limba engleza unitatea i

UNIVERSITATEA „DANUBIUS“ DIN GALA ŢI

DEPARTAMENTUL DE ÎNV ĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ ŞI FRECVENŢĂ REDUSĂ

FACULTATEA DE DREPT

ALINA CHESCA

Anul I, semestrul I LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

Limba engleză 2

CONTENTS

1. The Noun Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin

Singularia Tantum Nouns

Pluralia Tantum Nouns

Specific Objectives

Summary

Self-evaluation Tests

Bibliography

2. The Adjective

The Degrees of Comparison. Regular Adjectives

Irregular Adjectives

Phrases with Adjectives

Specific objectives

Summary

Assessment exercises

Bibliography

3. The Verb (Tenses and Moods)

Definitions: Tense and Aspect

Present Tense Continuous

Past Tense Simple

Past Tense Continuous

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Continuous

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4. The Phrasal Verbs

Definition and examples

Various combinations

Summary

Assessment exercises

Bibliography

Bibliografie (de elaborare a cursului) Times New Roman 14, Bold

Specific objectives

Summary

Self-evaluation tests

Bibliography

Limba engleză

INTRODUCTIONThis English course designed for the 1st year students department – aims at creating the competences of communication in English in several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations, International Relations and European Stnumber of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration. studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the following competences:

• understanding both the spoken and written English• recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns,

singular/plural markers)• identifying sentences• making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductions• comprehending and producing a • talking about a certain topic• summarizing what is spoken or written• reading sentences and paragraphs• doing an intensive reading (scanning and skimming)• doing an extensive reading (for specific information)• writing

appropriateness

After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements; thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the first task very well, you willable to easily find the right answers.

The course is divided into four chapters:

The first chapter, nouns, such as: analyzing the countable and uncounexemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus realizing the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some Idioms which contain some speciaon one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to discuss about certain issues and write papers on them.

The second chapter, adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between

INTRODUCTION This English course designed for the 1st year students - Distance learning

aims at creating the competences of communication in English in several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations, International Relations and European Studies). Every chapter contains a number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration. studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the following competences:

erstanding both the spoken and written English; recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns, singular/plural markers); identifying sentences; making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductionscomprehending and producing a discourse involving several speakerstalking about a certain topic; summarizing what is spoken or written; reading sentences and paragraphs; doing an intensive reading (scanning and skimming); doing an extensive reading (for specific information); writing texts that demonstrate grammatical. lexical and semantic appropriateness.

After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements; thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the first task very well, you will read the lesson again and after that you will be able to easily find the right answers.

The course is divided into four chapters:

The first chapter, The Noun, approaches the most special aspects regarding nouns, such as: analyzing the countable and uncountable nouns, defining and exemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus

ng the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some Idioms which contain some special nouns. Therefore, at the end of this chapter, on one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to discuss about certain issues and write papers on them.

The second chapter, The Adjective, analyses the regular and irregular adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between

4

Distance learning aims at creating the competences of communication in English in

several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations, udies). Every chapter contains a

number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests used at the end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration. After you have studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the

recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns,

making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductions; discourse involving several speakers;

texts that demonstrate grammatical. lexical and semantic

After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements; thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the

read the lesson again and after that you will be

the most special aspects regarding table nouns, defining and

exemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus

ng the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some

l nouns. Therefore, at the end of this chapter, on one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to

, analyses the regular and irregular adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between

Limba engleză 5

the Romanian and English degrees of comparison. Moreover, you will find various phrases and Idioms containing adjectives. Just like in the first chapter, you will also read and translate texts on different issues, thus learning new words used in various fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own.

The third chapter, The Verb (Tenses and Moods), approaches the verb and its tenses up to Past Perfect Continuous – as the other tenses and moods are to be analyzed in the 2nd semester. In this chapter you will find the definitions of tense and aspect, you will analyze each tense taking into account the aspect and the type of action it expresses and also the differences between the Romanian and English tenses. Moreover, you will make up sentences and texts of your own by observing the rules previously explained. You will also read and translate texts on various issues, thus learning more new words from different fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own; you will also have debates on such issues.

The fourth chapter, The Phrasal Verbs, approaches the Verb+Adverbial Particle Combination. You will be given examples of verbs combined with adverbial particles and analyse how the meaning of these verbs change with every combination. Moreover, you will make sentences of your own using various phrasal verbs.

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1. THE NOUN

1.1. Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

1.2. Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin

1.3. Singularia Tantum Nouns

1.4. Pluralia Tantum Nouns

Specific Objectives

Summary

Self-evaluation Tests

Bibliography

Specific objectives:

At the end of the chapter you will be able to:

• analyze the countable (both regular and irregular) and uncountable nouns;

• define the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns;

• explain the differences between the Subject-Predicate agreement in Romanian and English (regarding the previously mentioned types of nouns);

• correctly translate contexts using Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns;

• translate certain Idioms.

Estimated time for individual study: 3 hours

Alina Cheşcă The Noun

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1.1. Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

The countable nouns have two forms: a singular one and a plural one. The singular form is not marked: book, box, child.

There are two forms of plural:

A. Regular, when the plural is formed by adding the “-s” ending: book – books

B. Irregular, when the plural is formed in other ways: 1) Desinenţa –s se scrie –s după majoritatea substantivelor, incluzând

substantivele terminate in –e mut: book – books, table – tables.

2) Excepţii: există unele situaţii care fac excepţie de la această regulă generală:

a) Substantivele terminate in –s; -z; -x; -ch; -sh adaugă es: bus – buses; glass –

glasses; buzz – buzzes; box – boxes; watch – watches; brush - brushes;

b) La câteva dintre substantivele din acest grup se dublează consoana finală:

fez – fezzes, quiz – quizzes.

c) Substantivele terminate in –o: - adaugă desinenţa –s:

- când –o e precedat de o vocală: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios;

studios; zoos;

- la substantivele proprii: Filipinos; Eskimos; Neros; Romeos;

- în abrevieri: kilos (kilogrammes), photos (photographs), pros

(professionals);

- la unele substantive străine: concertos, dunam, pianos, solos, sopranos.

- au două forme de plural: banjos – banjoes; buffalos – buffaloes; cargo –

cargoes; mementos – mementoes; mottos - mottoes; volcanos- volcanoes; zeros

– zeroes etc.;

d) substantivele terminate în –y precedat de o consoană transformă pe y în i şi

adaugă –es: city – cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc:

- după vocale: boy – boys; play – plays;

- în substantive proprii: the Kennedys;

- în substantive compuse: stand-bys;

e) literele, numeralele şi abrevierile formează plural prin adăugarea unui

apostrof şi –s: A’s; 1920’s; MP’s: There are two A’s and three 2’s in the

number of that English car. There are two MP’s in the lobby.

În engleza contemporană există tendinţa ca numeralele şi abrevierele să

formeze pluralul şi prin adăugarea doar a unui –s la singular: in the 1930 MP


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(Member of Parliament) – MPs; Mt (Moutain) – Mts; vol (volume) – vols; lb.

(pound) – lbs; PO (Post Office, Postal Order) – Pos.

Forma de plural fără apostrof este mai frecvent folosită decât cea cu apostrof.

3) Pluralul substantivelor compuse

a) Majoritatea substantivelor compuse adaugă –s la ultimul element: classroom

- classrooms; forget-me-not (floare de nu-mă-uita) – forget me nots; grown-up

– grow-ups; horse race (cursa de cai) – horse races; race horse (cal de curse)

– race horses; merry-go-round – merry-go-rounds (calusei);

b) Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alcatuite dintr-un substantiv si o

constructive prepozitionala, adauga –s la primul element: looker-on – lookers-

on; mother-in-law-mothers-in-law; passer-by – passers by;

c) Substantivele compuse in care primul element este man sau woman

transforma la plural ambele elemente: man singer – men singers; woman

doctor – women doctors.

1.2. Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin

Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor se formează în mai multe feluri:

a) Consoana surda [], [f] sau [s] în care se termină substantivul se transformă

în perechea ei sonoră: [], [v] sau [z] (voicing) la unele substantive:

-th [] -> ths []: bath – baths; mouth – mouths; path – paths; youth – youths;

- f(e) [f] -> ves [vz]: calf – calves; elf – elves; half – halves; knife – knives;

leaf – leaves; loaf – loaves; life – lives; wife – wives;

Atenţie! Acest fenomen de sonorizare a consoanei finale nu se produce la toate

substantivele terminate în [], [f] sau [s]. Există şi forme de plural regulat şi

oscilaţie între cele două forme:

Plural regulat (1):

consoană + -th

vocală + -th:

berth – berths

cloth – cloths

earth – earths

death –


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deaths length – lengths

faith – faiths

Forme duble (1):

Oath – oaths Truth – truths

Plural regulat (2):

Belief – beliefs

Chief – chiefs

Cliff – cliffs

Proof – proofs

Roof – roofs

Safe – safes

Forme duble (2):

Dwarf – dwarfs – dwarves Handkerchief

– handkerchiefs

– handkerchieves

Hoof – hoofs – hooves Scarf – scarfs – scarves Wharf – wharfs – wharves

b) Vocala sau diftongul final se schimba in alta vocala sau diftong (mutation): man – men; woman - women; foot – feet; goose – geese; tooth – teeth; mouse – mice; louse – lice.

Compusii cu substantivul man au aceeasi pronuntie la singular si plural, desi ortografia difera: a postman [] – two postmen [], an Englishman [] – two Englishman [].

c) Trei substantive adauga desinenta –en (cu sau fara mutatie vocalic): ox –oxen; child – children; brother – brethren.

Brother (frate) are plural regulat: brothers (frati). Pluralul neregulat brethren este folosit doar cu sensul de “membru al unei societati religioase”.

d) Unele substantive numarabile au aceeasi forma la singular si plural (primesc desinenta zero – plural zero).

Substantivele cu desinenta zero la plural se deosebesc de substantivele invariabile care au numai singular (music) sau numai plural (cattle) prin faptul ca se acorda atat cu un verb la singular cat si cu un verb la plural: There is a


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stray sheep on the road. E o oaie ratacita pe drum. There are some stray sheep on the road. Sunt cateva oi ratacite pe drum.

Pluralul zero este folosit:

- Cu unele substantive –s: barracks – banca; headquarters – sediu; means – mijloc; series – serie; species – specie; works – uzina:

This is an army barracks. These are army barracks. The bus, trolleybus and the underground are modern means of transport. Autobuzul, troleibuzul si metroul sunt mijloace modern de transport.

1.2.1. Nouns of Latin and Greek origin Există mai multe desinenţe de plural de origine străină care sunt folosite în

limba engleză, mai ales în limbaj ştiinţific:

- us -i: stimulus – stimuli; bacillus – bacilli. - um –a: addendum – addenda; datum – data; Agendum –agenda; erratum – errata; Bacterium – bacteria; stratum – strata. - is –es: analysis – analyses; ellipsis – ellipses; Axis – axes; hypothesis – hypotheses; Basis – bases; Crisis – crises; paralysis – paralyses Alte substantive de origine străină au două forme de plural: pluralul regulat cu –s şi pluralul de origine străină: Cactus - cactuses - cacti

Genius - geniuses - genii (spirite, duhuri) (oameni de geniu)

Syllabus - syllabuses - syllabi

Terminus - terminuses - termini

Antenna - antennas - antennae

Formula - formulas - formulae

Vertebra - vertebras - vertebrae

Aquarium - aquariums - aquaria

Curriculum - curriculums

- curricula

Medium - mediums - media

Sanatorium - sanatoriums

- sanatoria

Symposium - symposiums

- symposia

Appendix - - appendices


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appendixes (în anatomie)

(în cărţi)

Index - indexes (cuprinsuri)

Indices (indici– în matematică)

Automaton - automatons

- automata

Bureau - bureaus - bureau

Plateau - plateaus - plateau

1.3. Singularia Tantum Nouns

În limba engleză fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele substantive, care sunt numărabile sau invariabile la plural în limba română: advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge, luggage, merchandise, money, nonsense, produce (produse naturale, agricole), progress, strength, work. You must do your homework carefully.

Trebuie sa iţi faci cu atenţie lecţiile (temele)

I need further information Am nevoie de informaţii suplimentare.

His knowledge of English is poor Cunoştinţele lui de engleză sunt slabe.

Where’s your luggage? Unde-ţi sunt bagajele? The money is in your wallet. Banii sunt în portofelul tău You are talking nonsense. Vorbeşti prostii. This pupil is making fast progress in learning English.

Acest elev face progrese mari în învăţarea limbii engleze.

He felt his strength was falling. Simţea că-l lăsa puterile Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of, etc. Substantive concrete:

A { piece } of { bacon

{slice} of {cake

A {piece}

of {bread

{loaf}

A {piece} of {sugar

{lump} of {coal


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A {piece}

of {meat

{roast}

A {piece}

of {chocolate

{bar] of {soap

A {piece}

of chalk

{stick}

A {piece}

of land

{strip}

A {piece}

of furniture

An {article}

A {bit} of grass

A {blade}

A {piece}

of paper

{sheet}

Substantive abstracte: A {piece} of advice

{word}

A piece} of {information

An item} {news

An item} of business

A bit }

A piece} of work

A bit }

A bit} of interest


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An amount

{luck

A piece of {evidence

{research

A word of abuse

A fit of passion

An attack of fever

1.4. Pluralia Tantum Nouns

1.4.1. Substantivele invariabile la plural Substantivele invariabile la plural au numai formă de plural şi se acordă de

regulă cu un verb la plural: The binoculars are on the table. Binoclul este pe

masă.

Din clasa substantivelor invariabile la plural fac parte:

a) Substantivele care denumesc obiecte formate din două parţi egale. Aceste

substantive se numesc summation plurals în limba engleză.

Ele denumesc:

1) unelte formate din două părţi: binoculars, compasses, glasses, pincers,

pliers, scales, scissors, spectacles, tongs.

Where are the scissors? Unde este foarfecele?

2) articole de îmbrăcăminte: braces, clothes flannels, jeans, overalls, pants,

pyjamas, shorts, trousers:

These trousers are too long for you. Acesti pantaloni sunt prea lungi pentru

tine.

1.4.2. Substantive numărabile care la plural primesc un nou sens Substantivele pluralia tantum şi summation plurals se confundă uneori cu

forma de plural a unor substantive numărabile:

Advice = sfaturi; pl. advices

Advices = înştiinţări, avize

Brace = pereche de potârnichi; pl. braces

Braces = bretele

Content = conţinut; pl. contents

Contents = cuprins


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Colour = culoare; pl. colours

Colours (pl. tantum) = drapel

Compass = busolă; pl. compasses

Compasses (pl. tantum) = compass

Custom = obicei; pl. customs

Customs (pl. tantum) = vamă

Damage = avarie; pl. damages

Damages (pl. tantum) = despăgubiri

Effect = effect; pl. effects

Effects (pl. tantum) = efecte, haine

Glass = pahar; pl. glasses

Glasses (pl. tantum) = ochelari

Ground = motiv, cauza; pl. grounds

Grounds (pl. tantum) = zat, teren, parc în jurul unei clădiri

Letter = scrisoare; pl. letters

Letters (pl. tantum) = literature, litere

Manner = mod; pl. manners

Manners (pl. tantum) = maniere, purtare

Minute = minut; pl. minutes

Minutes (pl. tantum) = process-verbal

Pain = durere; pl. pains

Pains (pl. tantum) = osteneală

Premise = premise; pl. premises

Premises (pl. tantum) = local, imobil

Quarter = sfert, cartier; pl. quarters

Quarters (pl. tantum) = locuinţă, cantonament

Receipt = chitanţă; pl. receipts

Receipts (pl. tantum) = încasări

Scale = gama muzicală, solz; pl. scales

Scales (pl. tantum) = balanţă

Scrap = bucăţică, fragment; pl. scraps

Scraps (pl. tantum) = resturi de mâncare, deşeuri de metal

Spectacle = spectacol; pl. spectacles

Spectacles (pl. tantum) = ochelari

Term = perioadă, termen, trimestru; pl. terms


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Terms (pl. tantum) = termini, relaţii, raporturi, condiţii

Spirit = spirit; pl. spirits

Spirits (pl. tantum) = băuturi alcoolice, fantome.

1.4.3. Substantive nemarcate la plural În clasa substantivelor invariabile la plural intră şi unele substantive folosite

numai la plural, dar nemarcate formal pentru acest număr. Aceste substantive

sunt: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police, vermin, youth:

e.g. The cattle are in the field. Vitele sunt pe câmp.

There are a lot of people in the street. Sunt mulţi oameni pe stradă.

People şi youth pot fi folosite şi că substantive numărabile variabile:

e.g. The peoples of the world are struggling for peace. Popoarele lumii luptă

pentru pace.

These youths saw the accident happen. Aceşti tineri au văzut cum s-a întâmplat

accidentul.

Adjectivele sau participiile personale substantivizate: the handicapped, the

injured, the poor, the rich, the sick, the wounded:

e.g. The injured were taken to hospital. Răniţii au fost duşi la spital.

1.5. For a better understanding of grammar and for vocabulary practice Read the following text.

Try to translate it without using a dictionary, then look for the unknown words and write them down. Try to use each of the new words in a sentence.

The Five Major Media

In order to influence buyers, advertising must reach them. This can be achieved through the media, whose main features, for the five major ones are the following:

1. The Press (or Print media) is the universal medium, which enables to address private persons as well as professionals or industrialists, which can reach broad targets but also very narrow ones since it can be highly selective.

The naţional dailies - mainly Bucharest-based newspapers in România, and their foreign counterparts (The Washington Post, The Times, Die Welt, Corriere della Serra, Asahi Shimbun...) - can carry any advertising message.

The regional dailies have but local readership, even if we take "local" in an extended sense.


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News Magazines are mainly for advertising aimed at the general public.

The technical and professional press is a privileged vehicle to reach industrialists and professionals, whatever their field of activity.

The so called "general" technical press is a channel for standard products supplied to very numerous firms in all sectors.

The "specialized" technical press aims at much smaller targets, along the lines of sectorial specialization of professional branches (transport, the building trades), or along those of funcţional or technical specificity (welding, cryogenics).

Free handouts, such as local advertising sheets for the general public and classified ads, have grown spectacularly since their emergence in the 70's.

The "TV press" probably justifies a separate mention: concen-trating on TV programmes, it has an enormous circulation (several million copies in some cases) and is an ideal channel for general advertising.

2. Television. The ideal medium for convenience goods. Unlike the press, which is highly selective, television speads its message wide, without fear of splashing or even flooding, since it reaches simultaneously several million people. This is why this medium has swallowed the bulk of advertising accounts from big advertisers who aim at the general public, men, women and kids all included, to the dismay of the other media – and more particularly the printed press.

3. Poster-advertising does not meet the needs of industrial and professional goods any more than TV does. It is essentially geared to general public items, goods or services, durable or not, whether it be instant mashed potatoes, insurance or air-travel.

4. Radio-advertising. Although wide in coverage, it is more selective than TV. There are indeed many stations, with varied audiences, which besides, can change with the time of broadcasting.

5. The cinema, a poor relation, the more so as movei-theatre attendance gets lower and lower while more and more films may be seen on TV without extra-charge.

Advertisers and their agencies need the relevant information concerning those media to devise their communication policy and to generate media planning accordingly. Such data are supplied by a number of organizations.

„Médiamétrie”, a Big Brother of sorts, calls the tune in audiovisual media thanks to two monitoring systems:


Limba engleză 17

• the radio panel, through 250 daily phone interviews, studies the audience per units of 15 minutes, the duration of listening periods, the profile of each station; • the TV panel, based on 2,300 households, studies the exposure to advertising spots through the Mediamat system, which has superseded the Audimat: each member of the household presses a button on the recording machine placed on the TV set every time he or she is present in front of the screen. Key:

Cele cinci mari mijloace de comunicare în masă

Pentru a influenţa cumpărătorii potenţiali, publicitatea trebuie să ajungă la ei. Aceasta se poate realiza prin mass media. Iată principalele caracteristici ale celor cinci mari mijloace de comunicare în masă:

1. Presa (sau Presa scrisă) este mijlocul de comunicare universal care ne permite să ne adresăm atât persoanelor fizice, cât şi profesioniştilor şi industriaşilor, şi să atingem ţinte mari, dar şi mici, datorită caracterului său foarte selectiv.

Presa cotidiană naţională, compusă în principal din titlurile bucureştene din România şi din omoloagele lor străine (The Washington Post, The Times, Die Welt, Corriere della Serra, Asahi Shimbun...), poate publica orice mesaj publicitar.

Presa cotidiană regională nu are decât audienţă locală, chiar dacă folosim termenul „local" într-o accepţiune foarte largă.

Revistele servesc în principal publicităţii destinate marelui public. Presa tehnică şi profesională este un mijloc privilegiat de a ajunge la industriaşi şi la profesionişti din toate domeniile de activitate.

Aşa-numita presă tehnică „generală” este un canal de distribuţie pentru produsele standard furnizate foarte multor firme din toate sectoarele.

Presa tehnică „specializată” vizează ţinte mult mai mici, pe de-o parte prin specializare pe sectoare sau ramuri de activitate (transporturi, construcţii), pe de altă parte, prin specializare funcţională sau tehnică specifică (sudare, criogenie). Presa gratuită, compusă din ziare locale de anunţuri pentru mica şi marea publicitate, cunoaşte o foarte mare dezvoltare de la apariţia ei în anii 70.

„Presa TV” justifică probabil o rubrică separată: consacrată programelor de televiziune, ea are tiraje cu adevărat extraordinare (în unele cazuri, mai multe milioane de exemplare) şi serveşte ca vehicul ideal pentru publicitatea destinată marelui public.


Limba engleză 18

2. Televiziunea – regina mass media pentru produsele de larg consum. Spre deosebire de presă, care este foarte selectivă, televiziunea îşi transmite mesajele fără a face o selecţie, fără a se teme să abordeze sau chiar să debordeze publicul, de vreme ce ajunge în casele a câtorva milioane de persoane simultan. De aceea, acest mijloc de comunicare a acaparat ansamblul bugetelor tuturor marilor clienţi care se adresează marelui public: bărbaţi, femei, inclusiv copii – spre disperarea restului mass-media şi în special a presei scrise.

3. Afişajul, ca şi televiziunea, nu este nici el mai indicat pentru produsele industriale şi profesionale. Este destinat în principal produselor de larg consum, bunuri sau servicii, fie ele de folosinţă îndelungată sau nu, fie că e vorba de piure instant, asigurări sau transporturi aeriene.

4. Radioul. Deşi are o arie mare de acoperire, este mai selectiv decât televiziunea. Există, într-adevăr, multe posturi care nu au aceeaşi audienţă şi, de altfel, aceasta se poate modifica pe parcursul emisiei.

5. Cinematograful, ruda lor mai săracă, şi asta cu atât mai mult cu cât frecventarea sălilor de cinema scade din ce în ce mai mult, în timp ce tot mai multe filme pot fi văzute la televizor fără cheltuieli suplimentare.

Cei care-şi fac publicitate şi agenţiile lor au nevoie de informaţii referitoare la aceste mijloace de comunicare şi suporturi publicitare pentru a-şi pune la punct atât politica de comunicare, cât şi planificarea mijloacelor de reclamă corespunzătoare. Aceste informaţii sunt furnizate de un anumit număr de organizaţii.

„Médiamétrie”, un fel de Big Brother mediatic, dă tonul în audiovizual prin două sisteme de monitorizare:

• panelul radio studiază, cu ajutorul a 250 de interviuri telefonice cotidiene, audienţa din sfert în sfert de oră, durata ascultării şi profilul fiecărui post; • panelul de televiziune, bazat pe relaţia cu 2.300 de cămine, studiază contractual cu spoturile publicitare cu ajutorul sistemului Mediamat, care a înlocuit Audimatul: fiecare membru al familiei apasă pe un buton al aparatului de înregistrare plasat pe televizor, ori de câte ori se află în faţa ecranului.


Limba engleză 19

Activity 1 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Ştirile pe care le-am primit până acum nu sunt demne de incredere.

2. Fiecare ştire despre activitatea savanţilor este asteptată cu emoţie.

3. Bagajele au fost făcute şi desfăcute timp de trei ore fără întrerupere.

4. Trebuie să publicăm toate informatiile care sunt necesare candidaţilor.

5. Mi-am spălat salopeta pe care am folosit-o in ultimele trei zile, deşi nu era prea murdară.

6. Rătăcisem drumul, asa ca aveam nevoie de un binoclu si o busola, dar nu am putut găsi.

7. Cunoştinţele lui de fonetică şi lingvistică generală sunt remarcabile.

8. Este indiscutabil un om de litere foarte apreciat in Orientul Mijlociu.

9. Fostul preşedinte nu a mai dat nici un interviu in ultima vreme.

10. Nici măcar in gand nu suporta eşecul, singurătatea, văduvia, munca neinteresantă, persecuţia.

11. Cum profesorul intrase deja in clasă, el pur si simplu râse drept scuză şi se aseză în bancă.

12. Ar trebui sa-i apărăm pe cei slabi si pe cei bolnavi.

13. O jumătate are trei patrimi.

14. Trebuie să declari totul la vamă, altfel ai putea avea probleme serioase.

15. Ştii foarte bine ca e nevoie de motive solide pentru un divorţ.

16. Directorul doreşte ca procesul verbal sa fie gata in jumatate de oră.

17. Balanţa pe care mi-ai cumpărat-o acum cateva zile este pe biroul din sufragerie.

18. Promit ca nu ma voi atinge niciodată de bauturi alcoolice!

19. Sfaturile părintilor tăi sunt totdeauna foarte bune ; ar fi cazul sa ţii cont de ele !

20. Vă rog, aş dori două ciocolate, două săpunuri si trei pâini !

21. Avocatul meu mi-a oferit doua informaţii foarte importante pentru caz.

Alina Cheşcă

22. Probele prezentate de procuror la procesul de ssunt incriminatoare.

23. În anii ’50 s

Example:

1. The news I have received so far

2. Every piece of news

3. The luggage

Here you have some Idioms. Try to match the two columns

1. a workaholic

2. a night owl

3. a night owl

4. a chatterbox

5. a day-dreamer

6. a blackleg

7. an old flame

8. a turncoat

9. a bobby

10. a lollipop man / lady

22. Probele prezentate de procuror la procesul de săptăsunt incriminatoare.

23. În anii ’50 s-au turnat unele din cele mai bune filme postbelice.

I have received so far is not reliable.

piece of news about the scientists’ activity is waited with excitement.

luggage was ceaselessly packed and unpacked for three hours.

Here you have some Idioms. Try to match the two columns:

1. a workaholic a) a strike-breaker

b) a person who helps children cross the road

c) a disloyal person

a chatterbox d) a former sweetheart

dreamer e) a shy person without a partner

f) a person who is too keen on his job

7. an old flame g) a person who lives in his own wonderful world h) a person who always gets up early

i) a person who enjoys staying up late j) a person who talks a lot

10. a lollipop man / lady k) a policeman

The Noun

ăptămâna trecută

rnat unele din cele mai bune filme postbelice.

waited with excitement.

ceaselessly packed and unpacked for three hours.

:

b) a person who helps children cross

d) a former sweetheart

e) a shy person without a partner

f) a person who is too keen on his

g) a person who lives in his own

h) a person who always gets up early

i) a person who enjoys staying up

j) a person who talks a lot


Limba engleză 21

Activity 2

Put the right endings:

1. as black as c... 9. as fit as a f...

2. as poor as a church m... 10. as deaf as a p

3. as white ass... 11. as fresh as ad...

4. as sober as a j... 12. as bright as d...

5. as old as the h... 13. to eat like ah...

6. as light as a f. 14. to fit like a g…

7. as heavy as I... 15. to turn up like a bad p...

8. as good as g 16. to sleep like a I...

Activity 3

Put the right endings:

1. She was sitting on the fence

a) joking

2. She was playing it by ear b) speaking and acting firmly

3. She was caught red-handed c) discovered in the act of thieving

4. She went back on her word. d) living on little

5. She was pulling his leg e) not taking sides

6. She took someone for a ride f) not making plans ahead

7. She lived on a shoestring g) deceiving people

8. She played truant h) not going to school

9. She painted the town red i) not keeping her promise

10. She put her foot down j) drinking and making a lot of

noise

Alina Cheşcă

Summary This chapter has approached the most special aspects of as: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others. You have been taught how to use thagreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to the texts you translated.

Self-evaluation tests

1. Fill in the following blanks:

BLACK BLUE GREEN

1. When Sarah saw Sue's new boyfriend she was …………. with envy.

2. …. meat is considered to be healthier than beef, lamb or other types

3. The ... Pages has all the necessary information for you.

4. I spent three weeks in hospital when I had ... fever.

5. This sort of thing happens only once in a ... moon.

6. Sarah and Graham had a traditional... wedding in Wales.

7. After falling in the street he had a ... eye for weeks.

8. Would you like your coffee ... or with some milk and sugar?

9. I remember that my mother had ... fingers to her l

10. We are seriously in the .... this month


BACK EYE

MOUTH NERVE

1. Must you have a/n .............

2. Just shout if you need a / n

3. The answer is right on the tip of

4. I feel I can't .......... listening to any more lies.

5. The countryside is truly romantic near the

6. Katie has a/n ............. for valuable paintings.

7. Don't break your ...........

This chapter has approached the most special aspects of The Nounas: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others. You have been taught how to use these nouns and how to make the agreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to the texts you translated.

evaluation tests


GREEN RED SCARLET WHITE YELLOW

Sue's new boyfriend she was …………. with envy.

…. meat is considered to be healthier than beef, lamb or other types of …… meat.

The ... Pages has all the necessary information for you.

I spent three weeks in hospital when I had ... fever.

happens only once in a ... moon.

Sarah and Graham had a traditional... wedding in Wales.

After falling in the street he had a ... eye for weeks.

Would you like your coffee ... or with some milk and sugar?

I remember that my mother had ... fingers to her last day.

We are seriously in the .... this month


FACE FINGER HAND

TONGUE TOOTH STOMACH

............. in every pie?

Just shout if you need a / n ............ !

The answer is right on the tip of my ............

listening to any more lies.

The countryside is truly romantic near the ............ of the Danube.

for valuable paintings. TONGUE

........... working so hard all the time.

The Noun

The Noun, such as: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others.

ese nouns and how to make the agreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to

YELLOW

of …… meat.


Limba engleză 23

8. In our family everyone has a sweet .............

9. You can't read the numbers on the ................. of the old clock, and the minute ……is also broken.

10.After his exam, that student had the ………….. to complain about his teacher.


BIRD BUTTERFLY CAMEL CAT DOG FISH LION PIG RAT

1. Before my driving test I had .......... in my stomach.

2. It's been raining .......... and ............. for days.

3. Peter got the .......... share of the money they inherited.

4. When I travelled to the country last Monday I was killing two ………….. with one stone, doing business and visiting an old friend.

5. Keep my secret, please. I don't want to let the .................. out of the bag yet.

6. Even if the food is good, don't make a / n ................ .. of yourself at the wedding.

7. A lot of people are already fed up with the ………….. race of modern life.

8. It's the last straw thaj broke the ............ back.

9. The riot broke out because prisoners were treated like ...............

10. Are you ....... for compliments?


APPLE BREAD BUTTER CREAM EGG

JUICE MILK SALT SUGAR SPICE

1. Who is the ......... -winner in your family?

2. These young physicists are the smartest people in Romania, the ………… of their generation.

3. I can't tell you what caused what. It is a typical chicken and ........................ situation.

4. When I met her for the first time, she gave me a sweet .............. smile that I found most unnatural.

5. Don't believe everything you have read. The reports have to be taken with a pinch of ….

6. Don't feel sorry for him. He always knows which side his ..................... is ……… on.

7. Variety is the …………… of life.

8. I wish we could …………. the pill for you, but this is the truth.

9. She had her last baby at 45. No wonder, he was the ……………. of her eye.

10. I have just heard a / n ………… story about the neighbours.

Alina Cheşcă

Bibliography

Brookes, Michael, Horner, E. (2002). afaceri. Bucureş

Brookes, Michael (2003).

Chifu, Iulian (2004). Identity Conflicts. Bucure

Chirălescu, M., Paidos C. (2005).

Cook, J., Gethin, A. (1995).

Dayan, A.; Lindsay, W.H. (2000). Bucureşti: Teora.

Delgiudice, Luminita (1999).

Demazet, Bertrand (1999).

Gălăţeanu-FârnoagŞtiinţifică şi Enciclopedic

Gheorghitoiu, Andreea. adverbiala. Bucure

Hanga Calciu, Rodica Lumina Lex.

Hanga, Vladimir (2000). Lex.

Health, R.B. (2002).

Hulban H. (1997).

Le Divenach, Eloi (2005).

Lupuleasa, R. (2004).

Marie-Claude, Roland (2000). Bucureşti: Editura Teora.

Martin, M. Combe (2000).

Mihaescu, Alexandra (2007).

Molnar Oprea, Nicoleta (2000). facultatilor cu profil juridic

Oprescu, Simona (1999).

Peters, Jo-Ann (2004). limbii engleze. Bucure

Rusu, Liliana (2001). Bucureşti: Sylvi.

Bibliography

Brookes, Michael, Horner, E. (2002). Business English. Engleza pentru Bucureşti: Teora.

Brookes, Michael (2003). Engleza pentru jurişti. Bucureşti: Teora.

Chifu, Iulian (2004). Identity Conflicts. Bucureşti: Politeia-SNSPA.

lescu, M., Paidos C. (2005). Proficiency in English. Institutul European.

Cook, J., Gethin, A. (1995). A New Way to Proficiency in English

Dayan, A.; Lindsay, W.H. (2000). Engleza pentru marketing si publicitateti: Teora.

Delgiudice, Luminita (1999). Fifty Useful Tests in English. Bucure

Demazet, Bertrand (1999). Engleza comertului exterior. Bucureş

Fârnoagă, G. (2000). Limba engleză în conversatie.şi Enciclopedică.

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Hanga, Vladimir (2000). Dictionar juridic englez-roman. Bucure

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Lupuleasa, R. (2004). Ready for Exams. Bucureşti: Polirom.

Claude, Roland (2000). CV in limba engleza. Un pas spre angajareti: Editura Teora.

Martin, M. Combe (2000). Listening and Comprehending. Macmillan.

Mihaescu, Alexandra (2007). Gramatica limbii engleze. Bucureş

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The Noun

Business English. Engleza pentru

ti: Teora.

SNSPA.

Institutul European.

Proficiency in English. Oxford.

Engleza pentru marketing si publicitate.

Bucureşti: Aramis.

Bucureşti: Teora.

în conversatie. Bucureşti:

roman de verbe cu particula

(1996). Crestomatie de texte juridice engleze. Bucureşti:

. Bucureşti: Lumina

London: Longman.

CV in limba engleza. Un pas spre angajare.

. Macmillan.

. Bucureşti: Niculescu.

Curs de limba engleza pentru studentii

ti: Ed. Oscar Print.

Larousse de învăţare a

Limba engleza pentru studentii facultatii de drept.

limba engleza unitatea i

Technology