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8/13/2019 Limba engleza UFB http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/limba-engleza-ufb 1/26  15 UNIT 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS READING COMPREHENSION Read the text and make comments, i.e. agreeing or disagreeing with the ideas presented in the text. Give arguments for your opinions. Products such as bread, meat, clothing and houses are produced and sold in every country of the world today. The production methods and resources are often very similar in different countries and products are sold in stores which, at least superficially, can look very much alike. But countries may have very different kinds of economic systems, despite those apparent similarities. On the other hand, the basic economic problems confronting human beings in all nations are similar, irrespective of the economic system they live in. Economic systems are accepted ways of organising production and they are concerned with the ownership and control of resources. Economic activity is conducted in an environment that reflects the political framework of society. In all nations, economic activity developed originally in a framework of free enterprise where little interference was made in the activities of those engaging in it. In a market economy, sometimes called a free-enterprise economy, resources are allocated through the  price mechanism  and the ownership  and control of such important resources as land and capital are in the hands of  private  firms and individuals. Property laws give the owners the right to make decisions concerning access to these resources and to determine the  purpose for  and manner in which  they

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UNIT 2ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

READING COMPREHENSION

Read the text and make comments, i.e. agreeing or disagreeingwith the ideas presented in the text. Give arguments for youropinions.

Products such as bread, meat, clothing and houses are produced and

sold in every country of the world today. The production methods and

resources are often very similar in different countries and productsare sold in stores which, at least superficially, can look very much

alike. But countries may have very different kinds of economic

systems, despite those apparent similarities. On the other hand, the

basic economic problems confronting human beings in all nations are

similar, irrespective of the economic system they live in.

Economic systems  are accepted ways of organising production and

they are concerned with the ownership and control of resources.

Economic activity is conducted in an environment that reflects the

political framework of society. In all nations, economic activity

developed originally in a framework of free enterprise where little

interference was made in the activities of those engaging in it.

In a market economy, sometimes called a free-enterprise economy,

resources are allocated through the  price mechanism   and the

ownership  and control of such important resources as land and capital

are in the hands of  private   firms and individuals. Property laws give

the owners the right to make decisions concerning access to these

resources and to determine the  purpose for  and manner in which  they

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are to be used. The market solves most of the economic problems and

a system of prices, markets, profits and losses, incentives and rewards

establishes what , how   and  for whom   to produce. The United States,

the countries of the European Union (EU) and Japan (where the

majority of companies are privately owned and controlled) are, to alarge extent, market economies. Market economies are not perfect.

Sometimes, the economy of free enterprise leads, regrettably, to

abuses. In particular, it leads to inequalities of incomes and to various

types of monopoly practices.

 The extreme form of the market economy, in which the state has

practically no economic role, is the so-called liberal economy, 

subscribing to the political-economic philosophy of "laissez-faire ".

In a command economy, also called a centrally-planned economy,

politically appointed committees plan production and manage the

economy to achieve  political goals . Resources are allocated by a

central planning authority. Key industries and resources are owned

and controlled by the state. This system is associated with government

ownership   of productive resources and central planning. The state

solves all major economic issues such as creating jobs, managing the

branches of the economy and deciding where the production of goods

and services should go. A command economy differs from a market

economy in two important ways:

  the state owns productive resources, including natural resources,

land, factories, financial institutions, retail stores etc.;

  authoritarian methods are used to determine resource use and

price.

Modern economies are quite complex and varied and they cannot be

included in the economic systems mentioned above. In fact, most

countries are to some extent mixed economies, with elements

belonging to both the free enterprise and the command economy.

Some free enterprise and market exchange exist in many economies

that define themselves as centralised economies and, at the same

time, many free market economies have government sectors that

provide goods and services, run railroads and other enterprises and

employ a significant percentage of the labour force. In the USA for

example, the market takes decisions but the state plays an important

role regarding the regulation of the markets and the economy in

general.

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE

I.  Choose the correct word for the following sentences:

1. Production methods and resources are often very ………………… 

in different countries.

1. similar 3. rare2. different 4. many

2. Countries may have very ………………. kinds of economic systems. 

1. similar 3. identical2. diversified 4. different

3. The United States, the countries of the European Union (EU) and

 Japan where the majority of companies are privately owned and

controlled are, to a large extent, …………………………. economies. 

1. market 3. command

2. centralised 4. strange

4. Economic systems are accepted ways of ………………… production

and are concerned with the ownership and control of resources. 

1. marketing 3. organising2. producing 4. destroying

5. In a ……………economy, a central planning authority allocates

resources.

1. market 3. command2. central 4. global

6. Most countries are to some extent…………………, with elements

belonging to both the free enterprise and the command economy.

1. market economies 3. command economies2. central economies 4. mixed economies

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7. The …………….economic problems confronting human beings in all

nations are similar, irrespective of the economic system they live in.

1. new 3. basic2. central 4. global

8. In the USA, the market takes decisions but the ………….pla ys an

important role regarding the regulation of the markets and the

economy in general.

1. world 3. universe2. state 4. Europe

9. In a market economy,  resources are allocated through the

…………. mechanism.1. global 3. cost2. state 4. price

10. In a ……………….economy, the state owns productive resources. 

1. command 3. free2. market 4. mixed

II.  Match the English words and expressions with their

Romanian equivalents.

1.  command economy a)  pe de altă parte 

2.  economic system b)  magazin de desfacere

3.  environment c)  economie mixtă 

4.  framework d)  mediu

5.  market economy e)  practic 

6.  mixed economy f)  economie de piaţă 

7.  on the other hand g)  proprietar 

8.  retail store h)  economie centralizată 

9.  owner i)  sistem economic

10.  virtually  j)  cadru

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III. Match the following Romanian terms with their English

equivalents and make sentences with them:

1.  agent economic 2. cumpărător 3. cheltuială 4. echilibru 5.pierdere

6. preţ 7. preţ de echilibru 8. stimulent 9. vânzător 10. venit 

IV. Match the words in the left-hand column with the correct

definitions from the right hand column. Use a dictionary if

necessary.

1.  economies of

scale

a)  the total well-being of a community

2.  equilibrium price b)  Gross National Product

3.  incentive c)  what must be given in exchange for

something usually expressed in terms of a

quantity of money

4.  market d)  legal right of possession

5.  GDP e)  a system of government-financed income

transfers to perform a distribution of income

considered desirable

6.  GNP f)  whenever potential sellers of a good or

service are brought into contact with

potential buyers and a means of exchange is

available

7.  ownership g)  the price at which a market is in

equilibrium

8.  price h)  factors that cause the average cost of

producing a commodity to fall as output of

the commodity rises.

9.  social security i)  something that stimulates someone to act in

a certain way (work harder for example)

10.  social

welfare

 j)  Gross Domestic Product

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V. Read this article from The Economist and then discuss with a

partner the impact of an economic downturn on national

economies.

The economic downturn

Checking the depth gauge

Which of the big rich economies has fared best and worst during the crisis?

FINANCIAL markets and headline-writers pay a great deal of attention to

quarterly GDP growth rates. Forexample, figures released over the pastcouple of weeks have shown thatgrowth has slowed sharply in Americaand Europe in the second quarter,while Japan’s economy has continued

to contract. For citizens of thecountries themselves, however, thelevel of output (and hence income)relative to that before the crisis is whatreally matters, rather than the rate of

growth.

If countries are ranked according to thechange in real GDP since the end of

2007, Canada tops the league, with output in the second quarter estimated to bealmost 3% higher than it was before the crisis. But Canada, like the United States, hasa fast-growing population thanks to immigration, whereas the number of Germans andJapanese has started to shrink. GDP per person is therefore a better measure ofrelative performance.

By this gauge, Canada is still 1% below its pre-crisis level and America is almost 4%down (see chart). Even worse hit are Britain, Italy and Japan, where average income per head was 5-6% below its peak. In contrast, China’s GDP per person rose by animpressive 35% in the same period and India’s was up by 22%. Of the G7 countries

only Germany has managed to get back to where it was at the end of 2007, but eventhere the second-quarter numbers were very disappointing: GDP growth slowedsharply to an annual rate of only 0.5%.

Most economies still have a lot of lost ground to regain, but comparing output nowwith its level before the crisis understates the true depth of their slump. An alternativeyardstick is to compare GDP per person now with what it would have been if it had

continued to grow at the same pace as during the ten years before the crisis. On this basis, not even Germany has yet caught up: it is almost 4% below its trend. America’s

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GDP per person has fallen by 10% relative to trend, but by far the worst hit among theG7 is Britain, with a 13% shortfall. Even that looks mild compared with Ireland,where income per head is now about 25% below its previous (and clearlyunsustainable) trend.

If the shortfall in GDP relative to trend in each year since 2007 is totted up, Americahas suffered a cumulative loss of $4 trillion, equivalent to a stunning $13,000 for each

 person. Stock markets and newspapers will cheer when growth rates eventually pickup, but most of the income that has been lost since the crisis began will never berecouped.

The Economist, August 20th 2011

TALKING POINT

1.  What do you think economic systems should be concerned with?

2.  What type of economic system does Romania have? Give

arguments. 

3.  What is, in your opinion, the best economic system for a developing

country? 

4.  What will be the economic systems of the third millennium? Does

technology have any impact on economic systems? 

GRAMMAR FOCUS

SUBSTANTIVUL (I)

Substantivul are categoriile gramaticale de gen, număr şi caz iar în

cadrul propoziţiei poate îndeplini funcţia sintactică de subiect, nume

predicativ, apoziţie, atribut sau complement. 

In funcţie de diverse criterii , substantivele pot fi clasificate   în diverse

moduri. Astfel, după modul de percepere   ele pot fi concrete   (luăm

cunoştinţă de existenţa lor prin intermediul simţurilor: man ,

university, London, water ) sau abstracte   (luăm cunoştinţă de

existenţa lor prin intermediul minţii: beauty, peace, choice, youth,

weather).

După criteriul capacităţii lor d e individualizare , substantivele sunt

substantive comune   (denumesc un obiect ca reprezentant al unei

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categorii de exemplare de acelaşi fel: book, bank, friendship ) şi

substantive proprii   (denumesc un anumit obiect deosebindu-l de

celelalte exemplare din aceeaşi categorie sau specie: John, Europe,

Romania, the English Channel, the Alps, Thursday, July, the Times ). Inlimba engleză, substantivele proprii se scriu cu literă mare. 

Sunt considerate substantive proprii substantivele care denumesc:

a) nume, prenume de persoane Smith, William etc

b) denumire geografice:

- nume de continente Asia, Europe

- nume de ţări  the UK, France, Holland- naţionalităţi, limbi Englishman, Pole, Dutch,

Romanian

- teritorii, regiuni, provincii Yukon Territory, Bukovina, the

Lake District

- oraşe, străzi  London, New York, Oak street

- insule, peninsule The Canary Islands, the Balkan

Peninsula, Cape Cod

- ape (oceane, mări, fluvii,

lacuri), golfuri, canale,

strâmtori, cascade, curenţi

maritimi

 The Indian Ocean, The North Sea,

 The Nile, Lake Ontario, The Bay

of Biscay, The Suez Canal, The

Bosphorus Strait, Gulf Stream,

Niagara Falls, The Mariana

 Trench

- forme de relief (munţi,

dealuri, câmpii), trecători,

văi, deşerturi, mlaştini 

 The Himalayas, Chiltern Hill, The

Great Plains, Mont Blank Peak,

 The Thames Valley, The Kalahari

Desert, The Marston Moor

- alte denumiri geografice Tropic of Cancer. The Arctic

Circle, The North Pole

c) constelaţii, planete, stele   The Milky Way, Mars, The

Morning Star

d) denumiri diverse

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- epoci, etape istorice The Stone Age, The Renaissance

- monumente, obiective

istorice

 The Great Wall of China, Saint

Paul Cathedral, Solomon's

 Temple- evenimente istorice The Massacre of St.

Bartholomew, The Second World

War, The Chartist Movement, The

Peace of Paris

- alianţe, partide istorice  Labour Party, Liberal Party, The

 Treaty of Dresden

e) diviziuni ale timpului- timpul standard Atlantic Time, Central European

 Time

- lunile anului May, December

- zilele săptămânii  Tuesday, Wednesday

- sărbători istorice,

religioase, comemorări 

Independence Day, Christmas

Day, Labour Day, Ash

Wednesday

f) nume de instituţii 

- teatre, cinematografe The Old Vic Theatre, Covent

Garden, The Capitol Cinema

- hoteluri, restaurante The Ritz, The Savoy

- muzee, biblioteci,

obiective cultural ştiinţifice 

 The British Museum, The Library

of Congress, Metropolitan

Museum of Art, Academy of

Science

g) edituri, cărţi, reviste, ziare,

publicaţii 

Oxford University Press, Critique

of Pure Reason, Economics and

the Banks' Role, The Financial

 Times, The Wall Street Journal

h) organizaţii, instituţii,

asociaţii, ligi 

World Health Organisation,

Romanian Banking Institute, The

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British Council, Council of

Europe, The League of Arab

States

i) nume de vase maritime  Titanic, Queen Elisabeth

Clasificarea substantivelor se poate face şi după ideea de număr. In

acest sens, substantivele din limba engleză se împart două clase,

respectiv în substantivele numărabile şi substantive nenumărabile. 

Substantivele numărabile  sunt nume de persoane şi lucruri care pot

fi numărate şi care pot fi folosite cu determinanţi ce indică numărul.

Aceste substantive au anumite caracteristici:

a) au forme deosebite pentru

singular şi plural 

bank/banks - bancă/bănci 

man/men - bărbat/bărbaţi 

shelf/shelves - raft/rafturi

b) acordul cu verbul se face în

număr 

 The child   is playing. - Copilul se

 joacă. 

 The children   are playing. - Copii

se joacă. 

c) pot fi precedate de

determinanţi care indică

numărul (numerale, articolul

nehotărât, articolul zero,

adjective posesive şi

demonstrative)

a/this/that student  -

un/acest/acel student

two/several/many books  -

două/câteva/ multe cărţi 

Substantivele nenumărabile   denumesc lucruri sau noţiuni

percepute ca un întreg care nu pot fi prin urmare numărate şi nu pot

fi precedate de determinanţi care indică numărul. O parte din

substantivele nenumărabile însă pot fi uneori măsurate sau pot

deveni substantive numărabile.

Substantivele nenumărabile au următoarele caracteristici: 

a) au formă invariabilă   paper, tea, news, information,

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 Tot din punctul de vedere al ideii de număr , substantivele din limba

engleză se împart în mai multe categorii care la rândul lor se împart

în sub-categorii, conform tabelului de mai jos:

- substantive individuale substantive individuale propriu-zise; substantive individuale

defective

- substantive unice substantive echivalente ale

numelor proprii; nume de

materie; substantive abstracte

unice

- substantive colective  substantive colective propriu-zise; substantivele pluralităţii;

substantive individuale ale

pluralităţii 

Substantivele individuale propriu-  zise  au câteva caracteristici:

a) au forme deosebite pentru

singular şi plural 

table/tables - masă/mese 

child/children - copil/copiib) se pot număra (sunt

numărabile) 

a  man - un bărbat 

three  men - trei bărbaţi 

c) se acordă în număr cu

predicatul şi cu ceilalţi

determinanţi ai propoziţiei 

 This book is interesting. - Această

carte este interesantă. 

 These books are   interesting. -

Aceste cărţi sunt interesante.

d) folosite în sensul lor cel maigeneral sunt precedate de :

- articolul hotărât sau

nehotărât la singular; 

The/A  noun is a part of speech. -

Substantivul este o parte de

vorbire.

- articolul zero la plural Nouns are a part of speech. -

Substantivele sunt o parte de

vorbire.

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NOTĂ 

Fac excepţie: 

- substantivele man ,woman

Man is a superior being. - Omul

este o fiinţă superioară. 

- anotimpurile Summer   is the warmest season. -

Vara este cel mai cald anotimp.

- mesele zilei We have breakfast   every morning

at home. - Luăm micul dejun

acasă în fiecare dimineaţă. 

Substantivele individuale defective au fie doar formă de singular

fie doar formă de plural. 

A. Substantive individuale defective cu formă doar de PLURAL  

Ele pot denumi:

a) articole de îmbrăcăminte

alcătuite din 2 părţi 

trousers - pantaloni

slacks - pantaloni sport

pyjamas - pijama

b) obiecte şi ustensile alcătuite

din 2 părţi 

binoculars - binoclu

compasses - compas

scales - cântar, balanţă 

scissors - foarfece

tongs/pliers - cleşte 

B. Substantive individuale defective cu formă doar de SINGULAR 

Sunt de diverse categorii advice - sfat/sfaturi

furniture - mobilă 

information - informaţie/informaţii 

luggage - bagaj/bagaje

NOTE

1.  Substantivele defective

pot fi numărate prin

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asocierea cu un

numerativ de tipul:

-  a pair of  = o pereche de

a piece of = un/o  -  an item of = un/o

(pentru substantivele

din categoria B)

a pair of   spectacles - o pereche de

ochelaria piece of  advice - un sfat

an item of information   - o

informaţie 

2. Substantivele defective se

acordă cu predicatul în

număr (cele cu formă desingular cu verbul la

singular iar cele cu formă de

plural cu verbul la plural)

Where are   my binoculars? - Unde

îmi este binoclul?

Your piece of information has been  very helpful. - Informaţia ta mi-a

fost de mare folos.

3. Substantivele defective

sunt precedate de articolul

zero dacă sunt folosite în

sensul lor general.

 Tails are worn on special

occasions. - Fracul se poartă în

ocazii deosebite.

Useful information is always

appreciated. - O informaţie utilă

este întotdeauna apreciată.

Substantivele unice cuprind substantive nenumărabile pentru că o

parte dintre ele denumesc substantive bine individualizate iar altele

nume de materii şi substanţe. 

e.g. the Cosmos  –   cosmosul, silver  –   argint, the Government  –  

guvernul, nitrogen - azot

Substantivele echivalente ale numelor proprii se comportă ca şi

substantivele proprii, ele fiind substantive percepute ca "unicat". Au şi

ele o serie de caracteristici:

a) sunt substantive comune,

numărabile 

the Earth - pământul 

the world - lumea

the present/past/future -

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prezentul/trecutul/viitorul

nature - natura

paradise - paradisul

the east - estulb) au doar formă de singular

deci nu pot reprezenta o clasă

de obiecte 

 The earth is   round. - Pământul

este rotund.

Hell is   paved with good

intentions. - Iadul este pavat cu

bune intenţii. 

c) se acordă cu predicatul la

singular 

Nature is   ours and we must

protect it. - Natura este anoastră şi trebuie să o protejăm. 

Substantivele nume de materii

Această categorie include substantivele care denumesc nume de

materii sau substanţe care nu pot fi numărate ci doar apreciate

cantitativ. Au următoarele caracteristici: 

a) sunt substantive comune

nenumărabile, cu formă doar de

singular

coffee - cafeasalt - sarepaper - hârtiecotton - bumbac

b) nu se pot număra, se pot

doar aprecia cantitativ 

much coffee - multă cafea 

little sugar - puţin zahăr 

c)  se acordă cu predicatul la

singular

 This meat is   lean and tender. -

Carnea aceasta este slabă şi

fragedă. 

d) folosite în sens general sunt

precedate de articolul zero

Honey is good for health. -

Mierea este bună pentru

sănătate 

NOTE

1. Câteva substantive nume de

materii au doar formă de plural

şi deci verbul se acordă la

plural

lees - drojdie

dregs - sedimente

sweepings - gunoaie

Spirits are not on my taste. -

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Băuturile tari nu sunt pe gustul

meu.

2. În următoarele cazuri unele

nume de materii se pot folosi şi

la plural, cu verbul tot la plural:

- când sunt percepute ca

varietăţi, feluri, soiuri 

Romanian wines are  famous for

their quality. - Vinurile

româneşti sunt vestite pentru

calitatea lor.

- când se pune accentul pe

cantitate urmărindu-se

obţinerea unor efecte stilistice(plurale stilistice)

 The waters   of the lake were

calm.

Substantivele abstracte unice sunt substantive percepute ca o

singură noţiune şi abstracţiunile (denumesc o calitate, acţiune sau

stare la treapta sa cea mai înaltă de generalizare sau abstractizare).

Au următoarele caracteristici: 

a) sunt un grup mare de

substantive care pot denumi:

- noţiuni unice  music - muzică 

philosophy - filozofie

art - artă 

- calităţi, însuşiri  swiftness - iuţeală idleness - leneblackness - calitatea de a fi negrukindness - amabilitate

- stări, acţiuni  coming - venire

thinking - gândire

expectation - aşteptare 

tranquillity - calm

- sentimente pity - milă 

mercy - îndurare

patriotism - patriotism

cowardice - laşitate 

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b) când se face referire la

varietăţile, felurile respectivului

substantiv

the philosophies of the ancient

world - filozofiile lumii antice

the joys of life - bucuriile vieţii 

2. Un număr relativ restrâns desubstantive abstracte unice au

doar formă de plural, dar acordul

cu verbul se face la singular. Ele

denumesc: 

a)  unele boli cum sunt:

mumps - oreion

measles - pojarrickets - rahitism (cu verbul la

singular sau plural) 

Mumps is a contagious and

infectious viral disease. -Oreionul este o boală virală,

infecţioasă şi contagioasă.

b)  unele jocuri precum:

bowls/skittles - popice

dominoes - domino

marbles - bile

cards - joc de cărţi 

billiards - biliard

Marbles is a game for children.

 Jocul cu bile este un joc pentru

copii.

c)  ştiinţe şi obiecte de studiu

terminate in -ics

economics –  ştiinţa economică 

cybernetics - cibernetică 

mechanics - mecanică 

mathematics –  matematică 

Economics was my favourite

subject in school. - Economia a

fost materia mea favorită la

şcoală. 

N.B.

Unele nume de ştiinţe se pot

folosi şi cu verbul la plural

atunci când se are în vedere

latura lor concretă, practică 

 The acoustics of this concert hall

are   excellent. - Acustica acestei

săli de concert este excelentă 

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 34

Substantivele colective include substantivele care sugerează prin

conţinutul lor lexical o totalitate de elemente componente de acelaşi

fel.

Substantivele colective propriu zise au formă de singular, darconţinutul lor lexical sugerează ideea de plural prin elementele

componente (fiinţe umane). Ele au următoarele caracteristici: 

a) au formă de singular dar

exprimă ideea de plural 

crew - echipaj

family - familie

assembly - adunare

crowd - mulţime 

committee - comitetgovernment - guvern

party - partid

 jury - juriu

people - popor

b) acordul cu verbul se face la

plural accentul punându-se pe

elementele alcătuitoare, nu pe

întregul în sine (nu pot fi însă

însoţite şi de determinanţi la

plural)

 The audience have   never

forgotten Pavarotti's concert at

Covent Garden. - Spectatorii n-au

uitat niciodată concertul lui

Pavarotti la Covent Garden.

NOTĂ 

La origine, majoritatea acestor

substantive sunt substantive

individuale; când sunt văzute ca

un întreg iar substantivul

respectiv devine numărabil, se

pot acorda cu verbul la singular

sau plural

My family is made up of five. -

Familia mea este compusă din

cinci membri.

 The two governments have

reached an agreement. - Cele

două guverne au ajuns la un

acord.

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Substantivele pluralităţii   (Nouns of multitude) au formă de

singular dar conţinutul lor lexical sugerează ideea de plural. Au

următoarele caracteristici: 

a) sunt folosite numai cu înţelesde plural

people - lume, oameninobility - aristocraţie 

police - poliţie 

infantry - infanteria

clergy - clerici

cattle - vite

b) se acordă la plural cu verbul

şi cu determinanţii lor 

 The police have  not arrested the

burglars. - Poliţia nu i-a arestatpe hoţi 

many clergy - mulţi clerici 

c) pot fi precedate de numerale four hundred cavalry - patru

sute de cavalerişti 

Substantivele individuale ale pluralităţii   pot urma fie regimul

substantivelor individuale fie pe cel al substantivelor pluralităţii. Au

următoarele caracteristici: 

a) au formă de singular dar, în

funcţie de context, înţelesul lor

poate fi singular sau plural deşi

le lipseşte marca formală

pentru plural

fish - peşti 

trout - păstrăv 

salmon - somon

swine - porcine

sheep - oi

deer - căprioare 

pair - pereche

head - cap

b) se acordă în număr cu verbul

şi determinanţii, în funcţie de

intenţiile vorbitorului 

 That sheep does not belong to

this flock. - Această oaie nu

aparţine acestei turme 

 Thirty sheep are grazing in the

field. - Treizeci de oi pasc pe

câmp.

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 36

NOTE

1. Unele au şi o formă de

plural, marcat prin -s dar se

folosesc rar

deer - deers

trout - trouts

pike - pikescod - cods

2. Adesea pluralul în -s indică

specii sau varietăţi ale genului 

We studied the herrings   of the

North Atlantic Ocean. - Am

studiat varietăţile de heringi din

Atlanticul de Nord.

Unele substantive provin din alte părţi de vorbire, respectiv dinadjective sau participii verbale.

Substantive provenite din adjective :

an Asian/ Asians - un asiatic /asiatici

a native /natives - un băştinaş/băştinaşi 

a sweet/sweets - o bomboană/bomboane 

Spanish - limba spaniolă 

the beautiful - frumosul

the young - tineretul

the public - publicul

the present - prezentul

the good - cei răi 

the rich - cei bogaţi 

the poor - cei săraci 

the needy - cei nevoiaşi 

Substantive provenite din participii verbale :

the injured - răniţii 

beginning - început

the accused - acuzaţii

the unemployed –  şomerii 

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EXERCISES

I. Give the plural of the following nouns: 

1. analysis 2. bank 3. phenomenon 4. datum 5. salmon 6. child

7. curriculum 8. people 9. advice 10. editor-in-chief 11. series

12. mouse 13. money 14. water 15. information 16. economics

17. hair 18. account 19. economy 20. banknote 21. man 22.

roof 23. damage 24. life 25. tooth 26. coffee 27. weather 28. ox

29. institution 30. coin 31. looker-on 32. fish 33. business 34.

goose 35. misunderstanding 36. woman 37. calf 38.unemployment 39. potato 40. basis 41. nucleus 42. criterion 43.

portfolio 44. crisis 45. bread 46. glass 47. swine 48. wife 49.

ladybird 50. loan

II. Translate into English the following nouns and give the

plural where possible:

1. bani 2. şomer  3. consum 4. roşie  5. păstrăv  6. mediu 7. teză 

8. oaie 9. poliţie 10. hoţ  11. oreion 12. familie 13. sănătate 14. aur

15. ştiinţa economică  16. fruct 17. roman 18. cifră  19. conţinut  20.

vara 21. pantaloni 22. bagaj 23. ochelari 24. pământ 25. frumosul

26. juriu 27. şah 28. limba engleză  29. sediu 30. carusel 31.

 jumătate  32. fiu 33. munca 34. ţară  35. zăpadă  36. busola 37.

secol 38. mobilă  39. căprioară  40. vamă  41. afacere 42. creştere 

43. teorie 44. echilibru 45. preţ  46. fluctuaţie  47. monedă  48. pian

49. lucrător  50. timp

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III. Read the text below and underline all the nouns:

As the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates began to show

signs of strain in the late 1960s, many economists recommended thatcountries allow currency values to be determined freely in the foreign

exchange market. When the governments of the industrialised

countries adopted floating exchange rates early in 1973, they viewed

their step as a temporary emergency measure and were not

consciously following the advice of the economists then advocating a

permanent floating-rate system. So far, however, it has proved

impossible to put the fixed-rate system back together again: the dollarexchange rates of the industrialised countries have continued to float

since 1973.

 The advocates of floating saw it as a way out of the conflicts between

internal and external balance that often arose under the rigid Bretton

Woods exchange rates. By the mid-1980s, however, economists and

policymakers had become more sceptical about the benefits of an

international monetary system based on floating rates. Some critics

describe the post-1973 currency arrangements as an international

monetary “nonsystem”, a free-for-all in which national macroeconomic

policies are frequently at odds. Many observers now think that the

current exchange rate system is badly in need of reform.

(International Economics, Paul R. Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld, 2000, New

York, Addison Wesley Publishing Company)

IV. Explain the meanings of the following nouns: 

1. colours 2.glasses 3.spirits 4.spectacles 5.quarters 6.compasses

7.customs 8.effects 9.forces 10.grounds 11.letters 12.manners

13.pains 14.returns 15.premises 16.minutes.

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V. In groups of four give as many nouns as you can think of and

say which category they belong to, according to the idea of

number.

VI. Form abstract nouns from the following words:

selfish

cautious

polite

modestscarce

coward

guilty

cruelly

brave

destroy

obey

choose

tempt

deduct

WRITING TASK

VII. Write a short composition on any topic and use as many

nouns as possible. Underline all the nouns in your work.

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