tehnologia creşterii caprelor, panaid vasilii

7/28/2019 Tehnologia Creterii Caprelor, Panaid Vasilii

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UNIVERSITATEAAGRAR DE STAT DIN MOLDOVAFacultatea Medicin Veterinar

Catedra Zootehnie General i Special

Panaid Vasilii,Student MEDVET An. II, gr. II

Chiinu 2013

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Obiective :

1. Importana creterii caprinelor

2. Evoluia efectivului de caprine pe plan mondial3. Evoluia efectivului de caprine n ara noastr4. Originea i domesticirea caprelor. Constituia lor5. Rase de caprine

6. Produciile caprinelor7. Alimentaia caprinelor8. ngrijirea i ameliorarea caprinelor

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Caprinele reprezint o specie care se bucur de un real interes n rndul cresctorilor de animale.Acestea au fost crescute i exploatate de om nc din antichitate. Exist n acest sens izvoare istorice

conform capra a fost printre primele animale domesticite de ctre om, aducnd dovezi c domesticirea aavut loc acum aprox. 8000 de ani n Mesopotamia. Datorit faptului c este considerat capra, unanimal vioi, neastmprat, capricios, risipitor, lacom i strictor, nu se bucur prea mult simpatie dinpartea marii majoriti a populaiei rurale...Avnd un interes zootehnic mai puin stabilit, capra, i ctig un areal de rspndire tot mai vast, pecnd n Republica Moldova n ultimii ani numrul lor se micoreaz intens. n rile occidentale dinEuropa, Asia i Africa, unde factorii socio-economici sunt favorabili creterii caprinelor, aceastramur a zootehniei a nregistrat un real progres.Interesul economic acordat creterii caprinelor deriv din capacitatea lor lactogen superioar,deoarece este cunoscut i confirmat faptul c pe durata unei lactaii se pot obine, n condiii obinuite,producii de llapte de cca. 7-20 ori mai mari dect propria lor greutate, pe cnd taurinele produc ntr-olactaie o cantitate de lapte mai mare doar de 5-7 ori dect greutatea lor proprie.Alte particulariti biologice i economice care impun acordarea unei atenii sporite acestei specii sunt:

suntanimale adaptabile la viaa de puni, hrnindu-se cu vegetaia punilor, cu frunze, arbori iarbuti, muguri (valorific bine i eficient furajele grosiere);

caprele sunt foarte mobile, se pot cra pe cei mai nali i mai abrupi muni;

au un grad mare de adaptabilitate i rezisten la condiiile de mediu, relief i vegetaie;

suntrezistente la boli cantagioasec ca bruceloza i tuberculoza (datorit acestui fapt laptele de

capr poate fi consumat n stare crud);

au o longivitate de cca 10-12 ani i o capacitate mare de aclimatizare.

1. Importana creterii caprinelor

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Laptele de capr are o compoziie asemntoare cu cel de vac (4.0 4.2 % grsime, 3.2 3.4 %protein, 4.3 4.4 % lactoz).

tiai c ... Pn a fi descoperii antibioticii, n Elveia tuberculoza era tratat prin respiraia

aerului de munte i utilizarea laptelui de capr, iar n Rusia acest produs era folosit i la tratarea

bolilor intestinale. El este curativ ca i mierea.

Producia piloas (puf, ln, mohair) a raselor Angora, Camir este foarte apreciat pentru fabricareapluului, fetrului, covoarelor . a.. Pielea de capr se caracterizeaz printr-o densitate i rezistennalt. Greutatea pielii brute alctuiete 4.8 5.9 % din masa corporal a animalului i depinde de

vrst, ras, sex etc.

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2. Evoluia efectivului de caprine pe plan mondial

Datorit particularitilor biologice, precum i pentru calitatea produciilor i economicitatea

obinerii acestora, creterea i exploatarea caprinelor cunoate actualmente o dezvoltare ascendent.n unele ri cu zootehnie avansat au fost elaborate, i n prezent sunt aplicate cu succes, metode itehnologii de cretere i exploatare bazate pe un anumit grad de intensivizare, conferind astfel i oeficien economic sporit. n rile din Africa, America Latin, Orientul Mijlociu i Apropiat, lrgireaarealului i sporirea efectivelor de caprine a fost influenat de diveri factori de importan local,zonal sau mondial.Dintre acetia, cel mai important a fost reprezentat de acoperirea deficitului deprotein animal necesar populaiei indigene i de valorificare a unor puni sr srccioase n

ierburi dar bogate n plante i lignificate, care nu pot fi valorificate la un nivel corespunztori eficientde ctre ovine i bovine.

tiai c...

-actualmente cele mai mari cantiti de lapte

de la o capr se obin n Elveia cca 5 litri de

lapte zilnic.- actualmente n lume sunt aproximativ 450

milioane de capre, dintre care 400 milioane

sunt capre domestice, din acestea sunt 60 de

milioane n Turcia.

- caprele sunt numite vaci pentru sraci. Pentru

popoarele care triesc n regiunile sau de

semipustiu caprele nlocuiesc vacile

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n alte ri situate n America de Nord i Europa, la baza creterii interesului fa de aceast specie astat calitatea produselor obinute ca urmare a exploatrii caprinelor. Astfel, n Frana, Germania,Spania, Grecia, Canada i altele, aproape n totalitate, efectivele de caprine aflate n exploatare facparte din grupa celor specializate pentru producia de lapte. Acest produs are o mare cutare, fiind

utilizat n amestec cu laptele de oaie sau de vac, la fabricarea unor sortimente de brnzeturi ncadraten categoria,,delicatese,,fie n cea tradiional, ns savuroase, de bun calitate i extrem de apreciatde marea mas a consumatorilor.n 2004 creterea fa de efectivul existent n anul 2000, creterea la nivel mondial a fost de 62092 miiindivizi. Creterile cele mai mari de efectiv s-au nregistrat n Africa, iar n America Latin dupcreterea nregistrat pn n anul 2000 efectivul total a sczut n anul 2004. Principalele statecresctoare care dein cele mai mari efective sunt situate n Asia.n Europa efectivele cele mai mari de caprine sunt crescute n Turcia, Spania i Grecia. n cazulacestora, dinamica evoluiei efectivelor a fost aproximativ similar, de meninere constant, cu ouoar tendin de cretere nregistrat n cazul statului iberic.

n alte ri situate n America de Nord i Europa, la baza creterii interesului fa de aceast specie astat calitatea produselor obinute ca urmare a exploatrii caprinelor. Astfel, n Frana, Germania,Spania, Grecia, Canada i altele, aproape n totalitate, efectivele de caprine aflate n exploatare fac

parte din grupa celor specializate pentru producia de lapte. Acest produs are o mare cutare, fiindutilizat n amestec cu laptele de oaie sau de vac, la fabricarea unor sortimente de brnzeturi ncadraten categoria,,delicatese,,fie n cea tradiional, ns savuroase, de bun calitate i extrem de apreciatde marea mas a consumatorilor.n 2004 creterea fa de efectivul existent n anul 2000, creterea la nivel mondial a fost de 62092 miiindivizi. Creterile cele mai mari de efectiv s-au nregistrat n Africa, iar n America Latin dupcreterea nregistrat pn n anul 2000 efectivul total a sczut n anul 2004. Principalele state

cresctoare care dein cele mai mari efective sunt situate n Asia.n Europa efectivele cele mai mari de caprine sunt crescute n Turcia, Spania i Grecia. n cazulacestora, dinamica evoluiei efectivelor a fost aproximativ similar, de meninere constant, cu ouoar tendin de cretere nregistrat n cazul statului iberic.

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3. Evoluia efectivului de caprine n ara noastr

Creterea caprinelor dateaz la noi cam din aceeai perioad cu cea a ovinelor. n RepublicaMoldova, caprele , se cresc pentru obinerea laptelui. Ciclul biologic de cretere i exploatare esteasemntor ovinelor. Cresctorii de ovine introduc n turmele de 200-300 de oi mulgtoare cca 50 decapre, pentru a spori producia de lapte pe turm i mbuntirea calitativ a brnzeturilor. Interesulfa de capre a fost ns mereu n cretere datorit faptului c acestea se preteaz la o exploatareeficient n mica gospodrie.

De fapt, diversitatea n ceea ce privete potenialul productiv i aspectul conformaiei corporalereprezint principalele criterii de deosebire ale raselor i populaiilor de caprine aflate pe teritoriul

naional. La noi n ar efectivele valoroase sunt slab reprezentate deoarece nu avem ferme specializaten creterea acestora, numai n cadrul sistemului rnesc (rural), la stne. De fapt, n ara noastrlaptele este considerat un izvor de sntate, fiind utilizat, n special, n hrana copiilor rahitici (coninemult calciu), dar se administreaz, cu precdere, bolnavilor de boli pulmonare. Laptele de capr, foartegras i hrnitor, este considerat un leac cu aciune lent, dar sigur, pentru multe suferine. Laptele sedovedete eficient pentru c fortific organismul i ntrete imunitatea natural la bolile nsoite deanemie, lipsa poftei de mncare i stri depresive. Este recomandat la tratarea tuberculozei, a anemiilor,

dezechilibrelor hormonale cu pierdere de greutate, cancere n forme incipiente, convalescene, afeciuniale glandei tiroide cu spasmofilii, atrofii musculare, astenie de primvar etc.

tiai c... laptele de capr are o compoziie asemntoare laptelui de femeie, fiind bogat naminoacizi eseniali pentru om, sruri minerale i biostimulatori.Laptele de capr este deosebit de valoros, fiind asimilat de organismul uman n proporie de 100

procente, graie nsuirilor sale speciale, care l fac superior laptelui de vac sau de oaie.

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n Moldova, cele mai ntlnite rase de capre sunt rasa igu, Alb de Banat, Kamir, capra de AneniiNoi. Cele mai bune efective se cresc n zona central i de sud a Moldovei.n raport de interesul i posibilitile existente, precum i din punct de vedere al numrului de capreaflate n proprietatea unei gospodrii, cresctorii pot fi grupai astfel:

cresctori care dein un efectiv redus; cresc 2 5 capre i produsele obinute sunt utilizate n propriagospodrie; cresctorii care dein un numr de cca 40 60 de capete i produsele obinute constituie o surs deun venit important.

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n 2009 efectivul de oi i capre era la un milion de capete, pe cnd n 2012 acest numr asczut la 880 de mii, dintre care caprinele numrau un efectiv de peste 260 de mii.

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4. Originea i domesticirea caprelor

Caprele sunt printre primele animale domestice de ctre om.Analiza genetic cea mai

recentconfirm dovezile arheologice i anume c Munii Zagros dinAnatoliasuntoriginea tuturor caprelordomestice astzi.Cele mai timpurii resturi de capre domesticite datnd de acum 10000 ani se gsesc nGanjDareh nIran. Rmie de capr au fost gsite la siturile arheologicedin Ierihon, Choga, Mami, DjeituniCayonu, datnd de acum 8000 i 9000 de ani n urm.

Privitor la originea raselor actuale de caprine, n prezent majoritatea cercettorilor admit

faptul c la baza lor stau trei forme slbatice, dintre care dou triesc i astzi. Aceste formesunt:

Capra Aegagrus Capra Prisca Capra Falconeri

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Capra Aegagrus sau Capra Bezoarse-ntlnete i n prezent n turme de 40 50 indivizice cutreier platourile montane nalte din vestul Asiei (Caucaz, Afganistan, Iran, Asia Mici n insula Creta. Este un animal de talie nalt (0,8 1,0 m) cu o conformaie ndesat.Lungimea corpului de 1,5 m i talia i confer un aspect de animal puternic. nveliul piloseste aidoma celui de cprioar, fiind reprezentat de fibre scurte de culoare brun-rocat.Lungimea coarnelor la aduli este de 40 i 80 cm.

tiai c... numele de Bezoar provine de la aa numitele pietre bezoare ce se gsesc nnumr

mare n stomacul acestora i care nu sunt altceva dect nite concrescene mpslite, ntlnite de

astfel i la alte specii de rumegtoare.

Capra Prisca reprezint a doua form slbatic de caprine, care nu mai exist de mult. Eaa fost semnalat de Adametz care a descris-o pe baza fosilelor de cranii descoperite nGaliia i de Teodoreanu n Transilvania lng Braov. Aceast form slbatic reprezintstrmoul ndeprtat al raselor de capre din Buhara, i Capra de Angora, care conform

precizrilor lui Adametz reprezint ,,tipus prisicus,, de alt dat.

Capra Falconeri reprezint a treia form slbatic de caprine din care au derivat actualelepopulaii i rase de caprine. Mai este cunoscut n literatura de specialitate i subdenumirea deMarkhor,Ratschi sau Tsura. Triete i astzi n zonele incluse n lanul

Munilor Hymalaia i n regiunile limitrofe acestora. Este un animal mare cu talianalt

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de 80-90 cm i lungimea corpului ntre 0,8-1,5 m. Formatul corporal este mai armonios ca lacapra Bezoar fiind i mai nalt pe picioare cu o greutate cuprins ntre 35 115 kg.Lungimea coarnelor este de 25-40 cm la femele i pn la 1 m la masculi. n captivitate pottri aproximativ 12 ani

Constituient Capr Vac Om

Grsime (g) 3.8 3.6 4.0

Proteine (g) 3.5 3.3 1.2

Lactoz (g) 4.1 4.6 6.9

Cenu(g) 0.8 0.7 0.2

Total solide(g)

12.2 12.3 12.3

Calorii 70 69 68

Compoziia de baz adiferitelor tipuri de lapte

(valori medii la 100 g)

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4. b) Constituia caprinelor

Tipurile de constituie a caprelor este la fel ca i la ovine:

tipul fineste caracteristic raselor bune productoare de lapte i se exteriorizeaz printr-o conformaie armonioas, osatura fin, compact i rezistent, avnd o piele dens i fincu esut subcutanat redus; ti pul robustse caracterizeaz printr-o conformaie armonioas, osatura dezvoltat ns

compact i rezistent, temperamentul caprelor este vioi i au un apetit pronunat; ti pul grosolaneste nedorit, prezint osatur cu structur spongioas dezvoltat nexces, conformaia este nearmonioas, pielea mpstat.. ti pul debilse ntlnete la caprele aflate n proces de degenerare din cauza diferitorfactori. Au un exterior nearmonios, trunchi cu forme unghiuloase, osatur fragil, cap igt ngust, urechi strvezii, spinare i ale convexe, pulpele slab dezvoltate, pielea subire

de culoare deschis...

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5. Rase de caprine

n urma exploatrii caprinelor se pot obine diverse producii de calitate. Datorit calitii

produciilor, i a celei de lapte, n prezent se ofer o nsemntate prioritar spoririiefectivelor i produciilor obinute de la aceast specie. Sunt 210 rase de caprine.n momentul actual, la nivel mondial, exist numeroase rase i populaii de capre. Pentru

clasificarea raselor de caprine se ine cont de gradul de ameliorare, aptitudinile lorproductive i, arealul care-l ocup.

Dup arealul ocupat clasificarea raselor poate fi fcut precum:

rase europene (rasa Alpin Francez, Alpin de Chamoise, Alb de Banat, Saanen,Carpatina, Toggenburgh, Maltez, Appenzell, Nobil German, Pintzgau, Murcia, Granada,Del Guadarrama, Grisonn neagr); rase asiatice (Orenburg, Angora, Pridon, Bakir, Gorki, Bengalez neagr, Murguz,

Gobi Surkan Saikhan din Mongolia, Altai de munte, ansi, Mambrin sau Sirian, Kamir); rase africane (Boer, Nubian, Roie de Kalahari). rase latino-americane (Canind, Chu, Moxoto (Brazilia), Fainting, Kinder (SUA))

tiai c... caprele sunt uor de manevrat i ieftin de inut. Ele sunt folosite i ca

animale de spectacol.

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n funcie de nsuirile morfo-productive, rasele de capre se clasific n:

o rase de laptecuprind caprinele cu producii de peste 500 l lapte pe lactaie, i anume:

Rasa Saanen a fost creat n Elveia pe valea rului Saanen. Este cea mai bunproductoare de pe glob. E foarte rspndit n multe ri, n special n Europa. Are o taliede 80-100 cm la ap i 70-80 la capre. Capul este potrivit de lung, mai puin la api. Gtullung i subire, crupa teit, toracele adnc, ugerul globulos, foarte dezvoltat i bine prins.Producia medie de lapte a caprelor adulte este de 700-800 l, cu variaii ntre 600-2000 l cu

un procent de grsime 3,2 i 2,7 % protein . Prolificitatea este de 2-3 iezi la o ftare(200%). Femelele sunt fr coarne.Prolificitatea, de regul, variaz ntre 150-170 %, iar greutatea corporal ntre 50-55 kg lafemele i 70-80 kg la masculi. Rasa Saanen se crete n ras pur..

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16/49

Rasa Alpin francez se bucur de mult preuire economic n Frana, i deine unnivel ridicat de productivitate n rndul caprelor crescute n aceast ar. Aici, n Frana,caprinele dein un nivel nalt de productivitate i rentabilitate, mai mult de trei sferturi din

eptel, fiind supus controlului pentru producia de lapte, animalele respective fiindscrise n,,cartea genealogic,, . Este originar din Munii Alpi, formndu-se prin ncruciareacaprelorlocale cu api Saanen. Talia este de 70-80 cm, prul scurt i de culoare variat, de larocat nchis pn la negru, fiind policrom. Capul poate avea sau nu coarne. Glanda mamareste voluminoas i bine prins la abdomen. Pieptul este adnc, spinarea rectilinie,bazinullarg i puin nclinat, membre solide cu articulaii puternice.Greutatea corporal la femeleeste de 50-70 kg, iar la masculi ntre 80-100 kg. Producia medie de lapte este de 600 l n250 zile de lactaie, cu 3,2 % grsime i 2,7 % protein, recordul rasei fiind de 2200 l n 305la multipare i 1800 l n 295 zile la primipare, iar prolificitatea de 130 %.

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17/49

Rasa Toggenburgh este originar din cantoanele Saint Gallen (Elveia) i reprezint 10% din eptelul elveian. A fost exporat cu succes n diferite ri din Europa unde s-a adaptatbine, fiind apreciat pentru producia ei superioar de lapte. Culoarea este maro deschis spre

gri, cu zone albe pe cap, membre i coad. Talia apilor ajunge la 75-85 cm i greutateacorporal de 65 kg i respectiv 45 kg. Producia medie de lapte e de 700 l , cu maxima de960 l n 250 de zile de lactaie i cu nu coninut de 3,9 % grsime i 2,8 % protein.

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18/49

Rasa Pintzgau se crete n Austria i este de culoare maro nchis, cu o dung pigmentatpe spate i pe membre. Ambele sexe au coarne i roba cu pr lung. Producia de lapte este de400 l cu un coninut de 3,5-4 % grsime. Greutatea corporal de 40-60 kg la femele i de 60-

70 kg la masculi, iar prolificitatea este de cca 140 % .

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19/49

Rasa Nobil German alb s-a format n Germania n urma ncrucurii caprelorSaanen importate din Elveia (1910) cu caprele locale albe. Graie calitilor saleremarcabile, aceast sar s-a rspndit pe ntreg teritoriul Germaniei i n rile dinjur

participnd la formarea altor rase sau tipuri locale de caprine. Ea se aseamn foarte mult curasa Saanen. Producia de lapte se ncadreaz n limite largi, fiind cuprins ntre 600 i 1000l, cu maxime de peste 2000 l pe lactaie.

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20/49

Rasa Alb de Banat a fost format n Romnia prin ncruciarea rasei Carpatin cu rasaSaanen (1978). Se crete n Banat, Ardeal i Bucovina. Au o mas corporal de 50-58 kg, amasculilor de 70-100 kg. Trunchiul este piriform, alungit i talie mijlocie. Capul este mic, cu

aspect usciv i fin. Urechile sunt mijlocii i au poziie semilsat, fiind acoperitecu prscurt i neted. apii prezint inferior un smoc de pr de lungime 6-8 cm (barbion).Membrele sunt lungi, puternice, cornul copitei fiind dur. Tineretul caprin atinge maturitatea

sexual la 7-8 luni. Femelele au ugerul bine dezvoltat, piriform, mai rar globulos.Producia de lapte pe o lactaie de 200-280 zile este de 600-800 l, cu variaii ntre 400 i1300 litri. Prolificitatea este de 200-250 %, iar natalitatea i fecunditatea au valori de 94 % i

respectiv 97 % .

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21/49

Rasa Maltez este originar din insula Malta. Constituia acestei rase este fin,cu unaspect exterior corect, inut zvelt. Talia este mare (60-70 cm), iar culorile ntlnite n cadrulrasei sunt: alb, neagr, rocat, brun i mai rar blat.

Producia de lapte depete frecvent 700 l pe o lactaie. Prolificitatea specific este160-180% .

n aceast categorie mai sunt i alte rase de caprine, dar cu o producie mai mic delapte, cum ar fi: rasa Del Guadarrama, Nobil German Brun, Alpin Elveian,Nubian din Egipt, Mambrin din Siria, Gorki din Rusia, Chamoise din Elveia,Malaiez.a.

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22/49

o rase de carne - sunt rase cu un grad mai nalt de precocitate, fiind ns i buneproductoare de lapte:

Rasa Blanca Andaluza face parte din grupa celor masive i cu aptitudini bune pentruproducia de carne. Se ntlnete n zona montan din jurul oraului Sevilla (Spania).Dispune de o culoare alb uniform, iar apii au o barb bine reprezentat. Capul este scurt ilarg cu un gt bine mbrcat n mase musculare, cu pieptul, spinarea i alele relativ largi, iarmembrele scurte. Are talia cuprins ntre 80 85 cm la masculi i 72 75 cm la femele, iarperimetrul toracic la masculi este de 98100 cm i la femele de 90 95 cm . apii au o

greutate vie ntre 85 100 kg i ntre 60 65 kg la femele. Tineretul nregistreaz o foartebun vitez de cretere n prima parte dup ftare realiznd greuti vii de 10 12 kg la 35zile.

Producia de lapte realizat n 198 zile de lactaie este cuprins ntre 400 i 450 l lapte.

tiai c... cea mai mic capr din lume este

Capra Pitic Nigerian cu o nlime de 40 56 cmi o greutate de 27 36 kg.

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23/49

Rasa Boer provine de la rasa Boora din Africa de Sud iar ameliorarea a avut loc nFrana, i fiind considerat ca specializat pentru producia de carne. Greutatea medie estede 80 kg la femele i 105 kg la masculi. Au o prilificitate de 160 170 %. Randamentul la

sacrificare este de 5055 %.

tiai c... masculii rasei Boer pot ajunge la o greutate de 160 kg, iar femelele

pot fta de 3 ori n 2 ani cte 1 i 4 iezi la o ftare.

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24/49

Rasa Blanca Celtiberica deriv din forma preistoric Prisca fiind adaptat npezentatt n zonele de litoral ct i n cele montane. Se crete n Spania i este apreciat de ctrecresctorii din zona bazinului mediteranean.

Culoarea este alb uniform. Talia este de 72 80 cm la masculi i 65 75 cm la femele.Perimetrul toracic este cuprins ntre limitele 85 95 cm la api i 70 80 cm la capreleadulte. Greutatea vie la masculi 7585 kg iar la femele de 5055 kg. La vrsta de 40-50zile a tineretului caprin se obin n urma sacrificrii carcase de 10 12 kg i o calitate acrnii foarte nalt.

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25/49

Rasa Valais (Wallis) sau capra cu gtul negru. Se crete n cantonul Valais (Wallis)de Sud avnd o importan mai mult local. Capul, coarnele, gtul, membrele anterioare itrunchiul pn la jumtatea pieptului, sunt de culoare neagr, pe cnd cealalt partea

corpului este alb. Unghiile la membrele anterioare sunt negre iar cele de la membreleposterioare sunt depigmentate sau uor glbui.Este o capr foarte rezistent fa de condiiile de mediu i de boli. Aceste calitiau impusrasa n atenia cresctorilor i a fost importat rapid i n Germania. Are un pr foarte lungatingnd 65 cm . La ap prul este ceva mai lung iar barba poate s ajung pn la genunchi,dar mai au caracteristic i un smoc de pr bogat deasupra ochilor. Coarnele sunt lungi i

puternice, la api ajung la 50 cm. Producia de lapte este de 300 500 l pe lactaie. Talia: 7585 cm la masculi i 70 80 la femele, iar greutatea la masculi de 65 kg i la femele de 45kg. Carnea obinut are caliti organoleptice deosebite.

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26/49

Pentru aceast categorie de producii mai sunt i alte rase de capre , cum ar fi: RasaBengalez neagr (India), Bur ( Africa de Sud), ansi (China) . a.

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27/49

o rase de ln tip mohair - aceste rase din aceast grup sunt apreciate pentru calitateanveliului pilos care are nsuiri i caliti asemenea lnii, purtnd denumirea demohair.Acesta reprezint un important i cutat articol de comer mondial.

Rasa Angora este originar din Turcia, unde exist peste trei milioane de indivizi. Estede talie relativ mic (60 65 cm), cu gt scurt, corp ndesat, membrele scurte i puternice cuunghii rezistente. Urechile sunt scurte purtate aplecat. Greutatea variaz ntre 40 50 kg lamasculi i 30 35 kg la femele. Culoarea lnii este alb, ns sunt i indivizi negri, saugalbenruginiu i cenuii. nveliul pilos este compus din 2 categorii de fibre, unele mai

scurte(6-8 cm) i puin numeroase iar altele foarte lungi i dense, formnd adevratambrcminte lnoas a acestora. Fibrele lungi depesc 30 cm i au o finee de 25 i 50 .Recoltarea lnii se face primvara, rezultnd o cantitate cuprins ntre 3 i 6 kg de la ap i 2-4 kg la femele. Producia de lapte este slab iar prolificitatea de 125-140 %.

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28/49

Rasa Kamir(Capra Tibetan) se crete n Tibet n regiunea Kamir din MuniiHymalaia. Este exploatat n principal pentru prul su care are la fel ca i la rasa Angoramulte caliti i nsuiri asemntoare lnii. Este de talie mijlocie, gt scurt, cap mic,urechi

blegi i scurte, turtite i rsucite n spiral. Prul este lung, fin, des i moale avnd o culoareargintie sau slab glbuie. Exist ns i capre albe n totalitate i chiar negre. Din Lnarecoltat primvara dup tuns se obin renumitele aluri de Kamir. Calitatea nveliului pilosscade odat cu naintarea caprelor n vrst, ns laptele i carnea sunt gustoase i fr miros.ntr-un an, caprele din aceast ras produc n jur de 4-5 kilograme de ln de foartebuncalitate.

tiai c... n anul 1798,Napoleon,

dup ce a cucerit Egiptul, s-a ntors la

iubita sa Josephine cu un al din lnde kamir.

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Rasa Malaez se rspndete n insulele din Arhipelagul Malaezian, dar i n partea deEst a Indiei. Aceast ras de capr are caracteristic conformaia capului, care se aseamnfoarte mult de cea ntlnit la oaie. Caprele malaeze sunt foarte nalte pe picioare, iar

coarnele lor groase i scurte descriu un arc de cerc pe direcia napoi i n jos. Se crete attpentru ln ct i pentru lapte.

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o rase pentru pr i puf - n aceast grup sunt crescute capre pentru calitile deosebiteale nveliului pilos.

Rasa Pridon s-a format n Rusia pe valea rului Don i Volga prin selecia caprelorlocale. Este cea mai reprezentativ din aceast grup. Are o talie de 60-62 cm, greutatea de35-40 kg la femele i 65-70 kg la masculi. Prolificitatea este de 130-140 %. La aceast rasnveliul pilos este reprezentat de puf i pr. Lungimea pufului este cuprins ntre limitele 9i 10 cm, iar a fibrelor groase ntre 5 i 7 cm. Fineea fibrelor de puf este de 18-19 i aunuane de gri. Ca o particularitate, la rasa Pridon, vrful uvielor sunt ondulate i dispuse n

mici inele, uniform repartizate pe toat suprafaa corporal. Media de puf acestei produciieste de 450 g la femelele adulte, ntre 800 g i 1200 g la masculi i de 350-400 g la tineret.Puful se recolteaz prin pieptnarea caprinelor nainte de tuns. Cantitatea de fibresemifineobinute prin tuns este de 200 g la femele i 300 g la masculi. Randamentul la splare estede 75 i 90 %. Producia de lapte este redus ntre 130-160 l dintre care doar 20-25 % estelapte marf. Din aceste piei se obin articole de blnrie (gulere, mesade, ube).

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Rasa Orenburg se crete n Kazahstan, dar i n rile musulmane din ex-URSS pentruproducia de puf, care are lungimea de 5 - 6 cm i o finee de 15 - 16 . Cantitatea de pufrecoltat este de 300 400 g. Greutatea corporal este de 40 45 kg la femele i 65 70 kg

la api. Producia de lapte i prolificitatea au valori de 200 250 l i respectiv 135140 %.

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Rasa Gobi Gurvan Saikhan este o ras foarte apreciat pentru calitile sale, fiindadaptat perfect platourilor montane i submontane. Se rspndete n Mongolia, unde a iavut loc selecia. Producia principal este reprezentat de cantitatea de puf recoltat prin

pieptnare. Acesta are fineea cuprins ntre 12,5 14 la tineret i 13 17 la capreleadulte i api. Producia de puf este de 300 650 g la tineret i capre adulte, i de 500 900g la masculi. Frecvent de la api se obin i producii de 1200 g. Culoarea nveliului piloseste alb cu luciu intens.Are o confomaie corporal armonioas, coarnele pot fi prezente saunu la ambele sexe, cu membrele lungi. Greutatea corpului este de 3545 kg la femele i 5065 kg la masculi. Talia corpului 6062 cm, iar perimetrul toracic 70 cm. Producia de

lapte variaz ntre 250 300 l, iar prolificitatea ntre 135 165 %.

Rasa Bakir produce, deasemenea, o cantitate de 0,2 - 0,4 kg puf ca i rasele Uzbek iKirkiz, n care ns puful ajunge la 0,6 kg cu fineea de 25 - 45 , culoare alb. Cantitateade puf recoltat este de 600 - 700 g. Greutatea corporal fiind de 37 - 42 kg la caprele adulte,

iar la api de 55 - 60 kg. Producia de lapte este redus la 100 - 150 l, prolificitatea de 120 -140 %.

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6. Produciile caprinelor

Particularitile biologice ale caprinelor confer acestora o mare capacitate de adaptare i o

bun aclimatizare la noi i diverse condiii de mediu.Dintre nsuirile productive ale caprinelor, pe primul loc se situeaz capacitatea lactogensuperioar i apoi prolificitatea deosebit. Dup aceste nsuiri urmeaz produ

tehnologia creşterii caprelor, panaid vasilii

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