ayurmedicinal-panacea.pdf

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Ayurvedic Medicinal PreparationsAyurvedic Medicinal PreparationsPanacea to the Ailing Humanity:Panacea to the Ailing Humanity:

Perspectives in the New MillenniumPerspectives in the New Millennium

Dr. Galib,

Lecturer, Dept. of RS & BK
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TheThe presentationpresentationhashasTWOTWO countscounts..

1.1. AA BriefBrieffocusfocusonon currentcurrentscenarioscenario onon

&&2.2. ProbableProbable

PerspectivesPerspectivesininNewNewMillenniumMillennium


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Ayurveda, the oldest systems of Medicine isAyurveda, the oldest systems of Medicine iscarried forward as an ancient Indian heritage.carried forward as an ancient Indian heritage.

The therapeutic measures advocated in theThe therapeutic measures advocated in thesystem are time tested & trusted throughsystem are time tested & trusted throughthousands of years of usage.thousands of years of usage.

Objectives of Ayurveda are:Objectives of Ayurveda are:

1.1. Preservation, Promotion &Preservation, Promotion &Maintenance of Health in HealthyMaintenance of Health in Healthy

2.2. Treatment of Diseases.Treatment of Diseases.

It specifies that, Ayurveda deals with theIt specifies that, Ayurveda deals with thePreventive, Health Promotive & Curative aspectsPreventive, Health Promotive & Curative aspectsof life in a most comprehensive way.of life in a most comprehensive way.
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To fulfill these objectives:

Ancient seers tried innumerable laudable measures.Ancient seers tried innumerable laudable measures.

Ayurveda uses drugs of different sourcesAyurveda uses drugs of different sources((Herbal, Animal, Mineral / Metal, Marine etc.Herbal, Animal, Mineral / Metal, Marine etc.))

after certain modifications.after certain modifications.

The long history of their usage for differentThe long history of their usage for differenttherapeutic purposes is the ultimate proof fortherapeutic purposes is the ultimate proof for

theirtheir SafeSafe,, EfficaciousEfficacious,,NonNon Toxic beneficial effectsToxic beneficial effects..

The herbals occupied a considerable

portion of global market.


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Few Facts:Few Facts:

As per the WHO surveyAs per the WHO survey::

80% of world population relies chiefly on traditional

herbal medicines

25% of prescriptions in USA between 1960-1980 contained

extracts / active principles prepared from plants

In 1980, consumers of USA paid more than $8000 millions

towards herbal prescriptions

As per the World Bank EstimationAs per the World Bank Estimation

The trade of medicinal plants &The trade of medicinal plants &related products will reach torelated products will reach toUS $ 5 Trillion by 2050 ADUS $ 5 Trillion by 2050 AD

Neutraceuticals are estimated atNeutraceuticals are estimated at

US $ 200 Billion by 2010 ADUS $ 200 Billion by 2010 AD

50% traditional medicinesconsumed in China are Herbal

60% children in West Africa useHerbs as first line treatment

90% Germans preferred to usenatural remedies


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India too is experiencing a dramatic growth in the

pharmaceutical sector, particularly in the

past two decades.

About 300 large & 8,500 small scale units involvedin manufacturing of Ayurvedic Drugs,

which are entering in to the global market.

&

Many a drugs have a great demand ininternational market too.


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The statistical information reveals that:The statistical information reveals that:

Herbal Industry is one of the fastest growing sector.Herbal Industry is one of the fastest growing sector.50 % business is dominated by Northern Block50 % business is dominated by Northern Block

(Germany, UK, Sweden, Switzerland & USA)(Germany, UK, Sweden, Switzerland & USA)

25 % China25 % China

2.3 % India2.3 % India


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Unfortunately,Unfortunately,

this increased demand of herbal drugsthis increased demand of herbal drugs

opened doors to the pour ing of Adulterated /opened doors to the pour ing of Adulterated /

Spurious / Misbranded drugs in to theSpurious / Misbranded drugs in to the

global market.global market.

Further recent documentationsFurther recent documentationsLike Publication in JAMA (2004 & 2008):Like Publication in JAMA (2004 & 2008):

Presence of industrially toxic substances in thePresence of industrially toxic substances in the

herbal / herbo mineral drugs etc.herbal / herbo mineral drugs etc.

raised concerns in the minds of westernraised concerns in the minds of westernscientists towards the Safety & Efficacyscientists towards the Safety & Efficacy

of the formulations.of the formulations.


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20042004 20082008


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Swedish Negative Plant List


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Further ...Further ...

Unregulated or inappropriate use ofUnregulated or inappropriate use oftraditional medicines and practices cantraditional medicines and practices canlead to negative or dangerous effects.lead to negative or dangerous effects.

VasaVasa

WHO Traditional medicine_factsheet.htm

KutajaKutaja

SarpagandhaSarpagandha

1. Improperly Processed1. Improperly Processed2. Used OTC2. Used OTC

WHOWHOGuidelinesGuidelines

20042004SaysSays
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WHETHER THE DRUGS ARE REALLY HARMFULWHETHER THE DRUGS ARE REALLY HARMFUL

Which one is safe ?

WaterWater -- 6000 g6000 gDioxinDioxin -- 0.00006 g0.00006 g

Cobra venomCobra venom -- 0.0115 g0.0115 g

ALL THINGS ARE TOXIC, IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF DOSEALL THINGS ARE TOXIC, IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF DOSE

StrychnineStrychnine -- 0.12 g0.12 g

--

MorphineMorphine -- 0.1 g0.1 g

Increasing DoseIncreasing Dose


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MercuryMercury -- The Mysterious MetalThe Mysterious Metal

Important constituent in many formulations since centuriesImportant constituent in many formulations since centuries

&&is the ma or element blamed for its hi h levels in recent scenariois the ma or element blamed for its hi h levels in recent scenario

E lem en t a l M er cu r yl em en t a l M er cu r y

Or ga n i c M er cu r yr ga n i c M er cu r y

I n or ga n i c M er cu r y (Sa l t s)n o r ga n i c M er cu r y (Sa l t s)

Chemical Forms:Chemical Forms:


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Whether the situation is alarming ??Whether the situation is alarming ??


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Milk (NIN Hyderabad) Fruits / Vegetables

With

Heavy Metals &

Pesticide Residues

Meat with

Copper Sulphate

Ammonium Sulphate

Food

Contamination


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77thth June 2009June 2009 Times of IndiaTimes of India

Use of huge amounts of Pesticides byUse of huge amounts of Pesticides by

farmers tofarmers to

increase crop product ivityincrease crop product ivity

Alarming presence of Organo chlorineAlarming presence of Organo chlorine

pesticides in Blood &pesticides in Blood &

Breast milk of lactating w omen.Breast milk of lactating w omen.


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Environmental working group found

an average of 200 chemicals in the

cord blood of 10 New Borns

Babies are being born pre polluted ?

In 2006, higher levels of Phthalates

in Brest Milk correlated with lower

testosteron levels in male babies

has been reported.

The Sunday Express [15th Page]

3

rd

February 2008.

CDCP [Centers for Disease Control & Prevention] has found

148 Chemicals in Americans of all age groups

The chemicals include Lead, Mercury etc.

Lower sperm count was associated with

Higher levels of Phthalates in the urine.

[Harward University]


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The number of poisoned cases is 80 worldwideThe number of poisoned cases is 80 worldwide

during last 30 years as against theduring last 30 years as against the

'thousands of trillion numbers' who are'thousands of trillion numbers' who are

users of these drugs every year.users of these drugs every year.

Ayurvedic Drugs Vs. SafetyAyurvedic Drugs Vs. Safety

How appropriate it is then to say that all the users are at threat?How appropriate it is then to say that all the users are at threat?

Reports regarding 'Iatrogenic disorders'Reports regarding 'Iatrogenic disorders'

caused by synthetic drug molecules published by WHO;caused by synthetic drug molecules published by WHO;

talk about much bigger figures.talk about much bigger figures.


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But ADRs are recorded forBut ADRs are recorded for

ninety percent of the modern synthetic drugs.ninety percent of the modern synthetic drugs.

Still they are prescribed and used world over.Still they are prescribed and used world over.


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E lem en t a l M er cu r yl em en t a l M er cu r y

NO T TOXICNO T TOXIC if ingestedif ingested

Most volatile form of the mercurialMost volatile form of the mercurial

Toxicity, if any is mainly occupationalToxicity, if any is mainly occupational

Chances of toxicity is minimal inChances of toxicity is minimal in

highly ventilated areashighly ventilated areas

Va ours crosses the

1. Elemental1. Elemental

2. Vapour2. Vapour

Va ours crosses theVa ours crosses thecell membranes and easily

absorbs through lungs

Enters in to the blood stream

cell membranes and easilyabsorbs through lungs

Enters in to the blood stream

cell membranes and easilyabsorbs through lungs Vapours also can cross BBB

& settles in CNS toxicity


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1.1. Lipid SolubleLipid Soluble

The most dangerous form of mercurials, mainly useful as fungicidesThe most dangerous form of mercurials, mainly useful as fungicides

.. g y a sor a e rom e n es na mucosa e y mercuryg y a sor a e rom e n es na mucosa e y mercury

3.3. Evenly distributed throughout the bodyEvenly distributed throughout the body

4.4. Crosses BBB & BPBCrosses BBB & BPB

(Neurological & Teratological Manifestations)(Neurological & Teratological Manifestations)


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First catastrophic outbreakFirst catastrophic outbreak -- Iraq : 1972Iraq : 1972

6530 victims were hospitalized, and 500 died6530 victims were hospitalized, and 500 died

(Bakir et al., 1973, 1980)(Bakir et al., 1973, 1980)

Minamata disease:

Plankton algae

concentrated in fish via the food chain.

Residents of Minamata who consumed fish as a large portion

of their diet were observed with symptoms of mercury poisoning.

121 persons were poisoned

&46 died

(McAlpine & Araki, 1958; Smith & Smith, 1975; Tamashiro et al., 1985)

Organo Mercurial preparations in Ayurveda ??Organo Mercurial preparations in Ayurveda ??


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I n o r ga n i c M er cu r yn o r ga n i c M er cu r y

In comparison to the Organo mercurials, these are the safer forms.In comparison to the Organo mercurials, these are the safer forms.

1. Percentage of absorption is less (Depends on the form)1. Percentage of absorption is less (Depends on the form)

2. Cannot cross the BBB / BPB2. Cannot cross the BBB / BPB

se u erapeu c agen s : n sep cs, ure cs e c.se u erapeu c agen s : n sep cs, ure cs e c.

Mercuric SulphideMercuric Sulphide

Mercurous ChlorideMercurous Chloride CalomelCalomelMercuric ChlorideMercuric Chloride Rasa KarpuraRasa Karpura


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SulphidesSulphides::

The most inert form of mercurialsThe most inert form of mercurials

After administration :After administration :

Influences Methionine,Influences Methionine,

which has a major role in cellular metabolismwhich has a major role in cellular metabolism

Increased RBC, Hb, Body Weight,Increased RBC, Hb, Body Weight, BMRBMR


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ChloridesChlorides::HgHg2+2+ have affinity towards :have affinity towards :

ATPase & SH group of EnzymesATPase & SH group of Enzymes

Essential for Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat MetabolismEssential for Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat Metabolism

Further, studies concluded that, very minute amounts of the drugFurther, studies concluded that, very minute amounts of the drug

is needed for exerting the anti bacterial / anti fungalis needed for exerting the anti bacterial / anti fungal

Alpa MatraAlpa Matra

Mercury ions in a high state of dilution (1 in 10 Lakhs) hasMercury ions in a high state of dilution (1 in 10 Lakhs) hasa stimulant action on isolated mammalian heart tissue.a stimulant action on isolated mammalian heart tissue.

(Hand Book of Tropical Therapeutics)(Hand Book of Tropical Therapeutics)


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TissueTissue ControlControl Treated GroupsTreated Groups

16 ppm16 ppm 20 ppm20 ppm 25 ppm25 ppm

CrudeCrude ProcessedProcessed CrudeCrude ProcessedProcessed CrudeCrude ProcessedProcessed

LiverLiver NCNC VCVC NCNC VCVC NCNC VC +VC +

NecrosisNecrosis

NCNC

M er cu r y a dm i n i st er ed n a bsor ba b l e f or mer cu r y a d m i n i st er ed n a b sor ba b le f or m

KidneyKidney NCNC NCNC NCNC VCVC Slight FDSlight FD VC +VC +

NecrosisNecrosis

+ FD+ FD

Slight FDSlight FD

SpleenSpleen NCNC VCVC NCNC VCVC NCNC VCVC NCNC

Cla ssi ca l Gu i d el i n esla ssi ca l Gu i d el i n es


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Scientists, who are not aware of specificScientists, who are not aware of specific

guidelines mayguidelines mayraise doubtsraise doubts about the safetyabout the safety andand toxicitytoxicity..

The processing technology of Ayurvedic DrugsThe processing technology of Ayurvedic Drugs

are very complex &are very complex &

Many a times, appropriate rationality behindMany a times, appropriate rationality behind

the processes may not be traced out, butthe processes may not be traced out, butthey have their own significance.they have their own significance.

,,be strictly followed.be strictly followed.


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A Number ofA Number of SanskarasSanskaraslike .like .

Shodhana,Shodhana, BhavanaBhavana,,MardanaMardana,, SwedanaSwedana,,Marana Etc.. are alwaysMarana Etc.. are alwaysmandatory to be followed inmandatory to be followed in

drug manufacturing.drug manufacturing.

Drug related inconveniencies

can be prevented.


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Perspectives in the New MillenniumPerspectives in the New Millennium

The herbal drugs are attracting much attention

basically for two reasons:

To discover biologically active markers.

(Morphine was the first isolate from Papaver somniferum in 1805)

Validation of therapeutic attributes of

traditional practices through modern parameters.


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Western scientists accepted the concepts ofWestern scientists accepted the concepts oftraditional practices in principletraditional practices in principle

&&

Started to administer the drugs in the form ofStarted to administer the drugs in the form of

tinctures / salves in initial days of their development.tinctures / salves in initial days of their development.

Later started to isolateLater started to isolate

the active agentsthe active agents

Till today at least 130

single chemical entities

have been extracted & isolated,

which are in use

throughout the globe.


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Contribution to the Science of Drug ResearchContribution to the Science of Drug Research

25 % of Modern Medicines are from Plants,

basically used as Traditional remedies earlier.

GugulsteronGugulsteron : Hypolipidemic :

(Increases the mobilization of cholesterol from the liver)

VinblastineVinblastine // VincristineVincristine : Anti Cancerous.

(They arrests the mitotic divisions in the cancer cells)

VasicineVasicine // BromhexineBromhexine : Bronchodilator

ReserpineReserpine : Controls Blood Pressure

ArtemisininArtemisinin : A potential anti malarial agent,useful in chloroquine resistant malaria &

in Cerebral malaria

Artemicin : 10 lakhs of deaths have been brought down


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Sennosides : Cassia senna

Quinine : Cinchona officinalis

Conessine : Holarrhena antidysentrica

L dopa : Mucuna pruriens

Colchicine : Colchium luteum

Few More Examples:Few More Examples:

Ephedrine : Ephedra gerardiana

Digoxin : Digitalis lanata

Peclitaxel : Taxus wallichiana

Berberine : Berberis aristata Piperine : Piper longum

Psoralen : Psoralea corylifolia

Eugenol : Cinnamomum tamala


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This kind of development, familiar as a

Branch of Phyto Pharmaceuticals

was introduced in EUROPE, particularly Germany.

Between 1980 1999 :

400 Clinical trials on well standardized

and such extracts have been labeled

as PHYTOMEDICINES.

European Scientific Co-operative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP)published monographs on 300 individual herbs.

France covers around 200 Medicinal Plant Products.


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Dietary CurcuminCurcumin suppresses oxidative damage

and inflammatory processes.

It is a potential answer to the age related

neuro generative disorders like

Alzhemers Disease.

(Milleret al., Neurobiology of Aging, 2001)


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New HorizonsNew Horizons A Paradigm ShiftA Paradigm Shift

ModernModern medicalmedical sciencescience isis strugglingstruggling toto provideprovidesatisfactorysatisfactory answersanswers toto aa numbernumber ofof diseasesdiseases..

MostMost ofof thesethese diseasesdiseases willwill havehave multifactorialmultifactorial causationcausation..

Hence,Hence, thethe drugdrug beingbeing administeredadministered shouldshould alsoalso

actact onon multimulti targetstargets..

OneOne TargetTarget OneOne DrugDrug modelmodel isis notnot aa suitablesuitableinin thesethese casescases..

Combinations Vs Single StudiesCombinations Vs Single Studies

Traditional Medicines are multi componentsTraditional Medicines are multi componentsthus have a special relevance towards thethus have a special relevance towards the

disease conditions and are attracting attentiondisease conditions and are attracting attention

(Keith(Keith et al.et al.,,

Drug Discovery,Drug Discovery,

2005)2005)


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TheThe classicalclassical formulationsformulations areare thethe mixturesmixtures consistingconsisting

compoundscompounds ofof establishedestablished potencypotency.. TheyThey targetstargets thethe pathologicalpathological manifestationmanifestation

inin differentdifferent waysways..

11.. SynergismSynergismii.. AmalakiAmalaki RasayanaRasayana

iiii.. BerberinBerberin :: PoorPoor antianti bacterialbacterialInIn presencepresence ofof 55 MethoxyMethoxy hydnocarpinhydnocarpin thethe

activityactivity waswas potentiatedpotentiated toto 100100 timestimes..

22.. AntagonismAntagonism

ii.. MorphineMorphine NarcoticNarcotic && PapaverinePapaverine

iiii.. Reserpine,Reserpine, AzmolinAzmolin && RauwolfinRauwolfin

33.. PotentiatesPotentiates eacheach otherotherTheThe flavonoidsflavonoids CHRYSOPLENOLCHRYSOPLENOL DD &&

CHRYSOPLENETINCHRYSOPLENETIN havehave nono actionaction onon malariamalaria

44.. ActsActs asas antoxidantsantoxidants


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55.. IncreasesIncreases BioBio availabilityavailability

UseUse ofofTRIKATUTRIKATU oror anyany oneone ofof thethe combinationcombination

19291929 DemonstrationsDemonstrations ::

AntiasthamaticAntiasthamatic activityactivity ofof VasaVasa willwill bebe

potentiatedpotentiated byby thethe additionaddition ofof PippaliPippali..

Piperineinhibits the drug

metabolizing enzyme

CYP3A4

&the drug transporter

P - Glycoprotein

The plasma concentration

of the drug increases.

Vasicine, Sulphadiazin,

Tetracycline, Rifampicin,

Theophylline, Nimesulide etc.


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TRIPHALATRIPHALA

The composition has constituents seeking Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptorThe composition has constituents seeking Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor

CCK : Polypeptide HormoneCCK : Polypeptide Hormone The activities are influenced in presence of TriphalaThe activities are influenced in presence of Triphala

PlaysPlays aa majormajor rolerole inin maintainingmaintaining gutgut functionsfunctions

&& DigestiveDigestive ProcessesProcesses

NSNS :: NeuroNeuro--transmittertransmitter && NeuroNeuro--modulatormodulator

May be proved as a novel molecule in GI Disorders,May be proved as a novel molecule in GI Disorders,

Pancreatic, Hepatic and Neurological ailments.Pancreatic, Hepatic and Neurological ailments.


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? Heritage? Heritage

Decade oldDecade oldModernModern

Ultra ModernUltra Modern VOIPVOIP

20062006

20042004

20002000

Can you translate my grandsons eCan you translate my grandsons e--

mail intomail into English.English.

HeHe writeswrites ?RU?RU for howfor howare you andare you and CUCU for seefor see

youyou

AncientAncient

19701970

19701970

A NEW WWW: 380 miln IndiansA NEW WWW: 380 miln Indians

Largest in anyLargest in any countrycountry--20082008


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Opportunities from ancient literature are to be investigated &Opportunities from ancient literature are to be investigated &

Without diluting the concepts.Without diluting the concepts.


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