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THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

1. Look at sentences A H below. Decide which sentence concerns:1. permanent states, actions and situations2. current projects3. regular events, routines and frequency4. programmes and time tables5. facts, general truths6. actions in progress now7. temporary situations8. changes and developments.

What tense is used in each?

A. Our company produces computer software for business applications.B. Would you like to hold? Ms. Mellow is speaking on the other line.C. The sales people arrive at about 8.00 and we open at 8.30D.

Miss Deal is ill, so Im dealing with all the correspondence.E. The British Ariways flight to Manchester departs at 20:00 and arrives at 23:30.

F. The papers on the disk belong to our teacher.G. It is currently developing a new auditing department and negotiating with the Council for

more office space.H. Stockbrokers deal in stocks and shares.

2. Complete the information about 3Ms business activities with the verbs in the box, in theright form; some may be used more than once:

be, involve, see, have, range, put, give, export, spend, account, depend, bolster

3M 1 the epitome of all that is best in corporate America. To stay on top, thecompany 2 its virtues to Europe Its 60.000 products 3 from medical imagingequipment to Scotch tape. It 4 more than 6% of its total sales on R&D. 3M .5 itsfuture as lying increasingly outside the U.S. Europe 6 for some 30% of its worldwidesales and one quarter of its employees. That 7 3M among the 300 largest companies inEurope. Although 3M 8 only 150 Americans working for the company outside the US,the language of EMATS is English. A vast data-base 9 employees instant access tocompany experts. Technical forums 10 this process increasing the chances of cross-

fertilisation. Group Talks with Desi (n.b. Mr. Desimone) 11 the chairman directly inthis process. Its future 12 on how well the company has learnt to addpt to change.


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3. Talk about your daily programme and student life using the prompts below and yourinventiveness:

Model 1:Prompt: live / hostel?

Student 1: Do you live at the hostel?Student 2: Yes, I do. / No, I dontModel 2:Prompt: Where / usually learn?Student 1: Where do you usually learn?Student 2: I usually learn in the reading room.Prompts: What time / get up as a rule?

- always walk to the faculty?How / do/ get to school as a rule?- have classes every morning?Which subject(s) of study / like best?

When / do/ homework?- usually participate in professional competitions / scientific workshops?When / begin/ summer vacation?Where / usually go on holiday?

4. Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets:x. Where (come) from?y.I (come) from China.x. (you / live) in Beijing?y. No, I (not), I live in Shanghai.x. What (you / do)?y. Im an accountant . I (work) for Coca-Cola.x. (you / travel) a lot?y. No, (I / not) at least not very often.

5. Look at Exercise 4 again and ask and answer questions about Y in the 3rdperson:e.g. Where doesYcome from?

6.

Open the brackets and put the verbs in eithersimple present or present continuous.Note that verbs describing perception, states, beliefs, or which make a declarationare never, or rarely, used in the continuous aspect.

1. We (think) of opening another office in Bucharest shortly. We (think) this willhelp us to improve our performance in Romania.2. Our records (show) that you (owe) us 1,000.3. CIF (mean) that insurance is included in the quotation.4. The consignment (measure) 2 x 1 x 15 and (weigh) 50 kilos.5. Our marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural andsophisticated.6. I (taste) our new instant coffee and I (be) very pleased: it (taste) better than the

older one.7. Ms. Brown (not seem) to be in the office.8. I (not / know) what time Ill be with you, it (depend) on the traffic.


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9. I (agree) that payment terms should be changed; I (suggest) a 2.5% reduction.10. We (confirm) that we (spend) some weeks studying the German market.11. What trends (you notice) in this sales chart?12. It (seems) that stative verbs are not normally used in the progressive.

7. Complete this news item with suitable verbs from the margin. It concerns the present time.

treathelpapproach

pipebelievekeeptalk

allowgivelike

perkputcallgive

play

DANCING YEAST

British gardeners to their plants, so why shouldnt some Japanesebakers music for their bread? Shikishima Banking Co., in Nagoya, that classical music to dance and up the taste ofits white bread. The bakery its dough in a freezer, then inBeethoven for three days to give the yeast a dash of verve. It the

bread Pasco Adagio because, says Yukichi Minowa, Shikishimas sales

manager, the yeast slow, adagio-type music. It the breadmore body and a sweeter taste, he .

Sake brewers are joining the fad. Ohara Shuzo brewery, in Fukushumaprefecture, its fermenting Kura Shikku (Classic) sake to Mozarttwice a day Music the microorganisms in yeast from dying, saysFumiko Ohara of the brewery. What next? Will Frank Sinatra wander thevineyards of Bordeaux, singing his great hits as the harvest ? Itshould be a very good year.

8.Look back at Exercise 7 and ask a few questions about the text.e.g. How do British gardeners treattheir plants? Or

Who(m) do British gardeners talk to?

9. A. Think about the way of life of people in Romania: how life is organize; education,customs, etc.

Make generalisations about the groups below using verbs in the Simple Present and

the generalising phrases from the box whenever appropiate:

Example: Childrengo to school at the age of seven.

Many people In general Most families Generally speaking Children On the whole The rich As a rule The poor usually The famous generally Young people never Old people Most women (Most) students You may add other categories.

9. B. Then use these ideas to ask your foreign colleagues about their way of life.Example: What do students usually do at weekends?

9. C.1. Write five generalisations about the inhabitants of five different countries. Do notname the country and do not write about your own nationality.


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9. C.2. Now exchange lists with your partner, then with the entire class; try to guess whichnationalities they have written about. Discuss how true these generalisations are.

10. Choose the correct form, simple or continuous, to give meaning to the dialogue below:John: Mike, what.(do you do / are you doing)

Mike: I (read / am reading) a report on stress. According to this, life becomes / isbecoming) too stressful for some people. Scientists (just develop / are justdeveloping) a test to see what kind of personality responds to certain situationsinvolving stress.Speaking of stress, you know that man Woods (is moving / moves) to advertising.

John: Yes, what about him?Mike: Well, he (is going / goes) to hospital for a check up tomorrow. Apparently he never

(leaves / is leaving) the office before ten oclock every night. I hope we (dont get /

arent getting) like that! I (work / am working) hard myself, but I certainly (know /am knowing) when to stop.

John: I cant agree less, you know: All work and no play (makes / is making) Jack a dullboy.

11.A colleague of your sisters keeps telephoning her, but she doesnt want to speak to him,so she asked you to save her each time he rings.

Use the verbs in brackets in the right form of the present tense, simple or continuous:

1. Sorry I cant hear very well, Jean (use) the hairdryer. Just a moment. She (say) Coud you call back later?

2. Im sorry, but she cant come to the phone. She (paint) her nails.3. Im sorry, but youve just missed her. She (go) to a Business English course on

Friday evenings.4. Im sorry, but she isnt back yet. She (usually come) home at about 10

oclock.5. Yes, shes back, but she (have) a bath. Hm. I know she had a shower earlier.

She (always have) a shower before she (go) out and a bath before she(go) to bed. She (say) it (help) her to sleep.

6. She (be) still in the bathroom, Im afraid, I think I can hear music, so Isuppose she (listen) to cassettes.

7.

Im terribly sory, but shes probably asleep by now. Yes, youre right its stillearly, but she (get up) at seven oclock so she always (go) to bed beforeeleven. Shall I ask her to call you tomorrow?

12.Put the verbs in brackets in the present tense, simple or continuous, according tomeaning:

a) This house, said the real estate salesman, (have) both its good points and its badpoints. To show you I (be) honest, Im going to tell you about both. Thedisadvantages (be) that there (be) a chemical plant one block south and astaughterhouse a block north.

What (be) the advantages? inquired the prospective buyer.The advantage (be) that you (can) always tell which way the wind (blow).


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b) Ive invented a computer thats almost human.You (mean) it (think)?No. But whenever it (make) a mistake it (can) put the blame on another computer.c) Two cangaroos were talking to each other and one said, I (hope) it (not rain)

today, I just (hate) it when the children (play) inside.

13.Talk about present actions (general, in progress and which started in the past, using theprompts):

Model: A.Do you learn every day?B. Yes, I do.A.Are you learning(now)? or What are you doing(now)?B. Yes,I am, orIm learningat maths.A.How long have you been learningat maths?B. Oh, for two mouns, since I came back to the motel.

Prompts:1. Watch television.2. Live at the motel.3. a) work on a report; b) in the laboratory.4. Study for the exams.5. Play basketball.6. Listen to music.7. Write letters.8. Think a) you have a gift for languages; b) of your future profession.9. See films10.Know a) him; b) statistics.(Note that verbs to think [meaning: a crede], to see, to know, do not take thecontinuous).

14.Join the sentences with since or for plus a time expression to show that the presentaction started in the past and has been going on for some time now:

1. Economic needs and priorities have always changed. They are still changing.2. When expert systems were developed, software grew more mature, but its

maturity is a long way off.3. I first met Laura in September 1994, when we both came to ASE and we made

friends at once; we decided to share everything together and weve kept ourword.4. As a manager, I have to work quite long hours; I am used to it now. It was more

difficult at first, when I got this job.5. Understanding needs, finding solutions: this is how Alcatel constantly opens new

paths to progress in each country where it operates. This has always been itsmission.

6. I am working at the computer and I am in a hurry to finish since I started earlymorning.

7. She is busy e-mailing my report at the moment; I asked her to do it a couple ofminutes ago.


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15.Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.In some cases both could be used.

1. We (walk) ten miles. 2. How long you (walk)? 3. We (walk) for three hours. 4.What you (do)? We (develop) a new computer system. 5. How many errors you(pick out)? We (pick out) ten errors. 6. I (test) every computer in this centre andI dont like any of them. 7. Since when he (sleep)? 8. He (sleep) since tenoclock. Its time he woke up. 9. What a lovely smell ! Mary (make) apple pie.10. The students (work) very well this term. 11. I only (hear) from him twicesince he went away. 12. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very goodcorrespondent. 13. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) Goodmorning to me. 14. He (teach) in this school for five years. 15. I (teach)hundreds of students but I never(meet) such a brilliant class as this. 16. Why you(be) so long in the garage? The tyres were flat. I (pump) them up. 17. I (pump)up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?

16.Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in the right tense: present perfect or present, simpleor continuous:

1. Ive been working on this essay since I returned from school, but I still and tomorrows the deadline! What I to do?

2. We this daft soap since lunchtime! you bored with it? I to switch over to another channel, if you

3. Dans really excited about winning that scholarship at Harward. He never at a University abroad, although he several times for scholarshipat universities outside Romania.

4. Why for a little while? You a break since we started work.5. I with my aunt in Toronto. I there before, but she there

for ten years now, so she can show me around.6. Please understand that we to spend any more money on clothes, because

we as much as we can until we on holiday.

17.Read this letter first, then complete it with suitable verbs according to context. Usepresent perfect or present, simple or continuous.

Dear Dana,We (1) are having a marvellous time here, in Scotlands historic

capital. Although we intended to spend only three days sightseeing in Edinburgh and a bitbeyond, we (2) our minds and (3) to stay an entire week, because we (4) ourselves so much and (5) that theres a lot more worth seeing and doing herethan we thought at first.

We (6) already the Edinburgh Castle, magnificent on its volcanic rock, andthis morning we (7) down the cobbled Royal Mile, which (8) something toattract us at every step we (9) We (10) St.Giles Cathedral and (11) inquite a few woollens, cashmere and tartan shops. You know I (12) always tohave a kilt so I (13) just one: whenever I (14) it, Ill feel I (15) back here, in this fascinating place.

Im writing this while we (16) for a cup of tea and oatcakes before we (17) our tour of the Old Town. We (18) no proper lunch today, as we (19) to see the countrys finest royal place, Holyroodhouse.

Fortunately, the weather (20) very good so far. People (21) it can bevery cold and it often (22) for days! As this is the first time I (23) to Scotland,

I (24) Im just lucky.Love,

Maria


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18.A. Compare the use ofthe present tense andthe present perfect tense for the Romanianprezent, then do exercise:

Examples USES TENSESI. ACTION VERBS

1. Folosim pota electronic n fiecare zi.We use the e-mail everyday

general habitual actions in thepresent;routine

SimplePresent

2. ..in clipa de fa. We are usingthe e-mail at the moment

actions in progress now;temporary situations

PresentContinuous

3. .a. din anul 1994.....b. de civa ani.

We ve been usingthe e-maila.since 1994.

b.for several years now

present actions in progresswhich started in the past

PresentPerfectContinuous

II.STATIVE VERBS1. Avem / Deinem aciuni la ConnexG.S.M.

We have / own / holdshares in Connex

general states, situations inthe present

SimplePresent

2. .acum.We have / own / holdshares in Connex

G.S.M. now.

current, temporary states,situations

SimplePresent

3. ...a. din ianuarie..b. de cteva luni.We have had / owned / held shares in

Connex G.S.M. a. since Januaryb. for several monthsnow

present states, situations inprogress which began in thepast

PresentPerfectSimple

18. B. Translate into English, using present or present perfect simple or continuous for theRomanian prezent, as appropriate (see 18. A.):

1. Ne facem bagajele; le facem de azi diminea, dar nc n-am terminat.2. Aceasta este casa n care locuiesc; locuiesc aici din copilrie.3. Ce caui? Stiloul. L-ai cutat peste tot? De cnd l caui? Mereu l pierzi!4. Ninge tare; ninge de cinci ore aa c n-am ieit din cas toat ziua i nici nu mai

putem iei.

5. Ce faci? N-a rspuns fratele tu? De ct timp ncerci s iei legtura cu el?6. - Citeti cri englezeti n original?- Da, citesc n englez de la 14 ani.- Ce citeti acum?

7. Unchiul meu e scriitor. De doi ani scrie un roman, dar nu l-a terminat nc. Acume n grdini scrie.

8. Ct a scris pn acum, tii?- E pe terminate; nu mai are dect puin din ultimul capitol.

9. De cnd tii c John are un post de conducere? De cnd l vd mbrcat ncostum n fiecare zi.

10.Firma noastr nregistreaz frumoase profituri de cnd s-a schimbat ntreagaconducere.


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19.A. Compare the use ofthe past tense andthe present perfect tense, common aspect, forthe Romanian perfect compus, then do 19.B.

Past Tense Present Perfect

1. When didyousee him?Isaw him then / at 5 oclock / an hour ago

Cnd l-ai vzut?L-am vzut atunci / la ora 5 / acum o or

Have you (ever) seen him?I have seen him(Ive) already

oftenseldomsometimesalwaysnevernotyet.

L-ai vzut (vreodat)?L-am vzut (deja, adesea, rareori, uneori,

mereu).Nu l-am vzut niciodat.Nu l-am vzut nc.

2. Isaw himjust nowL-am vzut chiar acum

Ive just seen him.Tocmai l-am vzut.

3. Isaw himyesterday /Last week /Long ago.

L-am vzut ieri / sptmna trecut / demult.

Ive seen him today/This week/

Lately

L-am vzut astzi / sptmna aceasta / decurnd.

4.

I last saw him in 1980Ultima oar l-am vzut n 1980. I havent seen himsince then /since 1980Nu l-am (mai) vzut de atunci / din 1980.

19.B. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense or the simple past tense and fillthe blanks by repeating the auxiliary used in the question:

1. Have you wound the clock? Yes, I . I (wind) it last night.2. Has he repaired the fridge? No, he He only (repair) part of it so far.3. Have you done your homework? Yes, we (do) it all. We (do) it yesterday.4. Have you found the note-books? No, I 5. Has Mary bought the coffee-machine? Yes, she She (buy) some two days ago.6. Have you been here before? No, I

20.Change the present tense into the past tense or the present perfect, according to theadverbs given in brackets and translate into Romanian (see ex. 19.A.):

1. We live in Bucharest (always, last year).2. Do you often have guests? (ever, when ?).3. I dont miss any classes (never; when I was a student).4. He listens to music every day (today, yesterday).5. She works at the airport (last year; recently).6. Does she make cookies? (ever, two days ago).7. They call on her every week (last week, this week).8. He does his homework every afternoon (never; a while ago).


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21.Use either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense in short conversationsaccording to this model:

Have you (ever)seen that film?Yes, I have.

When didyousee it?Isaw it last week / yesterday / a month ago / in 1992.Prompts: Been to London; met her before; worked on a farm; spoken to a film star; typed a

letter; invented anything; had guests; made cookies; listened to music; turned on theTV; completed your degree project, introduced him to them; missed any classes;caught a cold; had a sore throat; lived at the hotel.

22.Two friends are talking together a few days before a party they are going to give. They aretelling one anotherwhat they have done, when they did it, and what they havent done yet,like that:

Jane: What about the invitations?Maria: a) Ive already done them! I wrote them yesterday. Or

b) I havent done them yet.Write similar answers to the following sentences using present perfect and / or simple past,

according to the time marker in brackets:

Jane: Are Dan and Paul coming to the party?Maria: I dont know. (ask yet).Jane: What about Barbara and Peter?Maria: (invite already / last week).Jane: What are we going to drink at the party?Maria: I dont know (decide yet).Jane: That cake smells good anyway.Maria: (make just).Jane: We must buy some ham or cheese.Maria: (buy already / in the morning).Jane: But, the rooms untidy.Maria: (tidy up yet).Jane: What about the music, then? Have you a cassette-recorder, or something?Maria: (have a stereo-system for two months / buy two months ago).Jane: We can play my records too. How many people are coming?Maria: I dont know (send invitations yet).

Jane: Lets go and post them now.

23.Notice how you can ask questions with How long both for past and present time.e.g. 1) X:I livedin Braov for a time

You: Oh? How long didyou live there?e.g. 2) X: I live in Bucharest.

You: Oh? How long have lived / been livingthere?Now you do it:1. We lived in Bran at first, you know.2. We live in Braov, like you.3. He studied English at school.4. Hes learning French and Spanish.5. I first worked as a receptionist.


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6. Im working for a small cosmetics company.7. Shes looking for another job.8. She was unemployed for a while.9. Yes, we watched television last night.10.Shh! Weve watching a very interesting programme.

24.Put the verb into the correct form present perfect or past simple (see also ex. 19.A.).a) A. You have a lovely dress!

When (you / buy) it?B.Come on! You (see) me in it before; I (have) it for two years now.

b) A. Dear me! Somebody (spill) coffee on my carpet!B. Well, it (be / not) me! I (not / do).

c) A. Is your brother at home?B. No, Im afraid he (go) out.

A. When exactly (he / go) out?B. You (just / miss) him; it isnt more than three minutes since he / leave).d) A. How long (you / live) in Bucharest?

B. Two years.A. And where (you / live) before that!A. In Braov, my hometown.

e) A. Where is Mike?B. Dont you know? He (break) his right leg.A. Really? How (that / happen) ?B. He (slip) on a banana skin.

f) A. Who (be) Albert Einstain?B. He (be) the scientist who (develop) the theory of relativity.

25.Ask questions in the simple past tense or present perfect (simple or continuous), using theprompts below each of them:

1. Its snowing How long / snow?

How long ago / start / snow?When / start / snow?

2. Im learning JapaneseHow long / learn?

How long ago / start / learn?When / start / learn?3. We know Mary and John quite well

How long / know?How long ago / first / meet?When / first / meet?

4. Ive got a cameraHow long / have?How long ago / buy?When / buy?

5. This jacket is so old! Got to get a new one.How long / have?How long ago / get?When / buy?


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6. It took me a long time to become a good doctor, and there are still many things Idont know

How long / take?How long / learn?

When / start / learn?1. We used to live in Braov; That was before I went to University, but Ill never getused to Bucharest!

How long / live in Braov?How long ago / move from Braov?How long / live in Bucharest?When / come to Bucharest?

8. Ive been working here doing the same thing long enough. Time for a change inmy live

Since when / work here? How long / do the same thing?How long ago / start /work?

How long / feel / time for a change?When / get bored with this job?

26.Are the underlined parts of sentence right R or wrong W? Correct the wrong ones:1. Ive lostmy glasses, I cant find them anywhereR2. When have you lostthem? W...: WhenDID youLOSE3. Where have you been last Sunday? .4. Im looking for Jane.Have youseen her? .5. Im starving! Ive learntall day and havent hadtime to eat anything. .6. Didyousee Gone with the Wind? ..7. When didyousee it?8. Mr.Dombey has workedin a bank for 10 years; then he was made redundant and

decidedto start his own business. .9. Ms. Wilkins is a teacher; She has been a teacher for 20 years, more precisely,

since she has lefther job at the bank10.When Igothome last night, I was so tired, I wentstraight to bed11.I justgothome and didnt have time to check my answering machine...

27.Use the time markers given in brackets instead of the one underlined. Make the necessarychanges in the tense of the predicate:

1.The plane from London got here at noon yesterday (every morning; everymorning since May). 2. Miss. Blake started work at seven oclock this morning(every day; every day since she got this job). 3. Mr.Whatt went out to lunch at oneoclockyesterday (usually; just). 4. We are living in the country now (until 1996;since 1976). 5. I know all about it at last (for years; days ago). 6. John doesnt oftencome to see us nowadays (never; last year). 7. What are you smiling at now? (just;

just now). 8. They always keep us waiting (since he got promoted; last night). 9. It israining now (just; yesterday; for two hours). 10. He was preparing for theexamination last month (today; for the last fortnight; never). 11. I am working on aninvention now (usually; for a long time; last year). 12. Jane helped us last Sunday(tonight; often; last week). 13. I bought a lot of books last month (today; lately;every time I get my pay).14. The students next door frequently practise singing (forthree hours yesterday; every afternoon since we moved here). 15. We play tennisonce a week (every day last year; never; since we joined the club).


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28.Use the bracketed verb in the correct tense: present, past, or present perfect simple orcontinuous:

1. What part of Romania you (come) from? Timioara; but I (live) in Ploietijust now. 2. How long it (be) since you (not be) in your native town? I(not see) it since I (graduate) from the University. 3. What he (say)? I (nothear) properly. I think he (explain) that the train from Braov (run) tenminutes late. 4. Science (begin) to dominate our lives. 5. You (listen) everto pops? Not very often. I prefer classical music. 6. He (not have) aholiday for two years because he (be) too busy. 7. What her brother(do) for aliving? Oh, he (be) a businessman. He (run) his own business It (do)well? Yes, they (get) more and more business deals every year. 8. Sinceyou (give) me our number I (phone) you four times and (not find) you athome. 9. We (live) here for the last ten years, and just (decide) to move. 10.

The whole place rapidly (become) a huge tourist resort. 11. What you (do)?I (write) a letter now. I (see) you writing two hours ago, too. Yes, I(write) letters for some hours now. 12. You (begin) to read up for yourexams yet? Yes, I I (start) just now. 13. I (go) to Spain five years ago.Since then I (not speak) Spanish, and I (forget) nearly all I (learn) there. 14.You (read)The Bell? Yes, I I (borrow) the book last week and just(finish) it. 15. Fog (not cover) England the whole time, as some people(think).

29.Open the brackets using the present perfect or the past tense.A. Lucy: Hello, Phil. Sorry I am late. You (be) here long?

Phil: No, I just (arrive). I (get) here 5 minutes ago.Lucy: How are you?Phil:Well, I (have) an awful morning at the faculty.

I dont know whats wrong with me, but (not be) able to study properly for a fewdays now.

Lucy: You (have) many classes this morning?Phil: Yes, I (have), and I (fall) asleep during the first hour, then I (not answer)

properly at Statistics and we (have) a test at General Economics, too.Lucy: Luckily its your favourite subject!Phil: Right. But today I (make) a mess of the test.

Lucy: I think its the weather. It (rain) so much these last few days. I (have) aheadache since yesterday morning. Perhaps a film may do us good.Phil: What about going to a disco. We (not be) to one for ages.Lucy: Id love it. I can wear the gown I just (buy).Phil: Thats good news. When you (buy) it?Lucy: I (buy) it an hour ago.

B. Dan and Paul are on their way to the faculty. They just (catch) this bus.Dan: Good mornig, Paul. You almost (miss) the bus.Paul: I (oversleep). I really (have) to hurry.

Dan: You (look) tired. What (do)?Paul: I (go) to a party last night. We (dance) for a couple of hours.Dan: I not (be) to a party for ages. I (learn) too much lately. You (dance) all night?


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Paul: Of course not. I also (sit) and (watch) TV. Some people (play) cards, too.Dan: I never(play) cards. You (have)?Paul: No, I (not have) always (find) it boring. By the way, You (know) Peter?Dan: I (meet) him, but I really (not know) him.

Paul: He (be) a lot of fun at a party. He always (have) a funny story to tell. Last nighthe (tell) us Irish jokes. I never(laugh) so hard in my life. You (hear) of the Irishwoman who (try) to iron her curtains?

Dan: No, I (not have).Paul: She (fall) out of the window or How you (make) an Irishman laugh on a

Monday morning?Dan: I know it. Tell him a joke on Friday evening. Ha-ha! But let me tell you the one

about the Scotsman who (be) late in paying his bills.Paul: Typical! What he (do)?Dan: He (receive) the following note: Your account (be) on our books for over a

year, just want to remind you. We (now, carry) you longer than your mother(do).

Paul: Oh, no! We (just, miss) our stop! Now we are going to be late to class!Dan: But we (have) a good laugh!

C. Here is another Irish joke told by Peter last night, choose the right form of thepredicate.

An Irishman (was planning to spend / planned) his holiday travelling throughGermany, so he (was deciding to / decided) learn a little German.

He (went / was going) to a language school and (wanted to / was wanting) pay thefel when the secretary (said / was saying).

Did you ever learn / Have you ever learnt another language?No, I (havent / didnt) the Irishman (answered / was answering).Then you (must / had to) know that German may seem very difficult at first, but

after about lesson 7 it is much easier, said the secretary. Hearing that theIrishman (paid / has paid) his fee and (arranged / has arranged) to start nextday at lesson 8. No one (can be / was able to be) as logical as an Irishman!

30. Complete the following anecdote with the suitable verb form from the list on the right.Some words may be used more times (as shown):

A student __________to sell his dog to one of this colleagues.

This ______a talking dog, he ______. And I _____it away for fivedollars.His colleague ________, Who ______you ______ you _____ with this

talking dog stuff?I ________ never ____ a dog that can talk! Suddenly the dog

________ up with tears in his eyes. Please buy me, sir, he _________.You _______not___ how cruel this man can be! He never _________me a meal, never ________ me , never __________ me for a walkAnd I used to be the richest trick dog in America. I _________ beforekings; I _________in the Army and________decorated the times!Wow, he _________! the student. Why _______you ________to sellhim for just five dollars? Because, _________ the seller, I

_________find of all his lies!

want

be x 3say x 3kidgetseetakelookknowtalk

buyperformpleadgiveselltrythink

batheexclaim


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31.Translate into English:1. Tocmai am terminat cursul de calculatoare. 2. Ne-am distrat de minune. 3. Artamai bine cnd l-am vzut la conferina internaional. 4. Irlandezul a pltit taxa

pentru cursul de german i a aranjat s nceap a doua zi de la lecia 8. 5. Aintrziat vreodat la ore? Da. Cnd ai ntrziat? Cnd am dormit mai mult, deoarecenu am auzit detepttorul. 6. Te-a ajutat Dan vreodat s faci cumprturile? Da.Cnd te-a ajutat ultima oar? De fapt m-a ajutat doar odat, cnd a vrut s-icumpere costum i pantofi. 7. L-ai auzit vreodat pe Peter spunnd anecdote? Nu,nu l-am auzit niciodat. Trebuie s-l auzi. Eu l-am auzit asear, la balul bobociloriam rs ca niciodat n via. 8. De ct timp lucrezi la proiectul de diplom? Lucrezla el de cteva luni, din decembrie trecut. 9. Prietena noastr este rcit ru i noisuntem ngrijorate. Cnd a rcit? Cnd am fost n excursie. De atunci o doare n gti are temperatur. 10. Atepi de mult? Nu, abia am sosit. De fapt am ajuns aiciacum 10 minute i n timp ce te ateptam, am citit ziarul.

32.A. Turn the following present routines and events into the past by substituting the pasttime expressions given in the box for the present time ones wherever applicable:

Yesterday (morning / afternoon), last week / month, etc, a year / month / weekago, a long time ago, in 1995, just now.

1. I eat at least ten apples every day, though Im not a vegetarian.2. We play tennis every Saturday afternoon.3. I work for an insurance company.4.

We usually stay at Youth hostels when we go on holiday.5. He needs a new pair of shoes every month.

6. We want to buy a car today.7. We often have just coffee and toast for breakfast.8. The students are free every Sunday.9. She buys a new dress every week.10.He goes shopping only at weekends.

32.B. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past tense, then make the sentences bothnegative and interrogative like this:

Mary (buy) a dress yesterday

a) Mary bought a dress yesterday.b) Mary (did not/ didnt) buy a dress yesterday.c) Did Mary buy a dress yesterday?

Now you do it.1. This dress (fit) her last year.2. I (see) a lovely skirt in the shop-window last week.3. We (find) a lot of good books two weeks ago.4. They (watch) television last night.5. Gabriel (buy) a record four months ago.6. We (enjoy) our lunch yesterday.7. Mary (choose) a fancy silk for a minute ago.8. Ann (look) for a pair of skis last Friday.9. I (take) size 30 in shoes when I was a child.10.My watch (stop) a while ago.


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33. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past tense, then retell the anecdotes.

A. Did you hear about the cheerful truck-driver who (pull up) at a roadside caf inthe middle of the night for a dinner stop? Halfway through his dinner, three wild-looking motorcyclists (roar up) bearded, leather-jacketed, filthy with swastikas

adorning their chests and helmets.For no reason at all they (select) the truck driver as a target. One (pour) pepper overhis head, another (steal) his apple pie, the third (upset) his cup of coffee. The truckdriver never(say) a word just (arise), (pay) his bill and (go) out.That trucker sure aint much of a fighter (sneer) one of the bullies. The girl behindthe counter, peering out into the night, (add); He doesnt seem to be much of a drivereither. He just (run) his truck right over three motorcycles!.

B. Striking a bargainJust occasionally, the seller does come out of a clever business deal on top as in thisexample of a man who (sell) an idea to a manufacturing company.

The particular beauty of this deal lies in the fact that the idea (be) not one which he(can) put into practice himself.He simply (approach) a leading match company and (offer) to tell them how theycould save thousands of pounds by means of one change to their manufacturing

products. The change (will) cost absolutely nothing to carry out but he (want) asubstantial percentage of the savings in return for the idea.

Not surprisingly, the match company (be) more than a little suspicious, and (turn) himdown. After all, if this idea (be) so obvious to an outsider, surely they (can) work itout for themselves.They duly (go) through the whole factory with a fine tooth-comb but (find) nothing.By this time, they were so intrigued by the mans offer that they (go) back to him and(agree) that if he (save) them money, he could have the cut he (want).Just put one striking surface on each matchbox instead of two he (advise) themYoull cut the money you spend on abrasives by 50%.They (do) and they (do). And over the next few years, the man who (sell) them theidea (make) a small fortune.

C. All stitched upIn the unstable and unpredictable world of popular music, there have been manyastonishing business deals (both good and bad) but perhaps the greatest of them all(occur) in 1955.

In that year, RCA Records (pay) Sam Phillips, the owner of a Memphis recordingcompany called Sun Records, the sum of $ 35,00 for the exclusive contract he (have)with an unconventional young singer with a grossly exaggerate action.Phillips (be) happy with the deal at the time. After all, it (seam) like a lot of moneyand, in any case, the young man only (wander) into his studio one day to cut a recordon specially as a present for his mother.But RCA (know) what they were doing. In the years that (follow), Elvis Presley (go)on to sell over a billion records and is still selling today.


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34. Talk about past actions and situations using the prompts:

Model:Prompt: ask your colleague when he was born.

Student1: When were you born?Student2: I was born in july 18, 1969.Prompts: Ask your colleague:1. Where he was born.2. Where he lived as a child.3. What schools he attended and where.4. How he decided to study economics.5. If he had a job before becoming a student.6. When he had his entrance exam.7. How long he studied for it.8. If he liked his last summer vacation better than all the others before it and why.

35. Talk with your friend about your lives now and in the past. Complete the table with

the information you receive:

Topic Life now Life as a childWhat / do at the weekend?What / do in the morning?What / do in the evening?Where / go on holiday?What sports / play?What TV programmes / like?What newspapers / books /magazines / read?

What food / like?

36. Answer the following questions to show the difference between momentary actions andactions in progress in the past.

Model:When did it happen? (while I walk).It happenedwhile I was walking.(momentary) (action in progress)1. When did the lights go out? (just as I / leave).2. When did you leave the faculty yesterday? (while it / rain).3. When did the computer break down? (while the programmer / run it).4. When did you come it? (just as they / feed data into the computer).5. When did you hear someone moving in the next room. (while I / work out a

problem).

I (usually) do theshopping and .

I used to play with myfriends and .

What do you do at theweekend?

What did you do whenyou were a child?


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37. Change the predicates from simple past to past continuous. Add appropiate time markers

or explanatory clauses to account for the change:

e.g. Istudiedmy English lesson last night.Becomes: I was studyingmy English leason 1) when Dan arrived. Or

2) this time last night.1. I went shopping yesterday. 2. Did you walk home from the faculty last night?3. It didnt rain yesterday morning. 4. He watched his favourite TV programmelast night. 5. Paul wrote several letters the day before yesterday. 6. I got off the

bus at the faculty. 7. Did you dance and tell jokes last weekend? 8. My friend didnot drive at high speed last Sunday. 9. My students worked on a project lastautumn. 10. We ran up five flights of stairs to our classroom.

38. Open the brackets using past tense simple or continuous, as appropiate:Dan: What you (do) yesterday afternoon when I (phone) you?

Anna: What time you (phone) me?Dan: About 5.Anna: You (dial) the right number?Dan: Of course I (do). I (try) again and again. The line (be) busy. I (think) there (be)something wrong with your telephone. At last I (give) up.Anna: Oh, now I remember. I (leave) the receiver off the hook. I (write) letters and I(not want) to be disturbed. So, you see, I (work) hard while you (waste) your timetelephoning.Dan: But you (write) letters.Anna: Thats right. Isnt that hard work?

39. Complete the following sentences to express an action in progress in the past:1. She confessed that she 2. I was trying to find the keys when/while.3. He took up working when we (still)4. I didnt leave the house as it 5. She arrived when he 6. I fell down while I 7. I was watching TV while she 8. We didnt agree with her because she

40. Use the verbs in brackets in the right past tense, to tell the story:Yesterday morning was another of those mad mornings. The alarm clock(not wakeup) me at 6:30. When my roommate (wake up) me at last, the sun (shine) and theradio (announce) 8:00. I (go to be) late for class again! While I (have) breakfast I(throw) all my books and copybooks into the bag. Just as I (leave) I (see) the buscoming. As I (run) as quickly as I could to the bus-stop, I (run) into an elderly womanand nearly (knock) her over. I (apologize) and (start) running again. I (get) to the

bus-stop just as the bus (leave). As I (get on), I (slip) on a banana skin and (fall) onmy back and (break) a leg. So, while my groupmates (have) classes I (be) driven to

hospital.


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41. Translate into English using past tense simple and continuous as appropriate.1. Prietenul meu se ntorcea din excursie cnd l-am ntlnit. 2. Ieri la ora asta nvamla englez. 3. Ploua cnd ai pornit-o la drum? 4. Nu conduceam maina n mare vitez

cnd am dat peste cea din fa. 5. Te uitai la televizor asear la ora 8? 6. n timp ceurcam pe munte ploua, dar cnd am ajuns n vrf era soare. 7. Chiar n clipa n careieeam din cmin am vzut autobuzul venind. 8. n timp ce fugeam spre staia deautobuz, am dat peste o persoan mai n vrsti mi-am cerut scuze. 9. Cnd am ajunsla facultate, tocmai suna de intrare. 10. Cu ce te ocupai anul trecut pe vremea aceasta?11. Cnd lucra la planul de afaceri se tot plngea c nu are datele exacte cu privire laconcuren. 12. La secia Relaii Externe, m ntlneam cu o mulime de oameni de

peste tot, dar nu ajungeam s cunosc pe nimeni cu adevrat.

42.Answer the questions about the following pairs of sentences:1. In which sentence did Mary not see John?a) Mary leftwhen John arrived.

b) Mary had leftwhen John arrived.2. In which sentence is it certain that Margot is studying economics at the time ofspeaking?a) We knew Margot was studying economics.

b) We knew Margot had studiedeconomics.3. In which sentence has Mike behaved wisely only on one particular occasion?a) We all thoughtthat Mike was wise.

b) We all thoughtthat Mike had been wise.4. In which sentence did they miss the beginning of the film?a) By the time wegotto the cinema, the film hadalreadystarted.

b) Hardly hadwe got to the cinema when the filmstarted.Bring arguments in support of your answer.

43.In each pair below, pick the sentence referring to a past action in progress for a longerperiod of time. Underline the verb forms and thetime markers that prove your point:

1. a) We were playing tennis when the rain started.b) We had been playing tennis for 1 hour when the rain started.

2. a) This time yesterday Jane was watching TV.

b)

By this time yesterday Jane had been watching TV for a couple of hours.3. a)When I arrived, they were all waiting for me.b) When I arrived, they had all been waiting for me for a long time, so they wererather angred.

4. a) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours were having a party.b) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours had been having a party since theygot home.

5. a) Where were they living at that time?b) Theyd been living in a caravan for several months, actually since the big fire that

(had) destroyed the entire village, remember?


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44.Name the tenses underlined in the following sentences:1. Id phonedmy friend, Elaine, from the airport before the plane took off.2. Id always wanted to go to Athens and now my dream was comingtrue.3. I sipped a gin and tonic, pushed my seat back and snoozed until I heard a

voice..4. Wed been flyingfor about two hours when we met an airpocket.5. I still havent worked outhow I slept through all that.

Now match the tenses underlined above with the definitions given below:This tense is used to describe a past event or situation that:

a. occurred before another past event / situationb. Happened at an indefinite time and is relevant to the presentc. Happened at a specified time in the pastd. Continued over a period of time in the past, starting before another past momente. Was in progress at a certain time in the past

45.Put the verbs in brackets into Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Past Perfect or PastPerfect Continuous depending on whether the past actions are simultaneous or one of

them had happened or had begun before the respective past time:

1. While we (stay) in London the dome of St.Pauls (repair). It (repair) stillwhen I (return) to London a year later. 2. Although the sun (shine) and (fall)kindly upon them and the scene (be) really very pretty, they (not be able to)feel at ease until they (get) home. 3. By the time they (arrive) it (rain) hard.4Before the sun (set) down the already (come) to a little inn; the landlord(show) them into a large room where a cheerful fire (burn). 5. I hardly (go) outwhen it (start) raining, so I (open) up the umbrella while I (cross) the street tocatch the bus which (wait) there and a car nearly (knock) me down. 6. Maryhardly (go) to bed when the telephone (ring); she (talk) on the phone whenthere (be) a knock at the door. 7. When eleven oclock(come) and he still (notget) home, I (begin) to wonder if he (have) an accident. 8. When we finally(return) to Bucharest we (travel) twenty thousand miles. 9. Why you(interrupt) me just now? I (have) quite an interesting conversation with myold friend, Jake. 10. They (say) they (can not) help thinking that they (see) thatface somewhere before. 11. After he (see) that film, he (tell) all his friends thathe never(see) a better one. 12. I no sooner (arrive) at the station than I (see)Jill waiting for me. She (wear) a white dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as

she (see) me she (wave) her hand and (shout) something, but I (can not) hearwhat she (say) because everybody (make) a terrible noise. 13. After he (enter)the room he (fling) open all the windows. 14. We (call) on our friend yesterdayand (find) that he (be) out for some hours. 15. While he (make) a speech, themanager suddenly (feel) faint and (pour) himself a glass of water.

46. Translate the two stories into English, using all the past tenses:A. Dup ce am aflat c voi putea pleca la mare, am venit acasi mi-am fcut bagajul,

dar, deoarece eram tare grbit, nu am mai verificat dac mi-am luat toate celenecesare. Cnd am ajuns n staie, tocmai plecase autobuzul. Pn cnd a venit

urmtorul, m-am hotrt s caut un taxi. Nici n-am ajuns bine la gar, c a i pornittrenul. Orict am fugit eu dup el, tot nu l-am prins. Abia m-am ntors trist acas, cm-a sunat la telefon prietena mea s m roage s mergem mpreun la trand. Mi-am


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zis c, dac nu-i marea, e bun i trandul. Dar n timp ce-mi cutam costumul de baien valiz, mi-am dat seama c uitasem de el cnd mi-am fcut bagajul pentru mare.Dac prindeam trenul, ajungeam la mare fr costum de baie!Morala: graba stric treaba!

B. (Here you may have to use emphatic inversion):Niciodat nu visasem eu s-mi apar n cale un asemenea noroc: nu numai c

bunicul mi lsase prin testament toat averea lui, dar, n acelai timp, niciodat nu maiavusesem atta noroc n afaceri.De acum nainte, nu va mai trebui s-mi fac griji pentru viitor! Nu voi mai fi nevoit smprumut bani de la prieteni i, cu att mai puin, nu voi mai depinde de bunul plac alrudelor bogate! Dimpotriv, nu va mai fi niciodat, dar absolut niciodat, cazul sdepind de nimeni din punct de vedere financiar. Rareori mi mai pruse totul att deminunat! De unde stiu, ns, c n curnd norocul avea s m prseasc?

Abia am ctigat averea (came into money) c au i sczut aciunile la burs foarte

mult. Nici nu am apucat s m bucur de bogie, c am reczut n starea de srciedinainte. Niciodat n via nu m mai simisem att de nenorocit! n zadar am ateptatca aciunile s-i recapete valoarea anterioar. Dar dup muli ani de munc grea mi-am dat seama c banii nu aduc fericirea i, ntorcndu-m cu gndul la acel episod dinviaa mea, nu mi-a mai dori s fiu bogat vreodat. Doar dac

47.Match the following utterances (1-7) with the corresponding functions (a-f) of the SimpleFuture.

1. Ill answer the door.2. Shall I give you a lift?3. Unless you pass the test, you wont get the scholarship.4. Therell probably be another exam and I expect youll sit for it.5. Honestly, Ill never be late again.6. By the way, will you please make a spech at our Appreciation Day?7. I like this printer; Ill offer you 200 for it.

a. predictionb. promisec. invitation, polite requestd.

offer of helpe. instant decision, spontaneous reaction

f. First Conditional.

48. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets. There may be two right answerssometimes. Explain your choice(s). You may have to make some changes:

1. finish ll be exhaustedWhen you have finished your project, you ll have been exhausted

ll finish are exhausted

2. What our world will be likeis going to be like in the year 2000?


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3. I shant have ll sem not going to have peace of mind until I see the doctor

have seen

ve passed4. By this time next week I hopefully ll pass all my exams.

ll have passed

5. Look at the lovely blue sky: it isnt raining today.isnt going to rain

ve graduated,6. When I graduate, I start my own business.

ll graduate, ll start

are going7. All the members of this department ll be going to their wedding anniversary

will gonext Saturday.

ll have finished are going to celebrate8. We ll finish our exams by Friday and we ll celebrate over

finish ll be celebratingthe entire weekend.

leaves9. Our train is leaving at 11:15 you know! We have to hurry!

will leave will have to

will do10. What you will be going this time next year?

are going to do

ll support ll need11. I promise I m going to support you whenever you need me.ll be supporting ll be needing

ll ask12. If there (ll be / is) no objection, we are asking the committee to approve

are going to askthe proposal.

phases out13. Over the next five years the government will phase out income taxes.

will be phasing out


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49.Put the verbs between brackets into present or future, indefinite or perfect:1. Well go out when the weather(get) warmer. 2. Ill begin the lesson as soon as Jack(stop) talking. 3. His father will not lend him any more money until he (learn) not towaste it. 4. See that it is clean before you (touch) it. 5. As soon as you (buy) the bookIll borrow it from you. 6. The radio (be) fixed by the time you get back. 7. You (notforget) to lock up before you go out, will you? 8. As soon as the ship (reach) port, itscargo will be unloaded. 9. I (do) a lot of work by the time she wakes up. 10. Dontcount your chickens before they (be) hatched.

50. Use future or present, simple, perfect, or continuous:1.We (go) to the nountains for our next holiday. Roy (be pleased) to see us again. 2.When you (be) twenty-one In June, and I (have) a wonderful twenty-first birthday

party. There (be) champagne, caviare and dancing. We (have) the time out life!. 3.

Hugh is very good at his work; he (earn) a high salary when he (be) thirty. 4. I (think)of you every day while you (be) away. 5. I hope you (feel) better when I next (see)you. 6. Mr. Timms has applied for a job in Indonesia. This time next year he (teach)English there if he (get) the job. 7. We (have) a long journey tomorrow; We (drive)all day. 8. I still (go) my homework when my room-mate (come) home from thefaculty. 9. This time tomorrow I (bathe) in the sea if the water(be) warm enough. 10.Mary (fly) to Cluj tomorrow. She (send) her family a telegram as soon as she (arrive).11. By the end of the month the new factory (commission). 12. I (read) the paperwhile I (have) lunch. 13. How much he (save) by the end of this year?. 14. By 1999John (write) a lot of novels. 15. I just (begin) reading one of his novels. It (be) a verylong book and I (have) only time to read some pages a day. I (not think) I (be able to)

finish it by Sunday, or by the time he (ask) it back from me.

51.Look through this extract from the conversation between a Young Entrepreneur (YE) anda Small Business Adviser (SBA).

Part 1

Fill the gaps (a-h) with appropriate words and phrases from the box below to express

plans, intentions and wishes:

plan intend mean think want

wish be going to be looking to set out to

SBA: How much money (a) you to borrow?YE: I (b) of a sum around USD 5,000.SBA: What (c) you to do with this money?YE: I (d) to start a small catering business and to buy new seasonal inventory.SBA: What type of loan(e) you to take out?YE: I(f) of a short-term lean; three months, I suppose.SBA: Fine.(g) you to pledge any security in support of your application?YE: Yes, I (h) of your accepting the line on the equipment Im planning to buy.


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Part 2

Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form to express future conditions.

SBA: This is a possibility. On the other hand, if you open a business start-up account with ourbank, therell be more advantages for you.

YE: Could you be more specific, please?SBA: Well, if you open a start-up account, there (be) a preferential rate of interest, below ournormale rate.

YE: It sounds great!SBA: If you (be) aware of all these factors and (understand) their workings, youll certainly

avoid the pitfalls awaiting those who are less cautious. Above all, remember the goldenrule: Plan carefully, right from the start; any other time is too late.

Ye: I know theres a risk in everything. But, if you (not take) risks, there (be) no gain.SBA: Right you are. And our bank believes in small entrepreneurs like you with enterprising

spirit and realistic business plans.YE: Thank you.

SBA: OK then, if you (bring) the modified business plan by Tuesday this week, I (get) theforms prepared and sent to you with our confimation letter by Monday.

52. Translate into English, paying attention to the verb forms used to express future time:A.

1. i voi telefona imediat ce voi ajunge la Londra.2. Cnd vei sosi, m vei gsi lucrnd la raport.3. Vom atepta aici pn se va ntoarce Paul. El se va ntoarce seara trziu.4. Dac Dan o s m invite, probabil c o s m duc la petrecere.5. Nu tiu dac voi pleca sptmna viitoare, sau dac o s mai stau osptmn n Bucureti.6. Anul viitor pe vremea aceasta vom locui ntr-un apartament nou. Ne mutm

n ianuarie.7. E prea devreme. Prietenii notri vor fi nc la mas cnd vom ajunge acolo.8. Cnd va absolvi Adrian facultatea, va fi studiat aici patru ani.9. Peste o lun se vor mplini 10 ani de cnd lucrez n aceast fabric.10.Ct voi tri nu voi uita anii de studenie.

B.

Dac i-ai ntreba azi pe oameni de ce folosesc telefonul pentru a comunica cuprietenii lor, ori de ce deschid televizorul ca s se distreze sau s afle tiri, s-ar uita lavoi ca i cum ai fi nebuni. Nu considerm telefonul, televizorul sau automobilul cafiind ceva neobinuit. Acestea au devenit o parte att de integrant a vieii, nct nu maisunt remarcate sau comentate.

n acelai fel, n zece ani, majoritatea americanilori a multor altora de pe tot globulnu vor mai remarca Web-ul. Va fi un simplu reflex s operezi Web-ul pentru tiri,educaie, divertisment i comunicare, exact aa cum astzi este att de firesc s ridicireceptorul ca s vorbeti cu cineva ori c comanzi ceva dintr-un catalog.

Exist un interes extraordinar pentru Web. Cu toate acestea, este nc la nceputuri.Tehnologia i viteza de rspuns sunt pe cale de a face un salt important. Aceasta va face

ca oamenii s considere Web-ul ca parte din viaa lor cotidian.


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n cele din urm, toate crile de vizit ale oamenilor de afaceri vor specifica o adrespentru e-mail. Fiecare avocat, fiecare doctori fiecare firm mare sau mic vor ficonectai.

Unde o s gsim timpul pentru Web? De fapt, n unele cazuri, oamenii vor economisi

timp, pentru c Web-ul va face ca orice aciune s fie mai eficient ca n trecut. Cum arfi, de exemplu, s obii informaii despre o achiziie important. Aceasta se poate foarteuor afla pe Web, nc de astzi.

n alte cazuri, oamenii vor folosi timpul petrecut acum citind ziarul sau uitndu-se latelevizor pentru a gsi informaii sau divertisment pe ecranul computerului. Acest lucruva deveni evident n 1998. Americanii, mai ales cei tineri, vor sta mai pu in timp n faatelevizorului dect n faa computerului.

n viitor, vom putea nu numai s batem pe tastatur, ci i s introducem verbal ncomputer cereri de informaii, iar dac ne va interesa viteza unor chip-uri, rspunsulcare ne va parveni se va referi la computere, i nu la cips-uri de cartofi.

Web-ul va fi n 2008 tot att de obinuit ca i automobilul. Poate chiar mai curnd.

(Supliment Capital, 18 dec.1997)

Final tense review

53.Match these utterances to numbers on the time flowchart below taking into account onlythe predicates underlined. Give reasons for your choice.

a. Our order LZ-456 hasnt arrivedyet.b.1. We were meetingthe Japanese delegation on Monday, but there was a change ofplans and they had to go to Switerland first;b.2. so were seeingthem on Wednesday instead.c.Have youseen the revised contract?d. Im afraid I cant see you next week because Ill be attendinga training course.e. Didyougo to Italy last year?f. After youve workedwith us for six months, well renegotiate your pay.g. After Id workedwith them for a year, I decided to ask for a promotion.h. Weve been doingbusiness with them for many years now.i. Business is good.

j. When his car broke down, he was drivingto Geneva for a conference.k. When his car broke down, he had been drivingfor two hours.l. I live in Bucharest.m.

I also livedin Bradford for three years long ago.n.1. By the time wegraduate do you think

n.2. well have learnteverything we need to know about international trade?o. They said theyd spendthe weekend in London.

p. Did you ask them what hotel theyd bookedin?r. I didnt know you wantedto meet them.


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Time flowchart

4

1

THE PRESENT

5seen fromthe present

seen fromthe past

6

2THE PAST

7 8 9

3THE FUTURE

10 11seen fromthe past

seen fromthe present

seen fromthe future

seen fromthe past

seen fromthe

present

seenfrom the

future

(adapted fromDiscover English, by Rod Bolitho and Brian Tomlinson, Heinemann 1995)

54. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense:1. The tourists arrived at London Airport early on Monday morning. They (leave)

Bucharest on Sunday night. They (spend) a fortnight in Romania and (see) all thesights. After they (show) their passports to the official and (pass) through thecustoms they (get) on the bus and (go) to the terminal.

2. I saw Mr.Green yesterday, driving my old car. I (sell) it to him three monthsbefore and he (pay) me half the price. But he still (owe) me 125. When I (see)him in my car, I (tell) myself that I (do) a foolish thing, selling it to a man likeMr.Green.

3. I left home one morning at eight oclock, (jump) on a bus, and (sit) down. Theconductor (ask) for the fare. I (put) my hand in my pocket for the money, but it(be) empty. I (forget) my money. I (leave) it on the table in the living-room. I(have) to get off the bus and go home again. I (be) half an hour late at the officethat morning. I never (be) late before.

4. Lilly will fly back to Rome next July after she (take) a degree in Economics at theAcademy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. Her parents (meet) her at the airport.She (not see) them for four years. They (feel) very proud of her when she (tell)

them that she (pass) all her examinations with high marks. She (be) happy to behome again, for sometimes she (feel) lonely in Bucharest, away from her familyand friends, although she (make) lots of friends in Romania.

5. An American tourist was boasting to a Kerryman about the fact that the Americansjust (put) a man on the moon: That (be) nothing (say) the Kerryman, we (have)plans to land a man on the Sun.

That (be) crazy, (say) the American, he (burn) before he (get) within a millionmiles of the sun:

We (think) of that, too; (say) the Kerryman, we (send) him a night.


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55. This is a description of Jane. Read it carefully. Then write the correct forms of theverbs in brackets.

e.g.: Jane (be) a newspaper reporter.You write: is1. Jane (be) born in Watford.2. In other words she (come) from Watford.3. For the past two years she (have) a job with a newspaper there.4. From 1968 to 1991 she (go) to Manchester University.5. Ever since she (leave) university she has wanted a job in television.6. So now she (think) of giving up his job with the newspaper.7. In fact, at this very moment she (have) an interview with a television director.8. The director (need) a young television reporter.9. The interview (start) half an hour ago.10.In other words she and Jim (talk) for half an hour.

56. Complete each sentence with the right verbal form selected from the four alternativesgiven below it.

1. This is the first time that we the Tower of London.a. visited c. are visiting

b. have visited d. visit2. We here since Monday.a. are c. shall be

b. had been d. have been3. Ill wait here until you your work.a. will finish c. will have finishedb. have finished d. finish4. As soon as the book is published, I it.a. will buy c. will have bought

b. have bought d. buy5. By next october I the piano for one year.a. have learnt c. will learn

b. have been learning d. will have been learning6. Mike, youre back again at last! We you for ages!a. didnt see c. havent been seeing

b. havent seen d. cant see

7. Would you please give him this note the moment he a. arrives c. will have arrived

b. has arrived d. will arrive8. It was the second time she in love that year.a. fell c. had fallen

b. was falling d. had been falling9. I a wonderful dream when the alarm clock off at 7 oclock in the

morning.a. had, went c. was having, went

b. was having, had gone d. had dreamt, went10.We softball for a few minutes when I and my ankle.a. had been playing, tripped, twisted c. had played, tripped, twisted

b. were playing, tripped, twisted d. had been playing, had tripped, hadtwisted


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57.Read this letter of application and underline the right form of the predicates in brackets;make any other necessary changes:

Dear Sir,I (look for / am looking for) currently work in York and (wonder / was wondering)whether you might have any vacancies.I (enclose / am enclosing) my CV. I would like to point out that I (have / have had)considerable experience as a Social Organiser in several well-known hotels and (can /will be able to) give you the names of referees if you should require them.I (am / am being) available for an interview during the coming month.In the hope that you (will consider / will be concidering) my application favourably, I(look/have been looking) forward to hearing from you.Yours faithfully,

58. You would like a job with the London Import-Export Co. Ltd. in London for a year or two.Write asking if they can offer you a post. Use these notes and deal with each in a separate

sentence. Pay particular attention to the use of tense forms.

1. name when and where born2. education different schools how long3. present job what is it how long4. English past five years better and better5. but important come to England practise everything learned6. other languages French and Italian hope-useful7. consider come England ever since school8. not necessary same job in English firm English (language) important9. friend suggested London Import-Export Co.Ltd. worked there two years10.application form, please

59. You are going to interview people who have applied for the vacancies advertised by your

company, or students applying for scholarships abroad.

Work in pairs to prepare questions so that you can fill in this form:

Personal data:

- name- birth- permanent address- current address

Education:

- postgraduate- higher education- high school

Qualifications:

Languages:


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Work experience:

Family

Interests, hobbies

Reasons for applying

Expectations from the job / scholarship

Hopes and intentions for the future

Others

You may start your questions with the following words.What ?When ?Where ?How ?How long did you?How long have you ?

How many ?Why ?Do you ?Have you?

Model:When / Where were you born?

60. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian prezent intoEnglish (see Time and Tense Chart and ex.18A)

1. Ce faci duminic?- M gndesc s plec puin la munte. Dei mi place alpinismul, n ultimul timp

sunt att de ocupat c reuesc cu greu s ies din Bucureti.- Dac am timp, vin i eu cu tine, vrei?


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2. Ce fac n Sala de Consiliu colegii notri?- Discut un nou proiect; l discut de peste patru ore, cred c sunt pe terminate.

3. Ieri am aflat c dna Popa predtiinele comunicrii.- Nu tiam c este profesoar.- A, este profesoar din 1990, de cnd a absolvit facultatea.4. Imediat ce termini de lucrat la calculator, te rog s-mi spui c am i eu nevoie deel.

5. Michael mi-a spus c nu poate veni cu noi; o ateapt pe Diana i este puinngrijorat, deoarece o ateapt de o or, iar ea nu obinuiete s ntrzie.

6. De cnd tii limba chinez?- N-a putea spune c o tiu, abia o nv de cteva sptmni.

7. Crezi c are loc edina Consiliului de Administraie sau iar se amn?- O amn ntr-una, din pcate.

8. Cine nu tie c apa fierbe la 1000C i nghea la 00C?

61. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian perfectcompus into English (see ex. 19. A).

1. a. Ai ncercat n ultimul timp s vorbii numai englezete?b. Da, asear, dar a fost foarte greu.

2. a. Am avut mult de lucru astzi.b. Am avut mult de lucru ieri.

3. a. Am exersat trei ore n dimineaa aceasta.b. Am exersat trei ore asear.

4. a. Maria a fost n Romnia cu muli ani n urm;b. Maria a fost n Romnia de mai multe ori.

5. a. Pn acum Maria a fost o student bun;b. Maria a fost o student bun anul trecut.

6. a. S-au uitat sear de sear la televizor sptmna trecut;b. S-au uitat la televizor sear de sear zilele acestea.

7. a. Tocmai ne-am ntors din excursie;b. Tocmai acum ne-am ntors din excursie.

8. a. Ct timp ai locuit aici?b. Ct timp ai locuit acolo nainte de a veni s stai cu noi?

9. a. L-ai ascultat pe Menuhin cntnd cnd a fost n Romnia?b. L-ai ascultat vreodat pe Menuhin?

10.a. Ai fost vreodat la British Museum?b. Da, am fost anul trecut, cnd am fost la Londra.

62. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian imperfectinto English:

1. Dan citea o carte cnd am intrat noi n camer.2. Dan citea mult n vacan.3. Dan citea multe poveti cnd era mic. Acum citete doar romane istorice.4. Dan citea o carte, apoi i-o povestea surorii mai mici.5. Dan era acas de la ora 4. Citea de o or cnd i-am telefonat.6. Dac vremea era urt, Dan citea o carte, dac era frumos, mergea la plimbare.7. Nu citea cartea, dac nu o gsea interesant.


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8. Cnd profesorul ne-a spus s ne oprim din scris, mai lucram nc la ultimaproblem; lucram la ea de vreo 20 de minute.

9. Ce fceai luna trecut pe vremea asta?- nvam pentru examene.

10.Sandra era ocupat cu mpachetatul pentru c urma s plece la mare a doua zi.Dac nu se grbea s plece atunci, o duceam eu cu maina peste o sptmn, cnderam i eu liber.

11.Nu crezi c era mai bine s te fi dus la interviu? Poate primeai postul.12.Era timpul s se fi ncheiat prima etap a privatizrii.

63. Translate the following letters into English:A. Domnilor,

Conform comenzii noastre nr.L/345, am primit ieri de la d-voastr un lot de 100 mese,comandate din catalogul d-voastr de var nr.154.

Dar, la despachetarea mrfii, am constatat c ni s-au trimis 100 mese mari din lemn demahon, n loc de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin, aa cum cerusem noi.

Avnd n vedere faptul c avem deja comenzi ferme pentru comanda respectivi cmajoritatea clienilor notri locuiesc n apartamente mici i au un venit mediu, este puin

probabil c vom gsi aici pia de desfacere pentru mobilier voluminos, la preuri mult maimari.

V-am ruga, aadar, s expediai urgent lotul de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin i sridicai marfa livrat greit.

Ateptm cu interes rspunsul d-voastr, cu ntoarcerea potei.Cu stim,

.

B. Stimate domnule Maiden,V scriu referitor la comanda dumneavoastr nr. CV 1154/d pe care ne-ai trimis-o n

urm cu 4 sptmni. n acel moment am considerat c vom putea termina comanda nainte dedata livrrii, 18 iunie, dar n aceast perioad am aflat c principalul nostru furnizor de crom adat faliment.

Aceasta nseamn c trebuie s gsim alt furnizor care s poat ndeplini toatecontractele pe care trebuie s le ncheiem. Dup cum v putei da seama, aceasta necesittimp, dar suntem ncreztori c vom reui s obinem toate materialele, i s livrm mrfurilectre clienii notrii, pn la mijlocul lunii viitoare.

Toate articolele comandate au fost asamblate i necesit doar s fie finisate.Regretm aceast situaie neplcut asupra creia nu am avut nici un control i necerem scuze pentru problemele cauzate. Este de neles dac dorii s anulai comanda, daraccentum c vom putea onora livrarea pn luna viitoare i am aprecia dac ai rmnealturi de noi pn atunci.

V rog s ne transmitei decizia dumneavoastr ct mai curnd posibil. V mulumimpentru nelegere.

Cu stim,D. PantonDirector executiv


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64. Translate these exerpts from newspaper articles using all the tenses of the IndicativeMood.

A. Fenomenul deja a nceput. Pentru alegeri, n Statele Unite, oamenii acceseazInternetul ca s vad rezultatele imediat. Misiunea Pathfinder spre Marte i problemeleivite pe staia spaial Mir au atras milioane de oameni pe Web pentru a afla mai multedetalii de ultim or dect puteau afla din oricare alt surs. O astfel de schimbare ineadesea de generaii. n vreme ce oamenii n vrst trebuie s nvee ceva nou n afaraexperienei lor de zi cu zi, putii care cresc cu o nou tehnologie o iau drept fireasc.n mod special, campusurile universitare ofer ingredientele pentru a crea masa critic

pentru o cultur pregtit pentru Web.n Statele unite exist azi peste 22 de milioane de aduli care folosesc Web-ul, dintre

care cam jumtate acceseaz Internetul cel puin o dat pe zi. ntre timp, varietateaactivitilor de pe Web crete cu o vitez uimitoare. Aproape c nu exist domeniu

pentru care s nu gsim materiale interesante pe Web. Multe dintre aceste site-uri suntaccesate cu o frecven extraordinar. Vrei s cumperi un cel? S vinzi o aciune?Sau s comanzi un automobil? Folosete Internetul!

Un mare avantaj al Web-ului este c ne permite s transferm informaii de pe hrtiepe reea. Mai multe state din SUA folosesc serios Web-ul. Poi solicita diferite permisesau licene comerciale. Unele state afieaz liste cu locuri de munc, nu doar dincadrul instituiilor de stat, ci din orice sector din statul respectiv. Cu timpul, cred, toatedatele publicate de guverne i toate documentele pe hrtie vor fi transferate peInternet.

Comerul electronic se dezvolt i el, de la o lun la alta. Este greu de fcut oestimare, pentru c o mare parte a comerului electronic implic clieni i furnizoriexisteni, care doar transfer tranzaciile de pe hrtie pe Web. Acesta nu este nimicnou.

Microsoft, de exemplu, a achiziionat PC-uri de milioane de dolari, ce folosescreeaua electronic n loc de documente de hrtie. Nu a fost o schimbare fundamental,ci doar o mbuntire a eficienei unui proces deja existent.

B. Presa, ca de obicei, va da o interpretare greit. n primii ani ai deceniului, presaamerican a prevestit aproape cu isterie triumful Japoniei asupra firmelor americane,tocmai n perioada n care pieele din Tokio cunoteau falimente catastrofale. nurmtorii trei ani s-au publicat editoriale n care funcionarilor corporaiilor li sereproa brutalitatea fa de muncitori, reducerea dimensiunii firmelor i trecerea nomaj a unor angajai. Rezultatul nu a fost conform previziunilor, dezastruos, ci ansemnat cea mai bun pia a forei de munc din istoria recent. Acum, atenie!Aceiai autori preamresc epoca unei noi paradigme n 1998 i n anii urmtori.Vechile adevruri economice sunt nlocuite cu o nou lume, tot mai prosper i

permanent stabilit. Ai fost avertizai.

C. Acesta va fi anul n care rile occidentale i vor ncerca puterile pentru a aduce nuprea recentele democraii est-europene la un punct de plecare. Pentru a depista aceasttendin, uitai-v la noul pas vioi al diplomailor occidentali n orae ca Praga iVarovia. A trecut mult vreme apte ani sau mai bine de cnd se simt att deimportani.

n primul rzboi rece, ambasadele lor din Europa de Est erau locuri captivante carefceau frme regulile comuniste prin strngerea de informaii secrete, ajutorul acordatdizidenilor i planuri puse la cale mpotriva celor ri. Dup schimbare, s-a aternutlinitea.

Acum ns, diplomaii lucreaz din nou pn noaptea trziu, avnd o sarcin diferit,dar nu mai puin solicitant: aducerea guvernelor din Europa postcomunist la nivelul

standardelor occidentale. (Supliment Capital, 18 Decembrie, 1997)

pagina2 (5) engleza

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