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Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv

IOGK FOB OSVN\OH BKEPGOBOV H E[ZK[G[O FK H\DOVKCV[\ O KVBNM\HIOK H SHV[G[O FOB CDOOB[

Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv*

IOGK FOB OSVN\OH BKEPGOBOV H E[ZK[G[O

FK H\DOVKCV[\ O KVBNM\HIOK H SHV[G[OFOB CDOOB[

bfkebug fk h bk rkkro gh sulokctug gkmht fk ostnroh bkepgobot h Euzkuguofk Hrdotkctur o Ktbnmrhk h Shtuguo kstk fktkreobht fk rngug sulsthbohg pk chrkhr putut s-g hol hckst euzku b npkrh fk prntkcok o vhgnrochrk h ubko prooepnrthbtk h phtroenbouguo hrdotkcturhg o ktbnmrhc hg rnebognr lhshrhlkbo,prkcue o fk fnrobh fk h mso rspubs gh btrklhrkh: fk ck ub hstkg fk euzku,

kxtrke fk oepnrthbt pkbtru cugturh bhonbhg h Engfnvko fk gh kst fk Prut,fksprk chrk s-h foscutht gh ckgk eho bhgtk bovkguro toep fk pkstk cobco fkckboo,pb b prkzkbt bu kstk n rkhgothtk> [bkgk hspkctk hgk sulokctuguo hu nst hlnrfhtkfk ctrk Eodho [rsu, forkctnr mkbkrhg hg Euzkuguo Bhonbhg fk Ktbnmrhk oOstnrok Bhturhg, b fnu stufoo oepnrthbtk pulgochtk b rkvosth Hahfkens hHchfkeoko fk toobk h Engfnvko8, b chrk subt kxheobhtk prkeoskgk crkroo ubuohskekbkh euzku b \kpulgoch Engfnvh, subt cutk rkkroro gh tkbthtovh rsuccks fk h crkh hckst euzku b 8?94, eho fkthgoht obf rkkcthtk phrtocughrotogkcrkroo Euzkuguo Shtuguo b hboo ?0 ho skcnguguo trkcut o pb gh enekbtug

hphrooko stufoognr shgk, prkcue o kxpkrokbh fk rksthurhrk h proeuguo enbuekbtkcgkzohstoc hg euzkuguo-loskroch fk gkeb fob shtug Dorokbo, rhonbug Vkgkbkto. bstufoug fk h, vkboe cu bno fhtk o obnrehoo, chrk hu ekborkh fk h cnepgkth o hbtrkmo ostnroh Euzkuguo Shtuguo fob \kpulgoch Engfnvh, utogozbf b hckst scnp nskrok fk ehtkrohgk fk hrdov, fhr o pulgochoogk hprutk b prksh pkronfoc o ubkgkrkvostk fk pnpughrozhrk, b chrk hu nst hlnrfhtk prnlgkek gkmhtk fk npnrtubotogkcrkroo hckstuo euzku.

Ofkkh fk h crkh ub Euzku Ktbnmrhc hg Shtuguo, chrk s hfubk vkstomoo hgktrkcutuguo o chrk s rkkctk enfug fk voh hg nhekbognr fk gh shtk b sphougprutn-bostrkhb, h nst kbubht pkbtru proeh fht fk ctrk rkbueotug shvhbt

lhshrhlkhb, ktbnmrh, ngcgnrost o sncongnm Pktrk tkbuc b hrtocngug Pkbtruub euzku ktbnmrhc hg Lhshrhloko, pulgocht bHrdovkgk Lhshrhloko, br. 6, 8?33.b hckh pkronhf, kg htrmkh htkboh hsuprh hptuguo c guekh shtkgnr fob hckhstprnvobcok (Lhshrhloh) cuprobfk n eugoek fk cnenro ktbnmrhck chrk, fob chuzhprkhckrognr prob chrk trkck vohh, sk vnr pokrfk fhc bu sk vh mso sprojobug cuvkbotfob phrtkh sthtuguo o h obstotuoognr fk cugtur ch hckstk cnenro s k hfubhtk o

* Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv, fnctnr b ostnrok, ckrckttnr tooboc cnnrfnbhtnr gh Obstotutug fk Ostnrok hgHE.

8

Eodho [rsu, Phrtocughrotogk crkroo Euzkuguo Shtuguo b \kpulgoch Engfnvh, bHahfkens,

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\KYOSVH FK OSVN\OK H ENGFNYKO

SV[FOO

cnbskrvhtk. b ureh fkpghsrognr shgk prob shtk, P. tkbuc h fkscnpkrot eugtkenro fk vbt o fk hp, chsk obkfotk fob fokrotk znbk mknmrhck hgk Lhshrhloko,ubkgtk o obsthghoo tkdbock, enstrk hgk pnrtuguo pnpughr, chrk fkjh pk htubco skpokrfkhu b ostnrok. Nptbf pkbtru crkhrkh ubuo Euzku Ktbnmrhc hg Shtuguo,hutnrug hcckbtuh c hcksth bu trkluok s k ub fkpnzot enrt fk rkgocvk, co, probnrmhbozhrkh sostkehtoc h ckrcktrognr o prkzkbthrkh tooboc h ehtkrohguguo, sfkvob n obstotuok vok fk cubnhtkrk h bkheuguo. Fhr pkbtru hckhsth, sulgobohtkbuc, fob phrtkh obtkgkctuhgognr lhshrhlkbo sk ckrk frhmnstk o obtkrks fkh cubnhtk covogozhoh o cugturh rnebognr fobtrk Prut o Bostru. Gh rbfug gnr,sthtug o sncoktogk cugturhgk trkluok s sprojobk fob pubct fk vkfkrk ehtkrohghckhst obstotuok fk ehrk utogothtk bhonbhg. Pkbtru n prnvobcok ck h trot nsut fk hbo sul fneobhok strkob, sulgoboh P. tkbuc, stpborkh rnebkhscfk hzo bu trkluok s cruk lhbug ck o sk ckrk pkbtru crkhrkh obstotuoognr fk

cugtur.

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Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


ostnroh o cugturh obutuguo bhthg. b pubctug = hg hckstko dntrro krh prkvzut shr-cobh hfrksht Cnbsogouguo fk Eobotro hg \SSE fk h obcgufk b pghburogk fk fkz-vngthrk sncohg-kcnbneoc h rkpulgocoo pkbtru hboo 8?;?-8?9; fkscdofkrkh euzk-

kgnr fk ostnrok o fk stufokrk h obutuguo b nrhkgk Chdug, Snrnch o Lgo, prkcueo fkscdofkrkh b nr. Cdoobu h Euzkuguo fk Stht fk Ktbnmrhk o h EuzkuguoShtuguo. Hcksth ureh s hfubk ckgk eho skebochtovk enbuekbtk fk hrdotkcturpnpughr o hgtk topuro fk enbuekbtk gkmhtk fk cugturh o vohh cntofohb h pnpu-ghoko rurhgk fob eho eugtk znbk ostnrocn-mknmrhck (loskroco fob gkeb, gncuobk,hchrkturo, enfkgk fk ektkumuro hrtostock o hgtk enbuekbtk), chrk s rkkctkkvnguoh cugturoo pnpughrk ehtkrohgk o sporotuhgk h gncuotnrognr fob hckst tkrotnroupk phrcurs fk eho eugtk skcngk.

Fob pchtk, prkvkfkrogk dntrroo vozhtk provobf crkhrkh b chpothg h Eu-zkuguo fk Ktbnmrhko h Euzkuguo Shtuguo bu hu nst bfkpgobotk, b proeoo hbofup hfnpthrkh hckstkoh obf nbfhtk fnhr ckgk trko euzkk fk ostnrok o stufokrkh obutuguo b nrhkgk Chdug (8?;4), Snrnch (8?;4) o Lgo (8?90). \khgozhrkh bhboo uretnro h shrcobognr gkmhtk fk nbfhrkh Euzkuguo Shtuguo h fkvkbot, prhctoc,oepnsolog fob chuzh hfnptroo, b humust 8?9

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SV[FOO

b cnbtkxtug esurognr btrkprobsk fk hutnrotogk fob \SSE b vkfkrkhgrmoroo rkkgko fk euzkk, b h fnuh juethtk h hbognr 90, Eobostkrug Cugturoo hg\SSE h rofocht fob bnu prnlgkeh provobf crkhrkh b nr. Cdoobu h Euzkuguo

Shtuguo. Hstkg, gh

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Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


rkgok fovkrs, chrk gh schr eho eoc rkprnfuckh ehjnrothtkh znbkgnr mknmrhckhgk \SSE, cu kxckpoh znbko sufock h stkpkgnr Lumkhcuguo. Hckhsth fob ure skprkcnbozh s k hepghsht b prkhjeh tkrotnrouguo ekbonbht, pk n suprhh fk8< dh, chrk trkluohs k trhbseos euzkuguo fk mnspnfroh hmrocng h cngdnzuguoEocourob fob rhonbug Strkbo. Hstkg, euzkug hvkh s obcguf npt znbk cu nsuprhh tnthg fk ;; dh, fobtrk chrk

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SV[FOO

cnbnreothtk cu dntrrkh rkspkctov, Eobostkrug Cugturoo, eprkub cu Hchfk-eoh fk toobk h Engfnvko, Cneotktug Kxkcutov Nrkbksc Cdoobu o SENEOC,b gubh ougok h hckguoho hb, hu crkht n bnu cneosok, b rubtk cu Hrtone Ghzhrkv,hchfkeocohb-cnnrfnbhtnr b fnekboug toobkgnr snconuehbk gh HE, hgctuotfob 88 ekelro84, b hh crkoh, ch o b chzug cneosoognr prkckfkbtk, h nst pusshrcobh fk h fktkreobh gncug fk hepghshrk, fk h prkmto obnrehoh bkckshr oprnokctug Dntrroo Muvkrbuguo provobf crkhrkh euzkuguo8?.

Pkbtru h stufoh kxpkrokbh hgtnr rkpulgoco b crkhrkh ubnr hstkg fk euzkk,covh fobtrk ekelroo cneosoko hu nst troeoo b fkpghsro fk fncuekbthrk bGktnboh, Kstnboh o [crhobh, ubfk ubconbhu cu succks hskekbkh euzkk. S-hupurtht fob bnu foscuoo hprobsk provobf hgkmkrkh gncuguo pntrovot pkbtru obhumu-rhrkh euzkuguo, obf kxheobhtk o vhrohbtk bno, obcgusov chrk prkvkfkhu hepgh-shrkh hckstuoh b rkzkrvhoh ostnroc Nrdkoug Ykcdo. b ckgk fob ure, ekelroo

cneosoko s-hu nprot gh vhrohbth hepghsroo euzkuguo pk n suprhh fkgurnhs cksk h b sulurloh Scdobnhsh-8 h nr. Cdoobu, chrk, fup prkrkh spkcohgotognr,krh pntrovot pkbtru obsthghrkh enstrkgnr fob tnhtk znbkgk Engfnvko. Cneosoh o-hbfkpgobot eosoubkh, prkzkbtbf obnrehoh bkckshr o kghlnrbf prnokctug fkDntrrk h Muvkrbuguo provobf crkhrkh euzkuguo, scdkeh fk sthtk (b crktkrk)h vootnruguo euzku pkbtru pkronhfh 8?=9-8?40, prkcue o ub fkvoz fk cdkgtuokgonrokbthtov (chrk urekhz s k msot b hrdovk) gkmht fk crkhrkh hckstuoh

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Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


eubcotnro, buerug tnthg hg hbmhjhognr urebf s cnbstotuok

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?0


SV[FOO

nrk, toep o nbfuro b cuthrkh nlokctkgnr pkbtru kxpubkrk... o eho hgks c bocob-hvke cdohr httkh kxpnbhtk ktbnmrhck, ch s bk pkreotke guxug fk h gk pokr-fk... Voepug trkck, ohr bno pokrfke kxpnbhtkgk. [bkgk fob kgk sk msksc b znbkgkfk cnbstrucok, ohr hgtkgk subt pur o soepgu prsotk fk stpboo gnr... Boco bu ehovnrlksc fk hcoubkh fostrumtnhrk h toepuguo

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? Fk ck bu sk trkck fk gh cuvobtk gh hptk>. [boo fobtrk ko hu vkbot ocu prnpubkro fk h cnbtroluo bhbcohr gh crkhrkh ubuo hstkg fk euzku: Fup ctkeo-he fht skheh, scroh Eodhog Fuelrvkhbu, prkkfobtkgk Cngdnzuguo Aornv,Gkhfnvkbo, prnlgkeh ckh ehrk cnbst b bhbk. Pnhtk k chzug s sk fkscdof ubcnbt pkbtru tno fnrotnroo fk h cnbtroluo b esurh pnsologotognr gh cnbstruorkheuzkuguo> b proeug rbf, crkf c hr hck-n mnspnfroogk bstrotk. Cngdnzugbnstru, v hsomur, hr probtrk proekgk, cnbsofkrbf c-o hck hstkg n fhtnrokfobtrk ckgk eho sbtk39. Gh rbfug su, kug Chtkfrko fk hrdotkctur h ObstotutuguoPngotkdboc S. Ghzn, B. Lnghcnv, fkcghrh c stufkboo fk gh hrdotkctur s-hrbchfrh cu ckg eho ehrk kghb b npkrh fk urork h euzkuguo (). b kgug hcksth

stufkboo o-hr hck sthmoug prhctoc pk ub hbtokr fobtrk ckgk eho htrmtnhrk. Fhr bubueho htt, ko hr nreh fkthhekbtk lkbkvngk pkbtru gubogk fk vhchb3=. Icbfloghbug hckstnr foscuoo, pulgocostug Hbhtng Mujkg scroh: b tno cko fnuzkco fkhbo ct he gucrht gh rkvosthEngfnvh, b-h nst, pnhtk, n hgt prnlgke htt fk ghrmfoscutht b phmobogk rkvostko ch ckh h btkekokroo ubuo euzku ktbnmrhc sul ckruggolkr34.

36Kumkb Lzmu, Lroz prokgboc pkbtru enrogk fk vbt, b Curokrug fk skhr, 8??6,

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?6


SV[FOO

Fhr, b pnfh obtkrvkboognr ehsovk fob phrtkh pulgocuguo cototnr fob prkshrkpulgochb pk ehrmobkh hckstuo sulokct o h eugtnr prnpubkro jufoconhsk bgkmtur cu n kvkbtuhg crkhrk h Euzkuguo Shtuguo, htt b proeh, ct o b h fnuhjuethtk h hbognr 40 ho skcnguguo trkcut prnlgkeh b chuz bu h nst pus gh bovkgugcnbfuckroo fk vr fob nsth \SSE. b cnbfooogk rkstructurroo mnrlhconvostk o hgkfkcghbroo eocroo fk kgolkrhrk bhonbhg, nrmhbkgk fk phrtof o fk stht snvoktockhu nst bkvnotk s btrkprobf esuro kskbohgk provobf prntkcoh o vhgnrochrkhenbuekbtkgnr. Hstkg, b Dntrrkh CC hg PCE o h Cnbsogouguo fk Eobotrohg \SSE Cu provork gh esurogk supgoekbthrk pkbtru elubtorkh prntkcokoo ingnsoroo enbuekbtkgnr fk ostnrok o cugtur, hfnptht gh

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?;

Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


urlhbozht. Supkrurlhbozht b structurh nrhuguo bnstru. Yozkz hbuek hkrnmhrh,pnrogk-obtrhrk b nrh, ekbhjkroh... o hcue v btrkl: cue he obtrnfuck bhckhst structur hrdotkcturh bhonbhg> Kstk obhfeosolog n hstkg fk ofkk. \kzugtc he fktkronrh bhturh, pkoshjug o tnhtk ckgkghgtk...6

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?9


SV[FOO

co o btrkmug hrkhg hg Engfnvko ostnrock: Lucnvobh, jufkug Dntob, znbh fk bnrf,znbh fk cnfru, znbh \utuguo (h Nrdkouguo) o znbh fk suf69.

Fob pkrspkctov structurhg, znbkgk urehu s k bghtk ch botk shtk eococu ehdhghgk cnbstotuotk fob mnspnfroo rbkto, cu gncuobk o hccksnroo obkrkbtkenfuguo fk voh hutndtnb: cu loskroco, cngo, crcoueo, dhburo. b sphoogk obtkr-znbhgk urehu s k hepghshtk stbk, prosco, nfo, crhek, enro fk hp o fk vbt,b kgug hcksth obf rkspkcthtk topurogk trhfoonbhgk fk pghshrk crkhtnhrk h cneu-botoo shtuguo b ekfoug bhturhg6=. b znbh fk suf, pk gbm hrdotkcturh pnpughrengfnvkbkhsc, trkluohu s k prkzkbtk eocrnznbk hgk eobnrotognr bhonbhgk lugmhro, mmuzo, ruo, gopnvkbo , cu enfug fk voh o hrdotkcturh gnr spkcoc. Skprkcnbozh ch euzkug s hfubk ub buer ehrk fk kxpnbhtk, oboohg obf vnrlh fkcorch

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?=

Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


prkcue o pkburoh fk eojgnhck bhbcohrk b-hu pkreos fkehrhrkh b hckhst pk-ronhf h gucrrognr hepgk b forkcoh fht. Bueho mrhok kbtuzohseuguo ehboksthtfk cngkctov o ubnr spnbsnrozro kkctuhtk fk Proeroh eubocopouguo Cdoobu, gh84 eho 8??; pk tkrotnroug Euzkuguo Shtuguo h nst obhumurht proeug enbuekbt enhrh fk vbt fob s. Nphco, rhonbug Cukbo ubh fobtrk ckgk eho ehro enrofob sphoug pnpught fk rnebo b suf-kstug Kurnpko;

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?4


SV[FOO

tkrotnroug rkzkrvht euzkuguo n Znb h Hbtrkprkbnrohtuguo Golkr, chrk hr nkrotpnsologothtkh fk h hbtrkbh eho eugtk obvkstooo, obcgusov strobk, b vkfkrkh hek-bhjroo euzkuguo;9. Frkpt rkzugtht, gh 6 eho 8??9, hphrk ub bnu Fkcrkt hg Prkk-fobtkguo Eorckh Sbkmur: Cu provork gh bobhrkh Znbko Hbtrkprkbnrohtuguo GolkrEuzkug Shtuguo, b chrk Eobostkrug Cugturoo hvkh shrcobh fk h kghlnrh, eprku-b cu Proeroh Eubocopouguo Cdoobu, o fk h prkzkbth Eobostkruguo Kcnbneokoprnpubkro cu provork gh bobhrkh hckstko znbk kcnbneock golkrk;=. Prnpubkrogkhu nst hvhbshtk, fhr scdoelrogk pngotock prnfusk b \kpulgoch Engfnvh bu huhvnrozht hpgochrkh gnr;4.

Hstkg, fup 84 hbo fk gh hprnlhrkh prnokctuguo prkzofkbohg provobf bobh-rkh euzkuguo, sthtug bu h cut obvkstooo kskbohgk b rkhgozhrkh guo. \kkrobfu-skgh hckst sulokct b

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Mdknrmdk Bocnghkv


euzkuguo rkspkctov, fkvobk oeobkbt. Ohr vobnvhtk fk pokrfkrkh ubnr hstkg fk cn-enro vhgnrnhsk hgk phtroenbouguo ostnroc o cugturhg hg roo, hgturo fk rkmoeug cn-eubost fob nsth \SSE, sk vnr hck o muvkrbrogk fkencrhtock chrk s-hu pkrobfhtb \kpulgoch Engfnvh fup prncghehrkh obfkpkbfkbko fk stht h hckstkoh. b bhg, cnbsthte c b h fnuh juethtk h skcnguguo trkcut, Engfnvh fk ghkst fk Prut h nst uboch rkpulgoc fob nsth [\SS b chrk bu h kxostht ub Euzku fkHrdotkctur Pnpughr o Ktbnmrhk h Shtuguo o rebk pb b prkzkbt sobmurugstht fob Kurnph b chrk bu kstk kfocht ub hskekbkh euzku. Fob gopsh hckstu-oh, b Engfnvh fk gh kst fk Prut hu nst pokrfutk b enf orkcupkrhlog ub or fkenbuekbtk chrk obkhu fk cugturh bhonbhg o fk enfug fk voh hg rnebognrlhshrhlkbo o hg eobnrotognr bhonbhgk cnbgncuotnhrk fob hckst tkrotnrou. EuzkugShtuguo bu h nst crkht b Engfnvh Snvoktoc, btruct kfochrkh guo bu obtrh bpghburogk hutnrotognr fk phrtof o fk stht fk hoco, kgk bkfnrobf s prnenvkzk pngo-

toco vohlogk b fnekboug prntkcoko o vhgnrocroo phtroenbouguo ostnroc o cugturhgbhonbhg. Hckst euzku hr nst eugt eho puob pgoht pk prncksug fk bfnctrobhrkpngotoc o ofkngnmoc h pnpughoko, b cnephrhok cu hgtk obstotuoo fk cugtur oeuzkk fob nsth \SSE, o hr putut vhgnroch ub skmekbt oepnrthbt fob cugturhbhonbhg o fob trhfooogk pnpughrk hgk ltobhognr, ckkh ck bu sk bchfrh b pngo-tocogk fk crkhrk h neuguo bnu, fk top dnen snvoktocus, fob hckh pkronhf. Hbuekfob hckstk entovk s-h nreht o htotufobkh rkzkrvht h hutnrotognr snvoktock hfk bobhrkh ubuo hstkg fk euzku. b hckgho toep, hebhrkh kfocroo hckstuohb ckgk pkstk fnu fkckboo fk gh prncghehrkh Obfkpkbfkbko \kpulgocoo Engfnvh

obfoc gopsh ubuo obtkrks rkhg pkbtru prntkcoh o vhgnrochrkh phtroenbouguo ostn-roc o cugturhg hg pnpughoko hutndtnbk fob phrtkh tuturnr muvkrbrognr chrk s-hupkrobfht hoco.

Sueehry

Ob tdk skcnbf dhgi ni tdk ghst ckbtury, ob Snvokt Engfnvh tdkrk dhf lkkb skvkrhghttkepts tn crkhtk h Euskue ni Cnubtrysofk Hrcdotkcturk hbf Ktdbnmrhpdy. Stogg hggni tdke ihogkf, lkchusk tdk gnchg Snvokt hutdnrotoks dhf bnt prnentkf vohlgk pngocoksinr tdk prntkctonb hbf vhgnrozhtonb ni tdk bhtonbhg cugturhg dkrothmk, lkobm tdk nbgy

rkpulgoc ni tdk inrekr [SS\ hbf Kurnpk wdkrk sucd h euskue whs bnt ksthlgosdkf.Vdk ghca ni tdk euskue ob qukstonb gkf tn tdk orrkcnvkrhlgk gnss ni h buelkr nienbuekbts tdht rkghtkf tn tdk bhtonbhg cugturk, tdk why ni goik ni \nehbohbs obLksshrhloh hbf bhtonbhg eobnrotoks obdhlotobm tdk \kpulgoc ni Engfnvh. Fkghyobm niobstotutonb ni sucd h euskue ob nvkr twn fkchfks ni Obfkpkbfkbck ni tdk \kpulgocni Engfnvh obfochtks tdk ghca ni rkhg obtkrkst irne hgg tdk mnvkrbekbts tdht phsskfinr tdk prntkctonb hbf vhgnrozhtonb ni dostnrochg hbf cugturhg dkrothmk ni obfomkbnuspknpgk.

nicolae v

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