mini curs limba engleza

7/27/2019 Mini Curs Limba Engleza

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Bun venit la cursul de Gramatica Limbii Engleze !

Lecia 1: Substantivul

1.1 Felul substantivelor

Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:

substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy substantive colective: crowd, group, team

1.2. Genul

Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:

Ex.: man, boy, lion, dogSubstantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe

Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte alcaror sex nu este cunoscut (pronume: it/they):Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, babyExceptii: tarile, navele, n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau altevehicule sunt de genul feminin.

Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze.

Substantivele care intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentruambele sexe:Ex.: child(copil, copila), cook(bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher(profesor,profesoara).

Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son -daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

1.3. Numarul

Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referimla unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte.

Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife,world, storm

Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma desingular:Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds


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Pluralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, x se formeazaadaugnd es la singular.Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes,

potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes

1.3.1. Pluralul neregulat

Substantive terminate n consoana+y fac pluralul n ies:Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies Unele substantive terminate n o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s.

Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos Unele substantive terminate n fsau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea

n ves.Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves,wolf - wolvesExceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf- wharfs/ wharves

Cteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocaleinterneEx.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth

Pluralul substantivului childeste children. Unele substantive ramn identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series,

sheep, species, fish

1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuse

n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvnt va trece laplural.Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agentsExceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sauwoman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantivecomponente.Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants

n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genulsubstantiv + prepozitie / adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza vaprimi semnul pluralului.

Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on,runners-up Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s

Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)


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1.4. Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezintafie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.

Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil,stone, wood

Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death,help, information, news, beauty, experience, horror, knowledge,friendship,theory, literature

Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage,parking, weather

Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb lasingular:Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.

Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste

substantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread ishard. The piece of advice you gave me helped.

Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se potnumara, astfel devenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare(primes a/an la singular, pot avea plural).

Sens Unic / Sens Comun

Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)

She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par n lapte.)Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic n padure.)

1.5. Forma posesiva

Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se terminan s:Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women'sclothes

Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelorcare se termina n s.Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence

Numele proprii terminate n s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 'sEx.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems

n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvnt va primi 'sEx.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives

's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech


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Forma posesiva se foloseste n general cnd vorbim de oameni,animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri:

o n expresii temporaleEx.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes'break

o n expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worthEx.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps

o n alte expresii uzuale:Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the

plane's wings, the train's departure n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala

omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci cnd sensul comunicarii esteclar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets atthe travel agent's (office). The kids went to Bobby's (house).

Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei

of+substantiv. Aceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentrulucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmatede o propozitie subordonata.Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of thehouseI took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy thebook.

1. Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantive:actor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephew, cousin, dog, waiter,camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor (burlac, absolvent), widower,assistant, host, snake, player, bridegroom, doctor, teacher.

2. Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:knife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, woman, leaf, loaf, man,

photo, piano, sheep, shelf, storey (palier, cat), story, thief, tooth, wife.

3. Rescrie urmatoarele constructii conform modelului:The luggage belonging to the travelers - The traveler's luggageThe room belonging to the child -The clothes belonging to the children -The car belonging to Mr. Smith -The luggage belonging to the VIP -The flat belonging to her son-in-law -The canteen used by the workers -


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Important !

V rog s citii cu atenie Ghidul studentului la adresa:http://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentului,

special conceput pentru a rspunde tuturor ntrebrilor noilor cursani legatede modul de funcionare i de nvare n cadrul Academiei Online.Discut i comenteaz mpreun cu colegii i tutorul exerciiile fiecrei lecii

i probleme de gramatic n spaiulSeminariilor Online. Nu uita c poiaccesa doar leciile deschise sptmnal.

Lecia 2: Articolul

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete nteles ntr-o propozitie oarecare, acestatrebuie sa fie nsotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folositdeterminant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cumurmeaza:

Articolul hotart - the Articolul nehotart - a / an Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba n functie de numarulsau genul substantivului si se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat.

2.1. Articolul hotart (the)Articolul hotart se foloseste:

naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat n contextulrespectivEx.:An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved theelephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.

Atunci cnd att vorbitorul ct si ascultatorul cunosc notiuneaexprimata de substantiv, desi nu a mai fost mentionat n context.Ex.: - Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor.

n propozitii sau fraze n care definim sau identificam anumitepersoane sau obiecte:Ex.: The man we met yesterday at the bus station. The girl in red isher neighbor.

Referitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice:Ex.: the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars

Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house).
http://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentuluihttp://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentului


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naintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale first, second, thirds,etc si only:Ex.: the best day, the first week, the last chapter, the only way

naintea unor adjective pentru a te referi n general la un grup deoameni care au n comun o anumita nsusire (sunt frumosi, tineri,batrni, japonezi, etc):Ex.: the young, the beautiful, the old, the best, the Japanese, theBritish

Nume de locuri geografice, oceane, ruri, mari, deserturi, munti,regiuni:Ex.: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic

Se foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre,hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili laplural,etc):Ex.: the National Gallery, the Royal Shakespeare, the Savoy, theBeatles, the Spice Girls, the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Daily, the

Titanic, the Tower of London, the House of Parliament, the Smiths Decade, secole, grupe de ani:Ex.: My parents went to University in the seventies.

2.2. Articolul nehotart (a / an)

Se foloseste a naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si annaintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u)Ex.: a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an operaExceptii:

An nainte de un h mut - an hour, an honor. A nainte de u sau eu atunci cnd se pronunta ca you: a European, auniversity, a unit

Articolul nehotart se foloseste:

Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data:Ex.: Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good job.

Pentru a te referi la un anume membru al unui grup sau clase:Exemple:

o cu nume de profesii:John is an engineer. Mary is training to be anurse.

o cu nationalitati si religii:John is an Englishman. Kate is aCatholic.

o cu instrumente muzicale: Sherlock Holmes was playing a violinwhen the visitor arrived.

o cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday.o pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: The mouse had

a tiny nose. It was a very strange car


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o cu substantice la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi whatsi such:What a bluff! He is such a prodigious young man.

o atunci cnd te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana,echivaleaza cu one: I'd like an orange and two lemons please.The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.

Retineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million.

2.3. a / an si one

Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. sepoate folosi fie a/an fie one pentru singular:Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million poundsYou can take an/ one hour for lunch.

Dar a/an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru:Ex.:A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).

One box is no good, we need two boxes.

2.4. Articolul zero

Nu se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri:Cu nume de tari (la singular)Ex.: Germany is an important economic power.

He's just returned from Argentina.(nsa: I'm visiting the United States next week.)

Cu numele limbilor:Ex.: French is spoken in Tahiti.English uses many words of Latin origin.

Cu numele meselor:Ex.: Lunch is at midday.

Dinner is in the evening.Breakfast is the first meal of the day.

Cu numele persoanelor (la singular):Ex.:John's coming to the party.

George King is my uncle.(nsa: We're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow.)

Cu titluri si nume:Ex.: Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend.(nsa: the Queen of England, the Pope.)

Dupa cazul posesiv format cu 's:Ex.: His sister's car.

Laura's basket.


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Cu numele profesiilor:Ex.: Engineering is a useful career.

He'll probably go into medicine. Cu nume de magazine:

Ex.: I'll get the card at Smith's.Can you go to Boots for me?

Cu ani:

Ex.: 1948 was a wonderful year.Do you remember 1995?

Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns):Ex.: Milk is often added to tea in England.

War is destructive. Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule:

Ex.: Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.She lives near Lake Windermere.Have you visited Long Island?

Cu majoritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mijloacele detransport si aeroporturi:Ex.: Victoria Station is in the centre of London.

Can you direct me to Bond Street?She lives in Florence.They're flying from Heathrow.

n unele expresii invariabile:Ex.: by car, at school, at work, at University, in church, in prison, inbed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air (in broadcasting)

1. Completeaza cu a sau an acolo unde este cazul:Bill is ____ author. He writes ___ travel books. He makes ____ lot ofmoney. We had ____ lunch with him yesterday. It was ____ excellentlunch. The meal cost him ____ hundred and ____ fifty pounds. What ____expensive restaurant! He gave the waiter ____ twenty pounds. That was

____ good tip.

2. Alege a sau the:One day we set out to climb () a/the highest hill in the area. The campersin () a/the next tent lent us their map. They told us to follow one of ()a/the routes marked on () a/the map. But Tom said that he was sure thatthere was () a/the better way. () A/the way that we chose was so steepthat we had to stop for () a/the long rest on the way up. But we got to ()a/the top in () a/the end.


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3. Completeaza cu the acolo unde este cazul:We have ____ soup for ____supper. After ____ meal Tom and I play ____chess. Bill prefers ____ cards. ____ game he likes best is bridge. He saysthat ____ chess requires ____ patience and he is not patient. He also saysthat ____life is too short to waste in this way.


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Lecia 3: Adjectivul

3.1. Forma adjectivului

Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n functie de gen saunumar.

Ex.:A hot potato, some hot potatoes.Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really:Ex.:A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.

3.2. Pozitia adjectivului

De obicei adjectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat:Ex.:A goodmovie.

Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste,

to appear, to feel, to keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:Ex.: The movie is good.You seem upset.This cheese tastes different.

Dupa substantiv n expresii fixe:Ex.: the Princess Royal, the Presidentelect, the courtmartial

Cteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor(=unfortunate) staunumai n fata substantivului determinat:Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.

Thatpoorwoman was living in a garage. Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake,

afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorryEx.: He's asleep.

I'm alone. Unele adjective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care o

ocupa. Adjectivele involved, present, concernedau sens diferit dacasunt plasate n fata substantivului sau dupa acesta.Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people whohave something to do with the matter)

They had an involveddiscussion on the matter. (detailed, complex)I am a concernedmother. (worried, anxious)The list of the studentspresentis outside, on the door. (students

who were there)Thepresentstatus of the matter requires urgent attention.

(current)


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3.3. Functiile adjectivului

Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat.Adjectivele pot exprima:

Sentimente sau calitati:Ex.: They make an originalcouple.

She is asingle mother. Nationalitatea sau originea:Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother isArgentinean and his father isCanadian.

I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas. Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:

Ex.: The table is long.Thesteeltray was a gift.

Vrsta:Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.

He is still veryyoung, almost a boy. Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:

Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a verylong film.That boy is too tall.

Culoarea:Ex.: I have a redjacket to go with my newwhite skirt.

Materie / material:Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt.

It was asilvertray, not asteeltray.

Forma:Ex.:A rectangularenvelope.A roundtable.

Judecati, pareri sau opinii:Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.

The show was entertaining.

3.4. Ordinea adjectivelor

Atunci cnd se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrieacelasi substantiv, ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista maimulte variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este: Value/opinion, Size,Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material

Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming

Size small, huge, tiny

Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little

Shape round, square, rectangular

Colour red, blonde, black


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Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese

Material plastic, wooden, silver

Exemple: a green round plasticbucket

an elegant little French clock

asmall round wooden table

3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor

3.5.1. Formarea comparativului si superlativului

Exista trei grade de comparatie ale adjectivelor: pozitiv (nalt),comparativ (mai nalt), superlativ (cel mai nalt). n limba engleza,comparativul si superlativul se formeaza astfel:Numar de silabe (Pozitiv) Comparativ Superlativ

o silaba + -er + -esttall taller tallest

Adjectivele formate dintr-o silaba [consoana + o vocala + consoana] vordubla consoana finala:

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

doua silabe + -erSAU more + adj + -estSAU most

+ adj+ Adjectivele terminate n: -y, -ly, -ow+ Adjectivele terminate n: -le, -ersau -ure+ Urmatoarele adjective: handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet

happy happier/ more happy happiest/ most happy

yellow yellower/ more yellow yellowest/ most yellow

simple simpler/ more simple simplest/ most simple

tender tenderer/ more tender tenderest/ most tender

Daca nu esti sigur, foloseste more + adj SAU most+ adj.Nota: Adjectivele terminate n -yca de exemplu happy, pretty, busy,

sunny, luckyetc. vor nlocui -ycu -iersau -iestla forma comparativa sisuperlativa:


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busy busier busiest

trei sau mai multe silabe more + adj most+ adj

important more important most important

expensive more expensive most expensive

Exemple:a.A cat is fast, a tiger is fasterbut a cheetah is the fastest.b.A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest.c.A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more

comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable.

3.5.2. Forme neregulate

Urmatoarele adjective au forme de comparativ si superlativ totalneregulate:

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

old older / elder oldest / eldest

much / many more most

far further / farther furthest / farthest

3.5.3. Comparatia adjectivelor

the + superlativeEx.: This is the oldest theater in London.

comparative + than - pentru a compara diferentele dintre douaobiecte, evenimente sau fiinte:Ex.: He makes fewer mistakes than you do.

Thailand is sunnier than Norway.Albert is more intelligent than Arthur.

as + adjective + as - constructie folosita pentru a compara oameni,locuri, fiinte, evenimete sau obiecte, ntre care nu exista diferente:Ex.: Peter is 24 years old. John is 24 years old. Peter is as old as John.

Ramona is as happy as Raphael.A tiger is as dangerous as a lion.

not as + adjective + as - putem arata diferentele dintre douasubstantive folosind contructia not so/as ...as:Ex.: Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest.

Norway is not as sunny as Thailand


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1. Scrie comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor adjective: happy,brave, busy, clever, dry, bad, fat, many, beautiful, difficult, exciting,

far, good.2. Completeaza cu as, the sau than, dupa caz:- What about this one?- It's better ____ the one we saw in Harrods.- It's bigger ____ the one in our local shop.- But it's more expensive ____ the others.- Do we want one ____ big ___ that?- Yes, ____ bigger, ____ better. Let's buy it. It's ____ best we've seen sofar.

3. Completeaza spatiile libere cu forma de comparativ sau superlativa adjectivelor din paranteza (adauga si than acolo unde este cazul):The 8 o'clock train is much (fast) ____ the 7.30 one. Of course it is(crowded) _____ the 7.30 train and the tickets are (expensive) _____. Youget(cheap) _____ fares before 8 o'clock. Still, it's the (quick) _____ way ofgetting to Bath, unless you want to fly, and getting to the airport is much(difficult) ____ getting to the station.


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Lecia 4: Adverbul

Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cnd,ct de frecventsau n ce msura are loc o actiune.

4.1. Functia adverbelor

Astfel, adverbele determina n general verbe:Ex.: The bus movedslowly. (cum?) I am going home tomorrow. (cnd?)

Adverbele pot determina si adjective: You lookabsolutelyfabulous!Sau alte adverbe: She played the violin extremelywell. You're speakingtoo quietly.Sau chiar propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.

4.2. Forma adverbelor4.2.1. Adverbele se formeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea unui -lyla forma de singular a adjectivului:Adjectiv Adverb

(Adjectiv + ly)Exemple

careful carefully He carefully picked up a tie.

quick quickly Time goes quickly.

slow slowly He walked slowly to the door.

Modificari ortografice:

Daca adjectivul se termina in -y, acesta se va inlocui cu -i + -ly.Ex.: easy - easily, angry - angrily, lucky - luckily

Cnd avem un -le terminal (-able, -ible, -le), dispare -e si esteinlocuit cu -y.Ex.:probable - probably, terrible - terribly, gentle - gently

Adjectivele terminate in -icadauga -ally.Ex.: basic - basically, economic - economically, tragic - tragicallyExceptie:public - publicly

Forme neregulateEx.: true - truly, due - duly, whole - wholly

4.2.2. Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivele:Ex.: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong

Compara:This is a hardexercise. (adjectiv)He works hard. (adverb)


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We saw manyhigh buildings. (adjectiv)The bird flewhigh in the sky. (adverb)

4.2.3. Unor adjective le corespund doua forme adverbiale, care au sensuridiferite:

Adjectiv Formeadverbiale

Exemple

deep 1. deep2. deeply

He lookeddeep into her eyes.(adanc)She is deeplyin love. (profund,pna peste cap)

direct 1. direct 2. directly

You can dial New Yorkdirect. (nmod direct)He went there directly. (direct, fara

ntrziere)

first 1. first

2. firstly

My mother came in first, then my

brothers and sisters. (nti)Firstly, I would like to welcome youhere. (n primul rnd)

Alte exemple: hard, light, just, last, late, most, near, prett, right, round,short, wrong.

Well / GoodWelleste adverbul care corespunde formei adjectivale good.

They are goodswimmers.They swim well.

She is a goodpianist.She plays the piano well.

4.3. Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor

Adverbele formeaza comparativul si superlativul la fel ca si adjectivele (vezi:3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor):

Adauga -erpentru comparativ si -estpentru superlativ la adverbeledintr-o singura silaba: hard - harder - hardest


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Adauga more pentru comparativ si mostpentru superlativ laadverbele formate din doua sau mai multe silabe si la cele terminate in-ly: seriously - more seriously - most seriously

Unele adverbe au forme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ: badly -worse - worst, little - less - least, well - better - best, much - more -most

Uneori mostpoate avea sensul de very:We were most grateful for your help.I am most impressed by this application.

4.4. Clasificarea adverbelor

1. Adverbe de mod2. Adverbe de loc si directie3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa4. Adverbe de probabilitate5. Adverbe de grad

4.4.1. Adverbe de mod

Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseazain propozitie dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.

Exemple:He swims well. (dupa verb)He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly.She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively.James coughed loudly to attract her attention.He plays the flute beautifully. (dupa complement)He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

1. Adverbul de mod nu se aseaza ntre verb si complement:Incorect: He ate greedilythe chocolate cake.Corect: He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

2. Pozitia adverbului n propozitie este foarte importanta mai ales atuncicnd exista mai multe verbe n propozitie. Daca adverbul este asezat dupa opropozitie, atunci acesta modifica ntregul sens exprimat n propozitie.Observa diferentele de sens n functie de locul adverbului n propozitie:


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He quietlyasked me to leave the house. (= cererea lui a fost facuta nliniste) He asked me to leave the house quietly. (= plecarea a fost facuta nliniste)

4.4.2. Adverbe de loc si directieNe arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbulprincipal sau complementul sau.Exemple:Dupa verb:

I looked everywhere.John looked ...away, up, down, around...I'm going ...home, out, back...

Dupa complement:They built a house nearby.She took the child outside.

A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de nspre/ cu /mpreuna cu vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participareavorbitorului:Ex.: Come here (= spre mine)

It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)Put it there (= departe de mine)It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)

Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there,under here, under there, up here, up there.

B. Adverbele de loc terminate n -wards - exprima ideea de miscarentr-o anumita directie:Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards,northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.

Cats don't usually walk backwards.The ship sailed westwards.

Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel nct va fi ntotdeauna urmat deun substantiv sau pronume:Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.

C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia: ahead, abroad,overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.


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4.4.3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa

Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.Ex.:Cnd: today, yesterday, later, now, last yearDurata, pentru ct timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last yearCt de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfrsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, lanceputul ei:Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday.

Later the boy understood the story.

Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.

My mother lived in France for a year

.

Foreste intotdeauna urmat de o expresie de durata: for three days, for aweek, for several years, for two centuries.Since este intotdeauna urmat expresia unui moment punctual n timp:since Monday, since 1997, since the last war.

Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obiceiin fata verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have,

may, must): I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal) You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must) I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fataverbului principal forgotten)

Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni sise plaseaza la sfarsitul prepozitiei:

This magazine is published monthly.He visits his mother once a week.

Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often,regularly, sometimes, usually.

Yetse foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative:Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.


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They haven't met him yet.Stillexprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sauinterogative.

I am still hungry.Do you still work for the BBC?

Ordinea adverbelor de timp

Daca este nevoie de mai multe adverbe de timp in aceeasi propozitieordinea lor va fi:

Ordinea Exemple

1: adverbe de durata2: adverbe de frecventa3: adverbe de timp

1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) everyday.2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2)weekly (3) last year.1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months(3) last year.1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1)for two days (2) every week (3) last year.

4.4.4. Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate

Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pecare il relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely,maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intreverbul auxiliar si verbul principal.Ex.: He has certainlyforgotten the meeting.

Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza ndebutul frazei:Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

Surelyasezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convinsde adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely

you've got a bicycle?

4.4.5. Adverbe de grad

Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb,adjectiv sau adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly,scarcely, completely, very, extremely.

Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care ildetermina, fie in fata verbului principal:


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Ex.: The water was extremelycold.He wasjustleaving.She has almostfinished.

Enough, very, tooEnough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupaadjectiv sau adverb:

Is your coffee hot enough?(adjectiv)

He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fataadjectivului sau adverbului: This coffee is too hot. (adjective) He works too hard. (adverb)Veryintareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora: The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv) He worked very quickly. (adverb)

Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very:Veryexprima un fapt: He speaks very quickly.Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me tounderstand).

Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly,pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

1. Alege adjectivul sau adverbul din paranteza pentru a completacorect fiecare pereche de propozitii:a.It's an ___ question. You should be able to answer it quite ___. (easy/

easily)b.I can type a bit but I'm very ___ . I'm afraid I can only type very ___.(slow/ slowly)c.Mr Robbins shouted ___ at the children. The children made Mr Robbinsvery ___. (angry/ angrily)d.Mary sang ___ at the concert last night. She sang a ____ song at theconcert last night. (beautiful/ beautifully)e.What was wrong with Bill? He looked very ___ . Bill shook his head ___.(sad/ sadly)


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2. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu ago, since, sau for:a.Columbus discovered America about six hundred years ___.b.Ghana has been an independent country ___ 1957.c.Russia has been a republic ___ over seventy years.d.Oxford has been a center of learning ___ more than a thousand years.e.Most British universities were founded less than fifty years ___.

3. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu:still, yet, already, anylonger, any more.a.John doesn't live in London ___ . He's moved to Bristol.b.The children haven't gone to bed ___ . They're ___ watching television.c.- Is Anne ___ here? - No, she has ___ left.d.Becky hasn't gone to university ___. She's ____ at school.e.Have you started your new job ___ or are you ___ working in London?f.Thanks for your help. I won't trouble you ___.


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Lecia 5: Pronumele

5.1. Functia pronumelui

Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumescsi nu caracterizeaza nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv,facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau actiune mentionate anterior sau

cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.Ex.:John did all the work. He did all the work. Who did all the work?

5.2. Forma pronumelui

Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:Numar: singular - this; plural - theseCaz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ - her

Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - itPronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody,whatever, no one).

5.3. Clasificarea pronumelor

Dupa continut si functie pronumele pot fi:

1. Personale2. Reflexive

3. Nehotarate4. Demonstrative5. Relative6. De ntarire7. Interogative8. Reciproce

5.3.1. Pronumele personale

Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ

Singular

I mine (to) me me

you yours (to) you you

he his (to) him him

she hers (to) her her

it its (to) it it


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Plural

we ours (to) us us

you yours (to) you you

they theirs (to) them them


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I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula.

Its (pronume) nu are apostrof.It's vine de la it is sau it has!

Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee

Igave him the book.He ran the London Marathon.It's a pleasure to him.Ionly played againstheronce.These books are ours.Is this pen yours ormine?

You / Theyimpersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a

vorbi despre oameni in general.Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain. Theysay she's very clever.

It- poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:

Itimpersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand stareavremii, distante sau in contructii pasive)Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.It was spring.Is it Monday?

How hot it is!How far is it to the station?

It demostrativEx.: Who is it? It's the postman.It's the children.

5.3.2. Pronumele reflexive

Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci candsubiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.

Forme:Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itselfPlural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.She fell off the ladder and injured herself.You can do these tasks by yourself or with a partner.After five minutes, it will automatically turn itself down.Let's buy ourselves a chair for the garden.They built the house themselves.

5.3.3. Pronumele nehotarate


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