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8/5/2016 Expanding Tropics Push High Altitude Clouds Towards Poles | NASA

http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/expanding-tropics-pushing-high-altitude-clouds-towards-poles 1/17

(/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/cloudyearth.jpg)

May 5, 2016

Expanding Tropics Pushing

High Altitude CloudsTowards Poles, NASAStudy Finds

A new NASA analysis of 30-years of satellite data

suggests that a previously observed trend of high altitude

clouds in the mid-latitudes shifting toward the poles is

caused primarily by the expansion of the tropics.

Clouds are among the most important mediators of heat

reaching Earth's surface. Where clouds are absent,darker surfaces like the ocean or vegetated land absorb

heat, but where clouds occur their white tops reflect

incoming sunlight away, which can cause a cooling effect

on Earth’s surface. Where and how the distribution of

cloud patterns change strongly aff ects Earth's climate.

Understanding the underlying causes of cloud migration

will allow researchers to better predict how they may

affect Ear th's climate in the future.

(/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/cell_image_1920_laThe Hadley cells describe how air moves through the tropics on either side

equator. They are tw o of six major air circulation cells on Earth.

Credits: NASA

()

Earth (/topics/earth/index.html)

ES

(/) NASA TV(/multimedia/nasatv/index.html)

Search

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2/17



George Tselioudis, a climate scientist at NASA's Goddard

Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University in

New York City, was interested in which air currents were

shifting clouds at high altitude – between about three and

a half and six miles high – toward the poles.

The previous suggested reason was that climate change

was shifting storms and the powerful air currents known

as the jet streams – including the one that traverses the

United States – toward the poles, which in turn were

driving the movement of the clouds.

To see if that was the case, Tselioudis and his colleagues

analyzed the International Satellite Cloud Climatology

Project data set, which combines cloud data from

operational weather satellites, including those run by the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to

provide a 30-year record of detailed cloud observations.

They combined the cloud data with a computer re-

creation of Earth's air currents for the same period driven

by multiple surface observations and satellite data sets.

What they discovered was that the poleward shift of the

clouds, which occurs in both the Northern and Southern

Hemispheres, connected more strongly with the

expansion of the tropics, defined by the general

circulation Hadley cell, than with the movement of the jets.

The Hadley cell is one of the major ways air is moved

around the planet. Existing in both hemispheres, it starts

when air in the tropics, which is heated at the surface by

intense sunlight, warms and rises. At high altitudes it is

pushed away from the equator towards the mid-latitudes

to the north and south, then it begins to sink back to

Earth's surface, closing the loop.

"What we find, and other people have found it as well, is

that the sinking branch of the Hadley cell, as the climate

warms, tends to be moving poleward," said Tselioudis.

"It's like you're making the tropical region bigger." And

that expansion causes the tropical air currents to blow

into the high altitude clouds, pushing them toward the

poles, he said. The results were published in Geophysical

Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical

Union.

Scientists are working to understand exactly why the

tropics are expanding, which they believe is related to a

warming climate.

The poleward shift of high altitude clouds affects how

much sunlight reaches Earth's surface because when

they move, they reveal what's below.

"It's like pulling a curtain," said Tselioudis. And what tends

to be revealed depends on location – which in turn

affects whether the surface below warms or not.

MORESTORI


3/17



"Sometimes when that curtain is pulled, as in the case

over the North Atlantic ocean in the winter months, this

reduces the overall cloud cover" in the lower mid-

latitudes, the temperate regions outside of the tropics,

Tselioudis said. The high altitude clouds clear to reveal

dark ocean below – which absorbs incoming sunlight and

causes a warming effect.

However, in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, the

high altitude clouds usually clear out of the way to reveal

lower altitude clouds below – which continue to reflect

sunlight from their white tops, causing little effect on the

solar radiation reaching the surface.

When the results are taken together, the bottom line is

that the cloud interactions with atmospheric circulation

and solar radiation are complicated, and the tropical

circulation appears to play a dominant role, said

Tselioudis.

That information is a new insight that will likely be used by

the climate modeling community, including the scientists

who contribute modeling expertise to the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, said

Lazaros Oreopoulos, a cloud and radiation budget

researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in

Greenbelt, Maryland, who was not involved in the study.

Climate modelers aim for their computer simulations to

correspond as closely to reality as possible in order to

reliably predict Earth's future climate.

"If current behavior is not well simulated, then confidence

in predicted future behavior will be lower," Oreopoulos

said. "I anticipate this study to be looked at carefully and

affect thinking on these matters."

Read the paper at Geophysical Research Letters:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL068242/

(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL068242

Ellen Gray (mailto:[email protected]?

subject=Expanding%20Tropics%20Pushing%20High%

NASA's Earth Science News Team

Last Updated: May 5, 2016

Editor: Karl Hille

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Climate(/subject/3127/climate), Earth (/topics/earth/index.html),Earth Research Findings (/subject/7782/earth-research-

findings), Goddard Institute for Space Studies(/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html)

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4/17



May 3, 2016

NASA Study: Rising Carbon

Dioxide Levels Will Helpand Hurt CropsElevated carbon dioxide concentrations in the

atmosphere may increase water-use efficiency in crops

and considerably mitigate yield losses due to climate

change, according to a new NASA study.

The results, published in the journal Nature Climate

Change on April 18, show some compensation for the

adverse impacts of temperature extremes and water

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Read Full Article

April 26, 2016

Carbon Dioxide FertilizationGreening Earth, StudyFindsFrom a quarter to half of Earth’s vegetated lands has

shown significant greening over the last 35 years largely

due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide,

according to a new study published in the journal Nature

Climate Change on April 25.

An international team of 32 authors from 24 institutions in

eight countries led the effort, which involved using

Tags: Aqua Satellite



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5/17



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April 14, 2016

Study Shows CloudPatterns Reveal Species

HabitatMuch of Earth’s biodiversity is concentrated in areaswhere not enough is known about species habitats and

their wider distributions, making management and

conservation a challenge. To address the problem,

scientists at the University at Buffalo and Yale University

used NASA satellite data to study cloud cover, which they

found can help identify the size and location of important

animal and plant habitats.

Tags: Aqua Satellite(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html),Benefits to You (/topics/benefits/index.html), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Earth Research Findings(/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard SpaceFlight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Land(/subject/3133/land), Terra Satellite(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/index.html)

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6/17



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March 28, 2016

2016 Arctic Sea IceWintertime Extent HitsAnother Record Low

Arctic sea ice appears to have reached a record low

wintertime maximum extent for the second year in a row,according to scientists at the NASA-supported National

Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and NASA.

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Ice (/subject/3132/ice)

Read Full Article

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March 21, 2016

RELEASE 16-11

NASA Study Finds ClimateChange Shifting WineGrape Harvests in Franceand Switzerland


Climate (/subject/3127/climate)

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7/17



A new study from NASA and Harvard University finds that

climate change is diminishing an important link between

droughts and the timing of wine grape harvests in France

and Switzerland.

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Institute for SpaceStudies (/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html)

Read Full Article

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24_at_2.32.25_pm_1.png)

Feb. 24, 2016

Tropical Fires Fuel ElevatedOzone Levels OverWestern Pacific Ocean

A diverse team of atmospheric chemists, meteorologists

and modelers, including scientists from NASA, has traced

the origins of mysterious pockets of high ozone

concentrations and low water vapor in the air above the

western Pacific Ocean near Guam to fires burning in

Southeast Asia and in Africa, half a world away.

These pockets of ozone—a powerful greenhouse gas—


findings), Fire and Smoke(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/), GoddardSpace Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html),Ozone (/ozone)

Fire and Smoke (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/)

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8/17



Read Full Article

Dec. 18, 2015

NASA Study: Examinationof Earth’s Recent HistoryKey to Predicting Global

TemperaturesEstimates of future global temperatures based on recent

observations must account for the differing

characteristics of each important driver of recent climate

change, according to a new NASA study published Dec.

14 in the journal Nature Climate Change.

To quantify climate change, researchers need to know

the Transient Climate Response (TCR) and Equilibrium

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Climate(/subject/3127/climate), Earth (/topics/earth/index.html),Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html)

Read Full Article

Aug. 10, 2015

Nature, Chinese PollutionOffset U.S. West Ozone

Gains



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9/17




findings), Jet Propulsion Laboratory(/centers/jpl/home/index.html)

Read Full Article

May 11, 2015

More Severe Weather inStore for Middle States inU.S.

(/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/airs-midwest-20150511.jpg)

Today's imagery from NASA's AIRS instrument on the

Aqua satellite indicates more severe weather is in store

for the Midwest from Texas to Michigan. There is another extremely strong storm that is stretching from south to

north and into Canada, and that system can be seen in

this AIRS image from May 11, 2015. The first image (left)

was taken at 3:35 am EDT, by the time the second image

(right) was taken at 2:41 pm EDT the system had come

together and was stretching across the nation vertically

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Aqua Satellite(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html),Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth

(/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hazards(/subject/3130/hazards), Land (/subject/3133/land)

Aqua Satellite

(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html)

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10/17



Read Full Article

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March 25, 2015

RELEASE 15-017

Increased Rainfall inTropics Caused by MoreFrequent Big Storms

A new study based in part on NASA satellite data has

shown that an increase in large, well-organized

thunderstorms is behind increased rainfall in the wettest

regions of the tropics.

Many scientists have long thought that in a warming worldsome regions are likely to see more rain because a

warmer atmosphere is capable of holding more water

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Earth Research Findings(/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard Institutefor Space Studies (/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space FlightCenter (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hurricanes(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/main/index.ht

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Feb. 17, 2015

RELEASE 15-006 (Goddard)

NASA Science Leads New


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11/17



York City Climate Change2015 Report

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Institute for SpaceStudies (/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hazards(/subject/3130/hazards)

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Feb. 12, 2015

RELEASE 15-020

NASA Study Finds Carbon

Emissions CouldDramatically Increase Riskof U.S. Megadroughts

NASA | Megadroughts Projected for A…

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Climate

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12/17



(/subject/3127/climate), Earth (/topics/earth/index.html),Earth Research Findings (/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard Institute for Space Studies(/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hazards(/subject/3130/hazards), Water (/subject/3135/water)

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Feb. 10, 2015

NASA Study Shows Global

Sea Ice Diminishing,Despite Antarctic GainsSea ice increases in Antarctica do not make up for the

accelerated Arctic sea ice loss of the last decades, a new

NASA study finds. As a whole, the planet has been

shedding sea ice at an average annual rate of 13,500

square miles (35,000 square kilometers) since 1979, the

equivalent of losing an area of sea ice larger than the

state of Maryland every year.

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Earth Research Findings(/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard SpaceFlight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Ice(/subject/3132/ice)

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Jan. 23, 2015

Ice (/subject/3132/ice)

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13/17



NASA Data Peers intoGreenland’s Ice SheetA three -dimensional view of the age and structure

of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Scientists using ice-penetrating radar data collected by

NASA’s Operation IceBridge and earlier airborne

campaigns have built the first-ever comprehensive map

of layers deep inside the Greenland Ice Sheet.

Tags: Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Earth Research Findings(/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard SpaceFlight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Ice(/subject/3132/ice), IceBridge

(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/index.html)

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Jan. 16, 2015

RELEASE 15-010

NASA, NOAA Find 2014Warmest Year in ModernRecord

NASA | 2014 Warmest Year On Record

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Climate

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14/17



(/subject/3127/climate), Earth (/topics/earth/index.html),Earth Research Findings (/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard Institute for Space Studies(/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html)

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Dec. 17, 2014

RELEASE 14-043

NASA Satellites MeasureIncrease of Sun’s EnergyAbsorbed in the Arctic

NASA satellite instruments have observed a markedincrease in solar radiation absorbed in the Arctic since

the year 2000 – a trend that aligns with the steady

decrease in Arctic sea ice during the same period.

While sea ice is mostly white and reflects the sun’s rays,

ocean water is dark and absorbs the sun’s energy at a

higher rate. A decline in the region’s albedo – its

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), Aqua Satellite

(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html),Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Earth Research Findings(/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard SpaceFlight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Ice(/subject/3132/ice), Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbitingPartnership)(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/main/index.html),Terra Satellite(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/index.html)

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Dec. 8, 2014

NASA’s CATS: A Launch ofExceptional TeamworkThere aren’t enough people on NASA’s Cloud-Aerosol

Transport System (CATS) team to field both sides of a

football scrimmage, but there are enough to build and

test the Earth-observing instrument, bound for theInternational Space Station on Dec. 16.

Consisting of 19 people, including three high school

students, the CATS team designed and built a new cloud

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), CATS (Cloud-Aerosol TransportSystem) (/subject/6767/cats-cloudaerosol-transport-system), Climate (/subject/3127/climate), CommercialResupply(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/i

Earth (/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), International SpaceStation (ISS) (/mission_pages/station/main/index.html)

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Oct. 31, 2014

RELEASE 14-292

NASA Program EnhancesClimate Resilience at

Air (/subject/3126/air)

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Agency Facilities A new study in the latest issue of the Bulletin of the

American Meteorological Society provides an in-depth

look at how NASA facilities have been affected by climate

extremes and climate change in recent years and how the

agency is preparing for the future.

Using a blend of weather data, global and regionalclimate model outputs, and advances in the

understanding of the climate system, the study finds that

Tags: Benefits to You (/topics/benefits/index.html), Climate(/subject/3127/climate), Earth (/topics/earth/index.html),Earth Research Findings (/subject/7782/earth-research-findings), Goddard Institute for Space Studies(/subject/6071/giss), Goddard Space Flight Center(/centers/goddard/home/index.html)

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Sept. 8, 2014

New Remote-SensingInstrument to Blaze a Trailon the International SpaceStation

Tags: Air (/subject/3126/air), CATS (Cloud-Aerosol TransportSystem) (/subject/6767/cats-cloudaerosol-transport-system), Climate (/subject/3127/climate), Earth(/topics/earth/index.html), Goddard Space Flight Center

(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Science Instruments(/topics/technology/science-instruments/index.html),Technology (/topics/technology/index.html)

Air (/subject/3126/air)

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Page Last Updated: May 5, 2016

NASA Official: Brian Dunbar

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