MTT

Managementul transferului de

tehnologie

Masterat MAPP

2014 2015

Semestrul I

Prof.dr. Daniela borisov

daniela.hincu@man.ase.ro

1 MTT 2014 - 2015

Riscuri tehnologice nivel global Securitatea informatica riscuri cibernetice

Exemplificare:

Efectele biologice ale radiaiilor Nanotehnologii

OMG

Telefonie mobila

Categorii noi de riscuri asociate

tehnologiilor.

Riscul noilor tehnologii

2 MTT 2014 - 2015

World Economic Forum: Global Risks 2013 riscuri tehnologice

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Technological risks

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Global Risks Map 2013

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The World of Social Media Leading social media networks by country

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Digital Wildfires in a Hyperconnected World

The global risk of massive digital misinformation sits at the centre of a

constellation of technological and geopolitical risks ranging from

terrorism to cyber attacks and the failure of global governance.

This risk case examines how hyper-connectivity could enable digital wildfires to wreak havoc in the real world. It considers the challenge presented by the misuse of an open and easily accessible system and

the greater danger of misguided attempts to prevent such outcomes.

In 1938, when radio had become widespread, thousands of Americans confused an adaptation of the H.G. Wells novel War

of the Worlds with a news broadcast and jammed police station phone lines in the panicked belief that the United

States had been invaded by Martians. It is difficult to imagine a radio broadcast causing comparably widespread

misunderstanding today. In part this is because broadcasters have learned to be more cautious and responsible, in part

because the media is a regulated industry, and in part because listeners have learned to be more savvy and skeptical.

Moreover, the news industry itself is undergoing a transformation as the Internet offers multiple options to confirm or

refute a breaking news story. But the Internet, like radio in 1938, is a relatively young medium. The notion that a tweet,

blog or video posting could drive a similar public panic today is not at all far-fetched.

The Internet remains an uncharted, fast-evolving territory. Current generations are able to communicate and share

information instantaneously and at a scale larger than ever before. Social media increasingly allows information to

spread around the world at breakneck speed. While the benefits of this are obvious and well documented, our

hyperconnected world could also enable the rapid viral spread of information that is either intentionally or

unintentionally misleading or provocative, with serious consequences. The chances of this happening are exponentially

greater today than when the radio was introduced as a disruptive technology, despite our media sophistication. Radio

was a communication channel of one to many while the Internet is that of many to many.

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Imaturitatea companiilor n ceea ce privete riscurile cibernetice

n ciuda ngrijorrilor crescute cu privire la consecinele unui atac cibernetic asupra clienilor i propriei reputaii, multe organizaii europene au o abordare imatur cu privire la riscul cibernetic i mai au mult pn la integrarea acestui risc n propriile politici de gestiune a riscului. Conform Marsh 2013 Cyber Risk Survey, n

cadrul conferinei anuale Ameninri Digitale, 71% dintre respondenti au declarat c grija lor n ceea ce privete riscurile cibernetice a crescut n ultimele 12 luni. Mai mult, 54% au declarat c organizaia din care fac parte a fost atacat cibernetic n aceeai perioad. n timp ce 17% dintre respondeni au estimat impactul unui atac cibernetic asupra propriei companii la peste 5 milioane USD, 22% au recunoscut c nu au analizat exact impactul financiar al unui astfel de atac. Cnd vine vorba despre maturitatea abordrii riscului cibernetic a propriilor companii, doar 23% dintre cei chestionai au rspuns c sunt convini c au analizat i prevzut corect riscul cibernetic.

Probabilitatea de a fi atacai cibernetic este clar contientizat de ctre risk managerii europeni. Totui, este destul de clar c n majoritatea organizaiilor riscul cibernetic nu este bine neles i multe nu reuesc s implementeze o strategie clar de a gestiona acest risc ntr-un mod eficient, a explicat S. Wares, Marsh EMEA - Cyber Risk Leader. Conform studiului Marsh, doar 12% dintre companiile intervievate

au achiziionat asigurare mpotriva riscurilor cibernetice, chiar dac 76% dintre respondeni susin c sunt familiarizai cu produsele disponibile pe piaa de asigurri. Faptul c att de puini respondeni cumpr asigurri aferente riscului cibernetic, n ciuda cunoaterii pe scar larg a produselor, indic faptul c industria asigurrilor mai are multe de fcut att n ceea ce privete dezvoltarea de produse care s rspund nevoilor clienilor, ct i n ceea ce privete gradul de educare al pieei., a adugat Wares.

Percepii ale riscurilor cibernetice. Specialitii n materie de riscuri din domeniile cheie ateapt de la asigurtori produse de transfer al riscurilor mai inovatoare, ca rspuns la o amplificare perceput a ameninrilor cibernetice asupra organizaiilor lor, conform unui studiu neoficial realizat in 2012 de Marsh i Chubb. n acelai timp, a fost semnalat faptul c i organizaiile ar putea acorda mai mult atenie modului n care abordeaz i neleg riscurile cibernetice. Riscurile cibernetice au fost clasificate drept ridicate sau foarte ridicate n agendele companiilor n cazul a mai mult de 60% dintre respondenii din chestionarul Marsh/Chubb, care a fost realizat pe 56 de participani la Conferina Marsh anual de Comunicaii, Media i Tehnologie (CMT) organizat n Brighton (2012).

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Anticiparea riscurilor noi i emergente Strategia comunitar 2002-2006 privind sntatea i securitatea in munc a solicitat

Ageniei Europene pentru Securitate i Sntate in Munc s instituie un observator al riscurilor pentru a sprijini anticiparea riscurilor noi i emergente, in cadrul dezvoltrii unei culturi autentice de prevenire a riscurilor. Anticiparea riscurilor reprezint obiectivul principal identificat de Observatorul european al riscurilor (OER) n Strategia comunitar 2007-2012. n urma consultrilor i dezbaterilor la care au participat experi i pri interesate, s-a convenit asupra unei definiii funcionale a "riscurilor SSM (securitatea i sntatea n munc) emergente": orice risc profesional nou i cu evoluie progresiv.

Prin nou se nelege c riscul nu a existat anterior i este provocat de procese sau tehnologii noi, tipuri noi de locuri de munc sau modificri sociale sau organizaionale sau o problem existent ncepe s fie considerat un risc atunci cnd are loc o modificare a percepiei publice sau sociale; sau o problem existent este identificat ca risc n urma unor noi descoperiri tiinifice.

Riscul este progresiv dac: numrul pericolelor care duc la risc este n cretere; sau expunerea la pericolul care duce la risc este n cretere (nivelul de expunere i/sau numrul de persoane expuse); sau efectul pericolului asupra sntii lucrtorilor se amplific (gravitatea afeciunilor de sntate i/sau numrul persoanelor afectate).

Strategia comunitar 2007-2012 mbuntirea calitii i productivitii n munc: Strategia comunitar 2007-2012 privind sntatea i securitatea n munc

Sursa: http://osha.europa.eu/ro/riskobservatory/anticipating-risks

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Riscurile noi Primele msuri de identificare a riscurilor emergente au fost adoptate odat cu

publicarea a patru rapoarte de prognoz privind riscurile emergente de natur fizic, biologic, psihosocial i chimic.

Aceste rapoarte reprezint rezultatul consultrii experilor prin metoda Delphi i au fost completate de numeroase studii ale literaturii de specialitate i rapoarte detaliate, pentru analizarea riscurilor importante identificate n prognozele de

specialitate, cum ar fi expunerea la nanomateriale la locul de munc. Strategia comunitar 2007-2012 actual prevede c Observatorul european al

riscurilor trebuie s sporeasc gradul de anticipare a riscurilor, incluznd riscurile asociate noilor tehnologii, riscurile biologice, interfeele complexe om-main i impactul tendinelor demografice.

Aceasta vine n sprijinul iniiativei Observatorului de a lansa un proiect de previzionare prin care s fie dezvoltate o serie de scenarii de explorare a impactului progresului tehnologic asupra sntii i securitii n munc pn n anul 2020.

Proiectul se va concentra asupra locurilor de munc ecologice", deoarece curentul de ecologizare" a economiei reprezint oportunitatea de a anticipa potenialele riscuri aferente noilor locuri de munc i de a adopta msuri eficiente de prevenire a acestora. Scenariile realizate ar trebui s permit factorilor de decizie s evalueze cu mai mare eficien opiunile pe care trebuie s le aib n vedere pentru a crea un viitor mai bun pentru SSM.

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European Risk Observatory As our society evolves under the influence of new technology and shifting economic and social conditions,

so our workplaces, work practices and processes are constantly changing. These new situations bring with them new risks and challenges for workers and employers which in turn demand political, administrative and technical approaches that ensure high levels of safety and health at work. The Community Strategy on health and safety at work 2002-2006 identified the need to prepare for these new circumstances, and emphasised that 'anticipating new and emerging risks, whether they be linked to technical innovation or caused by social change, is vital if the risks are to be brought under control. This requires, first and foremost, ongoing observation of the risks themselves, based on the systematic collection of information and scientific opinions'. The Strategy asked the Agency to set up an European Risk Observatory (ERO) to carry out these tasks. The current Community Strategy 2007-2012 reiterated the importance of risk anticipation, and asked the Agencys Observatory to take on a range of new initiatives.

OER

Odat cu evoluia socitii noastre sub influena noilor tehnologii i condiii economice i sociale, locurile de munc, practicile i procesele de lucru sunt n continu schimbare. Aceste noi evoluii presupun noi riscuri i dificulti pentru lucrtori i angajatori care, la rndul lor, solicit soluii politice, administrative i tehnice care s garanteze un nivel ridicat al securitii i sntii la locul de munc.

anticiparea riscurilor noi i emergente, aprute fie ca urmare a progresului tehnic , fie ca urmare schimbrilor sociale, este esenial dac se dorete controlarea acestora. Aceasta presupune n primul rnd o observare permanent a riscurilor, ntemeiat pe colectarea sistematic de informaii i avize tiinifice".

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Community Strategy on health and safety at work

2007-2012 Main challenges concerning health and safety at work. In spite of the progress achieved, the

latest results of the fourth European survey of working conditions show that many workers

in Europe continue to perceive that their jobs pose a threat to their health or safety: almost 28% of workers in Europe say that they suffer from non-accidental health problems which are or may

be caused or exacerbated by their current or previous job;

35% of workers on average feel that their job puts their health at risk.

Moreover, occupational hazards are not being reduced in a uniform way:

some categories of workers are still overexposed to occupational risks (young workers, workers whose jobs

are insecure, older workers and migrant workers);

certain types of companies are more vulnerable (SMEs, in particular, have fewer resources to put complex

systems of worker protection in place, while some of them tend to be more affected by the negative impact of

health and safety problems);

certain sectors are still particularly dangerous (construction/civil engineering, agriculture, fishing, transport,

health care and social services).

Objectives of the Community strategy 2007-2012. The European Commission has set itself an

ambitious overall objective: to reduce by 25% the total incidence rate of accidents at work per

100 000 workers in the EU 27 for the period 2007-2012. In order to achieve this goal, the

following main instruments are proposed: guarantee the proper implementation of EU legislation;

support SMEs in the implementation of the legislation in force;

adapt the legal framework to changes in the workplace and simplify it, particularly in view of SMEs;

promote the development and implementation of national strategies;

encourage changes in the behaviour of workers and encourage their employers to adopt health-focused

approaches;

finalise the methods for identifying and evaluating new potential risks;

improve the tracking of progress;

promote health and safety at international level.

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Riscuri noi i emergente n materie de securitate i sntate n munc, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2009

Starea de sntate i securitate n munc a forei de lucru UE este afectat de numeroi factori, ntre care structura demografic n schimbare a forei de munc, rspndirea noilor tehnologii i o reducere a importanei sectoarelor economice care dominau pn nu demult, precum industria i mineritul. Acest lucru genereaz schimbri nu doar ca numr de locuri de munc n fiecare sector, ci i ca tipuri de posturi disponibile. Profilul de vrst al forei de munc este n schimbare. Noile tehnologii creeaz noi categorii de locuri de munc. Globalizarea presupune c ameninrile la adresa sntii, care erau cndva ndeprtate, se rspndesc cu uurin n ntreaga lume ntr-o perioad scurt de timp. Dac dorete s menin sntatea forei sale de munc i s-i pstreze puterea economic i competitivitatea, UE trebuie s rspund n mod proactiv acestor provocri. ofer o prezentare general a tendinelor prezente i viitoare cu relevan pentru sntatea n munc, principalele riscuri de la locul de munc i prevenirea acestora. In deceniile urmtoare, populaia activ din punct de vedere economic a Europei va include mai muli lucrtori cu varste de 50 de ani i peste, cu o reducere corespunztoare a proporiei tinerilor. Avand in vedere acest tipar de varst in schimbare, va fi mai important ca niciodat s ne concentrm asupra reducerii riscului de accidente de munc i asupra imbuntirii sntii lucrtorilor, in special a sntii lucrtorilor mai varstnici. Reducerea ratelor de accidente i boli profesionale, in combinaie cu programe efi ciente de reabilitare, va contribui la meninerea sntii forei de munc europene. 14 MTT 2014 - 2015

Riscuri psihosociale emergente http://osha.europa.eu/ro/publications/factsheets/74

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Beneficiile/riscurile noilor tehnologii

Expunerea la radiaii ultraviolete

Radiaiile ultraviolete sunt radiaii electromagnetice, neionizante, care acoper intervalul de lungimi de und de 100400 nm. Expunerea excesiv la aceste radiaii poate fi periculoas. Severitatea pericolului depinde de lungimea de und, de intensitatea i de durata expunerii. Supra-expunerea poate produce afeciuni ale ochilor, pielii i sistemului imunitar.

Radiaiile UV au fost desemnate drept agent cancerigen in 36 de industrii din UE. In cazul a 11 din aceste industrii, se situeaz pe primul loc printre expunerile la ali ageni cancerigeni. Conform unui raport al Organizaiei Mondiale a Sntii, in anul 2000, in Europa existau peste 2 milioane de cazuri de tumori non-melanomice (carcinoame scuamo-celulare i bazocelulare) i peste 67 000 de incidene de melanom malign. Lucrtorii cei mai expui la radiaiile UV sunt cei din sectorul agriculturii i vantorii i sectorul construciilor.

In cazul surselor artificiale de radiaii, riscul pentru sntate este mult mai mare decat in cazul radiaiilor UV naturale: nivelurile de radiaii UV pot fi mai ridicate i pot include lungimi de und nocive. Printre lucrtorii aflai in special in situaie de risc din cauza radiaiilor UV artificiale se numr cei implicai in: tehnici de uscare a vopselelor i culorilor; aplicaii de dezinfectare; procese de sudur i fototerapie. Lucrtorii din aceste domenii sunt supui unor limite de expunere i unor msuri de control tehnic i administrativ, utilizrii de echipamente de protecie personal i examenelor medicale. Aceste msuri se pot aplica dentitilor, fizioterapeuilor, litografilor, coarilor, piloilor de aeronave i navigatorilor, cpitanilor de port, pictorilor, lucrtorilor din industria agroalimentar i sudorilor. Se evideniaz natura cumulativ a expunerii la radiaii UV i o posibil cretere a sensibilitii la persoanele expuse, precum i o utilizare comun i extins a tehnologiilor pe baz de radiaii UV.

Serviciile de bronzare moderne ofera mult mai multe avantaje dect doar siguranta, datorita expunerii la razele

controlate. Conform Dr. Lewey de la Universitatea din Oregon exista dovezi puternice, ca expunerea la razele

UV controlate are un efect pozitiv si psihologic, pentru majoritatea oamenilor. Conform Dr. Zane Kime, autor al

"Soarele va poate salva viata", razele UV produc un efect similar ca si antrenamentul fizic, obtinnd o

mbunatatire n fitness. De asemenea, el spune ca sunt incluse si alte avantaje cum ar fi: scaderea zaharului

din snge si a presiunii sngelui cresterea rezistentei, a energiei si a puterii.

Solarele moderne din saloanele de bronzare nu emit raze UVC, emit doar raze UVA si UVB care sunt controlate cu grija. Instalatia moderna de bronzare produce doar necesarul de UVB pentru a ncepe

producerea de melanina (pigmentul natural ce protejeaza pielea de arsuri).

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Informatii OMS - Protectie mpotriva radiatiilor

ultraviolete

-statele membre ale Organizatiei Mondiale a Snttii (OMS) se aliniaz n lupta mpotriva

cancerului de piele prin adoptarea indicelui total de radiatii ultraviolete

"Radiatiile ultraviolete contribuie ntr-o mare msur la aparitia bolilor de piele si afectiunilor

oculare. Indicele total de radiatii ultraviolete va convinge cu sigurant populatia ct este de

important s se protejeze mpotriva soarelui si astfel s contribuie la reducerea numrului de

cancere de piele si la scderea incidentei cataractei n anii ce vor urma.

Organizatia Mondial a Snttii - din ce n ce mai multe state membre adopt indicele total de

radiatii ultraviolete (IUV), o msur standardizat, recunoscut la nivel international, care indic

nivelul de radiatii UV prevzut pentru a doua zi.

Acest indice este anuntat de regul n cadrul buletinelor de stiri sau la rubrica meteo. Stabilit de

ctre OMS n colaborare cu Comisia international de protectie mpotriva radiatiilor neionizante,

Programul Natiunilor Unite pentru mediu si Organizatia Meteorologic International, indicele

variaz pe o scal de la 1 (radiatii slabe) pn la 11 (radiatii extrem de periculoase). Canada

si Statele Unite ale Americii utilizeaz indicele total de radiatii ultraviolete si ncearc s

sensibilizeze populatia asupra pericolelor ce survin dintr-o expunere necorespunztoare la

radiatiile ultraviolete.

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Sunbeds, tanning and UV exposure, Factsheet N 287; Interim revision April 2010

In 2003 WHO published a brochure entitled "Artificial tanning beds: risks and guidance" providing

advice to the public, operators of sunbed facilities and member states on how sunbeds could be managed

to protect public health. The key reasons why regulations are necessary:

Increase in the number of unsupervised commercial sunbeds - Without trained staff and adequate health

care advice, the potential for harm to the uninformed consumer is much greater. This, combined with

competitive pricing strategies such as unlimited sessions within a specific time frame, increases the

likelihood of skin damage

High intensity of UV output - Some machines have the capacity to emit very high levels of UV, many times

stronger than the midday summer sun in most countries. In a largely unregulated industry where training

of staff is not mandatory, this increases the health risks considerably

Exposure time and intervals between tanning sessions - Reasonable sunbed use includes keeping to

recommended exposure times (which depends on the type of machine used) and having sufficiently long

breaks between tanning sessions. Normally at least 48 hours are needed between tanning sessions for

repair of UV-induced DNA damage in skin cells

Eyewear - UV protective eyewear (such as goggles) must be worn during tanning sessions to protect the

eyes.

Effect of certain drugs and cosmetics - Some drugs, for example anti-depressants, antibiotics, psoralens,

antifungals, and antidiabetics as well as some cosmetics make the skin more photosensitive and

therefore decrease the time it takes for the skin to burn

The size of the skin area exposed - Modern clam-type sunbeds and canopies can expose more skin area

to UV than outdoor situations, therefore increasing the health risk. Here young people, , are more

sensitive to UV-induced damage from this "all-over" tanning.

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Opinion on Biological effects of ultraviolet

radiation relevant to health with particular

reference to sun beds for cosmetic purposes

Sunbeds used in solariums, and sun tanning lamps, are artificial tanning devices that claim to offer an effective, quick and harmless alternative to natural sunlight. However, there is growing evidence that the ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the lamps used in solariums may damage the skin and increase the risk of developing skin cancer.

Some 132000 cases of malignant melanoma (the most fatal kind of skin cancer) and over two million cases of other skin cancers occur worldwide each year. One in every three cancers diagnosed worldwide is a skin cancer.

Most skin cancers are attributable to over-exposure to natural UV radiation. A fact sheet indicating the adverse health consequences from natural (i.e., sun) UV exposure issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) was providing information about this health effect of artificial sources of UV. Primary among these artificial sources is sunbeds, and this fact sheet looks at the health consequences of sunbed usage and how they can be managed. Information for this fact sheet comes from WHO sponsored meetings and workshops, recent scientific literature, reviews by WHO Member States and the recommendations of international NGOs.

Sursa: Opinion on Biological effects of ultraviolet radiation relevant to health with particular reference to sun beds for cosmetic purposes, SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PRODUCTS (SCCP)/0949/05; EUROPEAN COMMISSION - HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate C - Public Health and Risk Assessment, C7 - Risk assessment

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Health consequences (1) sursa: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs287/en/

Skin cancers

Exposure to UV, either naturally from the sun or from artificial sources such as sunlamps, is a known risk factor for skin cancer. Short-wavelength UVB (280-315 nm) has been recognized for some time as carcinogenic in experimental animals, and there is increasing evidence that longer-wavelength UVA (315-400 nm) used in sunbeds, which penetrates more deeply into the skin, also contributes to the induction of cancer. A study conducted in Norway and Sweden showed a significant increase in the risk of malignant melanoma among women who had regularly used sunbeds.

Additional exposure to UV from sunbeds is likely to enhance the well-known detrimental consequences of excessive solar UV exposure. There is no evidence to suggest that UV exposure from any type of sunbed is less harmful than UV exposure from the sun. Pre-cancerous actinic keratoses and Bowens disease have also been found in sunlight-protected but sunbed exposed skin in fair-skinned users after just two to three years of regular sunbed use.

Skin ageing, eye damage and other adverse health effects

Any excessive exposure to UV, not just from sunbeds, can result in structural damage to human skin. In the short term this damage can be due to burning, fragility and scarring and in the longer-term as photoageing. Photoageing, caused by the breakdown of collagen in the skin by UV, manifests itself as wrinkling and loss of elasticity.

The effects of UV on the eye include cataracts, pterygium (a white coloured growth over the cornea) and inflammation of the eye such as photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis. Furthermore, excessive UV exposure can suppress the immune system, possibly leading to a greater risk of infectious diseases.

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Health consequences (2) sursa: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs287/en/

Some skin types are unsuitable for tanning

Based on their susceptibility to sunburn, skin types are classified into six different classes (I VI). People with skin type I have the lightest skin and may not have even a light tan after repeated exposure to a sunbed. Instead, their skin generally suffers sunburn reactions.

The ability of the consumer to recognize their skin type as not suitable for sunbed use is based on either self-diagnosis, or worst, a bad experience of sunburn. For this reason sunbed operator training is needed to ensure correct skin type diagnosis. While skin type II and higher can tan, skin damage can still occur following excessive exposure to UV.

Dangers associated with childhood UV exposure

Childhood exposure to UV and the number of times a child is burnt by UV, either from the sun or from sunbeds, are known to increase the risk of developing melanoma later in life. For this reason, particular attention is required to ensure children and adolescents do not use sunbeds. The United States Department of Health and Human Services has classified exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" and states that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, especially to people exposed before the age of 30 years.

21 MTT 2014 - 2015

Nanotehnologiile sigure sau nu? Small sizes that matter: Opportunities and risks of Nanotechnologies

Report in co-operation with the OECD International Futures Programme

The term nanotechnology describes a range of technologies performed on a nanometer scale with

widespread applications as an enabling technology in various industries. The term nanotechnology was created by N. Taniguchi of Tokyo University in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials

with nanometer tolerances1, but its origins date back to R.Feynmans 1959 talk Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom in which he proposed the direct manipulation of individual atoms as a more powerful form of synthetic chemistry. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and

macromolecular scales, in order to understand and exploit properties that differ significantly from those on a

larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures,

devices and systems by controlling shape and size on ananometer scale.

Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at

scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to around 100 nms, as well as the integration of the

resulting nanostructures into larger systems. Nanoscale materials have been used for decades in applications

ranging from window glass and sunglasses to car bumpers and paints. Now, however, the convergence of

scientific disciplines (chemistry, biology, electronics, physics, engineering etc.) is leading to a multiplication

of applications in materials manufacturing, computer chips, medical diagnosis and health care, energy,

biotechnology, space exploration, security and so on. Hence, nanotechnology is expected to have a

significant impact on our economy and society within the next 10 to 15 years, growing in importance over the

longer term as further scientific and technology breakthroughs are achieved.

Nanotechnologies are being spoken of as the driving force behind a new industrial revolution. Both private and

public-sector spending are constantly increasing. Spending on public research has reached levels of well over

EUR3 billion world-wide, but private sector spending is even faster. Sales of emerging nanotechnology

products have been estimated by private research to rise from less than 0.1 % of global manufacturing output

today to 15% in 2014. These figures refer however to products incorporating nanotechnology or manufactured using nanotechnology.

A nanometer (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter. A single human hair is about 80,000 nm wide, a red blood cell is

approximately 7,000 nm wide, a DNA molecule 2 to 2.5 nm, and a water molecule almost 0.3 nm. On a nanoscale, i.e.

from around 100 nm down to the size of atoms (approximately 0.2 nm) the properties of materials can be very different

from those on a larger scale.

MTT 2014 - 2015 22

What are the risks of Nanotechnology?

Positive effects on human health and the

environment

business risks involved with marketing of

nanotechnology enabled products,

risks related to the protection of

intellectual property,

political risks regarding the impact on the

economical development of countries and

regions,

risks regarding privacy when miniature

sensors become ubiquitous,

environmental risks from the release of

nanoparticles into the environment,

safety risks from nanoparticles for

workers and consumers,

futuristic risks like human enhancement

and self replications of nano machines.

The report mainly focuses on potential risks

that are relevant to property and casualty

insurance.

The basic innovations that come from nanotechnologies

have the potential to contribute to human health and

environmental safety in many ways. They have the potential

to contribute to solve urgent issues like the provision of clean

drinking water or more efficient energy conversion and

energy storage. The potential of nanotechnologies regarding

economic benefits, the potential to create jobs, wealth and

well being is very high.

Especially in the field of medicine there are quite a few

technological developments that promise enhanced

diagnostic possibilities, new ways to monitor patients, new

ways to treat diseases like cancer and to reduce side effects.

Nanoparticles can be used as carriers for targeted drug

delivery. Their ability to penetrate certain protective

membranes in the body, such as the blood-brain barrier, can

be beneficial for many drugs. This could open the way for

new drugs from active substances that have not been able to

pass clinical trials due to less precise delivery mechanisms,.

Nanosensors and lab-on-a-chip-technologies will foster

early recognition and identification of diseases and can be

used for continuous monitoring of patients with chronic

diseases.

New therapeutic methods for the treatment of cancer with

the help of nanoparticles are investigated.

MTT 2014 - 2015 23

Risk management approach to nanotechnology from

an insurers perspective

Risk awareness. There is a much uncertainty about emerging risks associated with nanotechnologies. It will take

years for studies about exposure routes, the effects on human health and the environment to reach conclusive

results. While it is still too early to make conclusive statements, our own risk management will need constantly

to put its feelers out. The first step in the risk management toolbox is to create an awareness of the risks and an understanding of the hazards. The first step is to determine how underwriters and risk engineers should

deal with critical issues such as direct exposure to nanoparticles or their release into the environment.

Risk identification and risk evaluation. The next step is to identify and evaluate the risks in a continuing process

that considers scientific, technical, legal and regulatory factors. Public opinion is also important because that

influences many political, industrial, and legal decisions. Yet close scrutiny of the individual risk, often with

support from risk-consulting units, is a prerequisite to taking economically sustainable decisions. Often more

important than the underlying basic risk, the risk management practices in these companies will range from

very basic to highly sophisticated. The last point is of key importance: even if a certain technology creates new

risks, the quality of risk management practices will determine whether these hazards will actually materialise.

This is an area where the insurer can contribute through his experience with a multitude of clients from various

industries.

Risk handling and accumulation control Given the knowledge gap about risks outlined above, it is a matter of

debate whether one main criterion of insurability namely the assessability of risks with respect to probability and severity is or can be fulfilled.

The combination of limited evidence about the hazards and potential latency claims again warrants close

monitoring of the risk. On the other hand, it seems neither feasible nor appropriate to start a debate about a

general exclusion of nanotechnologies from the insurance coverage today. There are several arguments for

this:

nanotechnologies cover a very broad field with far from uniform risk characteristics, the terminology used in nanotechnologies is very broad. No uniform language or set of definitions exist, the sheer variety of nanotechnologies and their applications across broad sections of industrial segments mean a

positive diversification effect for insurance portfolios,

the exposure of the general population to nanotechnologies is still comparatively low.

MTT 2014 - 2015 24

Cercetatori germani avertizeaza asupra pericolului

nanotehnologiilor

Autoritatile germane au avertizat asupra riscurilor reprezentate de folosirea

tehnologiilor nano in industria alimentara, textila sau cosmetica. Ei spun ca

potentialul economic al acestor noi tehnologii este insotit de serioase pericole

asupra mediului si sanatatii oamenilor.

Cercetatorii din cadrul Agentiei Federale a Mediului au sfatuit consumatorii sa se arate

circumspecti fata de astfel de produse pana ce nu vor fi efectuate analize pe o

perioada mai lunga de timp astfel incat sa se poata stabili mai clar efectul lor.

In ultimii ani, au aparut mai multe bunuri produse cu ajutorul tehnologiilor nano, printre

care spray-uri pentru graffiti, dinti artificiali sau zahar. O particula nano este de

40.000 mai mica decat grosimea unui fir de par uman.

Profesorul Dieter Stuermer de la Institutul pentru Stiinte si Etica din Bonn a avertizat ca

nano-particulele pot duce la aparitia unor inflamatii si la degradarea functiilor

plamanului. El a criticat companiile care folosesc nanotehnologiile pentru ca nu

prezinta si posibilele efecte adverse.

Sursa: Redactia BankNews.ro, 25-10-2009, redactia@banknews.ro

MTT 2014 - 2015 25

OMS Organisme modificate genetic hazarde ptr. sanatate?

26 MTT 2014 - 2015

OMC forteaza usa UE pentru organismele modificate

genetic 2006 OMC a decis ca o serie de restrictii europene privind prezenta pe piata a

alimentelor pe baza de OHG (organisme modificate genetic) sunt contrare

reglementarilor comerciale internationale.

Potrivit deciziei OMC, Uniunea Europeana si sase state membre au incalcat

regulile comertului mondial prin blocarea accesului pe pietele respective al

anumitor produse agricole si alimente pe baza de organisme modificate

genetic (OMG). Hotararea, confirmata la Washington, a fost inclusa intr-un raport

confidential transmis exclusiv partilor implicate paratii" europeni, pe de o parte, si initiatorii contestatiei depuse in acest sens la OMC, respectiv SUA, Argentina si

Canada, pe de alta parte.

Potrivit Reuters, documentul respectiv nu are valoare finala deoarece poate fi

contestat, pana in aprilie, de Uniunea Europeana. El arata ca, in urma opozitiei

larg raspandite la nivelul populatiei sale, UE a aplicat un veritabil moratoriu

impotriva importurilor de OMG intre iunie 1999 si august 2003, ceea ce contravine

reglementarilor Organizatiei. Mai mult, sase state - Franta, Germania, Austria,

Italia, Luxemburg si Grecia - au sfidat aceleasi reguli interzicand, pe cont propriu,

importurile si desfacerea de OMG pe pietele nationale.

Nu in ultimul rand, decizia sustine ca interdictiile europene in privinta utilizarii

varietatilor modificate genetic de soia, porumb si bumbac nu au o justificare

stiintifica.

27 MTT 2014 - 2015

Recent, ministerul romn al agriculturii a pierdut, n instan un proces n care s-a pus n discuie modul de reglementare a pragului minim peste care prezena ntr-un lot de semine a unor semine modificate genetic trebuie n mod obligatoriu semnalat pe etichet.

Un raport al Comisiei Europene prezentat pe 15 aprilie 2011 demonstreaz limitrile actuale ale evalurii implicaiilor socio-economice ale cultivrii plantelor modificate genetic n Uniunea European. Raportul ctre Parlamentul European i Consiliu, bazat pe informaiile furnizate n principal de statele membre, relev faptul c informaiile existente sunt adesea limitate din punct de vedere statistic i c se bazeaz frecvent pe idei preconcepute despre cultivarea OMG-urilor. n raport, Comisia prezint i o analiz a dimensiunii socio-economice a cultivrii OMG-urilor, astfel cum este raportat n literatura tiinific internaional i n concluziile proiectelor de cercetare finanate din programul-cadru european pentru cercetare.

Comisarul pentru Sntate i Consumatori, John Dalli, a afirmat: Odat cu publicarea acestui raport, Comisia soluioneaz una dintre ultimele cereri nerezolvate ale Consiliului Mediu din decembrie 2008. Documentul a fost elaborat pe baza datelor i informaiilor furnizate de statele membre. Cred cu trie c acest raport genereaz o oportunitate: este acum la latitudinea statelor membre, a Comisiei, a Parlamentului European i a tuturor prilor interesate, s asimileze pe deplin constatrile raportului i s se angajeze ntr-o discuie obiectiv cu privire la rolul potenial al factorilor socio-economici n cultivarea OMG-urilor n Uniunea European.

Constatri principale. ntruct UE reprezint doar o fraciune din suprafaa dedicat culturilor modificate genetic de la nivel mondial, experiena n domeniul cultivrii OMGurilor n Europa este n mod evident limitat. Prin urmare, nu este nicio surpriz faptul c informaiile relevante din punct de vedere statistic cu privire la impactul socio-economic ex-post al cultivrii OMG-urilor sunt destul de limitate din punct de vedere cantitativ. Datele economice referitoare la paradigma european au provenit din studii efectuate n state membre cu experien n cultivarea de plante modificate genetic, tolerante la erbicide sau rezistente la duntori. Aceste studii au demonstrat c, n situaia n care buruienile i duntorii creeaz probleme mari, agricultorii care cultiv plante modificate genetic tolerante la erbicide sau rezistente la duntori ar putea beneficia de recolte mai mari.

n raport, consecinele sociale i impactul economic al cultivrii OMG-urilor asupra altor verigi ale lanului alimentar au fcut obiectul unor comentarii semnificative. Pentru a completa contribuiile statelor membre, raportul conine i o revizuire a literaturii tiinifice internaionale existente privind dimensiunea social i economic a cultivrii OMG-urilor. Acesta demonstreaz c analizele economice confer o imagine bun asupra impactului economic la nivelul exploataiilor agricole pe plan mondial, n special pentru plantele modificate genetic tolerante la erbicide sau rezistente la duntori. Totui, este de reamintit c informaiile disponibile privind impactul social i efectele pe termen lung asupra lanului alimentar sunt limitate sau chiar absente. http:/ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/index_en.htm

MTT 2014 - 2015 28

Update - Organismele si plantele modificate genetic In Romania Ordonanta de urgenta a Guvernului nr. 43/2007 privind introducerea deliberata in

mediu a organismelor modificate genetic, aprobata cu modificari si completari prin Legea nr.

247/2009

Culturile modificate genetic sunt acum cultivate pe aproape un sfert din terenurile agricole

din lume de aproape 17,3 milioane de fermieri. Mai mult de 90% dintre agricultori sunt mici

proprietari care cultiva cateva hectare in tarile aflate in curs de dezvoltare. Societatea,

economia si mediul au beneficiat enorm de pe urma culturilor modificate genetic. India a devenit

din importator de bumbac exportator datorita bumbacului rezistent la daunatori. Culturile

modificate genetic rezistente la erbicide au stimulat cresterea fara prelucrarea terenurilor,

reducand eroziunea solului si a emisilor de gaze cu efect de sera. Culturile modificate genetic

rezistente la daunatori au redus folosirea insecticidelor cu mai mult de 25%. In tarile in curs de

dezvoltare, culturile modificate genetic au contribuit la asigurarea securitatii alimentare si

sustinerea veniturilor pentru fermieri, care permite parintilor sa concentreze mai multe resurse pe

alte prioritati, cum ar fi educatia copiilor.

In mare parte, pentru ca adversarii declarati ai OMG din SUA au condus o miscare de "etichetare"

care ar diferentia produsele alimentare modificate genetic de celelalte produse alimentare pe

rafturile magazinelor. Nu conteaza ca 60-70% din alimentele procesate de pe piata contin

ingrediente modificate genetic.

De fapt oamenii au consumat miliarde de feluri de mancare care contin alimente modificate genetic

in cei 17 ani de cand acestea au fost comercializate si nicio problema nu a fost documentata.

Acest lucru nu e o surpriza. Fiecare organizatie stiintifica care a studiat culturile modificate

genetic, Asociatia Medicala Americana, Academia Nationala de Stiinta sau Organizatia Mondiala

a Sanatatii, printre altele, au confirmat ca organismele modificate genetic sunt sigure pentru

oameni si bune pentru mediu. http://www.infoomg.ro/2013/10/frica-irationala-privind-alimentele-omg-miliarde-de-oameni-au-mancat-

alimente-modificate-genetic-in-ultimele-doua-decenii/

MTT 2014 - 2015 29

Telefonia mobila riscuri eventuale si potentiale hazarde asupra sanatatii

Un cadru legal a fost pus in aplicare la recomandarea Consiliului in articolul 152 al Tratatului

Comunitatii Europene, care acopera principii generale privind limitarea expunerii la

telefoanele mobile, pentru a preveni efectele secundare asupra sanatatii.

In 1998, Comisia a propus Consiliului un proiect de recomandare privind limitarea expunerii

cetatenilor la campurile electromagnetice (0 Hz - 300 Ghz). Consiliul a adoptat

recomandarea in iulie 1999. Principalele masuri propuse:

Limitarea expunerii la campuri electromagnetice

Informarea publicului asupra riscurilor existente si a masurilor de protectie privind expunerea

la campuri electromagnetice

Stabilirea uneor standarde europene privind campurile electromagnetice.

Raportul Implementation report on the Council Recommendation limiting the public exposure to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) al Comisiei din 2002 prezinta un update al eforturilor pe care statele membre le-au facut pentru reducerea riscurilor prin

expunerea la campurile electromagnetice. Principalele aspecte analizate se refera la:

Riscurile speciale in ceea ce priveste copiii, Implicatiile survenite in cazul proximitatii fata de

statiile de emisie. Argumente pro si contra referitoare la folosirea aparatelor hands-free,

Credibilitatea cercetarilor realizate, Masuri ce ar trebui adoptate la nivel guvernamental.

Principalul subiect dezbatut: Utilizarea actuala a telefoanelor mobile de catre un procent tot mai

mare al populatiei a dus la o lipsa de date privind efectele pe termen lung ale expunerii la

radiatiile telefoanelor mobile si antenelor principale de emisie. Opiniile diverselor cercetari

efectuate converg aproape in unanimitate catre concluzia ca nu exista dovezi stiintifice

referitoare la legatura dintre undele electromagentice emise de telefoanele mobile si

aparitia diverselor boli.

MTT 2014 - 2015 30

2011 Organizatia Mondiala a Sanatatii: Radiatiile

de la telefoanele celulare pot cauza cancerul

Un grup international de experti a ajuns la aceasta concluzie dupa ce a trecut in revista detaliile a

zeci de studii dedicate influentei radiatiilor provenite de la telefoanele mobile. Studiul realizat este

preluat de OMS si agentiile nationale pentru elaborarea de ghiduri privind folosirea telefoanelor

mobile. "Probele, care continua sa se adune, sunt suficient de puternice pentru a justifica

pozitionarea telefoanelor mobile la nivelul 2b (unul din cele cinci niveluri de clasificare care definesc

produsele "posibil cancerigene pentru om)", a spus J. Samet, presedintele grupului de lucru.

"Grupul de experti si-a fundamentat aceasta clasificare pe studii epidemiologice care arata un risc

crescut de gliom, un tip de cancer al creierului asociat cu utilizarea telefonului mobil", a spus

Samet. Aceasta clasare inseamna ca "poate exista un risc, si deci trebuie sa supraveghem

indeaproape legatura dintre telefoanele mobile si riscul de cancer", a adaugat J. Samet.

UPDATE. Studiile nu arata o legatura cauzala directa intre folosirea telefonului mobil si aparitia

cancerului cerebral - arata un comunicat al Asociatiei Operatorilor Mobili din Romania ca reactie la

anuntul OMS care spunea ca radiatiile provenite de la telefoanele mobile pot cauza cancerul.

Asociatia spune ca actualele norme de siguranta in domeniu (SAR) sunt valide. Agentia Internationala pentru Cercetare in domeniul Cancerului (IARC), din cadrul Organizatiei Mondiale a

Sanatatii, a anuntat includerea radiatiilor provenite de la telefoanele mobile in clasa de risc 2B

posibil cancerigene pentru oameni. Aceasta clasificare, 2B, inseamna ca riscul este posibil, dar nu probabil, studiile nearatand o legatura cauzala directa intre folosirea

telefonului mobil si aparitia cancerului cerebral. IARC precizeaza ca sunt necesare cercetari

suplimentare in domeniu", arata comunicatul Asociatiei Operatorilor Mobili din Romania. AOMR

precizeaza ca in clasa de risc 2B se afla 266 de factori si substante, printre care se numara

cafeaua si muraturile. Intelegem ca unii utilizatori de telefoane mobile sunt ingrijorati, de aceea

subliniem ca actualele norme de siguranta in domeniu (SAR) sunt valide .

MTT 2014 - 2015 31

Precautionary principle - ALARA (As Low as

Reasonably Achievable)

In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the precautionary principle could be

voluntarily adopted in this case. It follows the recommendations of the European Community for

environmental risks. According to the WHO, the "precautionary principle" is "a risk management policy

applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a

potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research."

Other less stringent recommended approaches are prudent avoidance principle and ALARA (As Low as

Reasonably Achievable). Although all of these are problematic in application, due to the widespread use and

economic importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased

popularity of such measures in the general public, though also evidence that such approaches may

increase concern. They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage, the limitation

of use by at-risk population (such as children), the adoption of cellphones and microcells with ALARA levels of

radiation, the wider use of hands-free and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets, the adoption of

maximal standards of exposure, RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human

habitations, and so forth.

The World Health Organizations ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), under which exposure to radiation must be as low as reasonably possible, excludes avoidable exposure to radiation. The principle

refers to exposure to agents which might cause or promote health effects for which there is no

threshold, i.e. there is a probability that the effects occurs, following even the tiniest exposure to this

agent.

In the case of ionising radiation this principle is enshrined in Community law 19, and the effects concerned are

cancer and hereditary effects (changes in the chromosomes passed to the offspring of the exposed

individuals). However, regarding the possible application of this principle in the Recommendation, the

Commissions response was that these effects, and the principle, are not of relevance to non-ionising radiation from electromagnetic fields which is the objective of the Council Recommendation. Indeed, there

is no robust evidence for cancer and hereditary effects from such sources, and, therefore, no basis

for considering the ALARA principle.

MTT 2014 - 2015 32

SCENIHR 2007, 2009 A 2007 assessment by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health

Risks (SCENIHR) concludes from the available research that no significant health effect from mobile

phone radiation has been demonstrated at normal exposure levels:

Normal exposure to mobile phone radiation cannot cause headaches or dizziness, nor can it cause brain

cancers, neurological effects or reproductive effects.

A few inconclusive studies suggest that it may cause a benign tumour of the auditory nerve.

However, more studies concerning potential health effects on children are needed.

2009 Health Effects of Exposure to EMF - Scientific Committee on

Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Questions concerning emerging or newly-identified risks and on broad, complex or multidisciplinary issues requiring a

comprehensive assessment of risks to consumer safety or public health and related issues not

covered by other Community risk assessment bodies. In particular, the Committee addresses

questions related to potential risks associated with interaction of risk factors, synergic

effects, cumulative effects, antimicrobial resistance, new technologies such as

nanotechnologies, medical devices, tissue engineering, blood products, fertility

reduction, cancer of endocrine organs, physical hazards such as noise and

electromagnetic fields and methodologies for assessing new risks.

Update - Radio frequency fields (RF fields). It is concluded from three independent lines of evidence

(epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies) that exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an

increase in cancer in humans. However, as the widespread duration of exposure of humans to RF fields

from mobile phones is shorter than the induction time of some cancers, further studies are required

to identify whether considerably longer-term (well beyond ten years) human exposure to such phones

might pose some cancer risk.

MTT 2014 - 2015 33

Telefoanele mobile si sanatatea - Radiatiile provocate de telefonul mobil

Odata cu raspandirea pe scara larga a telefoanelor mobile au aparut si multe

teorii despre posibilele efecte secundare ale acestora asupra sanatatii. Desi s-au

facut mai multe studii in aceasta directie, dovedirea posibilelor riscuri asupra

sanatatii este greu de realizat, iar pentru industria telecomunicatiilor argumentele

sunt neconvingatoare.

Efectele nocive ale undelor radioactive, care, initial, nu au fost recunoscute ca

fiind daunatoare sanatatii, sunt adesea citate ca pretext pentru o abordare atenta

a problemei de catre institutiile decizionale.

Desele schimbari din domeniul telefoniei mobile si lipsa unor prevederi sau a unei

ghidari adecvate au dus la o stare de confuzie si insecuritate printre cetateni si au

subminat, de asemenea, increderea in institutiile ce au in vedere protectia

sanatatii.

Telefoanele mobile actioneaza doar intr-o mica masura in spectrul radio, care

face parte din spectrul electromagnetic ne-ionizat si care nu are efecte

daunatoare asupra sanatatii. Pentru ca, in prezent, antenele telefoanelor mobile

asigura o acoperire aproape totala si aparatele mobile sunt foarte aproape de

parti importante ale sistemului nervos, oamenii de stiinta au inceput sa faca

cercetari detaliate asupra potentialelor riscuri asupra sanatatii pe care le implica

folosirea telefoanelor mobile.

34 MTT 2014 - 2015

Antenele de telefonie mobila amplasate pe imobilele de locuinte pun in pericol viata si sanatatea locatarilor. Guvernul Romaniei recunoste nocivitatea

radiatiilor electromagnetice neionizante emise de antenele de telefonie mobila,

prin Ordonanta nr. 2/2006

Guvernul Romaniei recunoaste nocivitatea radiatiilor electromagnetice neionizante emise de

antenele de telefonie mobila, prin Ordonanta nr. 2/2006 din 12/01/2006, publicata in Monitorul

Oficial, Partea I nr.57 din 20/01/2006, privind reglementarea drepturilor salariale si a altor

drepturi ale functionarilor publici pentru anul 2006, care prevede Art. 16:

(1) Spor pentru conditii vatamatoare, de pana la 10% din salariul de baza, se acorda functionarilor

publici care desfasoara activitate in autoritatile si institutiile publice in care functioneaza

instalatii care genereaza campuri electromagnetice de radiofrecventa produse de emitatori

pentru comunicatii, instalatii de microunde, instalatii de curenti de inalta frecventa, statii de

bruiaj.

(2) Categoriile de functionari publici, cuantumul sporului prevazut la alin. (1) si conditiile de

acordare se stabilesc, in limitele prevazute de lege, prin actul administrativ al ordonatorului

principal de credite, cu incadrarea in cheltuielile de personal prevazute in bugetul aprobat.

(3) Locurile de munca pentru care se acorda sporul prevazut la alin. (1) vor fi stabilite pe baza

buletinelor de determinare emise de catre autoritatile abilitate in acest sens.

"Consideram a fi deosebit de utila realizarea de catre Directiile de Sanatate Publica a

urmatoarelor determinari: inductia magnetica, curentul de contact, intensitatea campului

electric, intensitatea campului magnetic si densitatea de putere, marime care pot fi masurate

direct conform Art. 3, Punctul 4, litera i din Ordinul nr. 1007/2002 din 13/12/2002 publicat in

Monitorul Oficial, Partea I nr. 929 din 18/12/2002, privind aprobarea Normelor de reglementare

a nivelurilor de referinta admisibile de expunere a populatiei generale la campuri

electromagnetice cu frecventele de la 0 Hz la 300 GHz", a declarat Costel Stanciu,

Presedinte APC Romania.

Sursa: Guvernul recunoaste nocivitatea antenelor GSM - Publicat: 20 Iulie 2006 HotNews.ro

MTT 2014 - 2015 35

In prezent nu exista dovezi stiintifice care sa confirme

vreo consecinta asupra sanatatii

"Conform Organizatiei Mondiale a Sanatatii in prezent nu exista dovezi stiintifice care sa

confirme vreo consecinta asupra sanatatii datorate expunerii la campuri

electromagnetice de joasa frecventa sau de radiofrecventa daca expunerea este sub

limita prevazuta de normele internationale", a declarat Zsolt Nagy, Ministrul

Comunicatiilor si Tehnologiei Informatiei.

"Romania respecta si aplica intocmai una dintre cele mai stricte legislatii din lume in acest

domeniu, armonizata cu cea europeana. In plus, va asigur ca Ministerul Comunicatiilor si

Tehnologiei Informatiei vegheaza la implementarea si respectarea acestei legislatii al carei

scop este de a preveni posibilele riscuri la care ar putea fi supusa populatia in cazul in care

nivelurile maxime de expunere la campurile electromagnetice ar fi depasite.", a adaugat Zsolt

Nagy. Ministrul Nagy a mai precizat faptul ca statiile de baza, cunoscute popular drept antene,

functioneaza la joasa tensiune si emit niveluri reduse de campuri de radiofrecventa - ele

transmit aproximativ aceeasi cantitate de energie ca si un bec electric de 100 Wati, rareori

ajungand la 300 - 500 Wati. Astfel, statiile de baza functioneaza cu o putere de 50 de ori mai

mica decat limita maxima admisa prin lege. Telefonul mobil in functiune transmite energie de

tip radiofrecventa numai in timpul cat se efectueaza convorbirile sau se transmit mesajele.

Sursa: Teama fata de antenele GSM nu este justificata; 22 Septembrie 2006; MCTI:

MTT 2014 - 2015 36

Noi (constientizate) riscuri

Accesul din ce in ce mai raspandit la tehnologie al copiilor ridica probleme noi. Internetul

si noile aplicatii (telefoanele mobile, dispozitivele independente cu acces la internet) ii

expun la pericole la care nici ei, nici parintii, nu se gandesc. La nivel european,

problema este tratata cu multa seriozitate, iar in Romania se fac primii pasi in domeniu.

Aceste instrumente sunt programe sau servicii care sa le dea parintilor control asupra

continutului aparaturii copiilor, dar si sfaturi despre cum sa recunoasca simptomele unor

probleme cauzate de Internet/telefonie mobila sau despre cum sa ii responsabilizeze pe copii.

Printre cele mai frecvente riscuri la care sunt expusi copiii se numara:

- Expunerea la materiale nepotrivite sexuale, violente, care indeamna la ura sociala sau care promoveaza comportamente periculoase si ilegale. Unii copii pot sa caute intentionat astfel de

materiale din curiozitate in timp ce altii pot fi expusi accidental, in camerele de discutii, pe email sau prin mesageria de tip instant.

- Molestare fizica un copil poate sa dea informatii care ar putea pune la risc siguranta sa sau a familiei sale. S-au inregistrat cazuri de pedofili care s-au folosit de camerele de discutii, de

email si de mesageria instant pentru a castiga increderea unui copil si apoi pentru a-l intalni.

- Hartuire si intimidare un copil poate primi pe chat, pe email, pe telefonul mobil mesaje si apeluri violente, jignitoare sau de hartuire. Tinerii violenti se folosesc deseori de internet

pentru a-si teroriza victimele.

Virusi si hackeri un copil poate descarca fisere daunatoare, care contin virusi sau care le dau posibilitatea unor hackeri sa controleze computerul. Acest lucru duce la vulnerabilizarea

intimitatii familiei si poate chiar la expunerea familiei la pericole.

- Probleme legale si financiare un copil poate da, fara sa stie ca face rau, numarul cardului bancar al parintilor sau poate face cumparaturi nechibzuite pe internet cu el.

Sursa Copilul fata in fata cu tehnologia mobila, autor: Georgiana Ilie, 10 Iulie 2007 www.EurActiv.ro

MTT 2014 - 2015 37

Ceva referinte:

The Web site for the FDA's Center for

Devices and Radiological Health:

www.fda.gov/cellphones/.

Interesant de vazut

38 MTT 2014 - 2015