WAYS WITH WORDS

(curs practic de limba englez pentru nvmntul la distan)

Anul I Autor: Asist. univ. drd. Daniela LINGURARU

C U P R I N S

Introducere. Obiective Partea I Ways and Means Lecia 1. Cuvnt i sunet. Transcrierea fonetic Lecia 2. Articolul Lecia 3. Substantivul: gen, numr, caz Lecia 4. Adjectivul i gradele de comparaie Lecia 5. Adverbul Lecia 6. Demonstrativele Lecia 7. De la pronume la verb Lecia 8. Retur: de la verb la pronume Lecia 9. Pronumele i adjectivele posesive Lecia 10. Pronumele reflexive Lecia 11. Pronumele reciproce Lecia 12. Pronumele relative Lecia 13. Pronumele nehotrte Lecia. 14. Pronumele interogative Recapitulare Test autoevaluare Partea a doua Up and Down the Way Lecia 15. Numeralul Lecia 16. Prepoziia Lecia 17. Prezentul simplu Lecia 18. Prezentul simplu / prezentul continuu Lecia 19. Trecutul simplu / trecutul continuu Lecia 20. Prezentul perfect simplu / prezentul perfect continuu Lecia 21. Mai mult ca perfectul Lecia 22. Exprimarea viitorului (A. Viitorul simplu / viitorul continuu) Lecia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (B. Viitorul n trecut, viitorul perfect-simplu i continuu) Lecia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (C. Be Going To / Be To / Be About To) Lecia 25. Verbe i expresii modale (A. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO) Lecia 26. Verbe i expresii modale (B. WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER / SOONER, USED TO, BE TO, DARE) Lecia 27. Tipuri de condiionale Lecia 28. Diateza pasiv Recapitulare Test autoevaluare Cheia exerciiilor Anexa 1 Texte Anexa 2 Activiti comunicative Anexa 3 - Functions Bank Anexa 4 Spelling Anexa 5 Verbe Neregulate Anexa 6 Glosar Romn-Englez de termeni silvici Bibliografie

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INTRODUCERE SCOPUL CURSULUI: Prezentul curs este destinat studenilor de anul I de la

Facultatea de Silvicultur, Specializarea Silvicultur, regim la distan. Att partea de teorie ct i cea aplicativ au fost concepute n aa fel nct s faciliteze familiarizarea studenilor cu structuri elementare ale limbii engleze sau reactualizarea cunotinelor fundamentale deja dobndite. O atenie special s-a acordat acelor registre lingvistice care permit comunicarea n limba englez, ct i termenilor specifici specializrii.

OBIECTIVELE PRINCIPALE:

1. familiarizarea studenilor cu diferitele aspecte ale limbii engleze

2. dezvoltarea abilitii studenilor de a comunica n limba englez

3. nsuirea de ctre studeni a termenilor specifici specializrii

4. nsuirea i folosirea limbajului adecvat pentru a descrie activiti, situaii etc.

MODUL DE EVALUARE:

La sfritul fiecrui semestru, studenii vor fi examinai n cadrul unui colocviu; stabilirea notei finale se va face i n funcie de verificrile pariale de la cursurile de pe parcursul semestrului.

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PARTEA I WAYS AND MEANS

Prima parte cuprinde noiuni introductive, elementare, care privesc att

vocabularul, ct i gramatica sau pronunia. Structura compozit a acestei prime pri are drept scop construirea unui corpus de cunotine fundamentale care s constituie o baz pentru informaia ulterioar.

Pentru nceput se va insista asupra diferenelor de pronunie ntre romn i englez, mai precis asupra sunetelor i grupurilor de sunete specifice limbii engleze. Vor urma particularitile eseniale ale substantivului i articolului, o descriere a pronumelui personal cu funcia de subiect i o serie de alte noiuni cu privire la verbe, adjective etc. necesare construirii unor enunuri simple.

Lecia 1. CUVNT I SUNET. TRANSCRIEREA FONETIC (Words and Sounds) n nvarea oricrei limbi strine, pronunia este esenial. Chiar dac n cazul limbii engleze nu exist reguli de pronunie att de stricte sau de general valabile ca n limba francez, de exemplu, cel puin cteva simboluri i caracteristici trebuie avute n vedere. n orice dicionar englez-romn, transcrierea fonetic va conine i un apostrof care ne arat accentuarea. n englez, diferitele silabe ale unui cuvnt nu se pronun la fel; drept urmare, n transcrierea fonetic, silaba accentuat este precedat de un apostrof. Ex. FOREST [forist] OFFENCE [fens] pdure ofens, delict Un alt simbol particular care poate aprea n interiorul parantezelor este [:], care se plaseaz de obicei dup reprezentarea fonetic a unei vocale i noteaz lungirea vocalei de care a fost ataat. Ex. PLANT [pla:nt] - [a:] = A lung plant, uzin CLEAN [kli:n] - [i:] = I lung curat LAW [lo:] - [o:] = O lung lege MOON [mu:n] - [u:] = U lung Vocala A poate avea trei reprezentri fonetice: A normal [a], pronunat obinuit, ca n cuvntul bas din romn (englezescul BUS [bas]); A lung [a:], ca n cuvintele: PLANT [pla:nt] sau CAR [ka:]) i A scurt [], ca n CUT [kt] sau BUT [bt]). Celelalte vocale vor avea doar reprezentri scurte - normale ( e; o; u) i lungi (e:;o:; u:).

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Semnul [] nu are corespondent n limba romn. Este o vocal situat ntre E i A; se rostete E cu deschiderea gurii ca pentru A.

Ex. TRAFFIC [trfik] trafic Sunetul [i] se pronun similar cu I din limba romn. Ex. IN [in] n n unele transcrieri poate aprea semnul fonetic [w] care desemneaz sunetul semivocalic U, ca n cuvntul romnesc CUAR. Acest sunet corespunde de regul literei W, care se pronun doar cnd este urmat de o vocal sau cnd nu este urmat de nici un alt sunet. Ex. RAILWAY [reilwei] cale ferat Semnul [] corespunde sunetului romnesc . Ex. BIRD [b:d] pasre

Anumite asocieri de vocale cosilabice, cum ar fi OO se pot pronuna n diferite moduri, n funcie de contextul consonantic.

Ex. OO cel mai adesea [u:], ca n: FOOD [fu:d] hran, mncare MOON [mu:n] luna sau [u], ca n: BOOK [buk] carte GOOD [gud] bun, bun Dar se va pronuna [o:] n cuvinte ca: DOOR [do:] u FLOOR [flo:] podea, duumea, etaj [] n cuvinte precum: FLOOD [fld] inundaie, potop BLOOD [bld] snge [u] n cuvintele: MOOR [mu] brgan, ierburi, step BOOR [bu] oprlan Grupul EE se pronun cel mai adesea [i:]: Ex: BEEN [bi:n] forma a treia a verbului BE TREE [tri:] copac, arbore, pom De asemenea, grupul EA se va pronuna [i:], cu excepia cazului n care este urmat de consoana R sau n cuvinte ca BREAD. Ex. DREAM [dri:m] vis TREAT [tri:t] trataie Dar: BEAR [be] urs; a suporta, a duce DEAR [di] drag(), scump() BREAD [bred] pine

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DEAF [def] surd Grupul AY se citete de obicei [ei] (ca diftongul romnesc). Ex. SAY [sei] a spune PAY [pei] a plti MAY [mei] (luna) mai sau verbul modal May DAY [dei] zi

Consoana R are mai multe reprezentri fonetice n limba englez. Atunci cnd se

pronun foarte slab, ea corespunde unui sunet precedat de obicei de o vocal lung i este sau nu marcat grafic. Ex. FLOOR [flo:] sau [flo:r] podea; etaj CAR [ka:] sau [ka:r] main Consoana C va avea drept corespondent grafic semnul [K]. Ex. CROP [krop] arboret; recolt Consoanele B, D, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, Z sunt pronunate asemntor sunetelor din limba romn i au semne grafice corespunztoare: [b], [d], [g], [l], [m], [n], [p], [s], [t], [v], [z]. Sunetul (rom. COAL) este notat fonetic []:

Ex. SHOP [op] magazin Cu ajutorul lui [t] se marcheaz grupurile CE, CI: Ex. CHAIR [te] scaun CHIN [tin] brbie CHAMBER [teimb] camer

CHURN [t:n] bidon, recipient De obicei, grupul grafic CH n poziie iniial se pronun [t], cu excepia cuvintelor care provin din limba francez sau, uneori, a cuvintelor care l conin pe O dup CH: Ex. CHALET [lei] caban CHOIR [kwai] cor CHOLERA [kolr] holer Sunetul J (rom. JOC) se noteaz [3], iar grupurile GE, GI [d3]. Ex. MEASURE [me3] msur JUNIPER [d3u:nip] ienupr JOY [d3oi] bucurie romnesc este marcat n englez prin [ts]. Ex. BITS [bits] buci; bii Notaia fonetic a grupului GHE, GHI este [ge], respectiv [gi].

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Ex. GET [get] a lua; a obine GUITAR [gita:] chitar Semnul [j] este, de obicei, corespondentul lui Y. Ex. YES [jes]. Pronunia este ca al unui [i] mai slab (ex. romnescul IES). Ex. NEW YORK [nju jo:k] H iniial nu se pronun dect n cuvinte precum: Ex: HOUR [au] or HONOUR [on] onoare Grupul ING se pronun ca n limba romn, dar G se aude mai slab: []. Ex. SHOPPING [opi] cumprturi Z pronunat cu limba ntre dini este un sunet care nu are echivalent n limba romn i care se noteaz []. El apare n articolul hotrt THE i n pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative: THIS [is] acesta, aceasta THAT [t] sau [t] acela, aceea THESE [i:z] acetia, acestea THOSE [us] aceia, acelea

Perechea surd a acestui sunet, care de asemenea nu are echivalent romnesc, este [] i se pronun ca un S cu limba ntre dini. Ex. THREE [ri:] trei THISTLE [isl] scai, ciulin NOT: Cu privire la accentuarea silabelor este util de reinut c:

majoritatea substantivelor i adjectivelor formate din dou silabe au ceea ce se numete FRONT STRESS (prima silab este accentuat) Ex. FLOWer; LITTle; VILLage; BOdy; FOrest etc.

majoritatea verbelor formate din dou silabe au END STRESS (se accentueaz a doua silab) Ex. forGIVE; aLLOW; coMMIT etc.

n cuvintele formate din trei silabe sau mai multe, putem deosebi dou accente: primar () i secundar () Ex. Japanese [d3pni:z]

APLICAII 1. Folosindu-v de sistemul de transcriere fonetic descris anterior, familiarizai-v cu pronunia urmtoarelor cuvinte: YEAR [j] an MONTH [mn] lun ( a anului) JANUARY [d3njuri] ianuarie FEBRUARY [februri] februarie MARCH [mart] martie

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APRIL [eiprl] aprilie MAY [mei] mai JUNE [d3u:n] iunie JULY [d3ulai] iulie AUGUST [o:gst] august SEPTEMBER [septemb] septembrie OCTOBER [oktoub] octombrie NOVEMBER [novemb] noiembrie DECEMBER [disemb] decembrie WEEK [wi:k] sptmn MONDAY [mndei] luni TUESDAY [tju:zdei] mari WEDNESDAY [wenzdei] miercuri THURSDAY [:zdei] joi FRIDAY [fraidei] vineri SATURDAY [stdei] smbt SUNDAY [sndei] duminic NOTE:

a) n limba englez, zilele sptmnii se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscul; b) naintea zilelor sptmnii (folosite adverbial) se folosete prepoziia ON

Ex. On Sunday I go to church. (Duminica merg la biseric.) c) dac naintea zilelor sptmnii se afl cuvntul EVERY, nu folosim

prepoziia ON Ex. Every Sunday I go to church. (n fiecare duminic merg la biseric.)

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Lecia 2. ARTICOLUL (The Article) n limba englez exist trei tipuri de articole: articolul hotrt (definite article),

articolul nehotrt (indefinite article), articolul zero (zero article) (substantivul nu este nsoit de nici un articol).

Pentru nceput reinei care sunt formele articolului nehotrt: A i/sau AN. A se pronun [] (form slab, atunci cnd este neaccentuat) sau [ei]

(form tare, cnd este accentuat) i se folosete naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic

Ex: A DOG un cine A TREE un arbore A HOUSE o cas A EUROPEAN [jurpin] - un european A UNIVERSITY [jn:niv:sti] - o universitate A WINDOW [`windou] - o fereastr A YEAR [j:] - un an

Cuvintele care ncep cu W sau Y i, uneori, cele care ncep cu U sau E (U) (pronunat ju:) vor primi articolul A, deoarece sunetelor [J] i [W], numite semiconsoane, li se aplic aceleai reguli ca i consoanelor.

AN se pronun [n] (form slab) sau [n] (form tare) i se

folosete naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet vocalic sau H mut (nepronunat):

Ex: AN APPLE un mr AN ORANGE o portocal AN HOUR [`au] - o or AN HEIR [] - un motenitor

Articolul hotrt are forma THE att pentru singular ct i pentru plural:

Ex: THE BOOK cartea THE BOOKS crile

Pronunia sa va fi ns definit n funcie de sunetul care urmeaz. Astfel, THE se va pronuna []:

naintea sunetelor consonantice Ex: THE STUDENT studentul THE CONSEQUENCES consecinele

naintea sunetelor semiconsonantice (reprezentate de obicei prin literele E, U, Y, W).

Ex: THE EUCALYPTUS eucaliptul THE USE folosirea THE YEW tisa THE WIND vntul

THE se va pronuna [i(:)] pentru sublinere, dup cum i naintea sunetelor vocalice:

Ex: THE ENGINEER inginerul THE ARTIST artistul

naintea lui H mut: Ex: THE HONOUR onoarea THE HONESTY cinstea, sinceritatea

NOT: Vom folosi AN i THE i naintea abrevierilor de genul : MP (Member of Parliament) an MP; the [i:] MP.

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APLICAII 2. Citii urmtoarele cuvinte cu articol hotrt [] sau [i(:)], apoi cu articolul nehotrt [] sau [n]:

ANKLE, ARM, BELLY, BODY, HAIR, HAND, HEAD, HEEL, HIP, KNEE, LEG, LIP, MOUTH, NECK, NOSE, NOSTRIL, PALM, SHOULDER, THUMB, TOE, WAIST.

Lecia 3. SUBSTANTIVUL: GEN, NUMR, CAZ (Nouns: Gender, Number, Case)

n linii mari, n limba englez, substantivul se clasific n patru categorii: 1. substantive comune (common nouns): student, teacher, country,

flower, desk 2. substantive proprii (proper nouns): John, London, Mr. Jones 3. substantive abstracte (abstract nouns): love, window, beauty,

friendship 4. substantive colective (collective nouns): team, crowd, group.

GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

Patru vor fi i genurile substantivelor din limba englez: 1. masculin (masculine gender): man, boy, father, housband, king, cock etc. 2. feminin (feminine gender): woman, girl, mother, wife, queen, hen etc. 3. comun (common gender): teacher (profesor/profesoar), neighbour

(vecin/vecin) 4. neutru (neuter gender): dog, baby, summer, pride

Exist mai multe modaliti de formare a genului feminin sau masculin. Printre

cele mai des utilizate sunt: utilizarea unor substantive diferite la masculin i, respectiv, feminin

Ex: man woman boy girl father mother king queen cock hen dog bitch

utilizarea unor prefixe speciale fiecrui gen (MALE/FEMALE, HE/SHE, COCK/HEN, DOG/BITCH pentru animale i BOY/GIRL, MAN/WOMAN sau MALE/FEMALE pentru persoane; uneori, MAN i WOMAN sunt postpuse, tot pentru a indica genul Ex. POLICEMAN/POLICEWOMAN)

Ex: male camel - female camel he elephant - she elephant cock bird - hen bird dog fox - bich fox boy-friend girl friend manservant maidservant male candidate female candidate

adugarea unor terminaii substantivelor masculine (-ESS, -INE etc) Ex: actor actress

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lion lioness prince princess god Goddess hero heroine

Mai rar, terminaia se adaug substantivelor feminine, astfel nct formeaz masculinul de la feminin i invers.

Ex: widow (vduv) widower (vduv) bride (mireas) bridegroom (mire)

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

n limba englez, pluralul se realizeaz cel mai adesea prin adugarea terminaiei S formei de singular substantivului:

Ex: girl girls tree trees school schools

Excepie de la aceast regul fac urmtoarele categorii: 1. substantivele terminate n F sau FE; n acest caz terminaia la

plural devine invariabil VES, ex: DWARF DWARVES LEAF LEAVES WOLF WOLVES WIFE WIVES KNIFE KNIVES HALF HALVES LIFE LIVES

2. substantive ce au terminaia O precedat de o consoan; acestea vor primi la plural ES.

Ex: HERO HEROES NEGRO NEGROES POTATO POTATOES TOMATO TOMATOES ECHO ECHOES

NOT: Substantivele ce au terminaia O precedat de o vocal au plural regulat: Ex: EMBRYO EMBRYOS RADIO RADIOS KANGAROO KANGAROOS

De asemenea, cuvintele mai puin frecvente sau provenite relativ recent din limbile strine (n special din limba italian) vor primi S la plural, chiar dac sunt substantive n O precedate de consoan:

Ex: CASINO CASINOS PHOTO PHOTOS PIANO PIANOS

KILO KILOS 3. substantivelor ce se termin n S, -CH, -Z, -X sau SH li se adaug vocala E de legtur, naintea lui S:

Ex: BUS BUSES CLASS CLASSES WATCH WATCHES BOX BOXES

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BRUSH BRUSHES 4. substantivele care se termin n Y: dac naintea sunetului Y se afl la singular o consoan, atunci la plural terminaia Y se schimb n I i va fi urmat de terminaia ES; dac terminaia Y a unui substantiv la singular este precedat de o vocal, atunci cuvntul primete la plural doar terminaia S:

Ex: BABY BABIES COUNTRY COUNTRIES FACTORY FACTORIES Dar: BOY BOYS DAY DAYS WAY WAYS

5. substantivelor terminate n TH li se adaug direct S: Ex: BATH BATHS MOUTH MOUTHS PATH PATHS

6. formele neregulate la plural pstrate din anglo-saxon: Ex: MAN MEN

WOMAN WOMEN CHILD CHILDREN OX - OXEN TOOTH TEETH FOOT FEET MOUSE MICE

7. substantivele de origine strin (greac, latin) Ex: DATUM DATA

PHENOMENON PHENOMENA ANALYSIS ANALYSES BASIS BASES

CAZURI SPECIALE:

1) Unele substantive au aceeai form la singular i plural Ex: SHEEP SHEEP

TROUT TROUT DEER DEER SALMON - SALMON SPECIES SPECIES

2) Unele substantive (de obicei, colective) se acord cu verbul fie la singular, fie la plural

Ex: My family is large. (Familia mea este numeroas) My family are in danger. (Membri familiei mele sunt n pericol.)

3) Unele substantive au form numai de plural dar se acord cu verbul numai la singular.

Ex: NEWS (tire, tiri). The news is good. (tirea/tirile/vetile sunt bune).

4) Unele substantive au form numai de plural i se acord numai la plural: Ex: TROUSERS

JEANS SCISSORS

5) Unele substantive au form numai la singular i se acord cu verbul numai la singular

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a) nume de materii b) substantive abstracte MONEY FRIENDSHIP IRON KINDNESS BREAD LOVE SUGAR MEAT

6) Exist o categorie de substantive care, dei nu au dect form de singular n limba englez, pot fi individualizate cu ajutorul unor cuantificatori.

Ex: AN ITEM OF - INFORMATION (o informaie)

- KNOWLEDGE (o cunotin/informaie)

A PIECE OF - NEWS (o tire, o noutate)

- INFORMATION (o informaie) - ADVICE (un sfat) - NONSENSE (o prostie, un lucru fr logic)

A LOAF OF BREAD - o pine, o franzel TWO LOAVES OF BREAD - dou pini

7) Substantivele compuse adaug de obicei un S la ultimul element: Ex: CLASSROOM CLASSROOMS HORSE RACE HORSE RACES Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alctuite dintr-un substantiv i

o construcie prepoziional, adaug S la primul element: Ex: MOTHER-IN-LAW MOTHERS-IN-LAW PASSER-BY PASSERS-BY

n sfrit, substantivele compuse n care primul element este MAN sau WOMAN transform la plural ambele elemente:

Ex: MAN SINGER MEN SINGERS WOMAN DOCTOR WOMEN DOCTORS.

SUBSTANTIVELE N CAZUL GENITIV

Dintre cazurile substantivului, cel care prezint particulariti n ceea ce privete

forma i care are i cea mai mare utilitate este GENITIVUL. Deosebim dou tipuri de genitiv n limba englez: Genitivul sintetic/saxon (The

Synthetic/Saxon Genitive) i Genitivul Analitic/Prepoziional (The Analytic/Of Genitive).

Genitivul sintetic (the Synthetic Genitive)

Genitivul sintetic se formeaz prin adugarea particulei S precedate de un apostrof la sfritul unui substantiv considerat posesorul unuia sau a mai multor obiecte. Apostrof + S (s) este aadar o marc a posesiei.

Ex: the mayors house (casa primarului) the childs toy (jucria copilului) Shakespeares plays (piesele lui Shakespeare)

Apostrof fr S se utilizeaz n urmtoarele situaii: a) dup substantive nume de fiine, la plural:

ex: the students books (crile studenilor) the engineers wages (salariul inginerilor)

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Dar: the childrens toys (jucriile copiilor) the womens party (petrecerea/partidul femeilor)

b) dup nume proprii ce se termin n S, X, SH, TH: ex: Dickens novels Marx capital

Categoriile de substantive care prefer genitivul sintetic sunt: 1) Nume de persoane: Ex. the students book 2) Substantive ce denumesc animale de cas (pets): Ex. the dogs tail 3) Substantive ce denumesc nave, vase, vapoare, brci: Ex. the ships crew 4) Substantive proprii: Ex. Mr. Johnsons flat 5) Substantive nume de ri (nu din punct de vedere geografic, ci politic, economic, cultural): Ex. Americas industry, Finlands forestry 6) Substantive ce denumesc stele, planete, etc. Ex. the Moons face; the Suns rays 7)Substantive ce exprim diviziuni temporale sau spaiale:

Ex: yesterdays newspaper (ziarul de ieri) a months holiday (o vacan de o lun) at a stones throw (la o arunctur de b)

8)Diferite expresii: for Gods sake! - pentru numele lui Dumnezeu! for mercys sake Fie-i / fie-v mil. for pitys sake

Genitivul analitic (The Analytic Gerund)

Esenial pentru Genitivul Analitic este particula OF. Spre deosebire de genitivul sintetic n a crui structur posesorul precede obiectul posedat, aici ordinea este urmtoarea: THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + THE + POSESOR (atunci cnd posesorul este un obiect)

Ex: the wheel of the car (roata mainii) the colour of the tie (culoarea cravatei) the trees of the forest (copacii din pdure/pdurii)

i: THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + SUBSTANTIV PROPRIU (atunci cnd posesorul este o persoan)

Ex: the tie of John (cravata lui John)

RECAPITULARE SUBSTANTIV GEN

a) 4 genuri masculin: brother - feminin : sister - comun: student - neutru: happines.

b) modaliti de formare a genului cuvinte diferite man/woman - afixe: - he goat/she goat. - prince princess.

NUMR Modaliti de formare a pluralului:

S: flower flowers; photo photos ES: echo - echoes; bush - bushes

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VES: leaf leaves; wolf wolves Man/men Phenomenon/phenomena

CAZ a) Genitivul sintetic Posesor(sg.)+apostrof+S+obiect

d t

Posesor(pl.)+apostrof+obiect posedat

b) Genitivul analitic THE + obiect posedat + OF + THE + POSESOR

(cnd posesorul este un obiect) THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + substantiv

propriu (cnd posesorul este o persoan) APLICAII 3. Gsii forma de feminin a urmtoarelor substantive:

BACHELOR, BARMAN, BROTHER, GENTLEMAN, GRANDFATHER, HERO, HUSBAND, NEIGHBOUR, UNCLE, WAITER.

4. Scriei forma feminin sau, dup caz, masculin, a urmtoarelor substantive nume de animale: BULL, DOG, DUCK, FOX, GOOSE, HEN, LION, RAM, STAG, STALLION. 5. Adugai S sau ES urmtoarelor substantive pentru a forma pluralul:

BENCH, BUSH, CLIFF, FOX, HANDKERCHIEF, MATCH, MONTH, POTATO, THIEF. 6. Scriei urmtoarele substantive la plural:

AFTERNOON, CHILD, FLOWER, GLASS, PEACH, PHENOMENON, SANATORIUM, SISTER-IN-LAW, TOOTH, WOMAN.

7. Numerotate de la 1 la 16 sunt nume de grupuri de animale. Aceste substantive colective se potrivesc cu unul sau mai multe din substantivele nume de animale din dreapta. Descoperii care sunt acestea:

a) brood bees, ants, chickens, wolves b) colony birds c) flight cattle d) flock deer e) herd OF dogs f) litter fish h) pack geese i) shoal monkey j) swarm sheep k) troop whales Ex: A FLIGHT OF BIRDS (un stol de psri)

8. Traducei: a) stiloul profesorului b) geanta contabilului c) coperta carii

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d) prietenul lui Charles e) batistele copiilor f) ochii fetei g) biroul funcionarului h) piciorul mesei

Lecia 4. ADJECTIVUL I GRADELE DE COMPARAIE (The Adjective and the degrees of comparison)

Adjectivele se mpart n ase tipuri: calificative, posesive, interogative, cantitative, demonstrative, i distributive. Deocamdat ne vom referi la adjectivul calificativ, urmnd ca celelalte tipuri s fie abordate mpreun cu pronumele corespondente.

Adjectivul calificativ este invariabil n gen i numr i este aezat aproape

ntotdeauna N FAA substantivului pe care l calific. Ex: A FAST CAR (o main rapid) A GOOD STUDENT (un student bun) postpunerea adjectivului reprezint un artificiu emfatic (ex: mother dear,

n loc de dear mother), n afara cazurilor cnd aceast ordine s-a stabilit n limb cu titlul de regul (Ex: Court Martial, sum total, ambassador extraordinary, Asia Minor) sau n expresii care arat dimensiunile, timpul, sau atunci cnd e urmat de un complement prepoziional (Ex. two meters long; eight years old; a man difficult to please)

Unele adjective se formeaz din substantive crora li se adaug un sufix: Ex: USEFUL (USE+FULL) folositoare USELESS (USE+LESS) nefolositoare, inutile CHILDISH (CHILD+ISH) copilrie, copilresc HAIRY (HAIR+Y) pros.

Uneori, participiile prezente (formele n -ING) i participiile trecute (formele de tipul -ED) sunt folosite ca adjective calificative. Participiile prezente au sens activ, iar cele trecute sens pasiv.

Ex: BORING plictisitor BORED plictisit AMUSING - amuzant AMUSED amuzat

INTERESTING interesant INTERESTED interesat TIRING obositor TIRED obosit FRIGHTENING nfricotor FRIGHTENED nfricotor

Alt categorie de adjective se compune din 2 elemente care pot fi: adjective, adverbe, substantive, participii.

Ex: GOOD-LOOKING (frumos, chipe) SHORT-SIGHTED (miop) WELL-BRED (bine-crescut) READY-MADE (de gata)

Adjectivele care indic naionalitatea se scriu totdeauna cu majuscule: English, French, Romanian, Swiss, Finnish, American, Japanese etc.

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Aceleai adjective care indic naionalitatea pot fi folosite ca substantive, dac sunt precedate de articolul hotrt. Ele sunt invariabile (nu primesc S la plural), dac se termin n:

- ch: The French francezii - sh: the Irish irlandezii - ss: the Swiss elveienii - ese: the Chinese chinezii

Primesc S la plural cele care se termin n: - an: The Romanians romnii

Unele adjective pot fi utilizate ca substantive pentru a reprezenta o categorie: Ex: the poor sracii/cei sracii

the young tinerii/cei tineri the blind orbii/cei orbi the dead morii/cei mori.

ATENIE! Adjectivele substantivizate nu primesc niciodat S. TOPICA

Cnd dou sau mai multe adjective sunt folosite mpreun: 1) adjectivele subiectives sau de opinie (BORING, LOVELY, UGLY) sunt

aezate naintea adjectivelor concrete (OLD, RED, SQUARE) Ex: A GORGEOUS NEW DRESS AN ACTIVE YOUNG LADY 2) adjectivele obiective sau concrete stau n urmtoarea ordine: SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL

PURPOSE DIMENSIUNE VRST FORM CULOARE ORIGINE

MATERIE SCOP Ex: A SMALL OVAL PLATE A BLACK METAL WALKING STICK

De obicei nu se folosesc mai mult de trei adjective naintea unui substantiv. COMPARAIA ADJECTIVELOR

Adjectivele calificative formeaz n mod diferit comparativul i superlativul (de superioritate) n funcie de categoria din care fac parte: adjective scurte, adjective lungi sau adjective neregulate. Astfel:

Dac adjectivul se termin n E mut, acesta se elimin la adugarea terminaiei ER i EST.

Ex: FINE FINER THE FINEST LARGE LARGER THE LARGEST

Pentru adjectivele terminate ntr-o consoan precedat de o vocal se dubleaz consoana final:

Ex: BIG BIGGER THE BIGGEST Adjectivele formate din dou silabe i terminate n Y formeaz

comparativul i superlativul schimbnd Y n I i adugnd ER, respectiv -EST.

Ex: FRIENDLY FRIENDLIER THE FRIENDLIEST TINY TINIER THE TINIEST.

Adjectivele formate din dou silabe i terminate n OW sau ER formeaz comparativul i superlativul tot cu ajutorul terminaiilor ER i EST.

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Ex: NARROW NARROWER THE NARROWEST CLEVER CLEVERER THE CLEVEREST.

Obiectivul de referin al comparaiei este introdus prin THAN. Ex: Jane is taller than Mary.(Jane este mai nalt dect Mary.)

Adjectivele lungi (cele care au de obicei mai mult de la 2 silabe) formeaz comparativul cu ajutorul lui MORE i superlativul cu THE MOST.

Ex: IMPORTANT MORE IMPORTANT THE MOST IMPORTANT

Cele mai frecvente adjective neregulate sunt: GOOD BETTER THE BEST Bun mai bun cel mai bun. BAD WORSE THE WORST Ru mai ru cel mai ru. OLD OLDER(mai vechi) - THE OLDEST(cel mai vechi) - ELDER (mai btrn) THE ELDEST (cel mai btrn) FAR FARTHER(mai ndeprtat) THE FARTHEST(cel mai ndeprtat)

(deprtat) - THE FURTHEST (cel mai trziu) - FURTHER (urmtor, n plus)

Comparativul de egalitate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului: scurt, lung sau neregulat) astfel:

a) la afirmativ: AS + ADJECTIV+AS Jane is as tall as Mary. (Jane e la fel de nalt ca Mary.) b) la negativ: NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS NOT SO + ADJECTIV + AS Jane is not as (so) tall as Mary. (Jane nu e tot att de nalt ca Mary)

Comparaia a trei sau mai multe persoane sau lucruri se exprim la superlativ

prin urmtoarele construcii: SUPERLATIV + OF (pentru persoane) Ex: the finest of the three girls SUPERLATIV + IN (pentru substantive ce indic locul) Ex: the finest in the class

Creterea paralel este exprimat prin urmtoarea structur: THE + COMPARATIV + THE + COMPARATIV (cu ct cu att) Ex: the cleverer, the better

Creterea sau descreterea gradat este exprimat prin: COMPARATIV + AND + COMPARATIV

Ex: (fatter and fatter, more and more expensive) Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului)

prin LESS + forma pozitiv a adjectivului Ex: less tall less good less important

Superlativul de inferioritate se formeaz dup urmtoarea structur: THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE + OF/IN/etc. Ex: the least expensive of all cameras

RECAPITULARE ADJECTIV

FORM substantiv + sufix: CHILDISH

participiu n ING/ED : boring, bored

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compuse din (adjective, adverbe, participiu etc.): GOOD-LOOKING

TOPICA invariabil n gen i numr, adjectivul este (aproape) ntotdeauna

plasat n faa substantivului determinat - opinie dimensiune vrst form culoare origine material scop

COMPARAIE: adjectiv + ER: CLEVERER (mai detept)

THE + adjectiv + EST : THE CLEVEREST (cel mai detept) MORE + adjectiv: MORE INTERESTING (mai interesant) THE MOST + adjectiv: THE MOST INTERESTING (cel mai interesant) LESS + adjectiv: LESS IMPORTANT (mai puin important) THE LEAST + adjectiv: + OF/IN : THE LEAST IMPORTANT OF/IN (cel mai puin important din/n) GOOD BETTER THE BEST BAD WORSE THE WORST

APLICAII

9. Cele mai frecvente sufixe adjectivale sunt: -AL, -OUS, -ABLE, -FUL, -Y, -ISH. Formai adjectivele corespunztoare urmtoarelor substantive i verbe.

BLOOD, CHILD, COLOUR, COURAGE, DANGER, DELIGHT, ENJOY, HUMOUR, MILK, MONUMENT, NATION, PAIN, PARDON, PEACE, PREDICT, RED, TRADITION, TREND, VARY, WEALTH.

10. Formai adjectivele de la urmtoarele substantive:

ACCIDENT, AFFECTION, BOY, CHARITY, CUSTOM, DANGER, ECONOMY, EXPRESSION, FAITH, FIRE, HERO, INFLUENCE, MAN, MELODY, PASSION, SKILL, WINTER.

11. Sufixele adjectivelor negative din limba englez sunt:

UN (UNFORGETTABLE) de neiertat DIS (DISCOURAGED) descurajat IM (IMPOSSIBLE) imposibil IN (INEXPLICABLE) inexplicabil.

I (ILLEGAL) ilegal. Cu ajutorul sufixelor formai antonimele adjectivelor de mai jos:

COMMON, CREDIBLE, GRATEFUL, HONOURABLE, PAINFUL, PARTIAL, POLITE, OBEDIENT, VALUABLE. 12. Traducei n limba romn:

AGELESS FACE FLAWLESS TECHNIQUE FRIENDLESS MAN

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HOMELESS MEN HOPELESS SITUATION HEARTLESS WOMAN MOTHERLESS CHILD ODOURLESS SUBSTANCE STAINLESS STEEL TIMELESS VALUE TUNELESS SONG

13. Citii urmtoarele adjective compuse. Pe care le-ai folosi pentru a v descrie pe voi niv?

EASY-GOING comod, indolent GOOD-LOOKING frumos, artos, chipe GREY-HAIRED grizonat HARD-WORKING harnic, muncitor LEFTHANDED stngaci MIDDLE-AGED ntre dou vrste OLD-FASHIONED demodat, depit SHORT-SIGHTED miop, mrginit SHORT-TEMPERED iute la mnie irascibil, argos STRONG-MINDED hotrt, care tie ce vrea. WARM-HEARTED binevoitor, sritor, prietenos, inimos WELL-BEHAVED bine-crescut, manierat. WELL-KNOWN bine cunoscut, vestit, renumit WELL-OFF nstrit, bogat, cu dare de mn. WORLD-FAMOUS cunoscut n ntreaga lume.

14. Punei adjectivele n ordinea corect:

1. a brand-new/plastic/shopping/green bag 2. an English/young/interesting teacher 3. a brown/50-years-old/leather/beautiful wallet 4. a 25-year-old/Opera/tall singer 5. a Greek/beautiful/gold/ancient bracelet

15. Completai tabelul:

ADJECTIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV 1. hard harder the hardest 2. lazy 3. happy 4. interesting 5. good 6. small 7. beautiful 8. old 9. captivating 10. cold 11. tall 12. clever 13. clumsy 14. bad

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Lecia 5. ADVERBUL, PE SCURT (The adverb, in short) Adverbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o caracteristic a unui eveniment sau a unei stri, nuannd sensul unui verb, adjective, adverb, substantiv etc. n general adverbele sunt clasificate dup 2 criterii: form i sens. Din punct de vedere al formei, deosebim: adverbe simple (simple adverbs), adverbele derivate (derived adverbs), adverbele compuse (compound adverbs), i expresiile adverbiale (adverbial phrases). Adverbele simple sunt cuvintele folosite adverbial, fr nici un fel de afixe (prefixe sau sufixe): IN, OUT, UP, DOWN, HERE, THERE, THEN, WELL, FAR, FAST, NOW etc.

Ex: Come here! Vino aici! Adverbele derivate provin din diferite categorii (cel mai adesea din adjective) convertite cu ajutorul prefixelor i sufixelor: CLOCKWISE (n sensul acelor unui ceasornic) CLOCK + WISE; AJAR (A + JAR) (ntredeschis), REPEATEDLY (n mod repetat), MONTHLY (lunar) etc. Adverbele compuse sunt prin definiie combinaii de dou sau mai multe pri de vorbire.

Ex: OUTDOORS (afar), TOMORROW (mine), SOMEWHERE (undeva), TODAY (azi) etc.

Expresiile adverbiale sunt combinaii de cuvinte care, mpreun, au funcie adverbial: AT LEAST (cel puin), AT FIRST (la nceput), AT PRESENT (n prezent), AT ONCE (imediat), IN ALL PROBABILITY (dup toate probabilitile) etc. Din punct de vedere al sensului, adverbele sunt: de mod, de loc, de timp, interogative, negative etc. Locul adverbului este, de obicei, la nceputul sau la sfritul enunului, uneori poate sta naintea adjectivului sau adverbului, niciodat ns ntre verb i complementul su. Adverbul de timp (ALWAYS mereu, OFTEN adesea, etc.) se aaz naintea verbului sau dup auxiliar. Adverbul care indic mai precis momentul (IMMEDIATELY imediat, SUDDENLY brusc, TODAY - azi) se plaseaz de regul la nceputul sau la sfritul propoziiei. THERE (acolo), HERE (aici) i adverbele de loc se aaz la sfritul propoziiei. ENOUGH (destul de) se pune dup adjective sau adverb, nainte sau dup substantiv.

Ex: SURE ENOUGH destul de sigur ENOUGH BUTTER destul unt TOO MUCH/ TOO MANY prea mult/prea muli TOO MUCH MONEY prea muli bani TOO MANY CARS prea multe maini

APLICAII

16. Formai adverbe de la urmtoarele adjective:

ANXIOUS, EARLY, COMFORTABLE, FAST, FEARLESS, GOOD, HARD, IMMEDIATE, KIND, LATE, LUCKY, NEAR, SUDDEN, TERRIBLE.

17. Aezai adverbele de mai jos n coloana corespunztoare:

ALWAYS, ALMOST, ANGRILY, CAREFULLY, FAIRLY, FIERCELY, FOOLISHLY, INSISTENTLY, NEVER, OUTSIDE, OVERSEAS, SOON, SELDOM, VERY, YESTERDAY. Adverbe de mod Loc Timp Frecven Opinie Intensitate Ex. INSISTENTLY

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18. Transformai urmtoarele adverbe n adjective i apoi n substantive:

BEAUTIFULLY, CAREFULLY, CHEMICALLY, CURIOUSLY, DECENTLY, ENIGMATICALLY, ILLEGALLY, INVITINGLY.

Lecia 6. DEMONSTRATIVELE (Demonstratives)

n limba englez pronumele i adjectivele demonstrative au aceleai forme. Pentru obiectele sau fiinele aflate n apropierea noastr vom folosi THIS (acesta, aceasta) sau THESE (acetia, acestea), iar pentru cele aflate nu chiar n imediata noastr vecintate: THAT (acesta, aceea) sau THOSE (aceia, acelea).

Sg. THIS THAT Pl. THESE THOSE Ex: this house (aceast cas) (this, that adjective)

that house (casa aceea) This is my house. (Aceasta este casa mea.) That is his house. (Aceea este casa lui.) (this, that pronume)

APLICAII

19. Trecei la plural:

a) this tree b) that curtain c) this flower d) that hat e) this carpet

20. Trecei la singular: a) those old men b) these maps c) those big boys d) these blue balls e) these nice pictures

Lecia 7. DE LA PRONUME LA VERB (Pronouns verbs) Pronumele personale cu funcia de subiect din limba englez sunt:

I eu You tu, dumneavoastr, d-voastr, voi He el (folosit pentru persoane) She ea (folosit pentru persoane) el/ea (pentru un obiect, un animal, un copil mic, o plant) We noi They ei/ele

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Formele literare ale verbului A FI (TO BE) la timpul prezent simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ Interogativ Negativ

I am You are He is She is It is We are They are

Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they?

I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not They are not

Am I not ? Are you not ? Is he not ? Is she not ? Is it not ? Are we not ? Are they not ?

Dup cum se poate observa n tabel, interogativul n cazul verbului TO BE se

realizeaz prin inversiunea formelor (verbul ia locul pronumelui subiect), iar negaia prin adugarea lui NOT imediat dup verbe. n englez colocvial ntlnim adesea forme contrase, dup cum urmeaz:

Afirmativ Interogativ Interogativ Negativ

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Im not Youre not/ you arent Hes not/ he isnt Shes not/ she isnt Its not/ it isnt Were not/ we arent Theyre not/ they arent

- Arent you ? Isnt he ? Isnt she ? Isnt it ? Arent we ? Arent they ?

Structura THERE + BE + substantiv ne servete pentru a indica existena

unei fiine sau a unui lucru: Ex: There is someone at the door. (Este cineva la u.) There are 2 apples on the table. (Sunt dou mere pe mas.)

Structura IT + BE introduce: Adjective: It is important. (E important.) Date, distane, temperatura, ora, starea vremii: It is April 1st. (E 1

aprilie) It is ten oclock.(E ora 10) Identitatea: It is me.(Eu sunt.)

It is Alice. (E Alice.) Verbul PLAY (a juca un joc, a se juca, a cnta la un instrument) are

urmtoarele forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

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I play You play He plays She plays It plays We play They play

Do I play? Do you play? Does he play? Does she play? Does it play? Do we play? Do they play?

I do not play You do not play He does not play She does not play It does not play We do not play They do not play

Observaii:

1. Verbele din limba englez (cu excepia verbului TO BE) au la prezentul simplu aceeai form (infinitivul) pentru toate persoanele, n afar de persoana a treia singular (he, she, it) unde se adaug un S sau ES (SAY SAYS, GO GOES, DO DOES etc.) 2. Interogaia i negaia se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO care la persoana a III-a preia S-ul de la verbul de conjugat. Forme contrase: I dont play Eu nu (m) joc / cnt. He doesnt play.

Verbul DO (ca verb propriu-zis, cu neles deplin - a face) are urmtoarele forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

I do You do He does She does It does We do They do

Do I do? Do you do? Does he do? Does she do Does it do? Do we do? Do they do?

I do not do You do not do He does not do She does not do It does not do We do not do They do not do

Verbul HAVE (ca verb propriu-zis) cu nelesul A AVEA are formele:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

I have You have He has She has It has We have They have

I do not have You do not have He does not have She does not have It does not have We do not have They do not have

Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have?

Forme contrase : Ive, youve, hes, shes, its, weve, theyve. I dont have, he doesnt have

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HAVE poate forma negativul i interogativul dup regula verbului TO BE (NOT dup verb, respectiv inversiunea): Ex: I have not/ I havent; He has not/ He hasnt i Have I? Has he?)

Aceste forme aparin registrului formal i sunt, prin urmare, mai puin folosite. Uneori, HAVE se folosete mpreun cu GOT pentru a arta posesia:

Ex: I have a house. I have got /Ive got a house.

Negaia i interogaia se vor forma n acest caz dup modelul BE: Ex. I have not got / havent got a house. Have I got a house?

Rspunsuri scurte DA (yes) i NU (no) sunt n general urmate de un rspuns: subiect i verb

auxiliar (sau modal). Ex: Do you play the piano? - Yes, I do - No, I dont. Have you got a house? - Yes, I have. - No, I havent. Are you a student? - Yes, I am. - No, Im not.

De reinut: Expresii uzuale cu BE: To be afraid Im afraid of the dark. (M tem de ntuneric.) To be ashamed of Im ashamed of my behaviour. (Mi-e ruine de felul

cum m-am comportat.) To be against Im against the death penalty. (Sunt mpotriva pedepsei cu

moartea.) To be cold Im cold. (Mi-e frig.) To be home Janet is home. (Janet e acas.) To be late Hes late again. (Iar a ntrziat.) To be asleep The baby is asleep. (Copilul a adormit.) To be over The war is over. (Rzboiul s-a terminat.) To be hungry He is hungry. (i e foame.) To be thirsty The children are thirsty. (Copiilor le e sete.) To be right The President is always right. To be wrong He is never wrong. To be busy I like being busy. To be tired Are you tired? To be good of He is good at Mathematics. To be in a hurry This student is always in a hurry. To be sick The young woman is sick. To be ill Grandpa is ill. Expresii uzuale cu HAVE: To have guests a avea musafiri To have a headache She has a headache. To have a cigarette a fuma, a lua o igar To have a cold a fi rcit/ To have a flu a avea grip

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To have a both a face baie To have time a avea timp To have a toothache He has a toothache. To have trouble a avea necazuri To have a drink/meal a bea/mnca a se servi cu To have a look a privi, a arunca o privire To have a walk a (se) plimba To have a sore throat He has a sore throat.

Expresii uzuale cu DO: To do the shopping a face cumprturi To do ones homework He always does his homework. To do the housework a face treburi prin cas To do the cooking a gti To do the ironing a clca (rufele) To do the gardening a se ocupa de grdinrit To do a crossword puzzle a dezlega cuvinte ncruciate To do ones duty a-i face datoria

ATENIE! ] HOW DO YOU DO? - este un salut formal i nseamn: M bucur s v cunosc. HOW ARE YOU? este un salut familiar i nseamn: Ce mai faci?/Ce mai facei?, iar HOW ARE YOU DOING? este tot un salut familiar i nseamn: Cum te descurci?/Cum i mai merge? ATENIE!!

Nu confundai DO cu MAKE. Verbul MAKE (a face) are sensul general de A CREA, A PRODUCE, A CONSTRUI, A CAUZA, A FACE S FIE sau A PREPARA.

Expresii uzuale cu MAKE: To make a friend a-i face un prieten To make the bed a-i face patul To make a speech a ine un discurs To make a mistake a face o greeal To make an offer a face o ofert To make plans a face planuri

NOT: Folosim imperativul (infinitivul fr particula TO) pentru a da instruciuni sau

sfaturi). Ex. Check the weather forecast! (Verific/verificai prognoza meteo!) Vom forma negativul cu ajutorul lui DO NOT/DONT + INFINITIVUL

SCURT. Ex. Dont do that! (Nu f/facei asta!)

REZUMAT - DE LA PRONUME LA VERB PREZENTUL SIMPLU AL VERBELOR BE, HAVE, HAVE GOT, DO, MAKE AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV I am right I am not right Am I right? You are right You are not right Are you right? He is right He is not right Is he right? She is right She is not right Is she right? It is right It is not right Is it right?

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We are right We are not right Are we right? They are right They are not right Are they right? AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV I have a cold. I do not have a cold. Do I have a cold? You have a cold. You do not have a cold. Do you have a cold? He has a cold He does not have a cold Does he have a cold? She has a cold She does not have a cold Does she have a cold? It has a cold It does not have a cold Does it have a cold? We have a cold We do not have a cold Do we have a cold? They have a cold They do not have a cold Do they have a cold? AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV I/you/we/they have got it. I/you/we/they have not got it. Have I/you/we/they got it? He/she/it has got it. He/she/it has not got it. Has he/she/it got it? AFIRMATIV I/you/we/they do the gardening. He/she does the gardening. NEGATIV I/you/we/they do not do the gardening. He/she does not do the gardening. INTEROGATIV Do I/you/we/they do the gardening? Does he/she do the gardening? AFIRMATIV I/you/we/they make the beds. He/she makes the beds. NEGATIV I/you/we/they do not make the beds. He/she does not make the beds. INTEROGATIV Do I/you/we/they make the beds? Does he/she make the beds? APLICAII 21. Completai spaiile libere cu formele corespunztoare ale verbului TO BE, respectiv TO HAVE:

a) He a hard-working type of person. b) They in the seminar room now. c) He ten. d) That man a doctors degree. e) These girls Law students. f) The colour of my pen blue.

22. Scriei formele verbale contrase corespunztoare exemplelor de mai jos:

Ex: He is not my colleague. Hes not/He isnt my colleague.

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a) She is my friend. b) They are not interpreters, they are translators. c) The teacher is not nervous at all. d) They are the new neighbours. e) Their grandparents are not at home.

23. Transformai urmtoarele propoziii la forma interogativ i negativ:

a) He is a taxi-driver. b) They are American tourists visiting Romania. c) There is a flower-pot on the window-sill. d) This coniferous tree has red wood. e) It grows in hot climate. f) She wants a bigger house. g) They want to be free. h) He has a younger sister in Connecticut. i) He has got the flu. j) Paul plays the piano beautifully. k) The ministers wife has got the prize. l) He makes fun of other people. m) Wild roses grow here.

Lecia 8. RETUR: DE LA VERB LA PRONUME (From verbs to pronouns)

n subcapitolul anterior am prezentat formele pronumelui personal n cazul

Nominativ (cu funcia de subiect). Cnd ndeplinete funcia de obiect direct sau indirect (cazul Acuzativ, respectiv Dativ), pronumele personal are urmtoarele forme:

I ME = mie, mi, mi, pe mine, m Ex. Ask me! ntreab-m (pe mine)!

Grandpa always gives me money. (Bunicul mi d ntotdeauna bani.) They call me Angel. (Mi se spune Angel.) It reminds me of my childhood. (mi amintete de copilrie.)

YOU YOU = ie, i, i, pe tine, te sau vou, v, vi, pe voi HE HIM = lui, i, pe el, l SHE HER = ei , i, pe ea, o IT IT = lui, ei, i, pe el, pe ea, l o WE US = nou, ne, ni, pe noi THEY THEM = lor, le , li, pe ei

APLICAII 24. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Ia-m cu tine! 2. M face mincinos. 3. Spune-i c totul e n regul. 4. Vorbete tu cu ei! 5. ntotdeauna o ajutm s-i care bagajele.

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Lecia 9. PRONUMELE I AJECTIVELE POSESIVE (The Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV PRONUMELE POSESIV I MY = meu, mea, mei, mele - MINE = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele YOU YOUR = tu, ta, ti, tale, - YOURS = al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale, al vostru, voastr, votri, voastre vostru, a voastr, ai votri, ale voastre HE HIS = lui, su, sa , si, sale - HIS = al (a, ai, ale) lui, su, sa, si, sale SHE HER = ei, su, sa, si, sale - HERS = al (a, ai, ale) ei, su, sa, si, sale IT ITS = lui, ei, su (exc. - ITS OWN = al (a, ai ale) lui, ei, su, sa, persoane) si, sale (exc. persoane) WE OUR = nostru, noastr, - OURS = al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, notri, noastre ale noastre THEY THEIR = lor - THEIRS = al (a, ai, ale) lor ntruct ndeplinesc aceleai funcii morfosintactice, pronumele i adjectivul posesiv au aceleai caracteristici ca i n limba romn. Astfel, adjectivul posesiv nsoete substantivul pe care l determin, n timp ce pronumele posesiv nlocuiete un substantiv:

Ex. I have a house. This is my house. This (house) is mine. (Eu am o cas. Aceasta este casa mea. Aceasta (aceast cas) este a mea.) My parents are from Suceava. His are from Bucharest. (Prinii mei sunt din Suceava. Ai lui sunt din Bucureti.) Spre deosebire de limba romn ns, adjectivul posesiv are form unic, nefiind necesar acordul adjectivului posesiv cu substantivul pe care l determin. De asemenea, n limba englez adjectivul posesiv preced ntotdeauna substantivul pe care l determin (ex. his map, their company, our future, her desire etc.). APLICAII 25. Citii lista de mai jos i alctuii apoi propoziii utiliznd adjectivul i pronumele posesiv. ME MY PARENTS MY SISTER a flat a one-storeyed house boat home a dining room a drawing room study a bedroom three bedrooms sitting room a bathroom a gym-room a kitchen a nursery a garage a cortyard a penthouse a barn a cellar a garden Model: I have got a flat. It is my flat. It is mine. My parents have got a one-storeyed house. It is their house. It is theirs. My sister has got a boat home. It is her boat. It is hers.

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Lecia 10. PRONUMELE REFLEXIVE (The Self Pronouns)

I MY MYSELF = m, mie, mi, mi YOU YOUR YOURSELF = te, ie, i, i HE HIM HIMSELF = se, lui, i, i SHE HER HERSELF = se, ei, i, i IT IT ITSELF = se, lui, ei etc. (neutru) WE OUR OURSELVES = ne, nou, ni YOU YOUR YOURSELVES = v, vou, vi THEY THEM THEMSELVES = se, lor, le, li, i, i

Sub denumirea de SELF PRONOUN sunt de fapt reunite dou categorii distincte de pronume care coincid ca form: a) Pronumele de ntrire (Emphatic Pronoun), care are rolul de a sublinia substantivul pe care l nsoete: Ex. John did it himself. (John nsui/singur/fr ajutorul nimnui a fcut-o). The President himself attends the meeting. (Preedintele nsui/n persoan ia parte la ntrunire). b) Pronumele reflexiv (Reflexive Pronoun), care indic faptul c aciunea verbului este ndreptat asupra subiectului acestuia. Cu alte cuvinte, folosim pronumele reflexiv atunci cnd, ntr-o propoziie, subiectul i obiectul coincid. Ex. I make myself a coffee. (mi fac o cafea.) Hes got himself a new car. (i-a cumprat o main nou.) He simply loves himself! (Pur i simplu se iubete pe sine. ) ATENIE! Multe verbe sunt reflexive n romn i intranzitive n englez, unde construcia este foarte rar. Ex. a se brbieri to shave a se grbi to hurry a se supra to get angry a se culca to go to bed a se ntlni to meet a se mbrca to dress/to get dressed a se pieptna to comb Cele mai fecvente verbe reflexive sunt: TO AMUSE ONESELF, TO CUT ONESELF, TO ENJOY ONESELF, TO HELP ONESELF, TO HURT ONESELF, TO INTRODUCE ONESELF, TO WASH ONESELF etc. NOT: BY + PRONUME REFLEXIV are nelesul de SINGUR. Ex. I live by myself. (I live alone.) APLICAII 26. Completai cu pronume reflexive: 1. She doesnt live by . She lives with friends. 2. He usually buys one for me and one for . 3. Please dress . Its very late! 4. Help to cake and tea! 5. Please make at home! 6. I dont need any help. I want to do it .

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7. She cut while peeling potatoes. 8. She looks at in the mirror. 9. My sons prefer to do their homework by . 10. We hurt .. while climbing that rocky mountain. Lecia 11. PRONUMELE RECIPROCE (The Reciprocal Pronouns) Pronumele reciproce sunt: EACH OTHER (unul pe altul/cellalt; una pe alta/cealalt) i ONE ANOTHER (unii pe alii; unele pe altele). n general, este comun acceptat c EACH OTHER se refer la dou persoane, n timp ce ONE ANOTHER la mai mult de dou. De multe ori ns, ele se nlocuiesc reciproc.

Ex. The twins look very much like each other. (Gemenii seamn mult). The members of this family always help one another. (Cei din familia lor se ajut reciproc/unii pe alii).

APLICAII 27. Subliniai i traducei pronumele reciproce din enunurile urmtoare: 1. We are not afraid of each other. 2. The two friends count on each other. 3. They like speaking of one another. 4. They look at each other and start laughing. 5. They consider each other very intelligent. 6. My cousin says that he and his brother are helping each other a lot. 7. They write to each other quite often. Lecia 12. PRONUMELE RELATIVE (The Relative Pronouns) Pronumele relative sunt invariabile n gen i numr i introduc o subordonat relativ, putnd avea funcia de subiect sau complement. Pronumele relative cu funcia de subiect sunt: WHO (pentru persoane), WHICH (pentru lucruri) i THAT (pentru persoane sau lucruri). Ex. the man who/that speaks English (brbatul care vorbete englezete) the woman who/that understands Chinese (femeia care nelege chineza) the people who/that pay on the spot (oamenii/cei care pltesc pe loc) the car which/that is parked (maina care e parcat) the cars which/that are parked (mainile care sunt parcate) Pronumele relativ cu funcia de complement sau atribut are aproximativ aceleai forme: WHO (sau WHOM + PREPOZIIE) pentru persoane i WHICH pentru lucruri. Ex. the girl whom I saw (fata pe care am vzut-o) the girl to whom I spoke (fata cu care am vorbit) the house which he built (casa pe care a construit-o) Uneori, pronumele cu funcie de complement se omite: Ex. the girl I saw the girl I spoke to the house he built Pentru exprimarea posesiei se folosete WHOSE pentru persoane i WHOSE sau WHICH + PREPOZIIE pentru lucruri.

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Ex. the people whose names appear on the list (oamenii/persoanele/cei ale cror nume apar pe list) the tree whose bark/the bark of which is diseased (arborele a crui scoar e afectat de boal) NOT: CEEA CE are ca echivalent n limba englez WHAT (atunci cnd anun ceea ce urmeaz) i WHICH (atunci cnd CEEA CE reia ceva ce l-a precedat). Ex. what I want to say is that (ceea ce vreau s spun este c )

He denied it, which doesnt surprise me. (A negat, ceea ce nu m surprinde.)

APLICAII 28. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH sau THAT: 1. He makes no mistakes makes nothing. 2. The man to I speak is my brother. 3. The girl mother is ill has got a day off. 4. I like to help those I love and I know love me. 5. The aspen is a poplar tree has especially tremulous leaves. 6. Any plant produces some sort of flower is a flowering plant. 7. Do you know Catherine works for? 8. The forest probationer, seems very young, has a very good reputation. Lecia 13. PRONUMELE NEHOTRTE I ADJECTIVELE CORESPONDENTE (Indefinite Pronouns and Their Adjectival Counterparts) Din categoria nehotrtelor fac parte: pronumele cantitative i adjectivele partitive (SOME, ANY, NO), adjectivele i pronumele distributive (EACH, EVERY, ALL, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER) etc. n general, ele exprim cantitatea, numrul nedefinit, varietatea etc. Pronumele (cantitative) SOME, ANY i NONE nlocuiesc substantive la plural sau nenumrabile la singular. SOME se folosete n propoziii afirmative, n ntrebri (atunci cnd se ateapt ca rspunsul s fie afirmativ) i n oferte, invitaii sau cereri. Ex. There are deer in the park. We saw some today. (Sunt cerbi n parc. Am

vzut civa astzi) The coffee is ready. Would you like some? (Cafeaua e gata.

Vrei/vrei(puin)?) NOT: SOME ca pronume se folosete i cu sensul de UNII sau ALII. Ex. Some say yes, some say no. (Unii spun da, alii spun nu). Cuvinte compuse cu SOME:

SOMEBODY, SOMEONE cineva SOMETHING ceva SOMEHOW, SOMEWHAT cumva SOMEWHERE undeva ANY se folosete n propoziii negative i interogative. Ex. I painfully need money but I dont have any.

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Arent there any in the fridge? NOT: ANY ntr-o propoziie afirmativ are sensul de ORICARE. Ex. Any of us is available on Monday. (Oricare dintre noi e disponibil lunea.) Cuvinte compuse cu ANY:

ANYBODY, ANYONE oricine, oricare ANYTHING orice ANYHOW oricum ANYWHERE - oriunde

NONE se folosete n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia. Ex. If these are the kinds of fruit you want to give me, Id rather have none. (Dac acestea sunt fructele pe care vrei s mi le dai, a prefera s nu iau nici unul) NOT: Alt ntrebuinare: None of us care about the matter. (Nici dintre noi nu-i pas de aceast chestiune) Din categoria pronumelor cantitative mai fac parte: MUCH, MANY, LITTLE i FEW. Dintre acestea, MANY i FEW nlocuiesc substantive numrabile, iar MUCH i LITTLE nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile. Ex. Many are called but few are chosen. (Muli (sunt) chemai, (dar) puini (sunt) alei.) He doesnt spend much. In fact, he spends little. (Nu cheltuiete mult. De fapt, chiar foarte puin) NOTE: 1. MUCH i MANY se folosesc n mod normal n propoziii negative i interogative. n propoziii afirmative se folosete mai ales A LOT/LOTS sau A GREAT DEAL. Ex. Her husband usually earns a great deal. Do you have any grammar books? Yes, I buy lots. 2. MUCH i MANY se pot combina cu HOW. Ex. How much does it cost? (Ct cost?) How many have you got? (Ci/cte ai?) Pronumele distributive sunt: EACH, ALL, EVERYTHING, EVERYONE/EVERYBODY, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER. EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) este folosit cu verbe la singular. Ex. Each (of them/us/you) chooses the colour he prefers. (Fiecare dintre ei/noi/voi alege ce culoare vrea). ALL (toi, toate) este urmat de verbe la plural. Ex. All (of you) are welcome. (Toi/toate suntei binevenii/binevenite.) EVERYONE, EVERYBODY (toi, toat lumea) i EVERYTHING (tot, toate lucrurile) se folosesc cu verbe la singular. Ex. Everybody/everyone is present. (Toat lumea e prezent/toi sunt prezeni.) BOTH (cei doi/cele dou, amndoi/amndou) poate fi sau nu urmat de OF: Ex. Both (of them) are forest engineers. (Amndoi sunt ingineri silvici.) NOT: ALL i BOTH sunt plasate uneori naintea verbului pentru a ntri subiectul pronominal: Ex. You all are very kind to me.

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We both prefer tea to coffee. Pronumele distributiv EITHER are nelesul unul dintre cei doi, iar NEITHER nici unul dintre cei doi. Ex. Either/neither (of you) is good. (Oricare/nici unul din voi (nu) este bun). Pronumele ONE are sensul: unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare. Ex. I would like a red one. (A dori unul/una roie). Aproape toate pronumele enumerate mai sus pot fi folosite adjectival, determinnd un substantiv sau nlocuitor al acestuia; unele dintre ele sunt ntrebuinate i ca adverb sau conjuncie. Ca adjectiv, SOME se poate traduce prin: VREUN , VREO, CEVA, NITE, CIVA, CTEVA, CTVA, CEVA, UNII sau UNELE, ntr-o propoziie afirmativ. Uneori, SOME se folosete i n ntrebri la care se ateapt un rspuns afirmativ: Ex. I want to buy some sugar and some sweets. Would you like some cake? Adjectivul ANY se traduce prin: VREUN, VREO, CEVA, CIVA, CTEVA, NITE, UNII, UNELE ntr-o propoziie interogativ sau negativ: Ex. Have you got any news? I havent got any money. Adjectivul NO este echivalentul lui NONE i are sensul de NICI UN, NICI O, DELOC. Ex. He gives no details. Cuvinte compuse cu NO:

NOBODY/NO ONE nimeni NOTHING nimeni NOWHERE nicieri

NOT: Adjectivele SOME, ANY i NO sunt adesea numite partitive. Adjectivele cantitative MANY i FEW se folosesc cu substantive numrabile, iar MUCH i LITTLE cu substantive nenumrabile. Ex. many newspapers; few inhabitants much happiness; little concern EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) poate fi, de asemenea, folosit adjectival: Ex. Each child receives a prize. Each flower has a different colour. ALL (tot, toat, toi, toate) se aaz ntotdeauna naintea articolului hotrt i poate fi folosit adjectival sau adverbial. Ex. all the people (toat lumea) She is all upset. (E foarte tulburat) EVERY poate nsemna considerai mpreun sau considerai separat. El urmeaz de obicei unui substantiv la singular i este corespondentul lui ALL (la plural). Ex. Every girl has a white ribbon. (Fiecare fat are o panglic alb.) Every citizen is vaccinated. (Toi cetenii sunt vaccinai.) We meet every day. (Ne ntlnim n fiecare zi.)

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We meet every other day. (Ne ntlnim o dat la dou zile/la ficare dou zile.)

BOTH mai poate fi, n afar de pronume, adjectiv i conjuncie. El se folosete nototdeauna fr articolul THE. Ex. Both books are worth reading. (Ambele cri merit s fie citite.) It is both harmful and illegal. (E i duntor, i ilegal.) EITHER ca adjectiv are sensul oricare din cei doi/din cele dou; ca adverb nseamn aproximativ nici, iar n construcia conjunctival EITHER OR , se traduce prin fie , fie , sau , sau , ori , ori . Ex. Either choice is fine. (Oricare alegere e bun.) I dont believe you either. (Nici eu nu te/v cred.) You can either leave or stay. (Poi pleca sau rmne.) NEITHER (nici unul, nici cellalt) este forma negativ a lui EITHER, pe care l poate nlocui n oricare dintre funcii, cu excepia adverbului, atunci cnd este vorba de o negaie. Ex. Neither dress is suitable for the party. (Nici una dintre rochii nu e potrivit pentru petrecere.) Neither children nor animals are admitted. (Nici copiii, nici animalele nu sunt admise.) Adjectivul ONE nseamn unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare. Ex. a one-way ticket (un bilet dus) I know one Mr. Thompson. (Cunosc un oarecare domn Thompson.) WHOLE poate fi folosit ca adjectiv (ntregul, ntreaga, tot, toat), la fel ca ENTIRE, sau ca substantiv (ansamblu, tot, ntreg). Ex. the whole/entire country (ntreaga ar) How much for the whole? (Ct face totul?) REZUMAT PRONUME I ADJECTIVE NEHOTRTE SOME - adjectiv: Some people are in favour of this decision. - pronume: Give me some! ANY adjectiv: Do you have any news? - pronume: Any of us can do it. NO adjectiv: He has no money on him. NONE pronume: None of us know about it. ALL adjectiv: All the people are present. - pronume: Alls well that ends well. - adverb: She is all upset. BOTH adjectiv: Both possibilities are worth considering. - pronume: I want both of them. - conjuncie: It is both useless and dangerous.

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EACH adjectiv: Each day he calls me. - pronume: Each of us has got a handbook. EITHER adjectiv: Either language is good. - adverb: I dont believe you either. - conjuncie: Its either this or that. - pronume: I can tell this to either of them. NEITHER adjectiv: Neither language is good. - conjuncie: Neither her son nor her daughter help her. - pronume: Neither of them is available. EVERY adjectiv: Every step you take, Im behind you. ONE adjectiv: I know one Mr. Thompson. - pronume: Get me the blue one! MULT, MULT MUCH + SINGULAR MULI, MULTE MANY + PLURAL MUCH i MAY se pot nlocui cu: A LOT OF, A GOOD DEAL OF, PLENTY OF. CT, CT HOW MUCH + SINGULAR CI, CTE HOW MANY + PLURAL PUIN, PUIN LITTLE + SINGULAR PUINI, PUINE FEW + PLURAL ATTA, ATT DE MULT SO (AS) MUCH + SINGULAR ATIA, ATTEA SO (AS) MANY + PLURAL ATT DE PUIN/PUIN SO (AS) LITTLE + SINGULAR ATT DE PUINI/PUINE SO (AS) FEW + PLURAL PREA MULT/MULT TOO MUCH + SINGULAR PREA MULI/MULTE TOO MANY + PLURAL MAI MULT/MULT/MULI/MULTE .. MORE + SINGULAR/PLURAL NU MAI MULT () NO MORE (LEFT) NOT ANY MORE (LEFT)

APLICAII 29. Alegei rspunsul corect: 1. There are two plays to choose from. Which would you like to see? a) ones b) some c) one 2. Is there any news for me? Yes, there is . a) one b) some c) ones 3. Do one of these tasks. Which is the easiest ? a) one b) ones c) some 4. They have a few houses for sale. I choose the smallest . a) one

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b) some c) ones 5. Do you have enough strength to bring it here? Well, I have , but not too much. a) some b) one c) ones 30. Completai cu SOME sau ANY: 1. Theyve got trees in the garden. 2. Are there armchairs in the living-room? 3. Have I got e-mails this morning? 4. Do you have brothers in this school? 5. Have apples, please. 31. Completai cu MUCH sau MANY: 1. He doesnt have money. 2. Does she take interest in it? 3. I havent time. 4. Are there students absent today? 5. He doesnt know English. 6. How does this book cost? 32. Folosii FEW sau A FEW, LITTLE sau A LITTLE pentru a completa urmtoarele propoziii: 1. He is very ill, there is hope for him. 2. There are apples in the bowl, help yourself to some. 3. He cant afford it as he has money left. 4. people admit they are wrong. 5. He has friends willing to help him. 33. Subliniai cuvntul corect: 1. There are none/no messages on the answering machine. 2. Sorry, I cant hear either/neither of you properly. 3. I cant come at the weekend. Im busy both days/every day. 4. I cant see no/any solution to the problem, Im afraid. 5. If you have any/some problems, let me help you. 6. Now I want each/every of you to fill in these forms. 7. She doesnt have much/many money. 34. Folosii expresiile urmtoare pentru a aproxima valorile de mai jos: NONE OF THEM, MOST OF THEM, A FEW OF THEM, MANY OF THEM, SOME OF THEM, ALL OF THEM. 1. 0% - 2. 5-25% - 3. 25-50% - 4. 50-75% - 5. 75-95% - 6. 100% - 35. Rescriei a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. Folosii cuvintele din parantez. 1. The hotels are both unsuitable. (neither)

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is suitable. 2. The two proposals are interesting. (both) are interesting. 3. These items of furniture arent expensive. (none) is expensive. 4. Not everybody listens to him. (all) listen to him. 5. We only want our wages. (all) is our wages. Lecia 14. PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (Interrogative Pronouns) Pronumele interogative sunt: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH. Ele se folosesc dup cum urmeaz: persoane lucruri

WHO WHAT subiect WHICH WHICH

WHOM, WHO WHAT complement WHICH WHICH

posesiv WHOSE Fiind invariabile, pronumele interogative au o singur form pentru singular, plural, masculin sau feminin: Ex. Who is that man? Who are these girls? Cnd WHO, WHAT, WHOSE i WHICH sunt subiectul unei propoziii, verbul este la afirmativ: Ex. Who judges? (Cine judec?) What happened? (Ce s-a ntmplat?) Whose is that gun? (A cui este arma aceea?) Which (one) belongs to him? (Care (dintre ei/ele) i aparine?) Cnd WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHOSE, WHICH sunt complementul unei propoziii, verbul este la interogativ. n acest caz, ordinea cuvintelor este urmtoarea: CUVNT INTEROGATIV + AUXILIAR + SUBIECT + VERB Ex. Who(m) do you prefer? (Pe care-l/o preferi?) What have you got there? (Ce ai acolo?) Which (one) does does he want? (Pe care l/o vrea?) Atunci cnd au funcia de complement prepoziional, pronumele interogative transfer de obicei prepoziiile la sfritul propoziiei. Ex. In what are you interested? (De ce eti interesat?) What are you interested in?

To which of you does he send letters? (Cruia dintre voi i trimite scrisori?) Which of you does he send letters to?

NOTE: 1. WHICH se folosete ntr-un context cu alegere limitat. n rest se folosete WHAT: Ex. What do you see? (Ce vezi?) Which one do you see? (Pe care dintre ei/ele l/o vezi?) 2. WHAT i WHICH sunt folosite i ca adjective interogative, pstrnd aceleai diferene:

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Ex. What kind of books do you like? (Ce fel de cri i plac?) Which book do you like? (Care carte i place?)

O categorie aparte o constituie adverbele interogative.i acestea se folosesc in intrebri, drept pentru care poziia lor este la nceput, naintea auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal.

Ex. When do you think this might be over? Where does he teach? Why do you cry so much? How do you spell your name? How old is he? How much is this? How often do you go dancing?

3. WHAT + BE ? i WHAT + BE LIKE ? sunt ntrebri diferite: Ex. What is Mr. Parker? Hes a lawyer. What is Mr. Parker like? Hes short and arrogant. RECAPITULARE I APLICAII: 36. Completai cu pronume interogative: 1. do you find easier to learn, English or French? 2. of the two players do you like better? 3. is he, do you suppose? 4. is the number of the your house? 5. is the result? 37. Alctuii dou ntrebri pentru fiecare propoziie: 1. We see our daughter twice a week. Whom ? Who ? 2. Their son hates piano lessons. Who ? What ? 3. Helen says she disagrees. Who ? What ? 4. They always argue with him. Who ? Whom ? 38. Alctuii ntrebri din cuvintele de mai jos: 1. Who/love/they? 2. Which/she/prefer? 3. What/your son/for a living? 4. What/mother/usually/make for breakfast? 5. Who/order/pizza? 39. Citii cu atenie textul urmtor i formulai ntrebri referitoare la cuvintele scrise cu italice. If you want to buy a new car, you have to think about many things. Money is, of course, one of them. But now you dont have to pay in cash. You can get a car on instalments, which is much better for you. You go to a car dealer and choose the car

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you want to have. You pay a deposit, and drive the car. Then you must pay monthly instalments for four or five years. If you pay all the money, the car is yours, and you can sell it to buy another one. On instalments, of course. 1. What ? 2. How ? 3. Where ? 4. What ? 5. What ? 6. What ? 7. When ? 40. Completai dup model : 1. Johns mother is Barbara. (possessives) 2. Her sisters married. (contractions) 3. Barbaras husband is Philip. 4. Peters family is quite big. 5. Alices her brothers wife. 41. Punei apostroful la locul corect. My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My fathers a journalist and my mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a banker. 42. Parafrazai urmtoarele cuvinte: Ex: aunt = my mothers sister or my fathers sister Uncle Cousin Grandfather Grandmother 43. Alegei cuvntul corect: 1.Theyre/there from London. 2.Their/there children are at school. 3.Theyre/their not at home. 4.There/theyre arent any mirrors in this room. 5.Theyre/their house is quite large. 6.There/their are two doors. 44. Dintre toi membrii familiei tale, care este: a. the oldest b. the smartest c. the tallest d. the most talented e. the most ambitious f. the richest 45. Dintre mijloacele de transport, care este: a. the cheapest b. the most comfortable c. the least comfortable d. the most expensive e. the least dangerous

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f. the fastest g. the most enjoyable h. the most modern 46. Transformai urmtoarele expresii n adjective compuse i derivate: ex: a girl with fair hair a fair-haired girl a pullover made by hand a handmade pullover a film having meaning a meaningful film 1. a student who works hard 2. a man with blue eyes 3. a driver who does not take care 4. a blouse with short sleeves 5. a woman who looks good 6. a tree which is a hundred years old 7. a woman with a kind heart 8. a story which breaks the heart 9. a man who has courage 10. a man with a red face 47. Traducei in limba romn: FIGURES OF SPEECH a. As pretty as a picture as ugly as a sin As sour as lemon - as happy as a grin As brave as a lion - as shy as a fox As weak as a kitten - as strong as an ox As thin as a shadow - as solid as a brick As hungry as a bear - as full as a tick As heavy as lead - as light as a feather As steady as a rock - as uncertain as the weather As hot as an oven - as cold as ice As rich as Croesus - as poor as churchmice As blind as a bat - as deaf as a post As cool as a cucumber - as warm as a toast As brittle as glass - as tough as gristle As neat as a pin - as clean as a whistle As dull as a dishwasher - as bright as a button As generous as the day is long as greedy as a glutton. (FUN WITH ENGLISH, USIS ,1989) b. 1. John is as busy as a bee. 2. I think he is as firm as a rock. 3. He is as brave as a lion. 4. My cousin is as happy as a king. . 5. Sometimes he is as mute as a fish. 6. Her face is as red as a rose. 7. Waiting for the verdict he is as silent as a grave. 8. This boy is as gentle as a lamb. 48. Family Tree Cele 14 persoane de mai jos formeaz 7 cupluri. Din informaiile care v sunt date, aflai care sunt acestea. Observai c sunt trei generaii ale aceleiai familii. Alec is Carols nephew and Leonards cousin. Betty is Leonards mother and Margarets sister-in-law.

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Carol is Edwins daughter and Margarets sister-in-law. Donald is Garys brother-in-law and Alecs uncle. Edwin is Ivys grandfather and Margarets father-in-law. Fiona is Carols mother and Alecs grandmother. Gary is Hollys son-in-law and Neils brother-in-law. Holly is Bettys mother-in-law and Leonards grandmother. Ivy is Garys niece and Donalds daughter-in-law. Jeremy is Donalds father and Gordons father-in-law. Katherine is Garys daughter-in-law and Margarets daughter-in-law. Leonard is Jeremys grandson and Donalds son. Margaret is Leonards aunt and Fionas daughter-in-law. Neil is Ivys father and Fionas son-in-law. 49. Formai propoziii scurte despre membrii familiei voastre. 50. Gsii n coloana B corespondent pentru numele de animale din coloana A A B 1.cow 1. kid 2.dog 2. duckling 3.horse 3. cub 4.duck 4. lamb 5.hen 5. puppy 6.lion 6. caterpillar 7.sheep 7. calf 8.goat 8. colt 9.cat 9. kitten 10.pig 10.piglet 11.insects 11.chick(en) 12.butterflies 12.larva 51. Traducei in limba romn: Dear Cinderella, Your jobs for tonight: Sweep the chimney, scrub the floors, beat the carpets, hoover the stairs, dust the furniture, polish the silver, make the beds, change the sheets, tidy the house, dig the garden, clean out the fireplace, empty the rubbish, wash our underwear, mend the socks, darn the shirts, iron the laundry, cook the supper, do the washing-up, dry the dishes, put them away. Dont wait up for us .We might be late home. The Ugly Sisters (Guy Wellman - Wordbuilder) 52. Plasai urmtoarele substantive n coloana corespunztoare: bark, beak, bleat, buzz, cage, chirp, claw, cluck, den, feather, fur, hiss, hive, hoof, horn, howl, hutch, kennel, mane, neigh, nest, paw, pouch, purr, roar, scales, shell, skin, squeak, stable, sty, tentacle, tusk, whiskers, wing, wool, zoo. Animal Habitat Animal Sound Animal Coat Animal Body

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53. Punei urmtoarele cuvinte i expresii n grupuri n funcie de verbul cu care se potrivesc (MAKE, DO, GO, HAVE). Unele cuvinte se folosesc cu dou dintre verbe: a try, shopping, your best, a decision, money, a cake, a lot of work, well, dinner, the shopping, war, an attempt, friends, the beds, a swim, housework, swimming, (for) a walk, a go, on holiday,the washing up, skiing, nothing. make do go have 54. Completai cu MAKE sau LET: 1. Some parents their children eat things they dont like. 2. Please me know if anything changes. 3. My boss me have lunch whenever I like. 4. That teacher his students work very hard. 55. Formai cuvinte compuse: A B pocket hostel youth store junk office post shop shop assistant department money shoe food Ex: pocket-money 56. Completai cu MAKE sau HAVE: 1. I intend to German lessons. 2. Do you mind if I a quick phone call? 3. I always a shower in the morning. 4. He always mistakes in writing. 57. Folosii MAKE sau DO n propoziiile de mai jos : 1. Mother .a cake every Saturday. 2. Please, dont a mess! 3. Please sit down andyourself at home! 4. Their aunt likes to .a crossword puzzle in her spare time. 5. He his best to enough money for his family. 6. Its easy to .. mistakes in this exercise. 7. She prefers the beds to .. the dishes. 8. In their family, it is the grandfather who .. the rules. 9. Never . plans before talking to me first. 10. He is too shy to .. a speech in front of so many people.

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58. Completai a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. 1. John is a better game-keeper than George. Georges notJohn. 2. I usually eat less than Michael. I dont Michael. 3. No one in the team has better communication skills than him. He has in the team. 4. The baby looks fatter this week than last. The baby looks .. every week 59. Traducei in limba englez: 1. Bagajele lui sunt mult mai grele dect ale mele. 2. i este foarte greu s aleag singur articole de mobil. 3. Vetile pe care mi le aduci nu sunt tocmai plcute. 4. Bugetul pentru amenajarea pdurilor de anul acesta este mai mare dect cel de anul trecut. 5. D-mi un exemplu de animal duntor pdurii! 6. Informaiile cu privire la delictele silvice sunt inexacte. 7. Cele mai simple plante din regnul vegetal sunt bacteriile unicelulare i algele. 8. A dori nite trandafiri cu tulpini lungi, v rog. 9. Pe scurt, ecologia este o tiin care ne ajut s inelegem relaiile dintre mediu i vieuitoarele acestuia. 10. Spune-le s nu mai ipe! 11. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic numr de studeni? 12. Cine are cel mai mic numr de ani din familia ta? 13. Cine cheltuie cel mai puin din familia ta? 14. Cum ajung pe Strada Florilor? 15. Mergei vara pe litoral? 16. Nici unul dintre ei nu tie adevrul. 17. tii cumva numrul ei de telefon? 18. Nu sta n picioare, ia loc, te rog! 19. Ce culoare are maina vecinei tale? 20. Care cas e a ta? 21. Cine tie lecia? 22. Ce faci tu la serviciu? 23. Care este numele ei de domnioar? Dar prenumele? 24. Care este numele lui de familie? Dar de botez? 25. Cine l ajut? 26. Ce bei tu dimineaa? 27. Care carte este a ta? 28. Care dintre cele dou cri este a ei? 29. Care dintre cele dou portofele este al meu? 30. Ce zi este astzi? 31. tii cine sunt ei? 32. Ai vreun prieten cu care s vorbeti? 33. Vezi vreun om pe strad? 34. O albin moart nu face miere.

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35. Este mult lapte in frigider. 36. Ct vrei? 37. Cte vrei? 38. Nu tie prea multe dar e puin cam arogant. 39. Casa aceea alb este a prietenei mele, iar cea de alturi este a mea. 40. Dimineaa suntei la lucru sau acas? 41. Ei nu sunt ingineri, ei sunt bancheri. 42. Ci ani are? 43. Suntei de serviciu astzi? 44. Suntei ceteni britanici? 45. Nu e prea comod s atepi la vam. 46. Toi prietenii mei sunt romni! 47. Nu suntei la coal? 48. Imi pare ru c am ntrziat. 49. Ai dreptate, tatl lui nu este medic, ci agent imobiliar. 50. Care este diferena dintre un translator si un interpret? 51. Care sunt atribuiile unui decan? 52. Eti ocupat? 53. Ce meserie avei ? Cu ce v ocupai