*r((

= (*rn( r*3(# 3u 71&d nu 1r*& mu)!# 3&r* *'!* '1u):*r&!%

A3*'!* 84n!ur( d"m(n&n!* &du3 8&r& '*3*!* 1r"nun2&!*# (&r (&rn& 8('3")*

1u!*rn(3*# ;n'"2(!* d* '3d*r*& 1r"nun2&! & !*m1*r&!ur((%

0H


16/60

Tabelul 3#1

Fr*38*n2& 6( 8(!*7& 84n!ur()"r )& S!&2(& M*!*r")"9(3 B4r)&d

S!&2(& N NE E SE S SV V NV C&)m

Fr*38*n2& ? -,# #@ 0#/ /#/ 0-#@ 0,#0 /#, H#- +,#@

V(!*7& m.' -#0 +#+ 0#+ +# -# +#/ +#, +#- =

0


17/60

3i+. , R*/a ;


18/60

D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* )(!")"9(3# ;n !"&!* $"rm&2(un()* &u " m&r* r'14nd(r*

&r9()*)* 6( n('(1ur()*% Num&( )& 1&r!*& 'u1*r("&r & d*1"7(!*)"r '&rm&2("nu)u(# '* &$)

un "r(7"n! d* 9r*'(* 3&)3&r"&'# 1* &)"3ur( 3u " 9r"'(m* d* 0,=0+ m% Un "r(7"n!

m&( 'u:2(r* d* 3&)3&r $"'()($*r '* &$) 6( ;n 3u1r(n'u) '&rm&2(&nu)u( 'u1*r("r%n d*1"7(!*# * 9ru1& '")ur()"r d* !(1 3*rn"7("m 3u 1r"$() n"rm&)# &84nd '!ru3!ur&

"r(7"n!ur()"r A# A.C# C.D 6( 9ru1& '")ur()"r ')&: '1r* m"d*r&! *r"d&!*# 3u '!ru3!ur&

"r(7"n!ur()"r A# B# C# D "3u1 3*& m&( m&r* 1&r!* & 'u1r&$*2*( 7"n*(% C*)*)&)!*

9ru1* "3u1 'u1r&$*2* m(3( 6( (7")&!*%

Gru1& 3*rn"7("mur()"r 3u1r(nd*> 3*rn"7("mur( !(1(3* 6( 3*rn"7("mur(

3&r:"n&!(3*# 3&r&3!*r('!(3& $"rmr(( &3*'!"r !(1ur( d* '") 3"n'!(!u(nd=" (n$)u(*n2&

d(r*3! & $&3!"r()"r 3)(m&!(3( & 3*)"r d"u un(!&2( 9*"m"r$")"9(3*> 8*r'&n2( 6( )un3(%

A'!$*)# 1* 8*r'&n2(( 3u r"3& m&m &r9() ;n 3"nd(2(( d* !*m1*r&!ur '37u!#

(*rn( 3u 71&d 1u2(n# '1u):*r&! d* 84n! 6( !*m1*r&!ur( r(d(3&!*# 3u 1r*3(1(!&2((

m"d*r&!* ;n !(m1u) 8*r((# 1r*3um 6( " 8*9*!&2(* !(1(3 d* '()8"'!*1# &u du' )&

$"rm&r*& &3*'!"r !(1ur( d* '")%C*rn"7("mur()* !(1(3* "3u1 '*3!"&r*)* 3u 3)(m&! 6( 8*9*!&2(* 1r"1r(u=7('%

D(n 3&u7& r*)(*$u)u( $rm4n!&!# & 1&n!*)"r 1r"nun2&!* 6( d&!"r(! &1)(3r(( ;n

!r*3u! & un*( &9r"!*n(3( n*3"r*'1un7!"&r*# '!r&!u) d* '") $*r!() & $"'! !r&n'1"r!&! )&

0


19/60

1(3("ru) 1&n!*)"r# ;n m"m*n!u) d* $&2 "r(7"n!u) A 1r*7*n!4nd 9r"'(m( $"&r!*

8&r(&:()* '&u un*"r( )(1'(nd# &5u94nd )& 1r"$()u) d* !(1 B 6( C%

S")ur()* &)u8(&)* &u r'14nd(r* )&r9 1* 6*'ur()* 6( )un3()* !u!ur"r &r!*r*)"r

(dr9r&$(3*% E)* '=&u $"rm&! 1* &)u8(un()* )u!"=&r9()"&'*# 3u dr*n&5 ')&:%

,.> As!%1u& +*m*r"*&*+i%

D(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* 9*"m"r$")"9(3 un(!&!*& *'!* '(!u&! ;n 7"n& 3")(n&r &

P"d(6u)u( B4r)&du)u(# 3&r&3!*r(7&! 1r(n!r=" 1!ur 9r"&' d* d*1"7(!* 3u&!*rn&r* d*

)"*''ur(# 3&r* &!(n9 un*"r( 9r"'(m*& d* 14n )& +,=/, m% C")(n*)* '* 3&r&3!*r(7*&7

1r(n 8*r'&n2( 1&r2(&) &$*3!&2( d* &)un*3r( 6( &u 3"&m*)* ;n 9*n*r&) r"!und*%

n)2(m*& m&


20/60

R*2*&u& (dr"9r&$(3 d(n 7"n *'!* d*n' 6( 1'!r*&7 &3*)&6( 1&r&)*)('m

3"n'*38*n! 3u ;n3)(n&r*& 9*n*r&) & 1"d(6u)u(% E& *'!* &)3!u(! d(n!r=" '*r(* d* &1*

3ur9!"&r*# d(n 3&r* 3*& m&( (m1"r!&n! *'!* r4u) B4r)&d%

a' Apele &e $pra!aA1*)* d* 'u1r&$&2 1r"8(n d(n 1)"( 6( 71*7( 6( d&!"r(! 1&n!*( m(3( &

!*r*nu)u(# 3ur9 3u " 8(!*7 r*du'# (&r '!r&!u) d* '") d* )& 'u1r&$&2 *'!* &$*3!&!# ;n!r=

" $"&r!* m(3 m'ur# d* *r"7(un*%

D(n d&!*)* *


21/60

8&r=!"&mn# 34nd 3&n!(!&!*& m(3 d* 1r*3(1(!&2(( nu 3"m1*n'*&7 1(*rd*r()* m&r(

&)* *8&1"!r&n'1(r&2(*(%

Tur:(d(!&!*& d*16*6!* ;n num*r"&'* 3&7ur( m*d(& &nu&)# d* 0,, 9.m-%

S3ur9*r*& m*d(* '1*3($(3 & &)u8(un()"r 1r*7(n! 8&)"r( 3&r* 8&r(&7 ;n 5ur d* ,#@!.&.&n%

(' Apele $(terane

P4n7& d* &1 $r*&!(3 8&r(&7 (n $un32(* d* r*)(*$# du1 3um urm*&7>

= 1* 3um1*n*)* d* &1# &d4n3(m*& 14n7*( $r*&!(3* 8&r(&7 d* )& @=+,m

= 1* 8(# &1& $r*&!(3 *'!* )& &d4n3(m*& m(n(m d* ,#, m 6( m&


22/60

C"m1"7(2(& 8*9*!&2(*( )*mn"&'* *'!* urm!"&r*&> $arpinus betulus% Tillia

parvi&lora% Tillia tomentosa% "cer campestris% 'ra(inus e(celsior% )lmus

campestris% Prunus spinosa

V*9*!&2(& (*r:"&' '1"n!&n d(n 16un()* '(!u&!* 1* 8*r'&n2( 3u1r(ndurm!"&r*)* '1*3((>Poa pratensis% *romus tectorum% *romus inermis% "grop+ron

repens% 'estuca sulcata% Tri&olium arvense% ,edicago lupulina

n 5uru) (78"&r*)"r d* 3"&'!# '* d*78")! " 8*9*!&2(* !(1(3 * 9r4u#

1"rum:# m&7r*# $&'")*# (n 1*n!ru u)*(# (*r:ur( 1*r*n* *romus inermis% act+lis

glomerata% ,edicago sativa# 1r*3um 6( 8(2& d* 8(*%

+-


23/60

CAPITOLUL III

Msuri d 6m$u21#ir a !ai1i&*r

D*9r&d&r*& 1&5(6!()"r *'!* d*!*rm(n&! d* '3(m:r()* 3&r* &u )"3 ;n 3"nd(2(()*

d* 8(&2 &)* 1)&n!*)"r 6( ;n '!ru3!ur& 8*9*!&2(*(%Pr(n!r* 3&u7*)* 3&r* &u 9*n*r&! 6( 9*n*r*&7 d($*r(!*)* $*n"m*n* 3&r*

;nru!2*'3 3"nd(2(()* d* 8(&2 &)* 1)&n!*)"r# un*)* 'un! )*9&!* d* $&3!"r(( n&!ur&)(# (&r

&)!*)* d* $&3!"r( d* "rd(n 9"'1"dr*'3# ;n 3&r* "mu) 6( &n(m&)*)* &u un r") "!r4!"r%

T*n")"9(& ;m:un!2(r(( 1&5(6!()"r '* d(8*r'($(3 ;n $un32(* d* !(1u) 8*9*!&2(*(#

3"nd(2(()* *3")"9(3*# m"du) d* $")"'(r* *!3%

Lu3rr()* d* ;m:un!2(r* & 1&5(6!()"r 1*rm&n*n!* '* ;m1&r! ;n d"u 3&!*9"r((>

lucrri de supra&am'ur( d* 'u1r&$&2 6( lucrri radicale m'ur( r&d(3&)*%

,.-. Lu%rri d su!ra"a#

Pr(n &3*'!* )u3rr( '* urmr*6!* r*&)(7&r*& un"r 3"nd(2(( m&( :un* d* 8(&2

1*n!ru 1)&n!*)* 8&)"r"&'* d* 1* 1&5(6!(# $r & d('!ru9* 3"8"ru) 8*9*!&) *


24/60

Du1 *$*3!u&r*& )u3rr()"r d* 3ur2(r*# 1"r2(un( d* 1&5(6!( rm4n 3u 9")ur(#

d*n(8*)&!* 6( '* (m1un* n(8*)&r*& 6( 'u1r&;n'm4n2&r*& 3u un &m*'!*3 d* '*m(n2* d*

9r&m(n** 6( )*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n*%

)#*#,# Ditr$gerea m$$roaielorMu6ur"&(*)* '* $"rm*&7 1* 1&5(6!()* n*;n9r(5(!*# $")"'(!* n*r&2("n&) 6( 1"!

&8*& " 1"nd*r* m&r* , ,?% Mu6ur"&(*)* 1"! $( d* origine animal# 3&r* ;n

9*n*r&) 'un! )(1'(!* d* 8*9*!&2(* 6( d* origine vegetal# &3*'!*& $((nd 1&r2(&)

&3"1*r(!* 3u 8*9*!&2(* (*r:"&' n*8&)"r"&'%

Mu6ur"&(*)* 'un! ;n $&7& (n(2(&) m(3( 6( d* r*9u) n*;n2*)*n(!*# ;n' 3u !(m1u)

1"! &!(n9* d(m*n'(un( d* H, ,3m ;n d(&m*!ru 6( -, /,3m ;n)2(m* 6( '*

;n2*)*n*'3% Mu6ur"&(*)* &nu&)* d* "r(9(n* &n(m&)# '* d('!ru9 r*)&!(8 u6"r m&nu&)

'&u $")"'(nd 9r&1* 3u 3")2( mu6ur"&(*)* ;n2*)*n(!* 1"! $( d('!ru'* 3u m&6(n( d*

3ur2&! 1&5(6!( MCP=0#@ '&u MCP=+ '&u 3u 9r*d*ru) '*m(1ur!&! 1*n!ru 1&5(6!(%

Ind($*r*n! 3u 3* m(5)"&3* '* $&3* d('!ru9*r*& mu6ur"&(*)"r# &3*'!*& !r*:u(* :(n*

mrun2(!*# ;m1r6!(&!* un($"rm 6( r*;n'*m4n2&r*& unu( &m*'!*3 d* 9r&m(n** 6(

)*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n* '1*3($(3 7"n*(%

)#*#)# -rpat$l pa"itilor

C*r3*!r()* &u d*m"n'!r&! 3 1r(n 9r1&r*& 1&5(6!()"r '* ;m:un!2*'3

3"nd(2(()* d* &*r d(n '")# '* $&3* " m(n*r&)(7&r* m&( :un & m&!*r(*( "r9&n(3* 6( "

m&( :un &1r"8(7("n&r* 3u &1% A3*&'! )u3r&r* '* r*3"m&nd num&( 1* 1&5(6!()* d*

)un3(# '&u ;n 3&7u) d*1un*r(( unu( '!r&! d* &)u8(un(%

)#*#.# Com(aterea +egetaiei lemnoae

S1*3(()* )*mn"&'* '* (n'!&)*&7 m&( &)*' 1* 'u1r&$*2*)* d* 1&5(6!( )& 3&r* nu'* &1)(3 )u3rr( 3ur*n!* d* ;m:un!2(r* 6( ;n9r(5(r* 6( ;n 3&7u) $")"'(r(( n*r&2("n&)*%

n &3*)&6( !(m1 8*9*!&2(& )*mn"&' $&8"r(7*&7 3r*6!*r*& un"r '1*3(( (*r:"&'*# ')&:*

d(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* $ur&5*r 6( '!4n5*n*6!* *


25/60

V*9*!&2(& )*mn"&' '* ;nd*1r!*&7 !"!&) '&u 1&r2(&) 1* :&7& un"r 1r"(*3!*#

d*num(!* amenajamente silvopastorale% S* ;nd*1r!*&7 3"m1)*!# $r r*'!r(32((# 1*

!*r*nur()* 1)&n* 14n )& m"d*r&! ;n3)(n&!*# 3u 1&n!& m&( m(3 d* 0," 0?# (&r

1&r2(&) 1* 1&5(6!()* '(!u&!* 1* 8*r'&n2( 3u ;n3)(n&2(* d* 0, -,"# 1* 1&5(6!()* d(nr*9(un()* m&( u'3&!* 6( 1* !*r*nur( 3u '!r&! 'u:2(r* d* '")%

Nu 8& $( d*$r(6&! 8*9*!&2(& )*mn"&' d(n 1&5(6!()* '(!u&!* 1* !*r*nur( 3u 1&n!&

m&( m&r* d* -,"# 3*)* 3u '") m&( 'u:2(r* d* 0,3m# 1r*3um 6( 3*)* d(n 8*3(n!&!*&

r&8*n*)"r# "9&6*)"r '&u d* 1* 9r""!(6ur(%

Sun! * !"1"ru) 3"&'# '&1& d* d*$r(6&!#

3"&'& d* &r:u6!(# 3"'"ru) d* d*$r(6&r* *!3% M&!*r(&)u) )*mn"' r*7u)!&! '* &dun ;n

9rm*7( num(!* martoane

D*$r(6&r*& 1* 3&)* m*3&n(3 '* $&3* 3u m&6(n( '1*3(&)*% Tu$*)* )*mn"&'* 3u

d(&m*!ru 14n )& +#+3m '* d('!ru9 3u m&6(n& d* 3ur2&! 1&5(6!( MCP=0#@m# (&r 3*)*

3u d(&m*!ru) 14n )& /3m 3u m&6(n& MCP=+% Ar:"r*!u) 3u d(&m*!ru) !u)1(n()"r )& '")

14n )& 0@3m '* d('!ru9* 3u *3(1&m*n!u) d* !(*r* &) &r:"r*!u)u( ETA=-# (&r &r:"r((

3u d(&m*!ru 14n )& ,3m '* '3"! 3u rd3(n(# 3u &5u!"ru) ;m1(n9!"ru)u( 1*n!rud*$r(6&r*%

C("&!*)* rm&'* du1 !(*r*& &r:"r*!*)u( '* '3"! d(n '") 3u &5u!"ru)

*3(1&m*n!u)u( EEC=0#+%

+H


26/60

D('!ru9*r*& 8*9*!&2(*( )*mn"&'* 1* 3&)* 3(m(3% F")"'(r*& &r:"r(3(d*)"r '*

(m1un* 1*n!ru *)(m(n&r*& )'!&r()"r !(n*r( 3* &1&r d(n 3")*!*)* 6( rd3(n()* rm&'*

;n '") du1 d*$r(6&r*%

P*r("&d& "1!(m 1*n!ru *$*3!u&r*& !r&!&m*n!u)u( *'!* )un& (u)(*% Du1&1)(3&r*& !r&!&m*n!*)"r '* (n!*r7(3* 16un&!u) !(m1 d* =0, 7()*%

V*9*!&2(& )*mn"&' '* m&( 1"&!* ;n)!ur& ;n !"!&)(!&!* 3u R"undu1 H=0,).

V*)1&r +=0,). G&r)"n -=H). r*n(!* @=0+).&%

)#*#/# Com(aterea ($r$ienilor

Pr(n :uru(*n( &)* 1&5(6!()"r '* ;n2*)*9 '1*3(()* )(1'(!* !"!&) '&u 1&r2(&) d*

8&)"&r* $ur&5*r# 3*)* dun!"&r* 8*9*!&2(*( (*r:"&'* 8&)"r"&'*# 3&r* d*1r*3(&7

3&)(!&!*& 1r"du'*)"r ":2(nu!* d* )& &n(m&)* 6( 3*)* 8!m!"&r* '&u !"

;nd*1r!&r*& 1r(n 3"'(! & '1*3(()"r n*3"n'um&!* d* &n(m&)*

$")"'(r*& )& $*r!()(7&r*& 1&5(6!()"r & 9un"(u)u( d* 9r&5d :(n* $*rm*n!&!

;m1r6!(*r*& d*5*32(()"r rm&'* d* )& &n(m&)*

$")"'(r*& un"r '*m(n2* 3u 1ur(!&!* m&r* )& 'u1r&;n'm4n2&r*& 1&5(6!()"r

r*3")!&r*& $4n*2*)"r )& *1"3& "1!(m

'3(m:&r*& m"du)u( d* $")"'(r* &) 1&5(6!()"r# )& $(*3&r* -=/ &n(%

M*!"d* (nd(r*3!*# '* r*$*r )& )u3rr()* d* ;n9r(5(r* 6( $")"'(r* r&2("n&) &

1&5(6!()"r> ;m:un!2(r*& r*9(mu)u( d* um(d(!&!*# &1)(3&r*& ;n9r6m(n!*)"r 6(

&m*nd&m*n!*)"r# d('!ru9*r*& mu6ur"&(*)"r *!3%

M*!"d* d(r*3!*# '* $")"'*'3 34nd 1&5(6!()* &u un 9r&d d* ;m:uru*n&r* r(d(3&!

3u mu)!* 1)&n!* !"


27/60

$"rm*&7 )'!&r( d(n 3")*! 6( 'mu)9*r*& 3"m1)*! d(n 1m4n! & :uru(*n()"r 3u

;nmu)2(r* 8*9*!&!(8%

,etode cimice% P* 1&5(6!()* 3u 9r&d r(d(3&! d* ;m:uru*n&r* '* $")"'*'3

*r:(3(d* n*'*)*3!(8*# 3&r* d('!ru9 !"&! 8*9*!&2( d(n!r* 3&r* '* r*3"m&ndGr&m&


28/60

;n!r* *)* *'!* d* +=0, m ;n '")ur()* &r9()"&'* 6( d* 0,=+, m ;n '")ur()* !ur:"&'*# (&r

)un9(m*& d* )& @, )& +,, m%

renajul vertical'* r*&)(7*&7 3u 1u2ur( &:'"r:&n!* '&u 3u 1u2ur( 3")*3!"&r*%

Pu#uri& a$s*r$a21'* $")"'*'3 &!un3( 34nd ;n '")# )& &d4n3(m*# '* &$) un'!r&! 1*rm*&:() n*'&!ur&! d* n('(1 6( 1(*!r(6%

Pu#uri& %*&%1*ar'* $")"'*'3 ;n 3&7u) ;n 3&r* )& $undu) 1u2u)u( *'!* un '!r&!

d* '") (m1*rm*&:() 6( 1r(n 1"m1&r* '* r*&)(7*&7 3":"r4r*& n(8*)u)u( &1*( $r*&!(3*%

Colmatarea3"n'! ;n um1)*r*& m(3()"r d*1r*'(un( 3u m&!*r(&) &du' d* &1*)*

r4ur()"r# 1r(n &:&!*r*& 3ur'ur()"r &3*'!u(& 3u &5u!"ru) :&r&5*)"r%

1n&ig$irea1"&!* $( 3"n'(d*r&! " d*'*3&r* 1r*8*n!(8# 1r(n 3&r* '* $*r*6!*

'u1r&$&2& r*'1*3!(8 d* um(d(!&!* ;n *


29/60

;rigarea prin &:ii '* &1)(3 num&( 1* 1&5(6!()* !*m1"r&r*# 1* !*r*nur(

n(8*)&!*% M*!"d& 3"n'! ;n *$*3!u&r*& un"r 3&n&)* 1r(n3(1&)* 6( '*3und&r*# d(n 3&r*

&1& '* r*8&r' ;n $46(( ;n9u'!*# d* )2(m*& '*mn!"r((%

;rigarea prin limanuri3"n'! ;n 3"n'!ru(r*& d* 8&)ur( d* 1m4n!# "r(*n!&!*du1 d(r*32(& 3ur:*)"r d* n(8*)# ;n&)!* d* 33&% ,#@, m# 3&r* &u 6( r")u) d* & '!8()(

1r"3*'u) d* *r"7(un* & '")u)u(%

Prin brduire '* ;m:un!2*6!* r*9(mu) d* &1 &) 1)&n!*)"r 6( '* *8(!

*r"7(un*& '")u)u(%

4einerea peii '* r*3"m&nd 1* !"&!* 1&5(6!()* d(n r*9(un()* '*3*!"&'*#

und* '!r&!u) d* 71&d *'!* 'u:2(r* 6( '1u):*r&! d* 84n!% O:'!&3")*)* '* "r(*n!*&7

1*r1*nd(3u)&r 1* 1"7(2(& 84n!u)u( d"m(n&n!%

Perdelele de protecie'* r*3"m&nd !"! 1* 1&5(6!()* d(n 34m1(*# 3"n!r(:u(nd

)& 3r*&r*& unu( r*9(m d* um(d(!&!* m&( :un 1*n!ru 8*9*!&2(& 1&5(6!()"r%

)#*#2# 1m($ntirea regim$l$i &e 3ran

P*n!ru 0,,, J9 d* $4n# 8*9*!&2(& 1&5(6!()"r 1*rm&n*n!* *

1&5(6!()"r%

-%0%%0% n9r6m(n!*)* 3(m(3*a ngrmintele cimice cu macroelemente

2+rmi21& %u a/*1. P* 1&5(6!(# ;n9r6m(n!*)* m(n*r&)* 3u &7"! '*

$")"'*'3 ;n d"7* m&( m&r( d*34! )& 1)&n!*)* 3u)!(8&!*% In$)u*n2& ;n9r6m(n!*)"r

m(n*r&)* 3u &7"! *'!* 3"m1)*


30/60

3"m1"7(2(*( 3(m(3* & $ur&5u)u(# '!ru3!ur(( 6( 3"m1"7(2(*( $)"r('!(3* & 1&5(6!()"r 6(

&'u1r& 1r"du32(*( 6( 'n!2(( &n(m&)*)"r%

n 9*n*r&)# &7"!u) d '1"rur( d* 1r"du32(* d* +,=0H, J9 m%8% 1*n!ru 0 J9 '%&%

;n9r6m4n!%C"n2(nu!u) ;n 1r"!*(n :ru! & nu!r*2u)u( '* 3"r*)*&7 1"7(!(8 3u n"rm& d*

;n9r6m4n! 3u &7"! &dm(n('!r&!% n9r6m(n!*)* 3u &7"! mr*'3 d(9*'!(:()(!&!*& 6(

8&)"&r*& nu!r(!(8 & nu!r*2ur()"r%

2+rmi21& %u "*s"*r. F"'$"ru) &r* un r") (m1"r!&n! ;n m*!&:")('mu)

1)&n!*)"r# 1&r!(3(1 )& '(n!*7& 1r"!*(n*)"r# $&3()(!*&7 &'(m()&r*& &)!"r *)*m*n!*

nu!r(!(8*# mr*6!* r*7('!*n2& )& ;n9*2# '3ur!*&7 1*r("&d& d* 8*9*!&2(* 6( $&8"r(7*&7

&3!(8(!&!*& m(3r""r9&n('m*)"r d(n '") 1r*3um 6( & :&3!*r(()"r '(m:("!(3*%

S1"rur()* d* 1r"du32(* 'un! d* 33&% 0 J9 m&' 8*rd*# ;n m*d(*# 1*n!ru 0 J9

'%&% ;n9r6m4n!%

C"m1"7(2(& 3(m(3 & nu!r*2u)u( '* m"d($(3 ;n '1*3(&) 1r(n 3r*6!*r*&

3"n2(nu!u)u( d* $"'$"r 6( 1r(n ;m:un!2(r*& r&1"r!u)u( P>C&%

C"m1"7(2(& $)"r('!(3 '* m"d($(3 ;n m'ur m&( m(3# ;n9r6m(n!*)* 3u

$"'$"r '!(mu)4nd 3r*6!*r*& )*9um(n"&'*)"r 6( 3(&r & un"r 9r&m(n** 8&)"r"&'*%

2+rmi21& %u !*1asiu. A3*'! *)*m*n! &r* un r") (m1"r!&n! ;n

m*!&:")('mu) 1)&n!*)"r# ;n '(n!*7& 3)"r"$()*( 6( & (dr&2()"r d* 3&r:"n# ;n '!(mu)&r*&

&:'"r:2(*( 6( *8&1"!r&n'1(r&2(*(# ;n '1"r(r*& r*7('!*n2*( 1)&n!*)"r )& (*rn&r* *!3%

In$)u*n2& 1"!&'(u)u( &'u1r& 8*9*!&2(*( '* m&n($*'! 1r(n '1"r(r*& 1&r!(3(1r((

)*9um(n"&'*)"r%

D"7*)* d* ;n9r6m4n! 3u 1"!&'(u r*3"m&nd&!* 1* 1&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* '*'(!u*&7 ;n!r* /,=,J9.& '%&%

-0


31/60

b ngrmintele cu microelemente

M(3r"*)*m*n!*)* &u un r") ;n'*mn&! ;n m*!&:")('mu) 1)&n!*)"r# $&3 1&r!* d(n

3"m1"7(2(& 3(m(3 & 8(!&m(n*)"r# & $*rm*n2()"r# & un"r '('!*m* *n7(m&!(3*#

(n$)u*n2*&7 '(n!*7& 1r"!*(n*)"r 6( (dr&2()"r d* 3&r:"n%Un*)* m(3r"*)*m*n!* 3"n!r(:u(* )& '1"r(r*& 1r"du32(*( 6( m"d($(3&r*&

3"m1"7(2(*( $)"r('!(3*%

P* 1&5(6!( '* &1)(3 3&n!(!2( m(3( d* m(3r"*)*m*n!*# 1u!4ndu='* $")"'( un*)*

r*7(duur( (ndu'!r(&)*# :"9&!* ;n &3*'!* *)*m*n!* '&u d($*r(!* 'rur(%

-%0%%+% n9r6m(n!*)* "r9&n(3*

n9r6m(n!*)* "r9&n(3*# 1r(n 3&)(!&!*& )"r d* ;n9r6m(n!* 3"m1)*!*# *


32/60

.roiunea de ad:ncime&r* )"3 ;n urm& '3ur9*r(( 3"n3*n!r&!* & &1*)"r 1*

8*r'&n2( 6( du3* )& ;nd*1r!&r*& n*un($"rm & un*( 3&n!(!2( m&r( d* '")% F"rm*)*

*r"7(un(( d* &d4n3(m* &u un 3&r&3!*r 1*rm&n*n! 6( 'un! r*1r*7*n!&!* 1r(n rigola

propriu-is% ogaul 6(ravena%-%0%%0% Pr*8*n(r*& *r"7(un(( 1* 1&5(6!( '* 1"&!* $&3* 1r(n m'ur( tenico-

organiatorice 6( lucrri de 6ngrijire%

-%0%%+% C"m:&!*r*& *r"7(un(( '")u)u( 1* 1&5(6!(

ucrri de reinere sau evacuare a surplusului de ap

R*2(n*r*& &1*( d(n 1r*3(1(!&2(( '* (m1un* m&( &)*' 1* 1&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* d(n

7"n*)* d* '!*1 6( '()8"'!*1# (&r 1* 1&5(6!()* !*m1"r&r*# m&( &)*' ;n &nu) I d*

8*9*!&2(*# 1*n!ru & *8(!& '1)&r*& '")u)u( 6( & '*m(n2*)"r $")"'(!* )& '*mn&!%

E8&3u&r*& 'ur1)u'u)u( d* &1 d* 1* 1&5(6!()* '(!u&!* 1* 1&n!* '* $&3* num&( ;n

7"n*)* 3u * brduirea% gropile% scari&icarea% valurile de pm:nt 8&)ur(

"r(7"n!&)* 6( 8&)ur( ;n3)(n&!*# canalele de coast3&n&)*)* "r(7"n!&)* '&u d* n(8*) 6(

3&n&)*)* d* 3"&'! ;n3)(n&!*%

ucrri de combatere a eroiunii i de stabiliare a solului prin plantaii

silvice

P*rd*)*)* &n!(*r"7("n&)* ;m:un!2*'3 3"nd(2(()* d* m(3r"3)(m&!# &u un r")

(m1"r!&n! ;n 1r*8*n(r*& 6( 3"m:&!*r*& *r"7(un((# $((nd 6( " m*!"d d* d*)(m(!&r* &

1&r3*)*)"r 1* 1&5(6!( 6( d* 1r"du3*r* & m&!*r(&)u)u( )*mn"'%

P)&n!&2(()* '()8(3* ;n m&'(8 '* r*3"m&nd & $( ;n$((n2&!* 1* 'u1r&$*2*)* "3u1&!*

d* "9&6* 6( r&8*n* &3!(8*# '&u 1* 3*)* 1u!*rn(3 *r"d&!* 6( 3u 1&n!* m&r(# 3&r* nu 1"!$( ;n(*r:&!*%

--


33/60

Lu%rri s!%ia& ! *+a i ra;2

n 3&7u) ;n 3&r* nu '* 1"! $&3* )u3rr( d* n(8*)&r* & "9&6*)"r 6( r&8*n*)"r#

1*n!ru 3"m:&!*r*& *r"7(un(( d* &d4n3(m* '* $&3 )u3rr( '1*3(&)*# 3&r* '* r*$*r )&

cleionaje% praguri% baraje% &ascinaje% garnisaje% grdulee

)#*#6# 7$pra8nm%narea

R*1r*7(n! 3*& d* & d"u& m'ur !*n")"9(3 d* :&7# du1 $*r!()(7&r*# 1*n!ru

'1"r(r*& 1r"du32(*( 6( ;m:un!2(r*& 8&)"r(( $ur&5u)u( ":2(nu!% Su1r&;n'm4n2&r*& '*

$&3* 1* 1&5(6!()* 1*rm&n*n!* 3u 9r&d r*du' d* &3"1*r(r* 3u 8*9*!&2(* (*r:"&'#

1r*3um 6( )& 3*)* 3u 3"m1"7(2(* $)"r('!(3 n*3"r*'1un7!"&r*# ;n '1*3(&) 3u 1r"3*n!

r*du' d* )*9um(n"&'*%

Su1r&;n'm4n2&r*& *'!* ":)(9&!"r(* 1* 1&5(6!()* $*r!()(7&!* 1r(n !4r)(r*# 1* 3*)*

)& 3&r* '=&u $3u! )u3rr( !*n(3"=3u)!ur&)*# '(m1)* '&u 3"m1)*


34/60

)#,#,# Pregtirea teren$l$i

Pr(n )u3rr()* d* 1r*9!(r* & !*r*nu)u( '* urmr*6!* &!4! d('!ru9*r*& 8*3(u)u(

3"8"r 8*9*!&) 34! 6( 3r*&r*& 3"nd(2(()"r 1*n!ru '*mn&!%

Pregtirea terenului cu mobiliarea super&icial a soluluiM*!"d& '* 1"&!* &1)(3& 1* 'u1r&$*2*)* und* 8*9*!&2(& *


35/60

repens% ,edicago sativa% Tri&olium pratense% otus corniculatus% d(n!r*

)*9um(n"&'*%

)#,#0# Alct$irea ametec$rilor &e graminee i leg$minoae perene

P*n!ru ;n$((n2&r*& 1&5(6!()"r !*m1"r&r* '* 1"! $")"'( &m*'!*3ur( num&( d(n9r&m(n** 1*r*n*#9r&m(n** 1*r*n* ;n 3u)!ur 1ur '&u &m*'!*3ur( d* 9r&m(n** 6(

)*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n*%

-%+%H%0% S!&:()(r*& dur&!*( 6( & m"du)u( d* $")"'(r* & 1&5(6!()"r !*m1"r&r*

n $un32(* d* dur&!& d* $")"'(r*# 1&5(6!()* !*m1"r&r* '* ;m1&r! ;n !r*( 3&!*9"r((>

1&5(6!( 3u dur&! '3ur! d* $")"'(r* +=- &n(

1&5(6!( 3u dur&! m*d(* d* $")"'(r* /=H &n( 1&5(6!( 3u dur&! )un9 d* $")"'(r* H &n(

-%+%H%+% S!&:()(r*& numru)u( d* '1*3(( d(n 3&dru) &m*'!*3ur()"r

P*n!ru 1&5(6!( 3u dur&! '3ur! d* $")"'(r* '* r*3"m&nd +=- '1*3((# 1*n!ru

3*)* 3u dur&! m*d(* d* $")"'(r* '* r*3"m&nd -=@ '1*3((# (&r 1*n!ru 3*)* 3u dur&!

)un9 '* r*3"m&nd /=H '* '1*3((%

-%+%H%-% S!&:()(r*& 1r"1"r2(*( 9r&m(n**)"r 6( )*9um(n"&'*)"r ;n 3&dru)

&m*'!*3ur()"r

P*n!ru & ":2(n* 3"m1"7(2(& $)"r('!(3 d"r(!# *'!* n*3*'&r 3& )& '!&:()(r*&

1r"1"r2(*( d(n!r* 3*)* d"u 9ru1* d* 1)&n!* ' '* 2(n '*&m& d* dur&!& 6( m"du) d*

$")"'(r* &) 1&5(6!()"r# 1r*3um 6( d* 1&r!(3u)&r(!2()* :(")"9(3* &)* '1*3(()"r

3"m1"n*n!*%

-%+%H%/% A)*9*r*& '1*3(()"r 6( '!&:()(r*& 1r"3*n!u)u( d* 1&r!(3(1&r* & $(*3r*(

'1*3(( ;n &m*'!*3

A)*9*r*& '1*3(()"r '* $&3* ;n $un32(* d* 3"nd(2(()* n&!ur&)* &)* 7"n*(# dur&!& 6(

m&( &)*' m"du) d* $")"'(r*# r(!mu) d* d*78")!&r* 6( 8(8&3(!&!*& '1*3(()"r r*'1*3!(8*%

-H


36/60

n 3&dru) $(*3r*( 9ru1* d* 1)&n!*# 1r"3*n!u) d* 1&r!(3(1&r* ;n &m*'!*3 &)

$(*3r*( '1*3(( '* '!&:()*6!* ;n $un32(* d* 8&)"&r*& *3"n"m(3 & '1*3(*(#

&d&1!&:()(!&!*& )& 3"nd(2(()* 1*d"3)(m&!(3*# 1r*!&:()(!&!*& )& m"du) d* $")"'(r*

'!&:()(! 6( d* d(r*32(& d* *8")u2(* d"r(! & 8((!"ru)u( 3"8"r 8*9*!&)%-%+%H%@% A)*9*r*& '"(ur()"r ;n 3&dru) $(*3r*( '1*3((

S* r*3"m&nd $")"'(r*& d* '"(ur( 3u &3*)&6( (nd(3* d* 1r*3"3(!&!* '&u 3u

(nd(3( d* 1r*3"3(!&!* &1r"1(&2(%

-%+%H%H% C&)3u)u) 3&n!(!2(( d* 'm4n2

C&)3u)u) 3&n!(!2(( d* 'm4n2 '* $&3* 1*n!ru $(*3&r* '1*3(* d(n &m*'!*3 1*

:&7& urm!"&r*)"r *)*m*n!*>

3&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 ;n 3u)!ur 1ur J9.& )& 8&)"&r*& u!() d* 0,,?

N

1r"3*n!u) d* 1&r!(3(1&r* ;n &m*'!*3 1

1r"3*n!u) d* 'm4n2 u!() S%U%%

C&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 1*n!ru $(*3&r* '1*3(* '* d*!*rm(n 3u r*)&2(&>

4+@a5 ! F NS.U.

C&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 r*7u)!&! d(n 3&)3u) '* 3"r*3!*&7 ;n $un32(* d*

3&1&3(!&!*& d* 3"n3ur*n2 & '1*3(()"r d(n &m*'!*3%

Pr(n ;n'um&r*& 3&n!(!2()"r d* '*m(n2* &'!$*) 3"r*3!&!* r*7u)! 3&n!(!&!*& d*

'm4n2 ;n &m*'!*3 n*3*'&r 1*n!ru un *3!&r%

)#,#2# 7m%n i emnat$l

S*mn&!u) (*r:ur()"r 1*r*n* n*3*'(! " &!*n2(* d*"'*:(!% A3*'!& '* 1"&!*

r*&)(7& 3u '&u $r 1)&n! 1r"!*3!"&r*%

-%+%%0% E1"3& d* '*mn&!

E1"3& "1!(m d* '*mn&! *'!* 1r(m8&r& d*8r*m*# 34nd '")u) 1*rm(!*

(n!r&r*& m&6(n()"r &9r(3")*# (&r !*m1*r&!ur& *'!* 3"n'!&n! 1*'!* ,"C%

-


37/60

-%+%%+% M*!"d& d* '*mn&!

S*mn&!u) '* 1"&!* r*&)(7& 1r(n m&( mu)!* m*!"d* 3* 8&r(&7 ;n $un32(* d*

3"n$(9ur&2(& 6( 1&n!& !*r*nu)u(# ;n'u6(r()* '*m(n2*)"r# d"!&r*& !*n(3# 1r*7*n2& '&u

&:'*n2& 1)&n!*( 1r"!*3!"&r* *!3% C*)* m&( $")"'(!* m*!"d* 'un!> '*mn&!u) ;n r4ndur(d('!&n2&!* )& 0+#@=0@3m# '*mn&!u) 1r(n ;m1r6!(*r* m&nu&) '&u m*3&n(3%

-%+%%-% Ad4n3(m*& d* '*mn&!

Ad4n3(m*& d* '*mn&! '* '!&:()*6!* ;n $un32(* d* mr(m*& 6( $"rm&

'*m(n2*)"r# 1u!*r*& d* '!r:&!*r*# !*

$&8"r(7*&7 r*&)(7&r*& unu( 3"8"r 8*9*!&) un($"rm 6( :(n* ;n3*(&!# 1r*m(7&

":2(n*r(( un"r 1r"du'* r(d(3&!*%

-%+%%0% Ir(9&r*& d* r'r(r*

A3*&'! )u3r&r* *'!* n*3*'&r du1 '*mn&!u) d* )& '$4r6(!u) 8*r(( d&r un*"r(

6( ;n 1r(m8*r()* '*3*!"&'*# 3u " n"rm d* ud&r* d* 0@,=+,,m-.&%

-%+%%+% D('!ru9*r*& 3ru'!*(# '* $&3* 3u !8)u9u) n*!*d ;n$6ur&! 3u '4rm

9(m1&!# 9r&1& d* $(*r 3u 3")2(( ;ndr*1!&2( ;n 'u' '&u 3u " 9r&1 d* mr3(n(%

-%+%%-% C"m1)*!&r*& 9")ur()"r

n 3&7u) '*mn&)r(( 9")ur()"r# '* (m1un* 3"m1)*!&r*& &3*'!"r& 3u 'm4n2 d(n

&3*)&6( &m*'!*3% C4nd 'u1r&$*2*)* 3u 9")ur( 'un! m&r(# "1*r&2(un*& '* $&3* 3u m&6(n(

d* '*mn&!# (&r 1* 'u1r&$*2* r*du'* '* 1"&!* $&3* m&nu&)%

-%+%%/% C"m:&!*r*& :uru(*n()"r# r*1r*7(n! )u3r&r*& 3*& m&( (m1"r!&n! d(n

&nu) ;n!4( d* 8*9*!&2(* )& 1&5(6!()* !*m1"r&r* '*mn&!* $r 1)&n! 1r"!*3!"&r* 6( )&3*)* ;n$((n2&!* 1r(m8&r&%

C"m:&!*r*& m*3&n(3 3"n'! ;n 3"'(r*& r*1*!&! & :uru(*n()"r 3u 3"&' 3u

d($*r(!* 3"'(r( u6"&r*# ;n&(n!* 3& &3*'!*& ' $ru3!($(3*%

-


38/60

P* !*r*nur()* 3u " ;m:ur*n&r* 1u!*rn(3 '* r*3"m&nd $")"'(r*& *r:(3(d*)"r%

D(n!r* &3*'!*& m*n2("nm> S%D%M%A%# Ar*!(!# B&'&9r&n# A3*!&d(n# A'u)"

d('1&r(2(& !r*1!&! & )*9um(n"&'*)"r% n &3*'!* '(!u&2(( '* (m1un* r*$&3*r*& 1&5(6!()"r

r*'1*3!(8* 3&r* '* 1"&!* r*&)(7& 1r(n d"u 1r"3*d**> supra6nsm:narea '&u

re6nsm:narea

-


39/60

CAPITOLUL I'

OR(ANIZAREA PUNATULUI RAIONAL

:.- 3*&*sira !ais1i&*r

Importanta !oloirii pa"itilor prin pa$nat

I&r:& d* 1* 1&5('!()* 1*rm&n*n!* '( '*m&n&!* r*1r*7(n!& un 8&)"r"'

nu!r*!# :"9&! (n 'u:'!&n!* nu!r(!(8* d(9*'!(:()*# (n '1*3(&) 1r"!*(n*# '&rur( m(n*r&)* '(

8(!&m(n*% D* &'*m*n* 1)&n!*)* 'un! 1&r$um&!* '( &u un 9u'! 1)&3u!# $((nd

3"n'um&!* 3u mu)!& 1"$!& d* &n(m&)*%C&)(!&!*& (*r:(( *'!* 3"nd(!("n&!& d* num*r"'(

$&3!"r( 3um &r $(>

=3"m1"7(!(& $)"r('!(3&

='!ru3!ur& 3"8"ru)u( (*r:"'

=r*9(mu) d* 1r*3(1(!&!(( '( !*m1*r&!ur&

=3"m1"7(!(& 3(m(3& & '")u)u( =$&7& d* 8*9*!&!(* & 1)&n!*)"r (n m"n*n!u) $")"'(r(( *!3%

In 3"nd(!(()* un*( um(d(!&!( &:und*n!* '( !*m1*r&!ur( m"d*r&!*# 1)&n!*)* &u un

3"n!(nu! m&( m&r* d* 1r"!*(n* '( '&rur( m(n*r&)*%In 3"nd(!(( d* '*3*!& 3"n!(nu!u) d*

3*)u)"7& 3r*'!* m&( r*1*d*# 1r"3*'u) d* (m:&!r&n(r* &) 1)&n!*)"r '* &33*)*r*&7& '(

/,


40/60

d*3( 8&)"&r*& nu!r(!(8& '* r*du3*%Lu3r&r()* d* (n9r(5(r* 3&r* '* &)1(3& 1&'un()"r# (n

'1*3(&)# (n9r&'&r* (n$)u*n!*&7& (n m&r* m&'ur &!&! 3"m1"7(!(& $)"r('!(3 3&! '(

3"m1"7(!(& 3(m(3& & $ur&5u)u(% V&)"&r*& nu!r(!(8& & 1)&n!*)"r d* 1&'un* *'!* $"&r!*

mu)! (n$)u*n!&!& d* m"m*n!u) (n 3&r* &r* )"3 $")"'(r*&% Sis1m d !asu2a1

&P&'un&!u) )(:*r *'!* un '('!*m d* 1&'un&! *

3un"'3u! '( 'u: d*num(r*& d* pasunat nesistematic sau nerational% In 3&7u) &3*'!u(

'('!*m d* 1&'un&!# &n(m&)*)* um:)& )(:*r* 1* !"&!& 'u1r&$&!& 1&'un((# (n3*1&nd d*

1r(m&8&r& !(m1ur(u '( 1&n& !"&mn& !&r7(u% P6un()* $")"'(!* (n &3*'! '('!*m#'un! (n

9*n*r&)# 'u1r&;n3r3&!* 3u &n(m&)*%

P&'un&!u) )(:*r 1r*7(n!& num*r"&'* d*7&8&n!&5* 3um &r $(>

=(nr&u!&!(r*& 3"m1"7(!(*( $)"r('!(3* & 1&'un((

=d('!ru9*r*& '!r&!u)u( d* !*)(n&

)!&'&r*& '( d*n(8*)&r*& '")u)u(

=d($(3u)!2( (n *$*3!u&r*& )u3rr()"r d* ;n9r(5(r*

:P6un&!u) (n $r"n!

R*1r*7(n!& " 8&r(&n!& (m:un&!&!(!& & 1&'un&!u)u( )(:*r '( (n &3*'! 3&7

&n(m&)*)"r )( '* &'(9ur& $r"n!u) d* 1&'un&! num&( 1* " &num(!& 1"r!(un* d(n

'u1r&$&!& 1&'un((%P&'un&!u) (n $r"n! *)(m(n& " 1&r!* d(n n*&5un'ur()* 1&'un&!u)u(

)(:*r%

3P'un&!u) 1* 1&r3*)*r&!("n&)

A3*'! '('!*m 3"n'!& (n (m1&r!(r*& 1&'un(( (n m&( mu)!* 1&r3*)* '&u

!&r)&)*# 1* 3&r* &n(m&)*)* 8"r 1&'un& 1r(n r"!&!(*# (n!r=" &num(!& 'u33*'(un*# d* m&(mu!)* "r( (n 3ur'u) unu( '*7"n d* 8*9*!&!(*%Pr(n &3*'! m"d d* $")"'(r* '* *8(!&

1&'un&!u) r*1*!&! &) '1*3(()"r 8&)"r"&'*# '* 1&'!r*&7& " 3"m1"7(!(* $)"r('!(3& m&(

:un 1&)n!*)* '* r*$&3 3u m&( mu)!& u'ur(n! 3r*'!* 1r"du3!(& 1&'un(( '( 3"*$(3(*n!u)

d* $")"'(r* &) &3*'!*(&%

/0


41/60

dP'un&!u) d"7&!

E'!* " $"rm& (m:un&!&!(!& & 1&'un&!u)u( 1* 1&r3*)* '( 3"n'!& (n &!r(:u(r*&

1*n!ru 1&'un&!# (n m"d 'u33*'(8# & un"r 'u1r&$*!* r*'!r&n'* d(n 1&r3*)& n*3*'&r&

!urm*( d* &n(m&)*# 1* !(m1 d* " 7( '&u 3(&r 5um&!&!* d* 7(% D*)(m(!&r*& 'u1r&$*2*)"rn*3*'&r* '* $&3* 1r(n 9&rd *)*3!r(3%

*P6un&!u) (n :*n7( '&u (n $46((16un&!u) 3u 1"r2(&

S* d*"'*:*'!* d* 1&'un&!u) d"7&! 1r(n &3**& 3& '* &!r(:u(* &n(m&)*)"r

1"r!(un( )(m(!&!* d* 1&'un*# 'u: $"rm& un*( $&'(( 3u " )&!(m* d* ,#@=0m% Lun9(m*&

$&'(*( '* '!&:()*'!* (n $un3!(* d* num&ru) d* &n(m&)*%D*)(m(!&r*& $&'(*( '* $&3* !"! 3u

&5u!"ru) 9&rdur()"r *)*3!r(3*%A3*'! '('!*m d& r*7u)!&!* $"&r!* :un* )& 1&'un&!u)

3u)!ur()"r $ur&5*r*:"r3*&9ur(# 1"rum:# (&r:& d* Sud&n# 1&5('!( !*m1"r&r*%

Pri2%i!ii& "*&*sirii ra#i*2a& a !u2i&*r

F")"'(r*& r&2("n&) & 16un()"r 1r*'u1un* &1)(3&r*& unu( &n'&m:)u d* m'ur(

!*n(3"="r9&n(7&!"r(3* 3&r* ' 1*rm(! 8&)"r($(3&r*& m&


42/60

= '!&:()(r*& unu( &num(! r*9(m d* $")"'(r* & !&r)&)*)"r '( *


43/60

r*9(mu) d* &*r&!(*# )& $"rm&r*& d* 9r"1( '( mu'ur"&(*# (&r 1* !*r*nur()* ;n3)(n&!* '*

d*3)&n'*&7 $*n"m*n* d* *r"7(un* & '")u)u(% A3*'!* m"d($(3r( &)* 3"nd(!(()"r

'!&!("n&)* &!r&9 du1 '(n* '3(m:r( (m1"r!&n!* ;n 3"m1"7(!(& $)"r('!(3# ;n '*n'u)

3 d('1&r 3u !(m1u) 1)&n!* &u!"!r"$*# 8&)"r"&'* d(n 1un3! d* 8*d*r* $(r&5*r# 3&r* 'un!m&( 1r*!*n!("&'* $&!& d* r*9(mu) d* &*r# d* &1 '( d* r&n d(n '")% P6un&!u)

!(m1ur(u 3"n!r(:u(* '( )& '3d*r*& !r*1!&! & 1r"du32(*(# d*"&r*3* 1)&n!*)*# &84nd "

'u1r&$&!& $")(&r m&( r*du'# 'un! ":)(9&!* ' $")"'*&'3 1*n!ru 3r*'!*r*& '(

r*$&3*r*& )"r num&( 'u:'!&n!*)* d* r*7*r8 &3umu)&!* ;n "r9&n*)* d(n '")# 3**& 3*

du3* )& *1u(7&r*& )"r%

n3*1*r*& 16un&!u)u( $"&r!* d*8r*m*# 34nd (&r:& *'!* 1r*& !4nr# &r*

n*&5un'ur( '( d(n &)! 1un3! d* 8*d*r*# (&r:& 3"n2(n* mu)! &1 '( d(n &3*&'! 3&u7

&r* un *$*3! )&


44/60

P6un&!u) *


45/60

E$(3(*n!& 3*& m&( m&r* '* r*&)(7*&7 ;n 3&7u) ;n 3&r* &n(m&)*)* 'un! ;m1r!(!*

;n 9ru1* d* 1r"du32(*# $"rm&!* d(n 34!* 0,, U%M%V%# '( 3&r* 16un*&7 1* 'u1r&$*!*

d('!(n3!*# ;m1r!(!* ;n !&r)&)* d*num(!*> un(!!( d* * L")(um 1*r*nn*# P"&1r&!*n'('# F*'!u3& ru:r Tr($")(um r*1*n'# M*d(3&9" )u1u)(n L"!u' 3"rn(3u)&!u'

*!3% 'u1"r! un 16un&! r*1*!&!# $r 3& 1r"du32(& ' '3&d 3!r* '$4r'(!u) 1*r("&d*(

d* 8*9*!&2(*%

/H


46/60

A3*&'!& '* d&!"r*&7 numru)u( m&r* d* $run7* :&7&)* '( )'!&r()"r &6!*rnu2(

1* '")# 3&r* 1*rm(! r*$&3*r*& r&1(d du1 16un&!%

P)&n!*)* d* !&)(* ;n&)! 3&r* &u m&( mu)!* $run7* !u)1(n&)* '( 3&r*# ;n 9*n*r&)

'* r*$&3 m&( 9r*u du1 16un&! nu 'u1"r! 16un&!u) r*1*!&!%Punatul raional% d*num(! 6(punatul pe tarlale% sistemic'&u rotaional#

r*1r*7(n! " m*!"d (n!*n'(8 d* $")"'(r* & 1&5(6!()"r 1*rm&n*n!* 6( !*m1"r&r*%

a' Determinarea pro&$ciei pa"itilor '* 1"&!* $&3* 1r(n metoda direct

&9r"!*n(3 6( metoda indirect7""!*n(3%

,etoda direct'&u & 3"'(r()"r r*1*!&!* 3"n'! ;n '!&:()(r*& & /=0, 1&r3*)* 3u

'u1r&$&2& d* 0#,=+#@ m+# 3&r* '* 3"'*'3 ;n&(n!*& $(*3ru( 3(3)u d* 16un&!# du1 3* '=

& r(d(3&! r"u& m&'& 8*rd* '* 34n!r*6!*# '* $&3* m*d(& 34n!r(r()"r d(n 1&r3*)*)* d*

1r": 6( '* r&1"r!*&7 )& *3!&r%

Pr(n ;n'um&r*& 1r"du32(()"r d* m&' 8*rd* d* )& $(*3&r* 3(3)u d* 1r"du32(*

P0# P+# P-# Pn# '* ":2(n* 1r"du32(& !"!&) '&u 9)":&) & 1&5(6!(( P+5.

Du1 $(*3&r* 3(3)u d* 16un&!# 1* 'u1r&$*2* *9&)* 3u & 1&r3*)*)"r d* 1r":# '*

3"'*'3 r*'!ur()* d* 1)&n!* n*3"n'um&!* d* &n(m&)* 6( '* d*!*rm(n 3&n!(!&!*&

&3*'!"r& R0# R+# R-# Rn# (&r 1r(n ;n'um&r*& )"r '* &$) 3&n!(!&!*& !"!&) d* m&'

8*rd* n*3"n'um&! R15.

D($*r*n2& d(n!r* 1r"du32(& 9)":&) 6( 3&n!(!&!*& d* m&' 8*rd* n*3"n'um&!

r*1r*7(n!producia real '&u utilPu5d* m&' 8*rd*# 3"n'um&! d* &n(m&)*%

R&1"r!u) 1r"3*n!u&) d(n!r* 1r"du32(& u!() 6( 1r"du32(& 9)":&) d* m&' 8*rd*

*


47/60


48/60

S SN# ;n 3&r*>

S 'u1r&$&2& 1&5(6!(( 6( N numru) d* 1&r3*)*

C4nd 1&5(6!*& nu *'!* un($"rm 3& 1r"du32(*# 1&r3*)*)* nu 8"r m&( $( *9&)* 3&

'u1r&$&2# &3*'!*& !r*:u(* d(m*n'("n&!* &'!$*) 3& ' '* ":2(n 1r"du32(( *9&)* '&u 34!

m&( &1r"1(&!*% P*n!ru &3*&'!& '* ;m1&r!* 1&5(6!*& ;n !ru1ur( S0# S+# S- *!3% 3u

1r"du32(( &1r"

P 4S-P-5 H 4S0P05 H 4S,P,5 H H 4S2P25 4+5

S* d*!*rm(n &1"( 1r"du32(& d* m&' 8*rd* 3&r* !r*:u(* ' '* ":2(n d* 1*$(*3&r* 1&r3*) 1 3u r*)&2(&>

P PN 4+@a5

S* 3&)3u)*&7 numru) d* 1&r3*)* ;n 3&r* '* 8& ;m1r2( $(*3&r* !ru1 d* 1&5(6!*

n0# n+# n-# nn 3u r*)&2(&>

/


49/60

22 S2P2!

S* d*!*rm(n 'u1r&$&2& 1&r3*)*)"r d(n $(*3&r* !ru1 d* 1&5(6!*# 3u r*)&2(&>

s2 S222

&' 7ta(ilirea &eimii &e p$nat

esimea de punat D r*1r*7(n! numru) d* &n(m&)* 3&r* '* r*1&r!(7*&7

1* un *3!&r d* 1&r3*) d(n 1&5(6!* 6( '* 3&)3u)*&7 1*n!ru & '* *8(!& 'u:;n3r3&r*&

'&u 'u1r&;n3r3&r*& 3u &n(m&)*# du1 r*)&2(&>

D C!F NUVM.& 1&r3*)

e' Alegerea mo&$l$i &e !oloire a tarlalelor

F")"'(r*& 1*rm&n*n! & un*( 1&5(6!( num&( 3& 16un* du3* )& d*1r*3(*r*& *(

d&!"r(! d('1&r(2(*( 1)&n!*)"r 8&)"r"&'* 3&r* '* ;nmu)2*'3 num&( 1r(n '*m(n2*# )"3u)

)"r $((nd )u&! d* :uru(*n( '&u 9r&m(n** 3u 8&)"&r* $ur&5*r ')&:%

P*n!ru & '* ;n)!ur& &3*'! n*&5un' '* 8& &1)(3& " r"!&2(* ;n $")"'(r*& 16un((#

1"!r(8(! 3r*(& ;n $(*3&r* &n 3*) 1u2(n " !&r)& 8& $( $")"'(! 1r(n 3"'(! '&u m(

&1)(34ndu='*# du1 3&7# 6( )u3rr( '1*3($(3* d* ;m:un!2(r*%

!' 1ntocmirea gra!ic$l$i p$nat$l$i pe parcele

Gr&$(3u) 16un&!u)u( (m1un* '!&:()(r*& numru)u( 6( dur&!*( 3(3)ur()"r d*

16un&! 6( & !(m1u)u( d* "3u1&r* & $(*3r*( 1&r3*)*%

g' 7ta(ilirea l$crrilor &e 8ngri"ire= 8nainte i &$p p$natn&(n!* d* ;n3*1*r*& $")"'(r(( 1&5(6!()"r 1r(n 16un&! '* $&3 )u3rr( d*

d('!ru9*r*& :uru(*n()"r# *)(m(n&r*& *


50/60

&)* &n(m&)*)"r# $*r!()(7&r*& 3u ;n9r6m(n!* 3u N du1 $(*3&r* 3(3)u d* 16un&!% L&

;n3*(*r*& 1*r("&d*( d* 16un&!# 1* )4n9 )u3rr()* 1r*87u!* & '* $&3* ;n !(m1u)

16un&!u)u( '* r*3"m&nd $*r!()(7&r*& 3u ;n9r6m(n!* "r9&n(3* 6( m(n*r&)*#

'!r4n9*r*& 6( d*1"7(!&r*& m&!*r(&)*)"r $")"'(!*%

CAPITOLUL '

APLICAII PRACTICE

P&5(6!*& 1* 3&r* r*3"m&ndm &1)(3&r*& )u3rr()"r d* 'u1r&$&2 *'!* '(!u&! ;n

7"n& '()8"'!*1# Z"r)*n( V&')u(# '* ;n!(nd* 1* " 'u1r&$&2 d* +, 3u 1&n!& d* 0+

=0/ ?# d(n 3&r*>

&3"1*r(r* 3u mu6ur"&(*> /& 3u +,?

* @&

Dis1ru+ra muur*ai&*r.A8*m " 'u1r&$&2 d* /& "3u1&! 3u mu6ur"&(*

3u un 1r"3*n! d* &3"1*r(r* d* +,?# mu6ur"&(* 3&r* 'un! &!4! d* "r(9(n* &n(m&) 34!

6( d* "r(9(n* 8*9*!&)% A84nd ;n 8*d*r* 3 mu6ur"&(*)* 'un! ;n3 ;n $&7& (n(2(&)#

d*3( 'un! m(3( 6( n*;n2*)*n(!*# r*3"m&ndm d('!ru9*r*& mu6ur"&(*)"r 3u &5u!"ru)

9r&1*( 3u 3")2(%

@0


51/60

Du1 &3*&'!& 8"m 'u1r&;n'm4n2& 3u un &m*'!*3 d* - 9r&m(n** 6( +

)*9um(n"&'* $ur&5*r* 1*r*n* '1*3($(3* 7"n*(%

0,? S

Nr%

Cr!

%

S1*3(& N P? P G S%U% I3 W WW !

0 act+lis

glomerata

+- +, , @ @# 0 @# H#@ +H

+ 'estuca

pratensis

-@ +@ @ @ 0 0,# - 0H#+ 0# 0#

- Poa pratensis +0 +@ , @ H# - 0,#+ 00#+ //#/ otus

corniculatus

0 0, @ + +#0 - +#0 +#- #+

@ Tri&olium repens 0+ +, @ + +# - +# -#+ 0+#TOTAL 0H

R*7u)! 3 n"rm& d* 'm4n2 1* *3!&r *'!* d*>

0H/> / :-J9.&

S* $&3* r*du3*r*& 3&n!(!2(( d* 'm4n2 3u /,?>

@+


52/60

/0 < /,? 0H#/ J9.&

E&imi2ara F%su&ui d a! d ! !ai1i

R*3"m&ndm r*&)(7&r*& d* dr*nur( "r(7"n!&)* 3&r* 8"r &8*& 3&8(!&!*&

um1)u! 3u m&!*r(&) $()!r&n! $"rm&! d(n 1(&!r% S* '&1 un 6&n2 d* ,3m 1* $undu)3ru(& '* r*&)(7*&7 " 9&)*r(* 1*n!ru '3ur9*r*& &1*( 3&1!&!* $"rm&! d(n!r=" 3"ndu3!

!r(un9(u)&r d(n '34ndur(% D*&'u1r& &3*'!*(& '* 8& &6*7& 1(&!r '1&r!# 1(*!r(6#

n('(1# :r&7d* d* (&r: &6*7&!* 3u rd3(n()* ;n 'u' (&r r*'!u) !r&n6*(( '* &3"1*r 3u

1m4n! d* um1)u!ur% D('!&n2& d(n!r* dr*nur( 8& $( d* -,m (&r )un9(m*& )"r d*

+,,m%

D&!"r(! *

0+- > - :-J9.&

S* r*du3* 3&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 3u /,?>

@-


53/60

/0 < /,? 0H#/ J9.&

E$*3!u&r*& )u3rr(( d* 'u1r&;n'm4n2&r* '* 8& $&3* 3u &5u!"ru) '*mn!"r((

un(8*r'&)* SUP=+0# (&r 1r*9!(r*& !*r*nu)u( '* 8& *$*3!u& 3u 9r&1& 3u d('3ur( GD=

-#+%

2"ii2#ara !ai1i&*r 1m!*rar

Pr+1ira 1r2u&ui.

V"m 1r*9!( !*r*nu) $")"'(nd 9r&1*)* 3u d('3ur(# 1r(n +=- !r*3*r( ;n '*n'ur(

d($*r(!*# m":()(74nd '")u) 1* " &d4n3(m* d* +,=-,3m% Pr*9!(r*& !*r*nu)u( '* 8&

$&3* ;n :*n7( 3u )2(m*& d* -,m# 3&r* &)!*rn*&7 3u :*n7( d* &3**&6( )2(m*

n*)u3r&!*% A3*'!*& 8"r $( )u3r&!* du1 0=+ &n(# 34nd :*n7()* d*'2*)*n(!* (n(2(&) &u un

3"8"r 8*9*!&) ;n3*(&!%

Lu3rr()* '* 8"r $&3* 1&r&)*) 3u 3ur:*)* d* n(8*) &dm(24ndu='* &:&!*r( d* +=

-? 1* d('!&n2* )un9( 6( d* 14n )& @? 1* d('!&n2* m&( m(3( d* +,,m%

Cu&1ura !rmr+1*ar.

P&5(6!*& '* 8& ;n$((n2& d(r*3! du1 d*'2*)*n(r*# m*!"d d*num(! regenerarea

rapid a pajitilor%

3r1i&i/ara d $a/ i am2dam21ara.

R*3"m&ndm & '* &1)(3& -,=H,J9 P+O@# /,=H,J9 +O 6( /,=H,J9.& N% D&3

8& $( n*8"(*# ;n $un32(* d* &3(d(!&!* 8"m &1)(3& &m*nd&m*n!* ;n&(n!* d* d*'2*)*n(r*

;n d"7* d* /=@ d"7* 1* *3!&r C&O%

D* &'*m*n*& r*3"m&ndm & '* ;n3"r1"r& ;n '") )& 0@=+,3m )& ;n$((n2&r*&1&5(6!(( +,=/,!.& 9un"( d* 9r&5d :(n* $*rm*n!&!%

S!%ii i s*iuri "*&*si1 &a 62"ii2#ara !ai1i&*r 1m!*rar.

(n4nd 3"n! d* !"&!* 3"nd(2(()* 1*d"3)(m&!(3* *


54/60

d"u d* )*9um(n"&'* 1*r*n*> D&3!Q)(' 9)"m*r&!&'estuca pratensis% Poa pratensis

d(n!r* 9r&m(n** 6( Tri&olium repens% otus corniculatus%3& )*9um(n"&'*%

A&%1uira ams1%uri&*r d +rami2 i &+umi2*as !r2.

S!&:()(r*& dur&!*( 6( & m"du)u( d* $")"'(r* & 1&5(6!()"r !*m1"r&r*%P&5(6!*& 1* 3&r* d"r(m ' " &m*)("rm *'!* " 1&5(6!* 3u dur&! )un9 d*

$")"'(r* H &n( 3* 8& $( ;n$((n2&! ;n )"3u) 1&5(6!(( 1*rm&n*n!* d*9r&d&!*%

M"du) d* $")"'(r* & &3*'!*( 1&5(6!( 1"&!* $( 1r(n 16un&! '&u m(

S!&:()(r*& numru)u( d* '1*3((%

P*n!ru 1&5(6!()* 3u dur&! )un9 d* $")"'(r* '* r*3"m&nd /=H '1*3((# $((nd un

&m*'!*3 3"m1)* 4+@a5 ! F N S.U. u2d

- 1 1r"3*n!u) d* 1&r!(3(1&r* ;n &m*'!*3

- N 3&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 ;n 3u)!ur 1ur J9.& )& 8&)"&r*& u!() d*

0,,? N

@@


55/60

- S%U% 1r"3*n!u) d* 'm4n2 u!()# 3&r* '* 3&)3u)*&7 1* :&7& 8&)"r((

1ur(!2(( P 6( 9*rm(n&2(*( G%

S.U. P F ( -99

C&n!(!&!*& d* 'm4n2 r*7u)!&! d(n 3&)3u) '* 3"r*)*&7 ;n $un32(* d*3&1&3(!&!*& d* 3"n3ur*n2 & '1*3(()"r d(n &m*'!*3# '*1&r&! ;n 3&dru) $(*3r*(& d(n

3*)* d"u 9ru1* d* 1)&n!*%

Pr(n ;n'um&r*& 3&n!(!2()"r d* '*m(n2* &'!$*) 3"r*3!&!*# r*7u)! 3&n!(!&!*& d*

'm4n2 ;n &m*'!*3 n*3*'&r 1*n!ru un *3!&r%

T"&!* &3*'!* )u3rur( )* 8"m *8(d*n2(& ;n urm!"ru) !&:*)>

/,?I3W 0,? S @ &

Nr%

Cr!

%

S1*3(& N P? P G S%U% I3 W WW !

0 act+lis

glomerata

+- +, , @ @# 0 @# H#@ -+#

+ 'estuca pratensis -@ +@ @ @ 0 0,# - 0H#+ 0# - Poa pratensis +0 +@ , @ H# - 0,#+ 00#+ @H/ otus

corniculatus

0 0, @ + +#0 - +#0 +#- 00#

@ Tri&olium repens 0+ +, @ + +# - +# -#+ 0HTOTAL +,

R*7u)! 3 n"rm& d* 'm4n2 1* *3!&r *'!* d*>

+,@ > @ :-J9.&

Sm


56/60

M*!"d& d* '*mn&!

S*mn&!u) '* 8& $&3* ;n r4ndur( d('!&n2&!* )& 0+#@3m $")"'(nd '*mn!"&r*&

un(8*r'&) SUP=+0% n &3*'! '3"1 &m*'!*3u) d* '*m(n2* !r*:u(* $"&r!* :(n*

"m"9*n(7&!# 3u!(()* '*mn!"r()"r um1)u!* 1&r2(&) 3u '*m(n2*# (&r &1&r&!u) d*d('!r(:u2(* 'u1r&8*9*&! ;n 1*rm&n*n2 ;n34! r*1&r!(2(& '*m(n2*)"r ' '* $&3 34! m&(

un($"rm%

Ad4n3(m*& d* '*mn&!

P*n!ru 3 &m*'!*3u) *'!* 3"m1u' d(n '*m(n2* m(3(# '* '*&mn )& &d4n3(m*&

d* 0=+3m% S* (m1un* !8)u9(!u) ;n&(n!* 6( du1 '*mn&!%

Lu3rr( d* ;n9r(5(r*%

D('!ru9*r*& 3ru'!*(

A3*&'! )u3r&r* " 8"m *


57/60

n &nu) ;n!4( 8"m r*3"m&nd& " d"7 d* @,J9.& N% n &n(( urm!"r( 8"m

&dm(n('!r& &1r"silvostep% =orleni > ?aslui

Su1r&$&2&>20 a

P&n!&>12 > 1# @

P*r("&d& d* 16un&!> 1A0 ile

D&!& ;n3*1*r(( 16un&!u)u(> 1 mai

Pr"du32(*> neuni&orm

S0 8 a

S+ 12 a

Pu0 1#000 5g!a

Pu+ 1B000 5g!a

N7 C0 5g

R$ 30 ile

O 10 ile

3*&*sir tineret bovin peste 1 an

Pr"du32(& !"!&)>

P 4S-P-5 H 4S0P05 H 4S,P,5 H H 4S2P25

P 48 F -: 9995 H 4-0 F -> 9995 --0 999 H -70 999 ,9: 999 +Pr"du32(& 1* 1&r3*)>

! P N

! ,9: 999 09 -= 099 +

D*!*rm(n&r*& numru)u( d* 1&r3*)*>

@


58/60

N C O

N :9 -9 : !ar%&

D*!*rm(n&r*& numru)u( d* 1&r3*)* d(n 3&r* '* 8& ;m1r2( $(*3&r* !ru1 d*

1&5(6!*>2- 4S- F P-5 !

2- 48 F -: 9995 ?> 999 -K:? - !ar%&

20 4S0 F P05 !

20 4-0 F -> 9995 ?> 999 0K=, , !ar%&

Su1r&$&2& 1&r3*)*)"r d(n $(*3&r* !ru1 d* 1&5(6!*>

s- S- 2-s- 8 - 8 @a

s0 S0 20

s0 -0 , : @a

Pr"du32(& u!()>

Pu P1 N

Pu ,9: 999 : ?> 999 +@a

S!&:()(r*& 3&1&3(!2(( d* 16un&!>

C! Pu N/ F T Pu (

C! -= 099 =9 F -?9 -= 099 8 =99 -K8 U'M@a

C! "i/i% C! %*"i%i21

C! "i/i% -K8 9K? 0K> , ;a%i 1i2r1 $*;i2@a1ar&a

D*'(m*& d* 16un&!>

D C! "i/i% F ND , F : -0 ;a%i 1i2r1 $*;i2@a

E$*3!(8u) d* &n(m&)*>

@


59/60

E" C! "i/i% F S

E" , F 09 >9 ;a%i 1i2r1 $*;i2!ar%&

21*%mira +ra"i%u&ui !u2a1u&ui ! !ar%&

- MAI -? OCTOMBRIE 4-?9 ZILE5

Ci%&u& d !u2a1 Par%&

- 0 , :

I

O -9 /i&R ,9 /i&

- ' ) -9 ' -- ' ) 09 ' 0- ' ) ,9 ' ,- ' ) 7 'I

II

O -9 /i&

R ,9 /i&

-9 'I ) -7 'I 09 'I ) 07 'I ,9 'I 7 'II -9 'II ) -7 'II

III

O -9 /i&

R ,9 /i&

09 'II )

07 'II

,9 'II

8 'III

7 'III )

-8 'III

-7'III )

08 'III

I'

O -9 /i&

R ,9 /i&

07 'III ) ? I 8 I ) -? I -8 I 0? I 08 I ?

'

O -9 /i&

R ,9 /i&

8 -? ) ) )

H,


60/60

BIBLIO(RA3IE

-. T*d*r IACOBK 'asi& 'NTUK C*s1& SAMUIL T*n")"9(& 1r"du3*r(( 6(

3"n'*r8r(( $ur&5*)"r%.ditura D;on ;onescu de la *radE ;ai-2000

0. Adria2 IONEL Cu)!ur& 1&5(6!()"r 6( & 1)&n!*)"r $ur&5*r*%.ditura "F92

,. Adria2 IONELK 'asi& 'NTUK C*s1& SAMUIL Cu)!ur& 1&5(6!()"r 6( &

1)&n!*)"r $ur&5*r* ;ndrum!"r d* )u3rr( 1r&3!(3*% .ditura D;on ;onescu de la

*radE ;ai-2002

:. Jud#& !a1rii Xud*2u) V&')u(

proiect de an la cultura pajistilor si a plantelor furajere

Documents