-limba-engleza-notiuni-de-baza

8/6/2019 -Limba-Engleza-notiuni-de-Baza

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ARTICOLUL

Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie larealizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie.

Articolul hotarat THE:

- Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv:Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.

- Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice:

Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air

- Inaintea numeralelor ordinale:Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth

- In realizarea superlativului:Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest

- Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii:Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament

- Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc):

Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the

New York Times, the Beatles

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de locuri geografice, munti, fluvii, oceane, mari etc:

Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara

Articolul nehotarat A / AN

Utilizam articolul nehotarat A:

Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana:Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom

Utilizam articolul nehotarat AN:

Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u):

Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action


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NUMERALUL

Numeralul cardinal

eleven

twelvethirteen

fourteen

fifteensixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteentwenty

twenty-one

twenty-twotwenty-three

twenty-four.......

thirty-onethirty-two

thirty-three

thirty-four

....... 12

345

6

78

9

10

30

40

5060

70

8090

100

2001000


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10000

153one

hund

red

andfifty-

three

198one

hund

redand

ninet

y-eight

203two

hundred

and

three405

four

hundred

and

fifty1,000,000

one

million

12,00

0,000

twelv

e

millionone

two

thre

e

four

five

six


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seve

n

eight

nine

ten

thirt

y

forty

fifty

sixty

seve

nty

eight

y

ninet

y

one

hun

dred

two

hun

dred

one

thousand

ten

thou

sand

11

12

13

14

15

1617

18

19

20

21

22


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23

24

.......

31

32

33

34

.......

13,632,521 thirteen million six hundred thirty-two thousand five hundred andtwenty-one

Atentie!

- se foloseste cratima intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor

Exemple: 21 twenty-one; 99 ninety-nine

- se pune virgula dupa fiecare grup care indica miile

Exemplu: 1,222,351

- mentionarea conjunctiei and este obligatorie inaintea grupului zecilor si unitatea finala

Exemplu: 2,532 - two thousand five hundred and thirty-two

- cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel:

2.4832 - two point four eight three two


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Numeralul ordinal

1st2nd

3rd

4th

5th6th

7th

8th9th

10t

h11t

h

12t

h

13th

14th

15t

h16t

h

17th

18t

h

19th

20t

h21st

22n

d23r

d

.......

30th

40t

h.......

100

th1,00

0

1,00

firstsecond

third

fourth

fifthsixth

seventh

eighthninth

tenth

eleventhtwelvth

thirteenth

fourteent

h

fifteenthsixteenth

seventeenth

eighteent

hnineteent

h

twentiethtwenty-

first

twenty-

secondtwenty-

third

.......thirtieth

fortieth

.......hundredt

h

thousandt

hmillionth

primulal

doile

a

altreil

ea

.......


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0,00

0

Mod de formare:

- prin adaugarea terminatiei "th" la numeralul cardinal corespunzator

Exceptii:one --- first (1st)

two --- second (2nd)

three --- third (3rd)

five si nine, la care se suprima -e final, fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie

forty --- fortieth (40th)

Alte numerale

Data: in Marea Britanie se foloseste intotdeauna forma unui numeral ordinal pentru a indicadata.

Exemple:21st July (the twenty-first of July)

June 4th (the fourth of June)

23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-nine)

December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December)

Fractii:1/2 se citeste one half

3/4 se citeste three quarters

7/8 se citeste seven eights

Ora:ten to one (unu fara zece)

half past six (sase si jumatate)

twelve and a quarter (douasprezece si un sfert)a quarter to two (doua fara un sfert)

PRONUMELE

a) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de subiect:

I --- eu

You --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra

He --- el

She --- ea


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It --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animale

We --- noi

You --- voi, dumneavoastraThey --- ei, ele, dumnealor

Exemple: I am a big girl.

He lives near the school.We like chocolate very much.

Do you like football?

b) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de complement:me

- mie, imi, mi (complement indirect)

- pe mine, ma, m (complement direct)

you- tie, iti, ti, dumitale, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)

- pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

him

- lui, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il (complement direct)

her

- ei, ii, i (complement indirect)

- pe ea, o (complement direct)

it

- lui, ei, ii, i (complement indirect)

- pe el, il, pe ea, o (complement direct)

us- noua, ne, ni (complement indirect)

- pe noi, ne (complement direct)

you

- voua, va, vi, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe voi, va, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

them

- lor, le, li (complement indirect)

- pe ei, ii, i (complement direct)

Exemple:

I watch my brother playing tennis.

You gave me a nice gift.Give them a kiss from me!

2. Pronumele reflexive si de intarire


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myself --- ma, insumi, insami

yourself --- te, insuti, insati

himself --- se, insusiherself --- se, insesi

itself --- se, insusi, insasi (neutru)

ourselves --- ne, insine, insene

yourselves --- va, insiva, insevathemselves --- se, insisi, insesi

3. Pronumele demonstrativ

this --- acesta, aceasta, asta, asta

that --- acela, aceea, ala, aiathese --- acestea, acestia, astia, astea

those --- acelea, aceia, aia, alea

4. Pronumele posesive

mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale meleyours --- al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale tale

his --- al sau (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai sai (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui)

hers --- al sau (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai sai (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei)its own --- al sau, a sa, ai sai, ale sale (neutru)

ours --- al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastre

yours --- al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre

their --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

5. Pronumele nehotarat

some + body, one, thing

any + body, one, thing

no + body, one, thing

6. Pronumele relativ

who --- care

whom/who --- pe carewhose --- al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carora

what --- ce, ceea ce

which --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)

that --- care

7. Pronumele interogativ


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who? --- cine?

whom? who? --- pe cine?

whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui?what? --- care?, pe care,ce?

which? --- (pe) care dintre?

VERBUL

Verbul "TO BE" - a fi

Forma afirmativa:I am (I'm) - Eu sunt

You are (You're) - Tu

estiHe is (He's) - El este

She is (She's) - Ea este

It is (It's) - El/Ea este

We are (We're) - Noisuntem

You are (You're) - Voi

suntetiThey are (They're) -

Ei/Ele sunt

Forma interogativa:Am I? - Sunt eu?

Are you? - Esti tu?

Is he? - Este el?Is she? - Este ea?

Is it? - Este el/ea?

Are we? - Suntem noi?

Are you? - Sunteti voi?Are they? - Sunt ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I am not (I'm not) - Eu

nu sunt

You are not (Youaren't) - Tu nu esti

He is not (He isn't) - El

nu este

She is not (She isn't) -Ea nu este

It is not (It isn't) - El/Ea

nu esteWe are not (We aren't)

- Noi nu suntem

You are not (Youaren't) - Voi nu sunteti

They are not (They

aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea


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Forma afirmativa:

I have (I've) - Eu amYou have (You've) - Tu

ai

He has (He's) - El areShe has (She's) - Ea are

It has (It's) - El/Ea areWe have (We've) - Noiavem

You have (You've) -

Voi aveti

They have (They've) -Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa:

Have I? - Am eu?Have you? - Ai tu?

Has he? - Are el?

Has she? - Are ea?Has it? - Are el/ea?

Have we? - Avem noi?Have you? - Aveti voi?Have they? - Au ei/ele?

Forma negativa:

I have not (I haven't) -Eu nu am

You have not (You

haven't) - Tu nu aiHe has not (He hasn't) -

El nu areShe has not (She hasn't)- Ea nu are

It has not (It hasn't) -

El/Ea nu are

We have not (Wehaven't) - Noi nu avem

You have not (You

haven't) - Voi nu avetiThey have not (They

haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

Verbul "TO DO" - a face

Forma afirmativa:

I do - Eu facYou do - Tu faci

He does - El face

She does - Ea faceIt does - El/Ea face

We do - Noi facemYou do - Voi faceti

They do - Ei/Ele fac

Forma interogativa:

Do I? - Fac eu?Do you? - Faci tu?

Does he? - Face el?

Does she? - Face ea?Does it? - Face el/ea?

Do we? - Facem noi?Do you? - Faceti voi?

Do they? - Fac ei/ele?

Forma negativa:

I do not (I don't) - Eunu fac

You do not (You don't)

- Tu nu faciHe does not (He

doesn't) - El nu faceShe does not (She

doesn't) - Ea nu faceIt does not (It doesn't) -

El/Ea nu face

We do not (We don't) -Noi nu facem

You do not (You don't)

- Voi nu facetiThey do not (They

don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac

ADJECTIVUL

A. Tipuri de adjective

opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.


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Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc.

fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiintele sau obiectele determinate suntcu adevarat

Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc.

! Adjectivele de opinie stau inaintea adjectivelor de fapt

B. Adjectivul demonstrativ

Desemneaza fiinte sau lucruri pe care le aratam precizand in acelasi timp apropierea sau

departarea in timp sau spatiu.

Forme:

singular:

- this (acest, aceasta)- that (acel, acea)

plural:

- these (acesti, aceste)

- those (acei, acele)

Exemple:This man is a doctor.

That girl is a pupil.

These children are small.Those boys are playing in the scoolyard.

C. Adjectivul posesiv

Desemneaza raportul de posesie dintre un posesor si ceea ce acesta poseda:

Forme: singular:

- my (meu, mea, mei, mele)

- your (tau, ta, tai, tale)- his (lui, sau, sa, sai, sale)

- her (ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)

- its (lui, ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)

plural:- our (nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre)

- your (vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre)

- their (lor)

Exemple:

This is my house.It is his car.


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That is our shop.

Those are your books.

D. Comparativul adjectivelor

a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate:

"as ... as" (tot atat de / la fel de)"not as ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)

"not so ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)

Exemple:

She is as pretty as her mother.

He is not as tall as his brother.

b) Comparativ de superioritate:

- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-er" la finalul adjectivului

respectiv- pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul "more"

Exemple:

tall ---> taller(inalt ---> mai inalt)

slim ---> slimmer

(slab ---> mai slab)fast ---> faster

(rapid ---> mai rapid)

big ---> bigger(man ---> mai mare)

beautiful ---> more beautiful

(frumos ---> mai frumos)interesting ---> more interesting

interesant ---> mai interesant

difficult ---> more difficultdificil ---> mai dificil

E. Superlativul adjectivelor

- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-est" la adjectivul precedat de

"the"

- pentru adjective lungi, acestea vor fi precedate de "the most"

Exemple:the tallest (cel mai inalt)

the slimmest (cel mai slab)

the fastest (cel mai rapid)the biggest (cel mai mare)


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the most beautiful (cel mai frumos)

the most interesting (cel mai interesant)

the most difficult (cel mai dificil)

F. Comparative si superlative neregulate

bad go

odfar

m

uc

hold

worse better

farther(further)

more

older (elder)

the worstthe best

the farthest (the furthest)the most

the oldest (the eldest)

rau bun

indepartatmult

batran

ADVERBUL

A. Adverbe de mod

- arata modul in care se petrece o actiune

Mod de formare:

- de obicei, aceste adverbe se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la finalul unui

adjective.

Exemple:

beautiful ---> beautifullysad ---> sadly

capable ---> capablyslow ---> slowlyeasy ---> easily

B. Adverbe de loc

- arata locul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple:here, there, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, outside, inside

C. Adverbe de timp

- arata timpul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple:

today, yesterday, tomorrow, Saturday, Monday, now, finally, later, soon, just, still

E. Adverbe de comparatie


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- arata gradul de intensitate al unei actiuni

Exemple:extremely, greatly, hugely, partially, perfectly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely

F. Adverbe de frecventa

- arata gradul de repetabilitate al unei actiuni

Exemple:

always, constantly, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never

G. Adverbe de probabilitate

- arata gradul de probabilitate a unei actiuni

Exemple:

certainly, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely

PREPOZITIA

A. Prepozitii de miscare

- arata miscarea

Exemple:to, through, across

to - utilizam "to" pentru a arata deplasarea catre o destinatie anume.

Exemplu:

I went to Chicago two years ago.

through - utilizam "through" pentru a sugera deplasarea dintr-o parte in alta a unui

spatiu inchis.

Exemplu:The cars went through the tunnel.

across - utilizam "across" pentru a sugera miscarea dintr-o parte in alta a unei suprafete.

Exemplu:She flew across the sea.


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Alte prepozitii de miscare:

along, down, over, off, round, into

B. Prepozitii de loc

- arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite

Exemple:

at, on, in

at - folosim "at" pentru a arata un anumit loc sau o anumita pozitie.

Exemplu:Someone is at the door.

on - folosim "on" pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala.

Exemplu:

The dog is on the roof.

in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis.

Exemplu:

The parrot is in the cage.

Alte prepozitii de loc:

after, among, behind, between, in front of, next to, beside, by, over, above, under, below.

C. Prepozitii de timp

- pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni

Exemple:

at, on, in

at - pentru a arata timpul exact.

Exemplu:She left at 7.00 a.m.

on - pentru anumite date sau zile

Exemple:

She arrived on Monday.

Her birthday is on 23rd of October.


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I mix He mixes

I go He goes

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu

litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia -es"

Exemple:I fly He fliesI study He studies

I cry He cries

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia -s"

Exemple:I pay He pays

I stay He stays

I play He plays

C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:

activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anualeExemple:

I go to the mountains every month.

We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.

obiceiuri, hobby-uri

Exemple:She plays tennis in her free time.

In the summer, they go to the seaside.

situatii permanente

Exemplu:He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.

a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit programExemple:

The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday.

I have Maths Friday at 11.30.

situatii emotionaleExemple:

I love my girlfriend very much.

He hates cats.

adevaruri generale

Exemple:

The earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100C.


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D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu:

every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always,

sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc.

Exemple:

1. He goes to the gim every day.2. I play football every week.3. We go to the dentist every year.

4. She watches TV every evening.

5. She usually studies hard for her exams.6. I always do my homework.

7. He sometimes goes shopping.

8. I often play pool with my friends.9. She never go to school by bus.

10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei -s" sau -es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a

singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia -ing" fara nici o modificare:

Exemple:

play playing

try tryingdrink drinking

Afirmativ:

Subiect + to be (conjugatin functie de persoana) +

Verbul la infinitiv +

terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:

1. I'm writing an article

now.2. They are playing

football.

3. She is having lunch atthis moment.

Interogativ:

To be (conjugat infunctie de persoana) +

Subiect + Verbul la

infinitiv + terminatia"-ing"

Exemple:

1. Am I writing anarticle now?

2. Are they playing

football?3. Is she having lunch

at this moment?

Negativ:

Subiect + to be(conjugat in functie de

persoana) + not +

Verbul la infinitiv +terminatia "-ing"

Se folosesc adesea

contractiile isn't (is +

not) si aren't (are + not)

Exemple:1. I'm not writing an

article now.

2. They aren't playingfootball.

3. She isn't having

lunch at this moment


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sing - singing

go - going

draw - drawingcook - cooking

learn - learning

send - sending

wash - washing

! La verbele care se termina in litera e precedata de o consoana, se renunta la litera e si seadauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:

make making

come comingleave leaving

! La verbele formate dintr-o singura silaba (monosilabice) care se termina intr-o consoana

precedata de o vocala, se dubleaza consoana si apoi se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:

get gettingsit sitting

hit hitting

C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru:

activitati care se petrec in momentul vorbiriiExemple:

She is watching TV now.

Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.

actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul

vorbiriiExemple:

John is studying Maths for his exam.

My brother is writing a book.

a vorbi despre o intalnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiatExemple:

He is flying to New York next week.

I'm meeting Susan next Sunday.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Continuu:

now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc.

Exemple:


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1. Paul is repairing his car now.

2. I'm having lunch at this moment.

3. He is working hard for a project these days.4. They are going to the basketball game this week.

5. I'm writing a letter today.

6. I'm watching TV tonight.

TRECUTUL SIMPLU

Afirmativ:

Subiect + Vb.II

(terminatia "-ed"pentru verbele

regulate)

Exemple:

1. I wrote a book last

year.

2. He went to a footballgame last week.

3. We played in the

park yesterday.

Interogativ:

Did + Subiect + Vb.I?

Exemple:

1. Did you write a book

last year?2. Did he go to a

football game last

week?

3. Did you play in thepark yesterday?

Negativ:

Subiect + didn't + Vb.I

Exemple:

1. I didn't write a book

last year.2. He didn't go to a

football game last week.

3. We didn't play in thepark yesterday.

B. Folosim trecutul simplu pentru activitati terminate care s-au petrecut in trecut

Exemple:

She was in France 2 years ago.We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago.

- actiuni incheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat in trecut

Exemple:

They were in England in 1981.I left Bucharest in april 1994.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Simplu:

yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before

yesterday


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Exemple:

1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago.2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday.

3. They played football 2 hours ago.

4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago.

5. She left town the day before yesterday.

TRECUTUL CONTINUU

Afirmativ:

Subiect + was(pers.I/III sg) / were

(restul pers.) + Verbul

la infinitiv + terminatia"-ing"

Exemple:1. I was learning a

poem at this time

yesterday.2. You were watering

the flowers at this time

yesterday.

3.They were mendingthe radio at this time

yesterday.

Interogativ:

Was (pers.I/III sg) /Were (restul pers.) +

Subiect + Verbul la

infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Was I learning a

poem at this time

yesterday?2. Were you watering


yesterday?

3. Were they mendingthe radio at this time

yesterday?

Negativ:

Subiect + was(pers.I/III sg) / were

(restul pers.) + not +

Verbul la infinitiv +terminatia "-ing"

Se folosesc adesea

contractiile wasn't (was+ not) si weren't (were

+ not)

Exemple:

1. I wasn't learning a

poem at this time

yesterday.2. You weren't watering


yesterday.3.They weren't

mending the radio at

this time yesterday.


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B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru:

a exprima o actiune in desfasurare ce a avut loc in trecut

Exemple:She was playing in her room at this time yesterday.

They were listening music at this time last Saturday.

a exprima o actiune repetata de-a lungul unei perioade de timp

Exemple:Did she ask any questions?

Oh, she was asking questions all the time.

Did he buy any sweets?.

Oh, he was buying sweets all the time.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Continuu:

at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ...

Exemple:1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday .

2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock.

3. They were laughing all day.4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

Afirmativ:Subiect + have / has

(pers. a III-a sg.) + vb.la forma a III-a

Exemple:

1. I have washed her

blouse.2. He has written his

homework.

3. We have learnt ourEnglish lesson.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a

sg.) + Subiect + vb. laforma a III-a

Exemple:

1. Have I washed her

blouse?2. Has he written his

homework?

3. Have we learnt ourEnglish lesson?

Negativ:Subiect + have/has

(pers. a III-a sg.) + not+ vb. la forma a III-a

Se folosesc adeseacontractiile haven't

(have + not) si hasn't

(has + not)

Exemple:

1. I haven't washed herblouse.

2. He hasn't written his

homework.3. We haven't learntour English lesson.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:


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a exprima o actiune incheiata de curand, dar nu se cunoaste cu exactitate momentul incheierii

acesteia

Exemple:I have cooked a delicious steak.

They have finished their homeworks.

a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent; efectele actiunii se resimtsi in prezentExemple:

I have lived here since 1994.

We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:

already, just, yet

Exemple:

1. He has already finished his classes.2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.

3. They haven't written the exercise yet.

never, ever, often

Exemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.

2. Have you ever read this news?

3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.

ever and beforeExemplu:

Have you ever heard this song before?

for and since

Exemple:

1. I've had my own car for four years.

2. She has been ill since yesterday.

until now, so far, up to now

Exemple:

1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.

2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU


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Afirmativ:

Subiect + have / has(pers. a III-a sg.) + vb.

la infinitiv + terminatia

"-ing"

Exemple:1. I have been waitingfor your reply since

yesterday.

2. He has been sending

me letters for 3 months.3. We have been crying

for 3 hours.

Interogativ:

Have / has (pers. a III-asg.) + Subiect + been +

vb. la infinitiv +

terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Have I been waitingfor your reply since

yesterday?

2. Has he been sending

me letters for 3months?

3. Have we been crying

for 3 hours?

Negativ:

Subiect + have / has(pers. a III-a sg.) + not

+ vb. la infinitiv +

terminatia "-ing"Se folosesc adesea

contractiile haven't(have + not) si hasn't(has + not)

Exemple:

1. I haven't beenwaiting for your reply

since yesterday.

2. He hasn't beensending me letters for 3

months.

3. We haven't beencrying for 3 hours.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:

a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care nu s-a incheiat inca

Exemple:

She has been eating for ten minutes.They have been working for several hours.

a descrie stari sau sentimente care au inceput in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade

de timp si sunt inca prezente in momentul vorbirii

Exemple:I have lived here since 1994.

We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:

sinceExemplu:

You have been living in Paris since 1996.

forExemplu:

They have been watching TV for 3 hours.


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so far

Exemplu:

So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.

ever

Exemplu:

Have you ever been listening to the radio?

neverExemplu:

I have never been travelling to France until now.

PAST PERFECT

AfirmativI had painted

You had painted

She/he had paintedWe had painted

You had painted

They had painted

InterogativHad I painted?

Had you painted?

Had she/he painted?Had we painted?

Had you painted?

Had they painted?

NegativI had not painted

You had not painted

She/he had not paintedWe had not painted

You had not painted

They had not painted

Se foloseste pentru:

- exprima o actiune sau un eveniment care a avut loc inaintea unui moment trecutShed always lived in Bucharest before she moved to Germany a few years ago.

Intotdeauna a locuit in Bucuresti inainte de se muta in Germania acum cativa ani.

Id just bought the tickets when I realised that my wallet wasnt there.Tocmai cumparasem biletele cand mi-am dat seama ca nu mai aveam portofelul.

- Exprima regretul fata de o actiune trecutaI wish I hadnt eaten so much

Regret ca am mancat asa de mult.

Past Perfect Continuous


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Afirmativ

I had been paintingYou had been painting

She/he had been

paintingWe had been painting

You had been paintingThey had been painting

Interogativ

Had I been painting?Had you been painting?

Had he/she been

painting?Had we been painting?

Had you been painting?Had they beenpainting?

Negativ

I had not (hadnt) beenpainting

You had not (hadnt)

been paintingShe/he had not (hadnt)

been paintingWe had not (hadnt)been painting

You had not (hadnt)

been painting

They had not (hadnt)been painting

Se foloseste pentru:- accentueaza ideea de desfasurare a unei actiuni petrecute inaintea unei alte actiuni

trecute

I had been looking for it for hours before I found itL-am cautat ore intregi inainte de a-l gasi

- conform concordantei timpurilor, se foloseste in vorbirea indirecta atunci cand verbul

din regenta este la trecutHe said he had been studying English for several years

Mi-a spus ca studiaza engleza de cativa ani.

VIITORUL SIMPLU

Afirmativ

I will/shall (ll) paintYou will paint

She/he will paintWe shall paint

You will paint

They will paint

Interogativ

Will I paint?Will you paint?

Will she/he paint?Will we paint?

Will you paint?

Will they paint?

Negativ

I will not (wont) paintYou will not (wont)

paintHe/she will not (wont)

paint

We shall not (shant)paint

You will not (wont)

paintThey will not (wont)

paint

Se foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat precedat de verbul auxiliar will (cateodatashall la pers sing si pl)

Se foloseste :- exprima anticiparea unei actiuni sau stari

It will rain tomorrow.


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Maine va ploua.

Will in asemenea contexte are valoare neutra, exprimand doar ideea de viitor si nu aceea

de vointa, transmisa de verbul modal will.- exprima o intentie in viitor sau o decizie pentru viitor luata in momentul vorbirii, nu

existenta anterior in mintea vorbitorului

Oh, you can get it! Wait a minute, Ill help you.

Ah, nu poti ajunge s-o/sa-l iei! Asteapta o clipa, te voi ajuta..Shall, auxiliarul pentru persoana I sing. si pl. este folosit in limbajul oficial, in vorbirea

curenta preferandu-se will.- propozitiile interogative cu will la pers. a II- pot exprima o rugaminte

Will you help me lift the chair?

Vrei sa ma ajuti sa ridic scaunul?

- propozitiile interogative cu shall exprima fiw o oferta (Shall I go there for you?) fiecererea unui sfat (Where shall I go?)

VIITORUL CONTINUU

AfirmativI will/shall (ll) be

painting

You will be paintingShe/he will be painting

We shall be painting

You will be painting

They will be painting

InterogativWill I be painting?

Will you be painting?

Will she/hebe painting?Will we be painting?

Will you be painting?

Will they be painting?

NegativI will not/shall not be

painting

You will not be paintingShe/he will not be

painting

We will not/shall not be

paintingWe will not be painting

You will not be painting

They will not be

painting

Se foloseste viitorul verbului be + participiul prezent sl verbului de conjugat

Se foloseste:

- exprima o actiune in desfasurare in viitor

This time tomorrow Ill be having lunchMaine pe vremea asta voi lua masa de pranz

- exprima o actiune care urmeaza sa aiba loc ca fiind in ordinea fireasca a lucrurilor

Ill be writing to youIti voi scrie

Will you be staying with us?Veti sta la noi?

- exprima o supozitie in legatura cu o actiune care are loc in prezent

Hell be swimming now.Acum o fi innotand.


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VIITORUL PERFECT

AfirmativI ll have painted

You ll have painted

She/he ll have painted

We ll have paintedYou ll have painted

They ll have painted

InterogativWill I have painted?

Will you have painted?

Will she/he have

painted?Will we have painted?

Will you have painted?

Will they have painted?

NegativI wont have painted

You wont have painted

She/he wont have

paintedWe wont have painted

You wont have painted

They wont havepainted

Intrebuintare:

- exprima o actiune care nu a avut loc inca, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un

moment in viitor

This time next year Ill have completed my studies.La anul pe vremea aceasta imi voi fi terminat studiile.

Se formeaza: will have + a III-a forma (past participle) a verbului de conjugat

VIITORUL PERFECT CONTINUU

Afirmativ

I ll have been paintingYou ll have been

painting

She/he ll have beenpainting

We ll have been

painting

You ll have beenpainting

They ll have been

painting

Interogativ

Will I have beenpainting?

Will you have been

painting?Will she/he have been

painting?

Will we have been

painting?Wull you have been

painting?

Will they have beenpainting?

Negativ

I wont have beenpainting.

You wont have been

painting.She/he wont have been

painting.

We wont have been

painting.You wont have been

painting.

They wont have beenpainting.

Se formeaza: will have been + forma in ing (participiu prezent) a verbului de conjugat

Intrebuinare: se foloseste pentru aa accentua ideea de desafurare a unei actiuni intr-un moment viitor

I wont have been working for this company very long when you visit us.Nu voi fi lucrand pentru aceasta firma de mult timp cand ne vei vizita.


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Future in the Past

Mod de formare:

- se foloseste would in loc de will- cand viitorul este exprimat de be going to, se foloseste past continuous in loc de Present Continuous

Intrebuintrae:Concordanta timpurilor cere folosirea acestui timp cu referire la actiuni sau stari ce erau viitoare intr-un

moment trecut

I knew he would succed.

Stiam ca va reusi

I thought you were going to leaveCredeam ca vei pleca

CONDITIONALUL PREZENT

Afirmativ

I shoul/would paint As

pictaYou would paint

She/he would paint

We shoul/would paint

You would paintThey would paint

Interogativ

Would I paint?

Would you paint?Would she/he paint?

Would we paint?

Would you paint?

Would they paint?

Negativ

I would not (wouldnt) /

should not paintYou would not paint

She/he would not paint

We would not paint

You would not paintThey would not paint

CONDITIONALUL TRECUT

Afirmativ

I shoul/would havepainted As fi pictat

You would have

paintedShe/he would have

painted

We shoul/would have

paintedYou would have

painted

They would havepainted

Interogativ

Would I have painted?Would you have

painted?

Would she/he havepainted?

Would we have painted?

Would you have

painted?Would they have

painted?

Negativ

I would not (wouldnt) /should not have painted

You would not have

paintedShe/he would not have

painted

We would not have

paintedYou would not have

painted

They would not havepainted


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Modul impertaiv

Mod de formare:

1. Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbului

Cross it!Traverseaza!

Ring me tomorrow!

Suna-ma maine!

2. Dont + infinitivul scurt pentru forma un imperativ negativ

Dont cross now!

Nu traversati acum!

Dont ring me tomorrow!

Nu ma suna maine!

3. Lets + infinitivul scurt , pentru pers. I plural

Lets cross!Sa traversam!

Lets ring tomorrow!Hai sa sunam maine!

4. Do + forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri:

a) pentru accentuarea ideii transmiseDo take care!

Fii cu mare atentie!

Do tell me!

Hai, te rog, spune-mi!

b) pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos

Do sit down!

(va rog) luati loc!

Do come in!

Intrati, va rog!

Do help yourself!

Serviti-va, va rog!


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Intrebuintare:

1. pentru a exprima un ordin:Hurry up!

Grabeste-te!

2. Pentru a face o oferta:Have a drink!

Luati un pahar!

3. Pentru a da un sfat:Have a rest!

Odihneste-te!

4. Pentru a preveni:Look out!

Atentie!

5. Pentru a face o invitatie:

Come round one of these days.Treci pe la noi intr-una din zile

6. Pentru a face o sugestie:

Lets ring him.Sa-l sunam!

7. Pentru a da instructiuni:

Stir well.Amestecati bine.

8. Pentru a face o urare:

Have a good time.Distractie placuta.

Alte exemple:let me go! = sa merg/plec eu! = sa ma duc eu!

go! = mergi/pleaca! = du-te!

let him go! = sa mearga/plece el! = sa se duca el!let her go! = sa mearga/plece ea! = sa se duca ea!

let it go! = sa mearga/plece el/ea! = sa se duca el/ea!

let us go! = let's go! = sa mergem/plecam noi! = sa ne ducem noi!go! = mergeti/plecati! = duceti-va!

let them go! = sa mearga/plece ei/ele! = sa se duca ei/ele!

do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = sa nu merg/plec eu!

do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca!do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el! = el sa nu se

duca!

do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = sa nu mearga/plece ea!= ea sa nu seduca!

do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el/ea! = el/ea sa nu se

duca!do not (don't) let us go! = sa nu plecam/mergem! = sa nu ne ducem!

do not (don't) go! = nu plecati/mergeti! = (sa) nu va duceti!


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