{\rtf1{\fonttbl {\f2 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f3 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f4 Arial;} {\f5 Times New Roman;} {\f6 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f7 Times New Roman;} {\f8 Times New Roman;} {\f9 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f10 Times New Roman;} {\f11 Times New Roman Italic;} {\f12 Times New Roman Bold;} {\f13 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f14 Times New Roman;} {\f15 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f16 Times New Roman;} {\f17 Arial Unicode MS;} {\f18 Arial;} {\f19 Symbol;} {\f20 Symbol;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red255\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt n\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard \ql \li2853\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2853\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li2853\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2853\sb368\sl-552\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs48 PSIHOLOGIA COPILULUI \par\pard\ ql \li5307\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5307\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li5307\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5307\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li5307\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5307\sb16\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 JEAN PIAGET \par\pard\ql \li3477\ sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Profesor la Facultatea de \u351? tiin\u355?e din Geneva \par\pard\ql \li6002\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 02\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u351?i \par\pard\ql \li4938\ sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4938\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc alex100 BRBEL INHELDER \par\pard\ql \li3290\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex112 Profesor la Institutul de \u351?tiin\u355?e ale educa\u355?iei de \ par\pard\ql \li4473\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pe lng\u259? Universitatea din Geneva \par\pard\ql \li3850\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex111 Conferen\u355?iar la Universitatea din Aix-Marseille \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg

2}\par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \ par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li1420\sb100\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs24 LA PSIHOLOGIE DE L \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 \u8216?\ul0\nosup ersub\cf2\f3\fs24 ENFANT \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri5784\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-8\charscalex100 JEAN PIAGET et BRBEL INHELDER \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca lex100 Coll. \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 QUE SAIS-JE ? No. 369 \par\pard\q l \li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex109 Troisiem edition \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex101 Presses Universitaires de France \par\pard\ql \li14 20\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 108, Boulevard Saint-Germai n, Paris, 1968 \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\s b8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 1966, Presses Universitaires de France \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-27 6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par \pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li603 5\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb16\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\p aperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li5275\sb0 \sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5275\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5275\sb0\s l-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5275\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5275\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5275\sb92\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 INTRODUCERE \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li1420\ri934\sb261\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Psihologia copilului\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1\ul0\nosuper sub\cf2\f3\fs24 studiaz\u259? cre\u351?terea mintal\u259? sau, cu alte c uvinte, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dezvoltarea conduitelor (adic\u259? a comportamentelor inclusiv con\u351?tiin\u355?a) pn\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\ch arscalex115 la acea faz\u259? de trecere pe care o constituie adolescen\u355?a \ u351?i care marcheaz\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 inser\u355?ia indi vidului n societatea adult\u259?. Cre\u351?terea mintala este inseparabil\u259? \ line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de cre\u351?terea fizic\u259?, n special d e maturizarea sistemului nervos \u351?i a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 4 sistemelor endocrine, continund pn\u259? la vrsta de 16 ani. De aici rezult\u259? n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 primul rnd c\u259?, pentru a n\u355?elege cre \u351?terea mintal\u259?, nu este suficient s\u259? ne \line \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex116 ntoarcem numai pn\u259? la na\u351?terea copilului, deoarece exist\u259? embriologie a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reflexelor (Minkowski) impli cate n motricitatea f\u259?tului \u351?i nc\u259? de pe acum \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex113 exist\u259? referiri la conduitele perceptive ale aces tuia n domenii cum este \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 percep\u355?ia cauz

alit\u259?\u355?ii tactilo-chinestezice (Michotte)\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\su per\cf5\f6\fs21 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 . De aci mai rezult\u259? c\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dintr-un punct de vedere teoretic, psih ologia copilului trebuie privit\u259? ca o \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 15 disciplin\u259? care studiaz\u259? un sector particular al unei embriogeneze generale, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aceasta continund dup\u259? na\u351? tere \u351?i nglobnd ntreaga cre\u351?tere organic\u259? \u351?i \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex111 mintal\u259?, pn\u259? la atingerea acelei st\u259?ri de echilibru relativ care constituie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nivelul adult. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex113 Doar c\u259? dup\u259? na\u351?tere influen\u355?ele mediului cap\u259?t \u259? o importan\u355?\u259? din ce n ce \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai mare, att din punct de vedere organic ct \u351?i mintal. Psihologia copilului \lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu se va putea limita deci s\u259? studiez e factorii de maturizare biologic\u259?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 deoarece factorii pe care trebuie s\u259?-i considere depind n masur\u259? egal\u 259? att \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de exerci\u355?iu sau de experien\u35 5?a c\u351?tigat\u259?, ct \u351?i de via\u355?a social\u259? n general. \par\pard\ qj \li1420\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Psihologi a copilului are ca obiect de studiu copilul n dezvoltarea sa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mintal\u259?. n aceast\u259? privin\u355?\u259? trebuie s \u259? o deosebim de \u8222? psihologia genetic\u259? \u8221? \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex112 cu toate c\u259? ea constituie instrumentul esen\u355?ial al acesteia. S\u259? not\u259?m, n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 primul rnd, pentru a elimina orice echivoc n terminologie, c\u259? acest cuvnt -\line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?genetic\u259?\u8220? - folosit n expresia \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?psihologie genetic\u259?\u8220?, a fost in trodus de \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex116 psihologi n a doua jum\u259?tate a secolului al XIX-lea, adic\u259? nainte c a biologii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 s\u259?-l fi folosit ntr-un sen s mai restrns. n limbajul actual al biologilor, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex111 \u8222? genetic\u8220? se refer\u259? exclusiv la mecanismele eredi t\u259?\u355?ii, spre deosebire de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 procese le embriogenetice sau ontogenetice. Dimpotriv\u259?, termenul \li ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222? psihologie genetic\u259? \u8220? se r efer\u259? la dezvoltarea individual\u259? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (onto geneza). \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 120 Astfel stnd lucrurile, am putea fi tenta\u355?i s\u259? consider\u259?m ca fi ind sinonime \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 expresiile \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex120 \u8222? psihologia copilului \u8220? \u351?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex113 \u8222? psihologia genetic\u259? \u8220?. Totu\u351?i le \par\pard\q j \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 deosebe\u351?te o nuan\u355?\u259? important\u259? : dac\u259? psihologia copilului studiaz\u259 ? copilul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pentru el nsu\u351?i, ast\u259?z i tinde, dimpotriv\u259?, s\u259? se dea denumirea de \line \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222? psihologie genetic\u259? \u8220? psihologiei gene rale (studiul inteligen\u355?ei, percep\u355?iilor \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-2 30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb152\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Ace ast\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259? lucrare \u351?i propune s\u259? sintetizeze diverse lucr\u259?ri de psihologie a copilului inclusiv \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb 1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lucr\u259?rile noastre ( n propor\u 355?ii diferite). :n privin\u355?a acestora din urm\u259? cititorul va avea \par \pard\ql \li1420\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 f\u259?r\u259? ndoial\u259? o impresie de repeti\u355?ie ntructva obositoare. Ne permitem s\u259? semnal\u259?m n \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex112 leg\u259?tur\u259? cu aceasta dou\u259? elemente noi > expunerea de fa\u35 5?\u259? este n acela\u351?i timp scurt\u259? \u351?i \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb1\sl -217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simpl\u259?, ceea ce constituie de alt fel singurele sale merite. Mul\u355?umim Editurii Presses \par\pard\qj \li1420

\ri1009\sb4\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Universitaire de France care ne-a ndemnat s\u259? scriem acest rezumat pe care singuri nu l-am \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex110 fi ntreprins. \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 2\ul0\nosup ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs22 A. M i c h o t t e, \ul0\nosup ersub\cf10\f11\fs20 La perception de la causalit\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Publications Univer sitaire de Louvain, 2-e \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 d ., 1954. \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb156\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 3 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop13468\shpright3756\shpbottom13488\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz3460\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 etc.), dar numai n m\u259?sura n care ea caut \u259? s\u259? explice func\u355?iile mintale prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex115 modul lor de formare, deci prin dezvoltarea lor la copil; de pild\u259?, d up\u259? ce au \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fost studiate ra\u355?ionament ele, opera\u355?iile \u351?i structurile logice la adult, deci ntr-\line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex115 o stare ncheiat\u259? \u351?i static\u259? \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex115 - ceea ce a condus pe unii autori \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x115 (pe \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 113 reprezentan\u355?ii Denkpsychologie-ei germane) s\u259? vad\u259? n gndire o \ u8222? oglind\u259? a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 logicii \u8220?, \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex109 - s-a mai pus ntrebarea dac\u259? logica este nn\u259 ?scut\u259? sau rezultat\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dintr-o cons truc\u355?ie progresiv\u259? etc.: pentru a rezolva asemenea probleme, se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 recurge la copil \u351?i, n felul acesta, psih ologia copilului este promovat\u259? la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 r angul de \u8222? psihologie genetic\u259? \u8220?, adic\u259? devine un i nstrument esen\u355?ial de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 analiz\u259? exp licativ\u259? pentru rezolvarea problemelor psihologiei generale. \par\pard\qj \ li1420\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Importan\u355 ?a dobndit\u259? ast\u259?zi de metoda genetic\u259? n toate sectoarele \li ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihologiei (s\u259? ne gndim, de exemplu, la ro lul considerabil atribuit vrstei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 copil\u259?ri ei de c\u259?tre psihanali\u351?ti), tinde astfel s\u259? confere psihologiei co pilului un \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fel de pozi\u355?ie- cheie, n c ele mai diverse domenii. Ne vom situa deci, n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex114 aceast\u259? lucrare, mai cu seam\u259? n perspectiva psihologiei g enetice: ntr-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 adev\u259?r, la marele interes pe care-l prezint\u259? copilul ca atare, se adaug\u259? faptul \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex116 c\u259? adultul este explicat de copil n aceea\u351?i m\u259?sur \u259? n care adultul l explic\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pe copil s au, adesea ntr-o m\u259?sur\u259? mai mare, deoarece dac\u259? adultul l educ\u259 ? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pe copil folosind ca mijloc multiple transm iteri sociale, orice adult, chiar cel \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 creator , a nceput totu\u351?i prin a fi copil, \u351?i aceasta a avut loc att n timpurile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 preistorice, ct \u351?i ast\u259?zi. \par\pard

\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li603 5\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\ sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb 0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\ sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl -276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-2 76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb264\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 4 \par\pard\sect\se ctd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\p ar\pard\ql \li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li5467\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5467\sb100\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Capitolul 1 \par\pard\ql \li 4448\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4448\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch arscalex107 NIVELUL SENSORI-MOTOR \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dac\ u259? copilul l explic\u259? n parte pe adult, se poate spune, de asemenea, c\u259 ? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fiecare perioad\u259? de dezvoltare ne fa ce s\u259? n\u355?elegem n parte perioadele care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 2 urmeaz\u259?. Acest adev\u259?r este cu deosebire limpede pentru perioada ante rioar\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 limbajului. O putem numi perioada sensori-motorie, deoarece fiind lipsit de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fu nc\u355?ia simbolic\u259?, sugarul nu dispune nc\u259? nici de gndire, nici de afe ctivitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 legat\u259? de reprezent\u259?ri, c are s\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 -i permit\u25 9? s\u259? evoce persoane sau obiecte n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 absen\ u355?a lor. Dar, n pofida acestor lacune, dezvoltarea mintal\u259? n cursu l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 primelor optsprezece luni de existen\u3 55?\u259?\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 , este deosebit de rapid\u259? \u351?i de \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 impo rtant\u259?, deoarece copilul elaboreaz\u259? la acest nivel att ansamblu l \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 substructurilor cognitive care vor servi ca punct de plecare pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 construc\u355? iile sale perceptive \u351?i intelectuale de mai trziu, ct \u351?i un anumit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 num\u259?r de reac\u355?ii afective elementare, care vor determina n parte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 afectivitatea lui ulterioar\u259?. \par\pard\ql \li4110\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4110\sb 0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4110\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4110\sb16 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 1. Inteligen\u355?a sensori-moto rie \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmul t0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 17 Oricare ar fi criteriile inteligen\u355?ei pe care le-am adopta (tatonarea di rijat\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dup\u259? Claparde, comprehensiune a imediat\u259? sau insight-ul, dup\u259? W. Khler \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x116 sau K. Bhler, coordonarea mijloacelor \u351?i scopurilor etc.), toat\u259? l umea e de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acord s\u259? admit\u259? existen\u 355?a unei inteligen\u355?e nainte de apari\u355?ia limbajului. Fiind \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 esen\u355?ialmente practic\u259?, adic\u259? tinznd spre reu\u351?it\u259? \u351?i nu spre enun\u355?area de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex110 adev\u259?ruri, aceast\u259? inteligen\u355?\u259? reu\u351?e\u351?te

totu\u351?i pn\u259? la urm\u259? s\u259? rezolve un \line \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex115 ansamblu de probleme de ac\u355?iune (atingerea unor obiecte ndep\u 259?rtate, sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ascunse etc.), construind un s istem complex de scheme de asimilare \u351?i s\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex113 organizeze realitatea dup\u259? un ansamblu de structuri spa\u355 ?io-temporale \u351?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cauzale. Or, n absen\u3 55?a limbajului \u351?i a func\u355?iei simbolice aceste construc\u355?ii se \li ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fac sprijinindu-se exclusiv pe percep\u355?ii \u 351?i mi\u351?c\u259?ri, deci prin intermediul unei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex115 coordon\u259?ri sensori-motorii a ac\u355?iunilor, f\u259?r\u259? interve n\u355?ia reprezent\u259?rii sau a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 gndirii. \par\pard\ql \li1703\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx208 0\tx2080\tx2080 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 1.\ul 0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Schema stimul-r\u259?spuns \u351?i asimilarea. Dar da c\u259? exist\u259? o inteligen\u355?\u259? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 16 sensori-motorie, este foarte greu s\u259? preciz\u259?m momentul cnd apare. \l ine \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Mai precis, aceast\u259? problem\u259? nu are sens, deoarece rezolvarea ei \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 8 depinde de alegerea arbitrar\u259? a unui criteriu. Ceea ce ne este dat n \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fapt, este succesiunea de o remarcabil\u259? continuitate a stadiilor, fiecare \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 marcnd un nou progres par\u355?ial, pn\u259? n momentul cnd conduitele \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 realizate prezint\u259? caractere pe care un psihol og le poate considera ca \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apar\u355?innd \u8222? inteligen\u355?ei \u8220? (to\u355?i autorii fiind de acord s\u259? atr ibuie acest \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri1245\s b114\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\supe r\cf6\f7\fs17 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Men\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u355 ?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 ion\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259?\ul0\nosupersu b\cf7\f8\fs20 m o dat\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs 20 pentru totdeauna c\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f s20 fiecare dintre v\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 rste le indicate \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n aceast\ul0\ nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 lucare nu este dec\ul0 \nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 t o v\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f s20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 rst\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u259? \up0 \expnd tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 medie \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i aproximativ\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u25 9?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 . \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li6035\sb155\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f4\f5\fs24 5 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop14884\shpright3756\shpbottom14904\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz2886\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\qj \li2080\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2080\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2080\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2080\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2080\ri935\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 calificativ, cel pu\u355?in ultimul dintre aceste stadii, care se situeaz\u259? ntre \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 12-1 8 luni). n felul acesta exist\u259? o naintare continu\u259? de la mi\u351?c\u259? rile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 spontane \u351?i de la reflex la d

eprinderi c\u351?tigate \u351?i de la acestea la \par\pard\li2080\sb6\sl-27 6\slmult0\fi0\tx4036\tx5852\tx7585\tx9576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 inteligen \u355?\u259?,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 adevarata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex111 problem\u259?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 constnd n\tab \up0 \expnd tw0\charscalex111 a n\u355?elege\par\pard\ql \li2080\sb2\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex111 mecanismul nsu\u351?i al acestei naint\u259?ri. \par\pard\qj \ li1420\ri934\sb0\sl-281\slmult0\fi460 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pentru mul\u 355?i psihologi, acest mecanism este acel al asocia\u355?iei care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 permite ad\u259?ugarea pe cale cumulativ\u259? a co ndi\u355?ion\u259?rilor la reflexe \u351?i a multor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex115 altor achizi\u355?ii la condi\u355?ion\u259?rile nse\u351?i : orice achizi \u355?ie, de la cea mai simpl\u259? la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cea ma i complex\u259? trebuie conceput\u259?, potrivit acestei teorii, ca un r\u259?sp uns la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 stimuli exteriori, \u351?i anume ca un r\u259?spuns al c\u259?rui caracter asociativ exprim\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex114 o subordonare pur\u259? \u351?i simpl\u259? a leg\u259?turi lor dobndite fa\u355?\u259? de leg\u259?turile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x112 exterioare. Unul dintre autorii acestei lucr\u259?ri\ul0\super\cf5\f6\ fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 a presupus, dimpotri v\u259?, c\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 acest mecanism const\u2 59? ntr-o asimilare comparabil\u259? cu asimilarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex114 biologic\u259? n sens larg, orice legatur\u259? nou\u259? fiind inte grat\u259? ntr-un schematism \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau ntr-o structur \u259? anterioar\u259?: activitatea organizatoare a subiectului trebuie \line \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 considerat\u259? n acest caz ca fiind tot att de important\u259? ca \u351?i leg\u259?turile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 15 inerente stimulilor exteriori, deoarece subiectul nu devine sensibil la ace\u 351?tia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 din urm\u259?, dect n m\u259?sura n care ei pot fi asimila\u355?i structurilor deja \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex111 construite, pe care ei le vor modifica \u351?i le vor mbog\u259 ?\u355?i n func\u355?ie de noi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 asimil\u259? ri. Cu alte cuvinte, asocia\u355?ionismul concepe schema stimul-r\u259?sp uns \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sub o forma unilateral\u259? S \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex110 \u-4064?R, n timp ce punctul de vedere al asimil\u2 59?rii \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb4\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 2 presupune o reciprocitate S \u-4028? R , respectiv interven\u355?ia activitati lor subiectului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau a activit\u259?\u355?ilor organ ismului\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Og, adic\u259? S (Og) R. \par\pard\ql \li1703\ri937\sb277\sl-280\slmul t0\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Stadiul I. ntr-ad ev\u259?r punctul de plecare al dezvolt\u259?rii nu trebuie \line\tab \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 c\u259?utat n reflexe, concepute ca simple r\u259?spuns uri izolate, ci n activit\u259?\u355?i \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sp ontane \u351?i totale ale organismului (studiate de V. Holst \u351?.a.), reflex ul \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fiind conceput att ca o diferen\u355?i ere a acestor activit\u259?\u355?i ct \u351?i ca ceva \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex109 ce se poate - n unele cazuri (acelea ale reflexelor care n l oc s\u259? se \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 atrofieze sau s\u259? r\ u259?mn\u259? neschimbate, se dezvolt\u259? prin exerci\u355?iu) - s\u259? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 prezinte o activitate func\u355?ional\u259?, ducnd la formarea unor scheme de \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asimilar e. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 113 S-a ar\u259?tat, n acest sens, pe de o parte, att prin studiul comportamentelo r \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 animale ct \u351?i prin acela al undelor el ectrice ale sistemului nervos, c\u259? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 organism ul nu este niciodat\u259? pasiv. El realizeaz\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u259?\ ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 activit\u259?\u355?i spontane \u351?i globale \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex113 a c\u259?ror form\u259? este ritmic\u259?. Pe de alt\u259 ? parte, analiza embriologic\u259? a reflexelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Co

ghill \u351?.a.) a permis s\u259? se stabileasc\u259? c\u259? ele se constituie prin diferen\u355?iere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pornind de la activit\u25 9?\u355?i mai globale: n cazul reflexelor de locomo\u355?ie ale \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex110 batracienilor, de exemplu, un ritm de ansamblu duce l a o succesiune de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 reflexe diferen\u355?iate \u35 1?i coordonate \u351?i nu invers. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\ fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 n ceea ce prive\u351?te reflexele nou-n\u259?s cutului, se constat\u259? c\u259? acelea care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 prezint\u259? o importan\u355?\u259? deosebit\u259? pentru viitor \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex117 (reflexele suptului sau \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri934\sb1\s l-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 reflexului palmar, care va fi integra t n apucarea inten\u355?ionat\u259? de mai trziu) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 13 genereaz\u259? ceea ce unul dintre autorii acestei lucr\u259?ri a nu mit \u8222? exerci\u355?iu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reflex \u8220?, a dic\u259? o consolidare prin exerci\u355?iu func\u355?ional. Tocmai n felul acest a, \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb182\sl-230\slmult0\tx1678 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 J. P i a g e t, \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 La naissance de l\u8217?intelligence, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Delachaux \u l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 & Niestl, 1936 \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1450\sb0\sl-240\s lmult0\tx1678 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6 \f7\fs17 2 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Organis mul O apare \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nc\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 din \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 lucr\u259?rile\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 lui Hull ca o \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 variabil\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 intermediar\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 , dar \ul0\ nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n sensul unei simple \line\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 reduceri a \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 trebuin\u355?elo r\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\ cf7\f8\fs20 i nu \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n sensul unei structuri organizatoare \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Og. \par\pard\ql \li 6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb137\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 6 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop14650\shpright3756\shpbottom14670\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz3842\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri935\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 nou-n\u259?scutul ajunge la cteva zile dup\u 259? primele ncerc\u259?ri\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1\ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs24 s\u259? sug\u259? cu mai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mult\u259? siguran\u355?\u259?, s\u259? reg\u259?seasc\u259? mai u\u351?or snul a tunci cnd acesta i scap\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 etc. Asimilarea r eproductiv\u259? sau func\u355?ional\u259? care asigur\u259? acest exerci\u355?i u se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prelunge\u351?te, pe de alt\u259? pa rte, sub forma unei asimil\u259?ri generalizatoare \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex114 (suptul n gol ntre dou\u259? aliment\u259?ri sau sugerea unor obiecte n oi), sub forma \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unei asimil\u259?ri recognitiv e (distingerea snului de celelalte obiecte). \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-28

0\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 F\u259?r\u259? s\u259? se poat\u259 ? vorbi n aceste cazuri de achizi\u355?ii propriu-zise, deoarece \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex113 exerci\u355?iul asimilator nu dep\u259?\u351?e\u351?te cad rul prestabilit al montajului ereditar, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 as imilarea implicat\u259? ndepline\u351?te totu\u351?i un rol fundamental , deoarece \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aceast\u259? activitate, care nu permite s\u259? consider\u259?m reflexul ca un simplu \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex114 automatism, explic\u259? pe de alt\u259? parte extinde rile ulterioare ale schemei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 reflexe \u351? i ale form\u259?rii primelor deprinderi. ntr-adev\u259?r, n exemplul suptului \lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 asist\u259?m uneori ncepnd cu luna a doua, la fenomenul banal, dar nu mai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pu\u355?in instructiv, al sugerii degetului, nu printr-o ntmplare sau prin accident, \line \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ceea ce poate avea loc chiar din prima zi, c i n mod sistematic prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 coordonarea mi\u351 ?c\u259?rii bra\u355?ului, minii si gurii. Acolo unde asocia\u355?ioni\u351?tii nu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 v\u259?d dect un efect al repeti\u355?iei (care nu \u351?tim de unde ar veni deoarece nu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 15 este impus\u259? de leg\u259?turi exterioare) \u351?i unde psihanali\u351?tii v\u259?d deja o conduit\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 simbolic\u259? prin asimilarea reprezentativ\u259? a degetului \u351?i a snului ( dar de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 unde ar proveni aceast\u259? putere simbolic\u259? sau evocatoare nainte de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 formarea primelor imagini mintale ?), noi suger\u259?m interpretarea ace stei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 achizi\u355?ii printr-o simpl\u259? exti ndere a asimil\u259?rii sensori-motorii implicate nc\u259? n \line \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex110 reflex. S\u259? preciz\u259?m, n primul rnd, c\u259? aici are loc o achizi\u355?e propriu-zis\u259?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 deo arece nu exist\u259? un reflex sau un instinct al sugerii degetului ( ntr-adevar, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 apari\u355?ia acestei conduite \u351?i frecv en\u355?a ei sunt variabile). Dar aceast\u259? achizi\u355?ie \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex114 nu este ntmpl\u259?toare: ea se nscrie ntr-o schem\u259? reflex\u25 9? deja constituit\u259? \u351?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 se limiteaz \u259? la extinderea prin integrare a unor elemente sensori-motorii, \li ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pn\u259? acum independente de aceast\ u259? schem\u259?. Aceats\u259? integrare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 14 caracterizeaz\u259? deja stadiul II. \par\pard\ql \li1703\ri936\sb1\sl-280\sl mult0\tx3712\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Stadiul II. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Tocmai dup\u259? un asemenea model se cons tituie primele \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 deprinderi care \u355?in direct de o activitate a subiectului, ca n cazul \line \tab \up0 \expnd tw0\charscalex115 precedent, sau apar impuse din afar\u259? ca n cazul \u8222?con di\u355?ion\u259?rilor\u8220?. Un \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 reflex condi\u355?ionat nu este ntr-adev\u259?r niciodat\u259? stabil numai prin jocul \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asocia\u355?iilor sale \u351?i nu devine stabil dect prin constituirea unei scheme \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 5 de asimilare, adic\u259? atunci cnd rezultatul atins satisface trebuin\ u355?a \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 inerent\u259? asimil\u259?rii considerate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (cum este cazul la cinele din \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri938\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expe rimentele lui Pavlov, care saliveaz\u259? la sunetul clopo\u355?el ului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 asimilndu-l cu un semnal de nutri\u355?ie, dar care nceteaz\u259? s\u259? saliveze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dac\u259? hrana nu mai urmeaz\u259? niciodat\u259? dup\u259? semnal). \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri93 4\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dar chiar dac\u259? n umim \u8222? deprinderi \u8220? ( n lipsa unui termen mai bun) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 conduitele dobmdite, att n ce prive\u351?te formarea lor ct \u351?i prin rezultatele \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lor automatizate, deprinderea nu este nc\u259? inteligent\u259?. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116

\u8222? deprindere \u8220? \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex113 elementar\u259? se bazeaz\u259? pe o schem\u259? sensorimotorie de ansamblu\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 2\ul0\nosupersub \cf2\f3\fs24 n cadrul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 c\u259?reia nu exist\u2 59? nc\u259?, din punctul de vedere al subiectului, o diferen\u355?iere ntre \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mijloace \u351?i scopuri, scopul nefiind atins n ac est caz dect printr-o succesiune \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 obligatorie d e mi\u351?c\u259?ri care conduc spre el, f\u259?r\u259? ca la nceputul conduitei s\u259? \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri2111\sb174\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\ch arscalex105 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8 \fs20 Asemenea \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 exerci\u355?ii\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8 \fs20 reflexe se \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 observ\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8 \fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i la animal e, ca \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs20 taton\u259?rile\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 care \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\ f9\fs20 caracterizeaz\u259? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8 \fs20 primele \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ncerc\u259?ri\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2 0 de copulare la limneele din iazuri. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1445\sb0\sl-240\sl mult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7 \fs17 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 O \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 schem\u259?\u l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 este structura sau modul de organizare a \ul0\nosuper sub\cf8\f9\fs20 ac\u355?iunilor \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n forma \ul0\nosupers ub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n care ele sunt transferate sau \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex100 generalizate prin repetarea acestei ac\ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs20 \u355?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 uni \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\n osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 mprejur\u259?ri\ul0\nosupersu b\cf7\f8\fs20 asemanatoare sau analoge. \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb135\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf4\f5\fs24 7 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop14416\shpright3756\shpbottom14436\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz4082\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri935\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 se poat\u259? distinge un scop urm\u259?rit n prealabil, iar n continuare, mijloacele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 alese pr intre diversele scheme posibile. ntr-un act de inteligen\u355?\u259?, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dimpotriv\u259?, exist\u259? o urm\u259?rire a unui scop fixat de la bun nceput, apoi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 c\u25 9?utarea unor mijloace corspunz\u259?toare, care, de\u351?i oferite de s cheme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cunoscute (sau scheme de \u8222? deprinder i \u8220?), sunt totu\u351?i deja diferen\u355?iate n \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex113 raport cu schema ini\u355?ial\u259? care i atribuia ac\u355?iunii scopul re spectiv. \par\pard\ql \li1703\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx20 80\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080\tx2080 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf11\f12\fs24 4. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs 24 Stadiul III. Marele interes pe care l prezint\u259? dezvoltarea ac\u355? iunilor \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sensori-motorii n cursul primulu i an de via\u355?\u259? al copilului const\u259? n \line \tab \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex115 faptul c\u259? acesta nu numai c\u259? l conduc pe copil la nv\u25

9?\u355?\u259?ri elementare, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 surse ale u nor deprinderi simple la un nivel la care nu se observ\u259? nc\u259? o \line \ta b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 inteligen\u355?\u259? propriu-zis\u259?, dar ele ofer\u259?, de asemenea, o serie continu\u259? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex116 de elemente intermediare ntre aceste dou\u259? variet\u259?\u355?i de reac \u355?ii. Astfel, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dup\u259? stadiul refl exelor (I) \u351?i dup\u259? acela al primelor deprinderi (II), un al \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 treilea stadiu (III) prezint\u259? tranzi\u355?iil e urm\u259?toare, ncepnd cu momentul \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care intervine n medie pe la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 4 luni \u351?i jum\u2 59?tate, cnd exist\u259? o \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 coordonare ntre vedere \u351?i apucare (copilul apuc\u25 9? \u351?i mnuie\u351?te tot ce \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 vede n spa\u35 5?iul apropiat). Un subiect de aceast\u259? vrst\u259? apuc\u259? de \lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exemplu un \u351?nur care atrn\u259? de acoper\u25 9?mntul leag\u259?nului s\u259?u, ceea ce \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri935\sb1\sl-280\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 are ca urmare cl\u259?tinarea juc\u259?r iilor suspendate deasupra lui. Imediat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 co pilul va repeta gestul care a avut rezultate nea\u351?teptate, ceea ce \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 constituie o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ u8222?reac\u355?ie circular\u259?\u8220? n sensul lui J. M. Baldwin, deci o \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de prindere n stare incipient\u259?, f\u259?r\u259? un scop n prealabil, dieferen\u35 5?iat de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mijloacele folosite. Dar, n continuar e, este suficient s\u259? atrn\u259?m o nou\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 113 juc\u259?rie de acoperamnt pentru ca micu\u355?ul s\u259? caute \u351 ?nurul, ceea ce \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex118 constituie un nceput de diferen\u355?iere ntre scop \u351?i mij loc. n zilele \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 urm\u259?toare, atunci cnd vom l eg\u259?na un obiect atrnat de un b\u259?\u355? la 2 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex119 metri de leag\u259?n etc., \u351?i chiar numai dac\u259? am face s\u259? se aud\u259? sunete \par\pard\qj \li2080\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex114 nea\u351?teptate \u351?i mecanice nd\u259?r\u259?tul unui paravan , ndat\u259? ce spectacolul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau muzica nceteaz\ u259?, copilul va c\u259?uta din nou \u351?nurul magic \u351?i va trage \line \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de el: ne afl\u259?m deci de data aceasta n pragul int eligen\u355?ei, orict de \par\pard\ql \li2080\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex112 ciudat\u259? ar fi o asemenea cauzalitate f\u259?r\u259? contact sp a\u355?ial. \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\tx2080\tx4563 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 5. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 12 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Stadiile IV \u351?i V. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex112 - ntr-un al patrulea stadiu (IV) se observ\u259? acte mai \par\pard \qj \li2080\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 complete de in teligen\u355?\u259? practic\u259?. Subiectului i se impune n prealabil un \line \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 scop, independent de mijloacele pe care le va folosi : de pild\u259?, s\u259? ating\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 un obiec t ndep\u259?rtat, sau care e ascuns sub o bucat\u259? de pnza sau sub \line \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex112 o pern\u259?. Abia dup\u259? aceea mijloacele respe ctive sunt ncercate sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 probate pentru prima oar\u259? ca mijloace: de pild\u259?, copilul apuc\u259? mna \line \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex115 unui adult \u351?i o ndreapt\u259? spre obiectul pe care dore\u35 1?te s\u259?-l ating\u259?, sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 s\u259? ridic e ecranul ce acoper\u259? obiectul ascuns. Dar, dac\u259? n cursul acestui \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 al patrulea stadiu, coordonarea mijloacelor \u351?i a scopurilor este nou\u259? \u351?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 se rennoi e\u351?te n fiecare situa\u355?ie neprevazut\u259? (f\u259?r\u259? care nu putem vorbi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de inteligen\u355?\u259?), mijloacele folosite nu sunt mprumutate dect de la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s cheme de asimilare cunoscute ( n cazul obiectului ascuns \u351?i reg\u259?sit, \ line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 combina\u355?ia este de asemenea nou\u259?, du

p\u259? cum vom vedea n II, dar \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 faptul de a apuca \u351?i de a mi\u351?ca din loc o pern\u259? nu corespunde dect \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 unei scheme obi\u351?nuite). \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb4\sl -276\slmult0\tx6472\tx9012 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 n cursul celui de-al cincilea stadiu \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (V), care ncepe la \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 11-12 luni, la \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri939\sb0\sl-300\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 conduitele precedente se adaug\u259? o reac\u355?ie esen\u355?ial\u259?: c\u259?utarea de noi \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex108 mijloace prin diferen\u355?ierea schemelor cunoscute.\ul0\nosupersub\cf 12\f13\fs24 \u-4064? \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035 \sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6035\sb113\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 8 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\p aperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri935\s b69\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs2 4 Se poate cita n aceast\u259? privin\u355?\u259? ceea ce vom numi conduita supor tului: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 dac\u259? a\u351?ez\u259?m un obiect, la o distan\u355?\u259? mai mare pe un covor, copilul, dup\u259? \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex116 ce ncearc\u259? n zadar s\u259? ating\u259? direct obiectul po ate ajunge (din ntmplare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau prin exces de mi\ u351?care) s\u259? apuce un col\u355? de covor \u351?i atunci, obsevnd o \line \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rela\u355?ie ntre mi\u351?carea covorului \u351?i mi\u351?c\u259?rile obiectului, reu\u351?e\u351?te ncetul \line \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex118 cu ncetul s\u259? trag\u259? la sine covorul pentru a atinge obiect ul. O descoperire \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 analog\u259? caracterizeaz\ u259? conduita sforii studiat\u259? de K. Bhler \u351?i de mul\u355?i al\u355?ii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai trziu: a aduce la sine un obiect, tr\u259? gnd sfoara de care este legat. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi28 3 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 6. Stadiul VI. - n sfr\u351?it, un al \u 351?aselea stadiu marcheaz\u259? sfr\u351?itul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 115 perioadei sensori-motorii \u351?i totodat\u259? trecerea la perioada urm\u25 9?toare: copilul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 devine capabil s\u259? g\u25 9?seasc\u259? mijloace noi nu numai prin taton\u259?ri exterioare \line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex115 sau materiale, ci prin combin\u259?ri interiorizate, care d uc la o n\u355?elegere sau la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 insight. De pild \u259?, pus n fa\u355?a unei cutii de chibrituri abia intredeschis\u259?, n care \ line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 s-a introdus un zar, copilul ncearc\u259? s-o deschid\u259?, mai nti prin taton\u259?ri \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 17 materiale (reac\u355?ie caracteristic\u259? stadiului al V-lea), iar dup\u25 9? e\u351?ec, prezint\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reac\u355?ia com plet nou\u259? a suspend\u259?rii unei ac\u355?iuni \u351?i a examin\u25 9?rii atente a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 situa\u355?iei n timpul acest a, el deschide \u351?i nchide ncet gura sau, n cazul unui \line \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex114 alt subiect, strnge \u351?i desface pumnul, pentru a imita rezultatul p e care vrea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 s\u259?-l realizeze, adic\u259? o deschidere mai complet\u259? a cutiei) dup\u259? care, brusc \u351?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 strecoar\u259? degetul n deschiz\u259?tur\u259? \u351?i r eu\u351?e\u351?te astfel s\u259? deschid\u259? cutia. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936 \sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 n acest stadiu se desc oper\u259? de obicei celebra conduit\u259? a bastonului, \line \up0 \expnd tw0\charscalex111 studiat\u259? de W. Khler la cimpanzei, apoi de al\u355?ii la c opil. Dar W. Khler, ca si \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex114 K. Bhler considera c\u259? exist\u259? un act de inteligen\u3 55?\u259? numai n cazul n care se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 produce o n\u3 55?elegere brusc\u259?, cei doi autori eliminnd tatonarea din domeniul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 acestei inteligen\u355?e pentru a o clasa printre condu itele de suplinire sau de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8222? dresur\u259 ?\u8221? etc. Claparde, dimpotriv\u259?, vedea n tatonare criteriu l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 inteligen\u355?ei, atribuind chiar na\u3

51?terea ipotezelor unei taton\u259?ri interiorizate. \line \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex117 Acest criteriu este f\u259?r\u259? ndoial\u259? prea larg, deoarece exist\u259? tatonare nc\u259? n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 actul reflex \u 351?i n formarea deprinderilor. Dar criteriul insight-ului este desigur \line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 prea ngust, deoarece numai datorit\u259? unei succ esiuni nentrerupte de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asimil\u259?ri de dive rse nivele (I-V) schemele sensori-motorii devin susceptibile \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex116 de aceste combina\u355?ii noi \u351?i de aceste interioriz\u259 ?ri, care n cele din urm\u259? fac \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 posibil\u25 9? n anumite situa\u355?ii n\u355?elegerea imediat\u259?. Acest ultim nivel (VI) nu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 poate fi deci desprins de celelal te, pe care le desavr\u351?e\u351?te. \par\pard\ql \li4480\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \pa r\pard\ql\li4480\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4480\sb12\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 II. Construirea realului\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\su per\cf5\f6\fs21 1 \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb 0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Sistemul schemelor de asimilare sen sori-motorii duce la un fel de logic\u259? a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ac\u355?iunii, comportnd stabilirea de rela\u355?ii \u351?i coresponden\u35 5?e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (func\u355?iuni), \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb 1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 incadr\u259?ri de scheme (potrivit logicii claselor), pe scurt, structuri de ordinare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex114 \u351?i de reunire care constituie substructura viitoarelor opera\u355?ii ale gndirii. Dar \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 inteligen\u355?a sensori-mot orie conduce la un rezultat tot att de important n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 115 ceea ce prive\u351?te structurarea universului subiectului, orict de restrns a r fi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 el la acest nivel practic: ea orga nizeaz\u259? realul, construind prin ns\u259?\u351?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex111 func\u355?ionarea ei marile categorii ale ac\u355?iunii care su nt schemele obiectului \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 permanent, ale spa \u355?iului, ale timpului \u351?i ale cauzalita\u355?ii, substructuri ale \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \tx7722 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs 17 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 J. P i a g e t, \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs2 0 La construction du r\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 a l chez l\u8217?enfant, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Delachaux & Niestl, \tab \up 0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1937. \par\pard\ql \li6035\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li6035\sb156\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf4\f5\fs24 9 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop15118\shpright3756\shpbottom15138\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz3560\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\s b0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri934\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 viitoarelor no\u355?iuni corespunz\u259?t oare. Nici una dintre aceste categorii nu este \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 4 dat\u259? de la nceput \u351?i universul ini\u355?ial este n ntregime cent rat pe corpul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 propriu \u351?i pe ac\u355?iu nea proprie a copilului ntr-un egocentrism pe ct de total \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex119 pe att de incon\u351?tient ( n lipsa unei con\u351?tiin\u355?e a eului

). n cursul primelor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 optsprezece luni se efect ueaz\u259?, dimpotriv\u259?, un fel de revolu\u355?ie copernican\u259? \line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sau, mai simplu, o decentrare general\u259?, n urma c\u 259?reia copilul sfr\u351?e\u351?te prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 a se situa ca un obiect ntre altele, ntr-un univers format din obiecte \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 permanente, structurat ntr-un mod spa\u355?io-tempor al \u351?i constituind sediul unei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cauzalit\u 259?\u355?i n acela\u351?i timp spa\u355?ializate \u351?i obiectivate n lucruri. \ par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 1. Obiectul permanent. - Acest univers practic pe care copilul \u351?i -l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 elaboreaz\u259? ncepnd cu al doilea an de via\u355?\u259?, este format mai nti din \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 6 obiecte permanente. Or, universul ini\u355?ial este o lume f\u259?r\u259? obie cte constnd \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 doar din \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex117 \u8222? tablouri \u8220? mi\u351?c\u259?toare \u351?i incon\u351?tiente, care apar \u351?i apoi dispar \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 complet, fie f\u259?r\u259? ntoarcere, fie reaparnd sub o form\u259? modificat\u259? sa u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 analog\u259?. La 5-7 luni (stadiul III di n I), dac\u259? copilul dore\u351?te s\u259? apuce un \line \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex118 obiect iar noi l acoperim cu o bucat\u259? de pnz\u259? sau l ascundem d up\u259? un \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ecran, el \u351?i retrage pur \u35 1?i simplu mna deja ntins\u259? sau, dac\u259? e vorba despre \line \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex115 un obiect care prezint\u259? un interes special (biberonul etc.), ncepe s\u259? plng\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau s\u259? \u355?ipe din pricina dezam\u259?girii: el reac\u355?ioneaz\u259?, deci, ca \u351?i cum o biectul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ar fi disp\u259?rut. Se va r\u259?spu nde poate ca el \u351?tie prea bine c\u259? obiectul continu\u259? \line \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex120 s\u259? existe acolo unde a disp\u259?rut, dar pur \u351?i simplu nu reu\u351?e\u351?te s\u259? rezolve \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 problema c\u259?ut\u259?rii lui \u351?i a ndep\u259?rt\u259?rii ecranu lui. Dar, atunci cnd \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 copilul ncepe s\u259 ? caute nd\u259?r\u259?tul ecranului (vezi stadiul IV din I), putem face \line \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 urm\u259?toarea opera\u355?ie de control: ascundem ob iectul n punctul A, la drepta \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 copilului, care -l caut\u259? \u351?i-l g\u259?se\u351?te; apoi, sub privirile lui lu\u2 59?m obiectul \u351?i-l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ascundem n B, la stng a copilului: de\u351?i a v\u259?zut obiectul disp\u259?rnd n B (sub \line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex109 o pern\u259? etc.), se ntmpl\u259? adesea ca el s\u259 ?-l caute n A, ca \u351?i cum pozi\u355?ia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 9 obiectului ar depinde de ac\u355?iunile anterior ncununate de succes, \u351?i n u de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 deplas\u259?rile lui autonome \u351?i in dependente de ac\u355?iunea subiectului. n stadiul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x100 V \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (9-10 luni), obiectul este c\u259?ut at, dimpotriv\u259?, numai n func\u355?ie de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex112 deplas\u259?rile lui cu excep\u355?ia cazului cnd ele sunt prea comnplexe ( ncadrarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 succesiv\u259? a ecranelor) iar stadiul VI, se adaug\u259? un joc de inferen\u355?e care \line \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex110 reu\u351?e\u351?te s\u259? domine unele combina\u355?i i (copilul ridic\u259? o perni\u355?\u259? dar g\u259?se\u351?te \line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dedesupt un ecran neprev\u259?zut pe care l d\u259? la o parte imediat)\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs24 . \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex115 Conservarea obiectului se realizeaz\u259? ntre altele, n func\u355?i e de localizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sa. Faptul acesta arat\u259? imediat cum construirea schemei obiectului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 16 permanent este solidar\u259? cu orice organizare spa\u355?io-temporal\u259? a universului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 practic, ct \u351?i - fire\u351?te - cu structurarea sa cauzal\u259?. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi2 83 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2. Spa\u355?iul \u351?i timpul. \u8212? Abordnd mai nti structurile spa\u355?io-temporale, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 con

stat\u259?m c\u259? la nceput nu exist\u259? nici un spa\u355?iu unic, nici o ord ine temporal\u259?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care s\u259? nglobeze obie ctele \u351?i evenimentele a\u351?a cum recipientul nglobeaz\u259? \line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex114 con\u355?inutul s\u259?u. E dat doar un ansamblu de spa\u35 5?ii eterogene, toate centrate \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-234\slmult0 \par\pard \qj\li1420\ri966\sb125\sl-234\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\super\cf 6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Aceste rezultate \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ob\u355?inute\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 de unul di ntre autori au fost confirmate apoi de Th. Gouin-D\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 carie din Montreal (care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x103 a lucrat cu 90 de \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 subiec\u355?i\ul0\nosupersub\ cf7\f8\fs20 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i de S. Escalona din New York. Aceasta din \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 urm\u259?\ul0 \nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a subliniat \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 c\u259?\ul0\nos upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 obiectul ascuns \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\ cf7\f8\fs20 n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 mn\u 259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 este \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 c\u259?utat\ul 0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 mai \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 trziu\ul0\nosupersub\cf 7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dect\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 unul ascu ns \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dup\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 un ecran ex terior (cu alte cuvinte, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dispari\u355?ia\ul0\nosuper sub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 f\u259?r\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 localizare \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 nvinge \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\c f7\f8\fs20 n acest caz mai mult timp \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 permanen\u355?a \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 substan\u355?ial\u259?\ ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf 7\f8\fs20 i \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 spa\u355?ial\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8 \fs20 ). Pe de alta parte, H. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Gruber a cond us o cercetare \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n \ul0\nos upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 aceea\u351?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs20 problem\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e fectuat\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 pe pui de \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 pisic\u259?>\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ace\u351?ti a\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 trec \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 7\f8\fs20 n linii mari prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs20 acelea\u351?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 stadii, dar ajung la un \ul 0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 nceput de \ul0\nosupersub\cf 8\f9\fs20 permanen\u355?\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a obiectului la trei luni. \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 :\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs20 aceast\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2 0 privin\u355?\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 ca \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 multe altele, puiul de om este d eci \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs20 ntrziere\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 fa\u355? \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 de puiul de animal, dar \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f 9\fs20 aceast\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ntrzie re\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 este o \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\no supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dovad\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a unor \ul0\nosuper sub\cf8\f9\fs20 asimil\u259?ri\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 mai complete, deoarec e \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 pn\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 la \ul0\nosupe rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 urm\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 copilul \ul0\nosupersub\c f8\f9\fs20 dep\u259?\u351?e\u351?te\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cu mult puiul de animal. \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb156\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 10 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop13480\shpright3756\shpbottom13500\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz4814\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\s b0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri935\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 pe corpul propriu al copilului: spa\ u355?iul bucal (Stern), spa\u355?iul tactil, vizual, \line \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex117 auditiv, postural, precum \u351?i unele impresii temporale (a\u351 ?teptarea etc.) dar \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 f\u259?r\u259? coordon\u 259?ri obiective. Ulterior, aceste spa\u355?ii se coordoneaz\u259? trepta t \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (spa\u355?iul bucal \u351?i tactilo-chin estezic), dar aceste coordon\u259?ri r\u259?mn mult\u259? \line \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex116 vreme par\u355?iale, atta timp ct construirea schemei obiectului permanent nu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conduce la distinc\u355?ia funda mental\u259? pe care H. Poincar o considera - f\u259?r\u259? s\u259? \line \up0 \ expndtw0\charscalex113 aib\u259? dreptate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - ca f iind primitiv\u259?\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs22\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs21 1 \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 , ntre schimb\u259?rile de stare, sau \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 modific\u259?rile fizice \u351?i schimb\u259?rile de pozi\u355?ie sau dep las\u259?rile constitutive de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 spa\u355?iu. \par\p ard\qj \li1420\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 n con cordan\u355?\u259? cu conduitele de localizare \u351?i de c\u259?utare a le obiectului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 permanent, deplas\u259?rile se organ izeaz\u259? n cele din urm\u259? (stadiile V \u351?i VI) ntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex115 structur\u259? fundamental\u259?, care constituie e\u351?afodajul spa\ u355?iului practic, urmnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ca o dat\u259? interior izat\u259? s\u259? serveasc\u259? drept baz\u259? opera\u355?iilor de met ric\u259? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 euclidian\u259?: este ceea ce geometr ii numesc \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 gru pul deplas\u259?rilor \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8220?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f 3\fs24 avnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 urmatoarea semnifica\u355?ie psihologi c\u259?: \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri940\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 a) deplasarea AB \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3 \fs24 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 i o deplasare BC se pot coordona \ul0\no supersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ntr-o \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs2 4 singur\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 deplasare AC care face \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 parte \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 n c ontinuare din sistem\ul0\super\cf13\f14\fs22\ul0\super\cf13\f14\fs21 2\ul0\nosup ersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1641\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 b) orice deplasare AB poate f i transformat\u259? n inversa ei BA, de unde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 conduit a \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 revenirii\ul0\n osupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8220?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 la punctul de plecare; \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 c) compu nerea deplas\u259?rii AB \u351?i a inversei BA d\u259? deplasarea nul\u259? AA; \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 d) deplas\u259?rile sunt asociative, ceea ce nseamn\u259? c\u259? n succesiunea ABCD \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 avem \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ABBDACCD cu alte cuvinte, la \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 acela\u351?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 punct D se poate ajunge din A pe \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 c\u259?i \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 diferite (\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f 3\fs24 dac\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 segmentele AB, BC etc. nu se \ul0\n osupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 afl\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\

f3\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 n linie \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 dreapt\u2 59?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ), ceea ce constituie conduita \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex108 \u8222? ocolirii \u8220? despre care \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \u35 1?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 tim \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 c\u259?\ul0\nosupe rsub\cf4\f5\fs24 are un caracter tardiv ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \ul0\nosup ersub\cf4\f5\fs24 n stadiile V \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub \cf4\f5\fs24 i VI la copil este o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs24 conduit\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 n \u355?eleas\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 de cimpanzei, dar \ul0\nosupersub\ cf2\f3\fs24 absent\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 la \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f s24 g\u259?ini\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 etc.). \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1 \sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 n corela\u355?ie cu aceast\u259? organizare a pozi\u355?iilor \u351?i a deplas\u25 9?rilor n spa\u355?iu, se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 constituie n mod na tural serii temporale obiective, deoarece n cazul \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex113 grupului practic al deplas\u259?rilor acestea se efectuaez\u259? n mod material din \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aproape n aproape \u351?i un a dup\u259? alta, spre deosebire de no\u355?iunile abstracte \line \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex114 pe care gndirea le va construi mai trziu, \u351?i care vor permite na\u351?terea unor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 reprezent\u259?ri de ansa mblu simultane \u351?i, ntr-o m\u259?sur\u259? tot mai mare, extra-\line \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex117 temporale. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\f i283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3. Cauzalitatea. \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs 24 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Sistemul obiectelor permanente \u351?i al deplas\u259?rilor lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este, pe de alt\u259? pa rte, indisociabil de o structur\u259? cauzal\u259?, deoarece o \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex114 proprietate a obiectului const\u259? n a fi sursa, sediul sau rezultatul unor ac\u355?iuni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 diverse ale c\u259?ror leg\u259?turi constituie categoria de cauzalitate. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\s b1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dar, ca \u351?i n dezvolta rea schemelor precedente, cauzalitatea nu devine \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex112 obiectiv\u259? \u351?i adecvat\u259? dect dup\u259? o lung\u259? evolu\u 355?ie, ale c\u259?rei faze ini\u355?iale sunt \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10 9 centrate pe ac\u355?iunea proprie a copilului, \u351?i nu \u355?ine seama de leg\u259?turile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 spa\u355?iale \u3 51?i fizice inerente schemelor cauzale materiale. Chiar \u351?i n stadiul al \lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 treilea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (cf. \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 I ), cnd sugarul ajunge s\u259? surd\u259? la ceea ce vede \u351?i s\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 manipuleze obiectele dup\u259? diverse schem e (s\u259? le deplaseze, s\u259? le balanseze, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11 0 s\u259? le loveasc\u259? , s\u259? le frece etc.), el nu cunoa\u351?te nc\u259? drept cauz\u259? unic\u259? dect \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 propria sa ac\u355?iune, chiar independent de contactele spa\u355?iale. Observnd \lin e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u351?nurul care atrn\u259? de acoper\u259?mntul le ag\u259?nului (IV - \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 I ), copilul nu vede \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cauza mi\u351?c\u259?rii j uc\u259?riilor suspendate n \u351?nur, ci n ns\u259?\u351?i ac\u355?iunea global\u2 59? \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 a \par\pard\ qj \li1420\ri985\sb182\sl-230\slmult0\tx1698 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\ super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Poincar a avut marele merit de a prevedea \ul0\nosupersub \cf8\f9\fs20 c\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 organizarea \ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs20 spa\u355?iului\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 este \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\ fs20 legat\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 de construirea \u8222? grupului \li ne\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 deplas\u259?rilor\ul0 \nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8220? dar \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ntruct\ul0\nosuper sub\cf7\f8\fs20 nu se \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ocup\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7 \f8\fs20 cu psihologia, el a considerat acest grup ca fiind aprioric, \ul0\nosu persub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n loc \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20

s\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 vad\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n el produsul unei cons truiri progresive. \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex100 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs18\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs17 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs 20 Traiectoria AC ar putea \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 s\u259?\ul0\nosupersu b\cf7\f8\fs20 nu \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 treac\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\ fs20 prin B \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dac\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 A B \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u351?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i BC nu se \ul0\ nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 afl\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8 \f9\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n linie \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 dreapt\u 259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 . \par\pard\ql \li5980\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p ard\ql\li5980\sb156\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf4\f5\fs24 11 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1418\shptop14416\shpright3756\shpbottom14436\shpfhdr0\s hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz4102\shplid0 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{ \sn geoRight}{\sv 2338}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}} {\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2338,20);(2338,0);(0,0)}} {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768} } {\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}} }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P g12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\s b0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0 \sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 tragerii de \u351?nur\ul0\nosupersub\cf 4\f5\fs24 \u8220?, ceea ce este cu totul altceva. Ca dovad\ul0\nosupersu b\cf2\f3\fs24 \u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 , el \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs2 4 continu\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 s\u259 ?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 trag\u259? \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex115 \u351?nurul\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f 3\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ncerc\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 nd s\u259? pun \u259? n mi\u351?care obiecte situate la doi metri distan\u355?\u259? sau \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex111 pentru a ac\u355?iona asupra unor sunete etc. Tot astfel, al\u355?i subiec\u355?i afla\u355?i n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sta diul III se ncordeaz\u259? \u351?i pentru a-\u351?i zgudui leag\u259?nul, dar \u3 51?i pentru a ac\u355?iona \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 asupra unor obiecte situ ate la distan\u355?\u259?, sau, mai trziu, clipesc ochii n fa\u355?a \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex116 unui comutator pentru a aprinde un bec electric etc. \par\pard\q j \li1420\ri934\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 O asemene a cauzalitate ini\u355?ial\u259? poate fi numit\u259? magico-fenomenist\u2 59?; \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fenomenist\u259?, deoarece orice ac\u355 ?iune poate produce orice potrivit leg\u259?turilor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex112 anterioare observate, iar \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosu persub\cf2\f3\fs24 magic\u259?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8220?\ul0\nosupersub \cf2\f3\fs24 , deoarece este centrat\u259? pe ac\u355?iunea \line \up0 \e xpndtw0\charscalex116 subiectului, f\u259?r\u259? ca el s\u259? ia n considerare contactele spa\u355?iale. Primul dintre \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acest e dou\u259? aspecte ne aminte\u351?te de interpretarea dat\u259? cauzali t\u259?\u355?ii de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Hume, dar cu centrare exclusiv\u259? pe ac\u355?iunea proprie. Al doilea aspect ne \line \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex118 aduce aminte de concep\u355?iile lui Maine de Biran, dar la sugar nu exist\u259? nici \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 con\u351?tiin\u355 ?a eului, nici vreo delimitare ntre eu \u351?i lumea exterioar\u259?. \par\pard\q j \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dimpotriv\ u259?, pe masur\u259? ce universul este structurat de inteligen\u355?a sensori-\ line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 motorie potrivit unei organiz\u259?ri

spa\u355?io-temporale \u351?i prin constituirea \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex112 obiectelor permanente, cauzalitatea se obiectiveaz\u259? \u351?i se spa\u355?ializeaz\u259?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 astfel cauzele r ecunoscute de subiect nu mai sunt situate doar n ac\u355?iunea sa \line \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex109 proprie, ci n oricare din obiecte, iar raporturile de la cauz\u259? la efect ntre \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dou\u259? obie cte sau ntre ac\u355?iunile lor presupun un contact fizic \u351?i spatial. n \l ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 conduita suportului, a sforii, sau a bastonului (\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 I, stadiile V si VI), este clar, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de pild\u259?, c\u259? pentru co pil mi\u351?c\u259?rile covorului, sforii sau bastonului ac\u355?ioneaz\u259? \l ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 asupra mi\u351?c\u259?rilor obiectului (indepe ndent de autorul deplas\u259?rii), \u351?i aceasta \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal ex111 cu condi\u355?ia s\u259? existe un contact: dac\u259? obiectul este pus al \u259?turi de covor \u351?i nu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pe covor, copi lul aflat n stadiul V nu va trage de covor, n timp ce copilul din \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex110 stadiile III sau chiar IV, dup\u259? ce a fost dresat s\u259? se foloseasc\u259? de suport (sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dup\u259? ce descoper\u259? ntmpl\u259?tor rolul acestuia), va continua s\u259? trag\u259? c ovorul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 chiar dac\u259? obiectul dorit nu ntre\ u355?ine cu suportul rela\u355?ia spa\u355?ial\u259? \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 a\u351?ezat pe\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u 8220?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 . \par\pard\ql \li3762\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\ pard\ql\li3762\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3762\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa rd\ql\li3762\sb16\sl-276\slmult0\tx4482 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 III. \tab \ up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Aspectul cognitiv al reac\u355?iilor \par\pard \ql \li5165\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 sensori-motorii \par \pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\f i283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dac\u259? compar\u259?m fazele acestei con struiri a realului cu fazele construirii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 schem elor sensori-motorii care intervin n func\u355?ionarea reflexelor, \u p0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 deprinderilor sau chiar a inteligen\u355?ei, con stat\u259?m existen\u355?a unei legi a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 dezvolt\ u259?rii care prezint\u259? importan\u355?\u259?, deoarece ea va reglemen ta, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 asemenea, ntreaga evolu\u355?ie intelectual\ u259? ulterioar\u259? a copilului. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri935\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ntr-adev\u259?r, schematismul sensori-motor s e manifest\u259? sub trei mari forme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 succesive (de altfel formele precedente nu dispar dect atunci cnd apar \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex109 formele urm\u259?toare): \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slm ult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a) Formele ini\u355?iale constau din structuri de ritmuri, ca acelea observate n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mi \u351?c\u259?rile spontane \u351?i globale ale organismului, ale c\u259?r ui reflexe nu sunt, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 f\u259?r\u259? ndoial\u 259?, dect diferen\u355?ieri progresive. nse\u351?i reflexele particulare ma i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u355?in, de altfel, de structura de ritm nu numai n mbin\u259?rile lor complexe \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (suptul, locomo\u355?ia), ci \u351?i pentru c\u259? desf\u259?\u351?urarea lor duce de la o stare ini\u355?ial\u259? \par\pard\ql \li5975\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li5975\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5975\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 12 \par\pard\sect\sectd\ fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par \pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\ pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pa rd\qj\li1420\ri939\sb69\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf2\f3\fs24 X la o stare final\u259? Z, pentru a rencepe apoi n acea\u351?i or dine (imediat sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dup\u259? o ntrziere). \par\pard\q j \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) Urm eaz\u259? diversele regl\u259?ri care diferen\u355?iaz\u259? ritmurile ini

\u355?iale dup\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 multiple scheme. Forma cea mai curent\u259? a acestor regl\u259?ri este controlul prin \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex115 taton\u259?ri, care intervine n formarea primelor deprinderi (\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 reac\u355?iile c irculare\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \u8220? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 asigur\u259? n aceast\u259? privin\u355?\u259? tranzac \u355?ia de la ritm la regl\u259?ri) \u351?i n primele acte \line \up0 \expndtw0\ charscalex114 de inteligen\u355?\u259?. Aceste regl\u259?ri ale c\u259?ror model e cibernetice comport\u259? sisteme \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cu bucle sau circuite inverse (feed-back), ajung astfel prin efectul retroactiv \line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 al corec\u355?iilor progresive la o semi-reversib ilitate sau la o reversibilitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apropiat \u259?. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri937\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex114 ( c) Apare, n sfr\u351?it, un nceput de reversibilitate, care e ste izvorul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 viitoarelor \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\ f5\fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 opera\u355?ii\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f s24 \u8220?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 ale gndirii, dar care ac\u355?ioneaza dej a la nivelul sensori-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 motor, imediat ce se constituie grupul practic al deplas\u259?rilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (fiecare \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x111 deplasare AB comportnd de ast\u259? dat\u259? o deplasare invers\u259? BA). Produsul cel \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai imediat al structurilo r reversibile este constituirea no\u355?iunilor de \line \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex111 conservare sau de invarian\u355?i ai \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\ fs24 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 grupurilor\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 \ u8220?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 . Deja la nivelul sensori-motor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 organizarea reversibil\u259? a deplas\u259?rilor im plic\u259? elaborarea unui asemenea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 invari ant, sub aspectele schemei obiectului permanent. Dar, se n\u355?elege de la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 sine, la acest nivel, dat\u259? fiind lipsa reprezent\u259?rilor, c\u259? nici aceast\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca lex112 reversibilitate n ac\u355?iune \u351?i nici aceast\u259? conservare nu sun t nc\u259? complete. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri938\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \ex pndtw0\charscalex119 Dac\u259? structurile de ritm nu mai apar la nivele de repr ezent\u259?ri ulterioare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ( ntre doi \u351?i cincispr ezece ani), n schimb ntreaga evolu\u355?ie a gndirii va fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x117 dominat\u259?, dup\u259? cum vom vedea mai departe, de o trecere general\ u259? de la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 regl\u259?ri la reversibilitatea interi orizat\u259? sau operatorie, adic\u259? la reversibilitatea \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex115 propriu-zis\u259?. \par\pard\ql \li2836\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2836\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2836\sb272\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w0\charscalex119 IV. Aspectul afectiv al reac\u355?iilor sensori-motor ii \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult 0