marcau_flavius_cristian analiză asupra conceptului de

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013

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ANALIZASUPRA CONCEPTULUI DE

SECURITATE N CONTEXTUL

RELAIILOR INTERNAIONALE

MRCU FLAVIUS-CRISTIAN1

CIOREI MIHAELA ANDREEA2

Abstract

In the interaction of people, politics appears eachtime when there is a dispute over the expected resultsof two or more actors inter- addicted -they or theiragents- by different angle their interests, goals andvalues. But there are no differences or conflicts, then

there is no policy, as long as people preferences andthe affirmations of the will to meet them in conflict,

there doesnt exist politics.Security is a special policy form - a species of the

genus more general of policy, all aspects of securityare political problems. Not all political conflicts aresecurity issues. In other words, policy acquires a dualaspect - of dispute and security issues- when you lost

lives or materials damages or have become apossibility, in the point of view of one or more involved

actors.

Keywords: Security, social security, economic

security, military security, political security

INTRODUCERE

Omul a dovedit de-a lungul istoriei c are

nevoie permanent de siguran pentru

asigurarea stabilitii, iar ca rspuns pentru

aceast realitate a luat natere conceptul de

securitate. Dar ce reprezint securitate? Adefini nseamn a delimita, nainte de orice.

Metoda obinuit de a delimita un concept,

consider Giovanni Sartori, este definirea a

contrario3,prin contrast. Ca snelegem mai

ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF

SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

MRCU FLAVIUS-CRISTIAN

CIOREI MIHAELA ANDREEA

Abstract

In the interaction of people, politics appears each

time when there is a dispute over the expected resultsof two or more actors inter- addicted -they or theiragents- by different angle their interests, goals andvalues. But there are no differences or conflicts, then

there is no policy, as long as people preferences andthe affirmations of the will to meet them in conflict,there doesnt exist politics.Security is a special policy form - a species of thegenus more general of policy, all aspects of security

are political problems. Not all political conflicts aresecurity issues. In other words, policy acquires a dualaspect - of dispute and security issues- when you lostlives or materials damages or have become apossibility, in the point of view of one or more involvedactors.

Keywords: Security, social security, economic

security, military security, political security

INTRODUCTION

Man has proven throughout history that he

needs permanent safety to ensure the stability,

and like response to the fact arose the concept

of security.

But what is security? To define is todelineate, first of all. Usual method of

defining a concept, consider Giovanni Sartori,

is to define a contrario, by contrast. To

understand better the a contrariotheory, I will

1 Doctorand, Universitatea Babes-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca, domeniul Relatii Internationale si Studii Europene,[email protected], Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu, Administratie Publica Europeana,[email protected] Sartori, Teoria democratiei reinterpretata, Iasi: Polirom, 1999, p. 177;


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bine ce nseam teoria a contrario, voi lua

cteva exemple: care este contrariulalbului?

Negrul! Care este contrariul iernii? Vara.

Pentru a stabili ce este securitatea4trebuie

stabilit ce nu este, adic opusul securitii:

securitatea nu nseamn rzboi, nu nseamn

anarhie, nu nseamn lipsa siguranei

personale sau incapacitatea unei naiuni de a

promova cu succes interesele sale naionale,

etc.

Prin contrastelefolosite mai sus am neles

ce nu este securitate, dar ce este ea pn la

urm? Care este definiia ei exact? Nu poate

nimeni da o definiie a securitii care s

rmn btut n cuie, pe care s o avem ca

reper cu toii n viitoarele noastre cercetri.

Conform dicionarului explicativ al limbii

romne,securitatereprezintmodul de a fi la

adpost de orice pericol; reprezint

sentimentul de ncredere i de linite pe care

l dcuiva absena oricrui pericol. Pe lng

aceast definiie regsit n dicionar, avem

diferite definiii date de-a lungul timpului: Ian

Bellany considercsecuritatea este absena

relativ a rzboiului5; Penelope Harland-

Thunberg spunea n 1982 c securitatea

reprezint capacitatea unei naiuni de a

promova cu succes interesele sale naionale;

Martin Laurence consider c securitatea

asigur bunstarea viitoare (1983), iar ca

take a few examples: what is the opposite of

white? Black! What is the opposite of winter?

Summer.

To determine which security is, it must to

be determined what is not, that is the opposite

of security: security is not war, doesnt mean

anarchy, doesnt mean lack of personal safety

or inability of a nation to successfully promote

its national interests, etc.

Through the contrasts used above I

understood that is not security, but what is it

anyway? What is its exact definition? No one

can give a definition of security that remain

nailed, which we have as a reference in our

future research. According to the Explanatory

Dictionary of Romanian language, security

means "how to be safe from any danger; it

represents the feeling of confidence and

peace, which is given to someone the absence

of any danger." Besides the definition found

in the dictionary, there are different

definitions over time: Ian Bellany considered

that "security is the relative absence of war";

Penelope Harland- Thunberg said in 1982 that

"security is the ability of a nation to

successfully promote national interests ";Martin Lawrence believes that "security

assure the future welfare"(1983), and the last

definition I will use the description given in

1989 by the National Defence College of

4 Ce-I confera unei problem din relatiile international calitatea de problema de securitate? Este important sa mentionamcalificarea in interiorul relatiilor international, deoarece caracterul de securitate din acest context nu este identic cu utilizareatermenului in limajul de zi cu zi. Cu toate ca are cateva calitati commune cu securitatea sociala sau cu securitatea aplicata

diferitelor functiuni ale garzii civile sau ale politiei, securitatea internationala este inradacinata mai adanc in traditiile politiciiputerii (Barry Byzan, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde, Securitatea, 2011, p. 41)5Buzan Barry, People, State and Fear, Londra: Harvester WheatSheaf, 1991


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ultim definiie voi folosi descrierea dat n

1989 de ctre Colegiul Naional de Aprare al

Canadei: prezervarea unui stil de via

acceptabil de ctre ceteni, dar care este

compatibil cu necesitile i aspiraiile

legitime ale altora6.

Fiecare din definiiile de mai sus acestea

reprezint doar un nceput n nelegerea

conceptului de Securitate - i poate avea

originea n contexte istorice diferite

problemele de securitate nu sunt fixe, ba chiar

au suferit diferite schimbri de-a lungul

timpului: ca exemplu, la nceputul secolului

XX cea mai bun modalitate de ntrire a

securitii a fost considerat politica

pronatalista; dup terminarea celui de-al

Doilea Rzboi Mondial, politicile de control

asupra populaiei au cptat o nouconotaie,

astfel cnu mai reprezentau sursa securitii ci

a bunstrii sociale; n timpul Rzboiului

Rece, securitatea s-a limitat strict la termenii

militar i a fost vzut din prisma celor doi

poli de putere: SUA i URSS; dupncheierea

Rzboiului Rece conceptul a asimilat noi

domenii n sfera de cuprindere: social, politic,

economic, etc7.Noiunea convenional de securitate care

este acceptat n general este cea oferit de

ctre sistemul Westphalian al relaiilor

internaionale, n care un stat suveran este

obligat s-i apere independena politic,

Canada, "preserving an acceptable lifestyle to

citizens, but which is compatible with the

needs and legitimate aspirations of others".

Each of the above definitions - this is only

a beginning in understanding the concept of

security it may have originated in different

historical contexts - security issues are not

fixed, even suffered various changes over the

time: for example, early twentieth century the

best way of enhancing security was

considered pro-natalist policy; after the end of

The Second World War, the population

control policies have acquired a new

connotation, so were not power, but the

welfare security; during the Cold War,

security was limited strictly to military terms

and it was seen from the perspective of the

two poles of power: U.S. and USSR, after the

Cold War, the concept assimilated new

coverage areas: social, political, economic,

etc.

Conventional notion of security, which is

generally accepted, is that given by the

Westphalian system of international relations,

where a sovereign state is obliged to protect

its political independence, territorial integrityand its own citizens.

Therefore, the conventional notion of

security in international relations theory can

be seen as a concept that focuses on both the

state and the government dealing with the

6A se vedea M. Griffits,Relatii Internationale. Scoli, curente, ganditori, Editura Ziua, 20037A se vedea Alexandra Sarcinschi,Elemente noi in studiul securitatii nationale si internationale, (Bucuresti: ed. UniversitatiiNationale de Aparare, 2005)


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integritatea teritorial i proprii ceteni.

Astfel, noiunea convenionalde securitate n

teoria relaiilor internaional poate fi vzutca

un concept care se concentraza att pe stat ct

i pe guvernul care se ocup cu protejarea

teritoriului, meninerea independenei politice

i protejarea, prin mijloace militare i de alt

natur, necesare, oamenii i activele de pe

propriul teritoriu n cazul unei invazii8. Barry

Buzan, cercettor reprezentativ al relaiilor

internaionale, a extins conceptul de securitate

dincolo de preocuprile domeniului militar i

anume: sectorul mediului, economic, societal

i politic.

SECURITATEA MEDIULUI

Acesta prezint o importan crescnd

datoritfaptului care ca obiectiv protejarea

mediului nconjurtor local, regional i

global, iar nivelul sistemic pare a fi

dominant n acest sector, deoarece cele mai

multe micri de securizare au loc la acest

nivel, ca urmare a existenei unei comuniti

internaionale de mediu epistemice care

elaboreazi securizeazagenda de mediu9.

O viziune alternativ, din punct de vedereecologic, a securitii mediului o regsim n

lucrrile din domeniul relaiilor internaionale

ale lui Harold i Margaret Rasada The

Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs and

protection, the maintenance of political

independence and protection by military

means and other necessary, people and assets

on their territory for an invasion. Barry Buzan,

representative researcher of international

relations, extended the concept of security

beyond the concerns in military domain,

namely: the environment, economy, society

and politics.

SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

It represents an increasing importance

because it is intended to protect the

environment locally, regionally and globally,

and "the system seems to be dominant in this

sector, because most security movements

occur at this level, due to the existence of a

international environmental epistemic

community that develops and secures

environmental agenda."

An alternative vision, of ecologically,

environmental security is found in the work

of international relations of Harold and

Margaret Rasada The Ecological

Perspective on Human Affairs and Toward a

Politics of the Planet Earth (1965). "Theecological perspectives provide international

politics as a system of interdependent

relationships related to all communities who

share a planet increasingly crowded and

8AsevedeaHiroshiOhta, TheInterlinkageofClimateSecurityandHumanSecurity:TheConvergence

onPolicyRequirements,p.4,http://www.fasid.or.jp/daigakuin/sien/kaisetsu/gaiyo21/pdf/022.pdf,accesatla26.03.20119BarryByzan,OleWaever,JaapdeWilde,Securitatea,ClujNapoca:CAPublishing,2011,p.135


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Toward a Politics of the Planet Earth (1965).

Cele mai ecologice perspective prevd

politica internaionalca un sistem de relaii

interdependente, legate de toate comunitile

care mprtesc o planet din ce n ce mai

aglomerat i care ofer cantiti finite i

epuizabile de materie prim10

ntr-un context mai aerisit al explicaiei,

securitatea mediului are n vedere nu numai

acordarea proteciei populaiei n faa

dezastrelor naturale ci i continua

deteriorarea a mediului nconjurtor.

Necesitatea securitii mediului este

observabil i divizat atunci cnd vorbim

despre rile dezvoltate i rile n curs de

dezvoltate. Pentru cele din urm o problem

principal o poate reprezenta lipsa accesului

la surse de appotabil, n timp cel n rile

dezvoltate una dintre marile ameninri la

adresa mediului o reprezint poluarea

atmosferei.

Securitatea mediului reprezint un factor

important al problemei stabilitii sociale i

politice, n sensul distribuiii resurselor

naturale. Dei n relaia dintre umanitate i

mediu exist o gam larg de factori, esteimportant de precizat c stabilitatea social,

economico-financiar i politic sunt

influenate n mod direct de stare mediului.

Dezastrele naturale, accidentele tehnice i

erorile umane pot aduce daune imense

economiei la nivel naional i internaionale

provides finite and exhaustible quantities of

raw materials"

In a more airy explanation, environmental

security envisages not only grant of

protection population for natural disasters but

also further damage the environment.

Necessity for environmental security is

observable and divided when we talk about

developed countries and developing

countries. For ultimately the main problem

may be lack of access to drinking water,

while the developed countries one of the

major threats to the environment is the air

pollution. Environmental security is an

important issue of social and political

stability in the sense of distribution of natural

resources. Although the relationship between

humanity and the environment is a wide

range of factors is important to clarify that

social stability, economic-financial and

political are directly influenced by the

environment. Natural disasters, technical

accidents and human error can bring

enormous damage to the national and

international economy (eg.: can stop power

generation capacity).Naumescu says that since "the late '60s,

environmental issues gradually became part

of public discourse western, it increasingly

gaining more supporters and sometimes

playing the role of a third political option".

On the future, the environmental problem

10HiroshiOhta, Op.Cit,p.12


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(exemplu: se pot opri capacitile de

producie a energiei electrice)11

Naumescu ne spune codatcu sfritul

anilor `60, problematica mediului a devenit

treptat parte a discursului public occidental,

ctignd din ce n ce mai muli susintori i

jucnd uneori rolul unei a treia opiune

politic12. Pe viitor, problematica mediului

nconjurtor va deveni, cu siguran, unul

dintre cele mai importante domenii de interes,

att naional ct i internaional. Partea

central a argumentrii n favoarea inovrii

conceptuale n domeniul securitii ecologice

sau a mediului este chiar potenialul ei

mobilizator13, astfel cse ncearcmicri

de securizare la aproape toate nivelele, dar

mai ales la nivel global. Cea mai de succes

securizare este totui cea local. Unele

formaiuni sub sistemice apar i au att un

caracter regional, ct i unul neteritorial14.

SECURITATEA ECONOMIC

Aceasta are n vedere dou considerente:

1) spaiul economic de pia liber i 2)

spaiul economic al nivelelor nalte de

competitivitate. Conform lui Buzan,securitatea n conformitate cu aceast

dimensiune, nseamn: acces la resurse,

finane i piee necesare pentru a susine

will become certainly one of the most

important areas of concern, both nationally

and internationally. "The central part of

argument in favor of conceptual innovation in

environmental safety or the environment is

even mobilizing its potential", so that "it is

attempted security moves at almost all levels,

but especially at the global level. The most

successful, is however the local security.

Some formations in systemic occur both a

regional and non-territorial one."

ECONOMIC SECURITY

It focuses on two considerations: 1) free

market economic space and 2) the economic

space of high levels of competitiveness.

According to Buzan, security in accordance

with this dimention, means "access to

resources, finances and markets necessary to

sustain the acceptable levels of welfare of

citizens and the power of the state".

Talking about the global state, we must

understand that the economy cant be

uniformly distributed at the national state

level, and economic security includes only

countries where democracy is highlydeveloped - this social welfare and the

competitiveness are high. For example,

Valentine Naumescu took Norway, that is

11NicusorMoldovan,Consideratiiprivind influentacrizeifinanciareasupradezvoltariieconomicesisecuritatii

mondiale,inStabilitatesiSecuritateRegionala,Bucuresti:Ed.UniversitatiiNationaledeAparareCarolI,2009,

p.80312ValentinNaumescu,SpaiulSecuritiiEuropene,nStudiideSecuritate,BritishCouncil,Bucuresti:Ed.

Cavallioti,2005,p.3313RonnieLipschutz,OnSecurity,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1995,p.63

14BarryByzan,OleWaever,JaapdeWilde,Op.Cit,p.137


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nivele acceptabile de bunstare a cetenilor

i putere a statului15.

Vorbind despre statul global trebuie s

nelegem c economia nu poate fi uniform

distribuit la nivel de stat naional, iar

securitatea economic include doar state n

care democraia este puternic dezvoltat

aici bunstarea social i nivelul de

competitivitate sunt ridicate. Ca exemplu,

Valentin Naumescu, a luat Norvegia care este

cu siguranparte a acestui spaiu economic,

cu toate ccetenii si au refuzat ca ara lor

sdevinmembra Uniunii Europene16.

Buzan i Waever consider c datorit

naturii relaiilor economice n liberalism,

securitatea economic este un subiect

neobinuit. Aceastdificultate se datoreazn

parte calitii instrumentale a unitilor

economice i insecuritii inerente a relaiilor

de pia i, pe de alt parte, consecinelor

prevalente i substaniale ale activitii

economice n alte sectoare17

n esen sa, securitatea economic, care

este o component a securitii naionale i

internaionale, vizeaz meninerea

activitilor economice n parametrii normalict i contracararea fraudelor financiare, a

terorismului cibernetic, a spionilor industriali,

economiei subterane, corupiei, etc factori

duntori pentru economie.

Se consider c, n sens larg, securitatea

certainly part of the economic area, although

its citizens are denied their country to become

a member of the European Union.

Buzan and Weaver believes that "the

nature of economic relations in liberalism,

economic security is an unusual topic. This

difficulty is due in part to instrumental

quality of economic units and inherent

insecurity of market relations and, on the

other hand, the prevalence of consequences

and substantial economic activity in other

sectors ". In essence, economic security,

which is a national and international security

component, the aim is to maintain economic

activities in normal parameters and

combating financial fraud, cyber terrorism,

the industrial spy, economy, corruption, etc. -

factors harmful to the economy.

It is considered that the wider economic

security of a country is determined by the

degree of insurance resources and level of

development. It is a wrong perception

because economic security cant be analyzed

only in close connection with national

security. Economic interdependence of states

allows them to use economic development asa means to influence or constraining in the

relations between them.

In other words, the idea of economic

security are at the heart of unresolved and

highly politicized debates on international

15

BarryBuzan,People,StateandFear,p.2016AsevedeaValentinNaumescu,Op.cit.,p.32

17BarryByzan,OleWaever,JaapdeWilde,Securitatea,p.168


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economic a unei ri este datde gradul de

asigurare a resurselor i de nivelul de

dezvoltare. Este o percepie greitdeoarece

securitatea economic nu poate fi analizat

dect n strns corelaie cu securitatea

naional. Interdependena economic dintre

state le permite acestora s foloseasc

dezvoltarea economic drept mijloc de

influenare sau chiar de constrngere n

relaiile dintre ele18.

Astfel spus, ideea securitii economice se

situeazn centrul dezbaterilor nerezolvate i

foarte politizate asupra economiei politice

internaional, dezbateri care se focalizeazpe

natura relaiei dintre structura politic a

anarhiei i structura economic a pieei.

Principalele poziii din dezbatere reflect

diferite viziuni asupra ntrebrii dac statele,

societile sau pieele ar trebui s aib

prioritate, dac actorii economici privai au

propriile preocupri de securitate sau dac

acestea trebuie judecate n funcie de ceea ce

se ntmplpe pia19.

SECURITATEA SOCIETAL

Securitatea societalse referla abilitatea

unei societi de a subzista n caracterul suesenial n condiii care se afl n continu

schimbare i n faa unor posibile sau

political economy, debates that focus on the

nature of the relationship between political

structure of anarchy and economic structure

of the market. Main items of debate reflects

different views on the question: whether

states, corporations or markets should prevail,

if private economic actors have their own

security concerns or whether they should be

judged according to what is happening in the

market.

SOCIETAL SECURITY

"Societal security refers to the ability of a

company to subsist in its essential character

under conditions that are changing in the face

of potential or existing threats."Ole Waever

describes human society as an entity resulting

from a process of coexistence between people

and groups bearing a common set of

attributes (race, ethnicity, language, etc..) and

which give expression to the common

feelings, such as: identity, values and

symbols. Max Weber believes that society is

a community of feelings manifested properly

in the form of own state, could be seen as a

community that tends to create their ownstate.

Apart from the meaning of national

18AsevedeaNicusorMoldovan,Consideratiiprivindinfluentacrizeifinanciareasupradezvoltariieconomicesi

securitatiimondiale, in Stabilitate si Securitate Regionala, Bucuresti: Ed.UniversitatiiNationale de Aparare

CarolI,2009,p.79980019BarryBuzan,People,StatesandFear:AnAgendaforInternationalSecurityStudiesinthePostColdWarEra,

2nd,p.230


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prezente ameninri20.

Ole Waever descrie societatea c fiind o

entitate uman rezultat n urma unui proces

de convieuire dintre oameni i grupuri care

poarto serie de atribute comune (ras, etnie,

limb, etc.) i care dau expresia unor

sentimente comune, cum ar fi: identitatea,

valorile i simbolurile. Max Weber consider

csocietatea este o comunitate de sentimente

care se manifest n mod adecvat sub forma

unui stat propriu, putnd fi privit ca o

comunitate care tinde s genereze propriul

stat.

Fcnd abstracie de sensul securitii

naionale i cea individual, securitatea

societal se refer la partea rmas

neacoperitde cele dou tipuri de securitate.

O astfel de abordare este extrem de generoas

reliefnd modele multiculturale n multe

regiuni, promovnd o organizare

consociationala n interiorul societii i

solicitnd o viziune integratoare n procesul

decizional. Securitatea societal presupune

dreptul de prezervare i dezvoltare a

identitilor culturale, pentru diferitele

grupuri i comuniti care convieuiesc ncadrul societilor plurale21.

n mai multe cazuri, regiunile generatoare

de dinamicile societale sunt esenial aceleai

i strns legate de cele din sectoarele politic i

militar (Europa, Asia de Sud, Asia de Sud-

security and individual, societal security

refers to the uncovered by the two types of

security. Such an approach is extremely

generous emphasizing multicultural models

in many regions, promoting consociational

organization within society and requiring an

integrating vision in decision-making.

Societal security includes the right to

preservation and development of cultural

identities for different groups and

communities who live in plural societies.

"In many cases, the regions generating

societal dynamics are essentially the same

and closely linked to the political and military

sectors (Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia,

former USSR, the Middle East and its general

confusion, Africa) .

In at least two cases (Latin America and

East Asia) security dynamics and in one case

(North America), the dynamics of societal

security apperars when the two traditional

security sectors have little to gain at regional

level and acting global priority.

SECURITY POLICY

Having regard to the threats can be

eliminated by military means, the political

will analyze non-military threats to the

sovereignty.From this core, political security

problems start in two directions. First they

20

Weaver,O., Buzan, B., Kelstrup,M. and Lemaitre, PIdentity,Migration and theNew SecurityAgenda inEurope,London:Pinter,1993,p.2321ValentinNaumescu,Op.Cit.,p.33


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Est, fost URSS, Orientul Mijlociu i n

confuzia sa general, Africa). n cel puin

doucazuri (America Latini Asia de Est),

dinamicile de securitate i ntr-un singur caz

(America de Nord), dinamica securitii

societale apare cnd cele dou sectoare de

securitate clasice au puin de ctigat la nivel

regional i acioneazcu precdere global22

SECURITATEA POLITIC

Avnd n vedere c ameninrile pot fi

nlturate prin mijloace militare, sectorul

politic va analiza ameninri non-militare la

adresa suveranitii.

De la acest nucleu, problemele de

securitate politicpornesc n doudirecii. n

primul rnd acestea includ echivalentele

ameninrilor non-militare la adresa unitilor

politice altele dect statele. n al doilea rnd,

dincolo de uniti n sine, ne putem gndi la

securitatea politicn aprarea obiectivelor de

referin de la nivel sistemic, precum

societatea internaional sau cadrul legal

internaional. Printre principiile care pot fi

securizate se numrdrepturile omului i alte

cerine legate direct de condiia indivizilor;astfel acest sector este probabil principalul

locus n care (din cte ne putem da seama)

apare securitatea la nivel de individ pe

agenda de securitate23.

Securitatea politic poate fi definit,

conform lui Buzan: Ameninrile politice

include non-military threats equivalents at

political units other than states. Second,

beyond the unit itself, we can think of policy

security defense benchmarks systemically,

like international society at international legal

framework.

The principles which could be secured,

include human rights and other requirements

directly related to the condition of

individuals; so this area is probably the main

place where (from what we can tell) occurs at

the individual security on the security agenda.

Security policy can be defined according

to Buzan: "Political threats are directed

towards organizational stability of the state.

Their purpose can range from pressure on the

government on a policy, through the

overthrow of the government, until to

instigate at secessionism, and disruption of

political binder of the state to loosen before a

military attack. The concept of the state,

particularly its national identity,

organizational ideology and institutions that

define it, all this are, normally, targeted

political threats. Considering that the state is

an important political entity, political threatsmay be as feared as military ones. This is

especially true when the target is a weak state

According to the above quotation we

understand that political security refers to the

organizational stability of the state, of

government system in that state and of

22BarryByzan,OleWaever,JaapdeWilde,Securitatea,p.198

23Ibidem,p.201


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sunt direcionate ctre stabilitatea

organizaional a statului. Scopul lor poate

varia de la presiuni asupra guvernului cu

privire la o anumit politic, trecnd prin

rsturnarea guvernului, pn la instigarea la

secesionism i perturbarea liantului politic al

statului pentru a-l slbi naintea unui atac

militar. Conceptul statului, n mod particular

identitatea sa naional, ideologia

organizaional i instituiile care l definesc

sunt, n mod normal, inta ameninrilor

politice. Avnd n vedere c statul este o

entitatea esenial politic, ameninrile

politice pot fi la fel de temute precum cele

militare. Acest lucru este valabil mai ales

cnd inta este un stat slab

Conform citatului de mai sus nelegem c

securitatea politicface referire la stabilitatea

organizaional a statului, a sistemului de

guvernmnt din acel stat i a ideologiilor

care-i ofer legitimitate. Drept urmare are n

vedere respectarea drepturilor omului24 dar

potrivit unui studiu efectuat de Amnesty

Internaional25, n 110 ri sunt practicate

tortura, relele tratamente i represiunea

politic.

CONCLUZII

Odat cu sfritul Rzboiului Rece,

extinderea economiei de pia n aproape

ideologies that give them legitimacy.

Consequently it considers human rights but

according to a study by Amnesty

International in 110 countries are practiced

torture, ill treatment and political repression.

CONCLUSIONSWith the end of the Cold War, expanding

market economy in almost all former

communist world and the intensification of a

wider security agenda became stronger. Cold

War substantially reduced, at least for now,military rivalries between the great powers.

Security concerns related over the

consequences of how the international system

operates - a set of issues that affect powerful

actors as much as the weaks. This evolution

is most evident in the international economy.

Therefore, in the post-Cold War world can

argue that a broader security agenda is a

necessary response to the draft of the global.

References

Books:

1.Buzan, Barry, People, State and Fear,Londra: Harvester WheatSheaf, 1991

2.Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap deWilde, Securitatea,Cluj-Napoca: CAPublishing, 2011

3.Griffits, M.; Relaii Internaionale.coli, curente, gnditori, Editura Ziua, 2003.

4.Kolodziej, Edward A.; Securitatea iRelaiile Internaionale, Iai: Polirom, 2007

24Incalcariledrepturiloromuluisuntmultmaifrecventeintimpulperioadelordeinstabilitatepolitica

25

AmnestyInternationalesteomicareglobal demaimultde3milioanedesuporteri,membri iactivitinmaimultde150de ri iteritorii,careduceocampaniepentruapunecaptabuzurilorgravealedrepturilor

omului.


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12

ntreaga lume fost comunisti intensificarea

unei agende de securitate mai ample a devenit

mai puternic. Sfritul Rzboiului Rece a

redus substanial, cel puin pentru moment,

rivalitile militare dintre marile puteri.

Preocuprile de securitate in mai mult de

consecinele modului n care opereaz

sistemul internaional un set de probleme

care afecteazactorii puternici la fel de mult

ca pe cei slabi. Aceastevoluie este cel mai

evident n cazul economiei internaionale.

De aceea, n lumea de dupRzboiul Rece

se poate argumenta co agendmai ampla

securitii este un rspuns necesar la proiectul

statului global26

Bibliografie

Crti:

1.

Buzan, Barry, People, State and Fear,Londra: Harvester WheatSheaf, 1991

2. Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap deWilde, Securitatea,Cluj-Napoca: CAPublishing, 2011

3. Griffits, M.; Relaii Internaionale.coli, curente, gnditori, Editura Ziua, 2003.

4. Kolodziej, Edward A.; Securitatea iRelaiile Internaionale, Iai: Polirom, 2007

5.

Lipschutz, Ronnie, On Security, NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1995

6. Palsoiu, Ion; Studii de Securitate,Craiova: ed. MJM, 2010

7. Sarcinschi, Alexandra;Elemente noi nstudiul securitii naionale i internaionale,

Bucureti: ed. Universitii Naionale deAprare, 2005

8. Sartori. Giovanni; Teoria democraiei

5.Lipschutz, Ronnie, On Security,NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1995

6.Palsoiu, Ion; Studii de Securitate,Craiova: ed. MJM, 2010

7.Sarcinschi, Alexandra;Elemente noi n

studiul securitii naionale i internaionale,Bucureti: ed. Universitii Naionale deAprare, 2005

8.Sartori. Giovanni; Teoria democraieireinterpretat, Iai: Polirom, 1999

9.Sergiu, Celac C.; icenciclopedie depolitologie, Bucureti: Ed. tiinific iEnciclopedic, 1977

10.Weaver, O., Buzan, B., Kelstrup, M.and Lemaitre, P.,Identity, Migration and the

New Security Agenda in Europe, London:

Pinter, 1993

ARTICLE:

1. Lasan, Nicoleta; Seuritatea concepte in societatea contemporana, inRevista de Administratie Publica si PoliticSociale, An II, Nr. 4(5)/Decembrie 2010

2. Ohta, Hiroshi, The Interlinkage ofClimate Security and Human Security: The

Convergence on Policy Requirements,

,http://www.fasid.or.jp/daigakuin/sien/kaisetsu/gaiyo21/pdf/02-2.pdf

3. Moldovan, Nicusor, Consideratiiprivind influenta crizei financiare asupra

dezvoltarii economice si securitatii mondiale,

in Stabilitate si Securitate Regionala,Bucuresti: Ed. Universitatii Nationale deAparare Carol I, 2009

4. Sean Kay, Globalization, Power andSecurity,http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/0403kay.pd

f

26VezipelargSeanKay.Globalization,PowerandSecurity,http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/0403kay.pdf si

BarryByzan,OleWaever,JaapdeWilde,Securitatea,ClujNapoca:CAPublishing,2011,pp.273296


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reinterpretat, Iai: Polirom, 19999. Sergiu, Celac C.; icenciclopedie de

politologie, Bucureti: Ed. tiinific iEnciclopedic, 1977

10. Weaver, O., Buzan, B., Kelstrup, M.and Lemaitre, P.,Identity, Migration and the

New Security Agenda in Europe, London:Pinter, 1993

ATICOLE:1. Lasan, Nicoleta; Seuritatea

concepte in societatea contemporana, inRevista de Administratie Publica si PoliticSociale, An II, Nr. 4(5)/Decembrie 2010

2. Ohta, Hiroshi, The Interlinkage of

Climate Security and Human Security: The

Convergence on Policy Requirements,

,http://www.fasid.or.jp/daigakuin/sien/kaisetsu

/gaiyo21/pdf/02-2.pdf3. Moldovan, Nicusor, Consideratii

privind influenta crizei financiare asupra

dezvoltarii economice si securitatii mondiale,

in Stabilitate si Securitate Regionala,Bucuresti: Ed. Universitatii Nationale de

Aparare Carol I, 20094. Sean Kay, Globalization, Power andecurity,ttp://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/0403kay.pdf

marcau_flavius_cristian analiză asupra conceptului de

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