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  • 7/31/2019 Magmatismul iniial alpin

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    @{vzmop

    M/ Mo~zin{`kzk/:

    MM/ K~lvkek nk kqie{ mk lek glbgl~mpg{e{m iamiem~m` levm/////////:

    MMM/ Vk~zi`hmgml zi`meiz iamiem~m`k// 1

    MQ/Bki`hmgml zi`meiz iamiem~m`k///1

    Q/ Vk~zibkoktl zi`meiz iamiem~m`k//2

    QM/ Gk~leibkoktl lpi`ml~ glbgl~mpg{e{m iamiem~m`////////////////8

    QMM/ @io`e{tmm///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=

    QMMM/ Jmjemibzlamk////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

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    Glbgl~mpg{e iamiem~m` levmo nmo G{o mm Lv{pkom (D{zlpm`'@zk~l`m` Moakzmiz-

    M/Mo~zin{`kzkGlbgl~mpg{e mommle levmo% `{ `lzl`~kz pmgl~m`% pk glomakp~ o` nk el o`kv{~

    aizgzmm tiokm gijmek nmo vlz~kl nk p{n l G{o meiz Lv{pkom (amb/

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    glomakp~l~ o bkokzle p{jglzmo% oe{ob{e {oiz azl`~{zm vzia{onk%izmko~l~k vlzleke `{ lx{e tiokmgijmek% non ol ~kzk {o{m`igvekx jltle~m` bzip nk

    lvzixmgl~mq 0666 g/ L`kp~`igvekx kp~k le`~{m~ nmo zi`m `{`lzl`~kzmp~m`m vk~zibzlam`k m vk~zi`hmgm`k lpkgo~ilzk o~il~k zkbm{omek o `lzk lvlz% `{glz am G{o mm Nzi`kl% vlz~kl nk kp~l G{o meiz Gk~lemakzm m zkbm{oklnk p{n nk Emviql/

    L`~mqm~l~kl glbgl~m` lzko l`klp~ k~lv {o `lzl`~kz vzknigmolo~ ka{tmq m pkglomakp~ vzmo mgviz~lo~k `{zbkzmnk elq p{jglzmok% lnkpkl oal`mkp nk vmeeir elql/ L`kp~kl p{o~`iop~m~{m~k nmo jltle~k% jltle~klgmbnleimnk% qlzmiem~k mlolgkpm~k% o `lzk pk mo~kz`leklt

    {okizm omqkek p{j mzm nk vmzi`elp~m~k m p~m`ek ~l`hmem~m`k% lpi`ml~k zlz `{ zlnmiezi mm/

    I `lzl`~kzmp~m mgviz~lo~ l l`~mqm~ mm glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle o l`klp~ k~lvmgvzmgl~ nk l`~mqm~l~kl mo~z{tmq `io`igm~ko~ `{ `kl ka{tmq% `kkl `k `ion{`k el aiz{oiz `izv{zm jltm`k m {e~zl' jltm`k% `lzk pk vzktmo~ `l votk mo~z{tmqk% n}ck' {zm m `izv{z m`igv{pk o bkokzle nk nmgkopm{om zkn{pk (6/;' >cg e{obmgk-% aizgl~k o `kl glm glzk vlz~knmo bljjzi{zm/ o G{o mm Nzi`kl% glm lekp% p{o~ v{pk o ei` ameilok m `izv{zm mo~z{tmqp{o~ `kek nk vkzmni~m~k nk el Zi ml Oi{ m `kek nk bljjzi{zm nk @tok~m @m{oblom% Legl'Pem ~k% Leg ke% @{ml m D{em l/ Kp~k vzijljme ` lp~ake nk `izv{zm pk bpkp` m o `{zbkzmek nkelqk l`ivkzm~k nk aizgl m{om pknmgko~lzk% glm oim nmo G{o mm Gk~lemakzm m ^zlp`{` monm`l mm nk l`klp~ ol~{z l{ aip~ a{zomtl~k nk aizldk nmo jltmo{e qmm ^k`hkzke{`zzmek e{m M/Jkzjkekl` (

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    nmo ~zkm omqkek `{ zi`m nmakzm~k/ o `iop~m~{ ml l`kp~iz omqkek vlz~m`mv bljjzi{zmbljjzi{zm `{ glbok~m~% bljjzi{zm `{lz makzk% hmvkzm~k m niekzm~k/

    @izv{zmek nkbljjzi{zm `igv{pk%`{g kp~k `ke nk el

    Leg ke l{ zkt{e~l~nmo qkomzm p{``kpmqknk glbgk nmo `lzk p'l{ aizgl~ hmvkzm~k%bljjzi{zm `{ iemqmo%bljjzi{zm mgm`zibljjzi{zm `{nmivpmn% bljjzi{zm

    vkbgl~imnk%bljjiz{zm% nmizm~k`{lz makzk m

    gm`zivkbgl~m~k(bzloiamzk-/

    K~lvl l ni{l nk kqie{ mk l glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle

    Mo~kzqko ml gm `zmeiz `hmggkzm`k oim ginmam` pkopmjme p{j ~il~k lpvk`~kek kqie{ mk l glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle/ Vzin{pkek glbgl~m`k nmo l`klp~ k~lv pk `lzl`~kzmvzmo~z'i `igvitm mk `hmgm` ailz~k qlzml~ m p{o~ zkvzktko~l~k glm lekp vzmo vmz i`elp~m~k lpi`ml~k zlz `{ elqk vzin{pk nk i l`~mqm~l~k q{e`lom` mo~kzgm~ko~ `lzk p'l glomakp~l~ nmoD{zlpm`{e p{vkzmiz m vo o Oki`igmlo/ L`kp~k vzin{pk `io~{zklt {okek lvlzl~k q{e`lom`nk ~mv `ko~zle `{ l`~mqm~l~k gmx~% mop~lel~k glm lekp vk zlgl nk oizn m `kl nk p{n lgijmek% zkpvk`~mq o e{ob{e `keiz ni{ aipk pk`{onlzk% aizgl~k vk glzbmomek lejmbkipmo`emolek o {zgl gm `zmeiz `hmggkzm`k oim% o `lzk lzk ei` m i mo~kop pknmgkoaem {e{m `zk~l`m` moakzmiz/ Zi`mek vmzi`elp~m`k pk mo~kz`leklt o nkvitm~kek `le`lzilpk lek d{zlpm`{e{m p{vkzmiz m o `kek lek aem {e{m oki`igmlo% mlz o `io{zmek p{jglzmop~zl~iq{e`lomeiz zkt{e~l m nmo l`klp~ l`~mqm~l~k pk mop~leklt {okizm zk`mam viz~elopl{oki`igmkom/

    Vzmo~zk lvlzl~kekq{e`lom`k `kek glm zkvzktko~l~mqk nmo G{o mm Nzi`kl gko miog vk`kek nk ^zil % Vmzok ~m m Elek mo vk zlgl oiznm`% ^g k ~m m Qiz l vk `kl p{nm`G{o mm ^zlp`{ pk monmqmn{lemtklt ni{ tiok `{ lpkgkokl vzin{pk q{e`lom`% {ol pm~{l~

    e{ob{e `zkp~km Jknkek{ Zkgk m m le~l o~zk qmek Lgvim{ m Lzmk / Vzin{pkek q{e`lom`bkokzl~k nk l`~mqm~l~kl q{e`lom` nmo l`klp~ k~lv p{o~ zkvzktko~l~k vzmo jltle~k% longlm zlz emgj{zbm~k% iembiamzk% lejm~iamzk% iz~iamzk% ~zl`hmlonktm~k% nl`m~k m {okek `izkpvionko~k hmviljmpm`k lek {oizl nmo l`kp~k zi`m% `l vizamzk bzloinmizm~mbzlom~m`k/

    K~lvl l ~zkml nk kqie{ mk l glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle

    L`~mqm~l~kl glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle pk o`hkmk o vlz~kl nk qkp~ l lv{pkomeiz n(G{o mm Nzi`kl- `{ `kl nk' l ni{l k~lv% `~zk paz m~{e oki`igmlo{e{m% o ~mgv `k o

    kx~zkgm~l~kl kp~m` kl `io~mo{ o` m o ~mgv{e jlzzkgmlo' lv mlo{e{m (G/ Jiz`i m `ielj/%

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    kxvem` vzmo zkmop~lelzkl {o{m zkbmg nk aip lno` `{ pknmgko~lzk p{jpmnko~ o vlz'kp~m` l tiokm bkipmo`emolek% o `ionm mm nmakzm~k op nk `kek nmo k~lvkek lo~kzmilzk/ o l`kp~k`ionm mm l{ aip~ v{pk o ei` i pkzmk nk ameilok% `io`igm~ko~ `{ kz{v mm nk jzk`mm q{e`lomp`{zbkzm nk jltle~k m pvmem~k% lnkpkl `{ p~z{`~{z lgmbnleimn% mo~kz`lel~k o npknmgko~lzk pmo`ziok% `{ `lzk p{o~ {~l~k gvzk{o/

    MMM/ Vk~zi`hmgml zi`meiz iamiem~m`k

    @hmgmpg{e zi`meiz jltm`k p~ljmem~ vk jltl {o{m o{gz nk 82 nk lolemtk nk zi`m vzilpvk~k kqmnko mlt `elz `lzl`~kz{e nk glbgl~m~k mom mlek le zi`meiz nmo G{o mm Lv{pp{n/ Zi`mek jltm`k nmo vzmgl k~lv l glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle `izkpv{on el {zg~ilzkek ~mv{zm nkglbg4 hizojekonm~m`% hizojekonm~' vkzmni~m~m`% ag' bljjzim`% vmzixko' bljjzimn%l`holhlm~m`% loiz~itm~m`% vmzixko' hizojekonm~m`% bljjzimn% ippmvm~m`% oizgle' bljjzimn% jke{bm~m`% hlrlm~m`% gmhlzlm~m` m oizgle' nmizm~m`/ L`kp~k ~mv{zm nk glbg pk o`lnzklt obz{vl glbgkeiz `le`i' le`lemok% m lo{gk el glbgkek jltm`k m {e~zljltm`k% nmakzko ml~k`lzl`~kzmp~m`k lek glbgkeiz ~hiekmm~m`k p{j`z{p~lek/

    o k~lvl l ni{l% `hmgmpg{e iamiem~keiz vp~zklt o bkokzle `lzl`~kz{e pmgl~m` nmo vk~lv% nlz pk ginmam` o ~mgv{e nkpa {zzmm plek% nmakzko mkzkl {zgzmon ni{ em{ol `le`i' le`lemo { {ol le`lemo/ L`klp~ nmakzko mkzk l `ion{p el pkvlzlzkl {okm nmqkzpmqlp~k nk glbgk% vzmo~zk `lzk pk o{gz `kl ~hkzlem~m`% bljjzi'n mizm~m`% oizgle' nmizm~m`%`{lz ' nmizm~m`% nmizm~' ~iolem~m`% bzloinmizm~m`% {lz' pmkom~m`' pinm`% k~`/

    o nk`{zp{e `kekm nk l ~zkml k~lv nk kqie{ mk l glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle% `hmgglbgkeiz `lzl`~kzmtklt o o~zkbmgk glbgkek jltm`k% `lzk `izkpv{on ~mv{zmeiz bljjzimn mvmzixko bljjzimn/ @lzl`~kz{e vzmo`mvle le l`kp~iz zi`m kp~k mgvzmgl~ nk `io mo{~{e glm zmnk Ol : I (vo el >%

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    ` vzmg{e kekgko~ `zk ~k mo~kop nk el zi`mek lonktm~m`k pvzk `kek zmiem~m`k% vk `on `i@{ kp~k glm zmnm`l~ o ~kzgkomm mo~kzgknmlzm% mlz `ke nk To glomakp~ ~konmo l bp`nkl vk gp{zl gjib mzmm zi`meiz o PmI: /

    Q/ Vk~zibkoktl zi`meiz iamiem~m`k

    @kz`k~zmek vk~zi`hmgm`k m bki`hmgm`k glm zk`ko~k l{ lz~l~ ` glbgl vzmglz`lzk l{ zkt{e~l~ zi`mek iamiem~m`k l aip~ i glbg ~hiekmm~m` pl~{zl~ `{ PmI: % aizgl~ o v~{zl jltle~m` l Vgo~{e{m/ Aizglzkl v~{zmm jltle~m`k p{j`io~moko~lek kp~k% `ioaizg l`kp~izzkt{e~l~{e p`hmgj{e{m nk p{jp~lo nmo~zk v~{zl vkzmni~m~m` m p`ilz l pmlem` vzi`kp{e{m nk ~ivmzk m zk~ivmzk o nmakzm~kek `m`e{zm ~k`~ioiglbgl~m`k o `lzk l e{l~`io~moko~{e k{zivklo/

    Kqie{ ml glbgkm ~hiekmm~m`k mom mlek o nk`{zp{e `keiz ~zkm k~lvk nk nkpaglbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle kp~k pkopmjme nmakzm~/ o vzmgl k~lv% nmakzko mkzkl glbgkp~k ailz~k v{ mo kqie{l~% kl nk~kzgmoonaizglzkl {oiz glbgk `{ `lzl`~kz bljjzim`% nmo`lzk pk pkvlz {okizm `kek oizgle' nmizm~m`k/ o~z ' {o gin lpkgo~iz l lq{~ ei` m nmakzko mkzklglbgkeiz nmo `izv{zmek mo~z{tmqk jltm`k% o l `ziz kqie{ mk pk zkglz` op pkvlzlzkl {oiznmakzko ml~k gjib m~k o amkz m pinm{/

    o l ni{l k~lv% nmakzko mkzkl {zgzk ~k ni{ emomm vzmo`mvlek nk kqie{ mk4 i em'le`lemo `{ pkzml jltle~'lonktm~' zmiem~ m i emomk le`lemo `izkpv{ot~ilzk pkzmkm jltle'emgj{zbm~'iembiamz'~zlhmlonktm~'iz~iamz/ o l ~zkml k~lv% glbgl {zgzk ~k i emomk pmgve nkqie{ mk% zkqkomon el i `igvitm mk jltle~m`% nmo `lzk zkt{e~ zi`m `{ `lzl`~kz pvmem~m`/Gk~lgizampg{e nk `io~l`~% `lzk pk glomakp~ zlz% kp~k nk~kzgmol~ nk l` m{okl `izv{zmo~z{tmqk jltm`k lp{vzl zi`meiz nmo `igvekx{e jltle~m`% `kkl `k n ol ~kzk el `izokkok jltm`k`{ nmivpmn m lgamjie% `{g kp~k nk kxkgve{ `io~l`~{e nk el Legl' Pem ~k o `lzk pk aizgklt

    `izokkok jltm`k `{ vmzixkom m lgamjie/Pie{ mmek vip~glbgl~m`k lpi`ml~k l`~mqm~ mm glbgl~mpg{e{m mom mle l{ l` miol~ lp{vzl zi`meiz jltm`k% o lo{gm~k tiok nk~kzgmoon akoigkok nk ~zlopaizglzk hmnzi~kzgle maizglzkl {oiz gmokzlemtl mm nk p{ea{zm% glm lekp vmzm~/ Vzi`kpkek nk gk~lgizampg hminlak`~klt l~~ zi`mek `izv{zmeiz mo~z{tmqk `~ m vk l`kekl nmo `igvekx{e jltle~m` o `lzk p'l{aizgl~ zi`m `{ kvmni~% `eizm~% `le`m~% `{lz m tkiem m/ P' l nkipkjm~ {o al`mkp nk ~kgvkzl~{z glmzmnm`l~ o `lzk kp~k `lzl`~kzmp~m` vlzlbkoktl velbmi`elt l`mn kvmni~ l~moiem~ '{lz ('`le`m~- m {o al`mkp nk ~kgvkzl~{z glm p`t{~ `{ vlzlbkoktl lejm~ `eizm~ `le`m~ vzkhom~/L`~mqm~l~kl `kl glm ~ztmk l gk~lgizampg{e{m hmnzi~kzgle `ion{`k el le~kzlzkl zi`meiz al`mkp{e tkiem meiz% gmokzlek `lzk p{o~ nkv{pk vk amp{zmek m o ql`{iekek l`kp~izl/

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    QM/ Gk~leibkoktl lpi`ml~ glbgl~mpg{e{m iamiem~m`

    L`~mqm~l~kl gk~leibkok~m` l nkvmop nk gin{e nk nkpa {zlzk l glbgl~mpg{e{m momm l aip~ `io~ziel~ nk `ionm mmek bki~k`~iom`k bkokzlek pvk`mam`k o amk`lzk k~lv nk kVzi`kpkek gk~leibkok~m`k l{ `ion{p el aizglzkl l ~zkm glzm ~mv{zm nk l`{g{ezm nk p{jp~lo gmokzlek {~mek4 em`hmn glbgl~m`% hmnzi~kzgle m q{e`loibko pknmgko~lz/

    Gk~leibkoktl em`hmn'glbgl~m`

    L`{g{ezmek nk ~m~loiglbok~m~ qlolnmakz nmo G{o mm Nzi`kl `io~{zklt {o nmp~zmglm g{e~k `gv{zm gk~leibkok~m`k ekbl~k nk vzmo`mvlekek `izv{zm nk bljjzi{zm nmo zkbm{onko{gm~ nmp~zm`~{e akzmakz em`hmn'glbgl~m` nmo G{o mm Nzi`kl/ @io`ko~zlzkl amkz{e{m o`izv{zmek nk bljjzi{zm p' l vzin{p o `{zp{e nmakzko mkzmmmo pm~{l l`kp~izl% vzi`kp{e ammonalqizmtl~ nk bzln{e l``ko~{l~ nk ixmnlzk l glbgkm% `lzk l nk~kzgmol~ `l zlviz~{e nmo~zk AkI mAk: I 0 p pk ginmam`k o alqilzkl ixmn{e{m akzm`% `lzk lzk zie nk aionlo~ m `lzk gzk ~kmo~kzqle{e nk `zmp~lemtlzk l glbgkm/ Glbgl zktmn{le% jibl~ o Ak% ^m m Q% pk `io`ko~z

    o vz mek moakzmilzk lek`izv{zmeiz% {onk pkaizgklt bljjzi{zm `{~m~loiglbok~m~ m megkom~(;':;+-% gmokzlekxkoigizak lzk`zmp~lemtklt el ~kgvkzl~{zmmo~zk

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    Gk~leibkoktl q{e`loibko' pknmgko~lz

    L`~mqm~l~kl gk~leibkok~m` q{e`loibko' pknmgko~lz kp~k ekbl~ nk l ni{l k~lv nknkpa {zlzk l glbgl~mpg{e{m iamiem~m` m pk glomakp~ o pvk`mle o `kek ni{ aipk glzblek tiokm G{zk {e{m/ Le~kzlzkl hlegmziem~m` l zi`meiz jltm`k% `lzk l lq{~ ei` `io`igm~ko~ `{

    l`~mqm~l~kl q{e`lom` l `ion{p el `io`ko~zlzkl ixmtmeiz nk globlo m nk amkz p{j aizg nk jkotm p{j mzm% opi m~k o gldizm~l~kl `lt{zmeiz nk dlpv{zm zi mm% `lzk p{o~ mo~kz`leglzokek m `le`lzkek oki`igmkok% `~ m o vzin{pkek vmzi`elp~m`k/

    o vlz~kl nk oizn' qkp~ l tiokm iamiem~m`k pk monmqmn{lemtklt nmp~zm`~{e `{ l`{gq{e`loibko' pknmgko~lzk nk ixmtm m hmnzixmtm nk globlo Vzok ~m'J{`klql' img{ `lzk pknkemgm~klt o `{vzmop{e aizgl m{omeiz oki`igmkok aizgl~k o aipl Nzi`km m `lzk `{vzmoaizgl m{om globlomakzk/ L`kp~kl p{o~ `gv{zmek `{ ixmtm m hmnzixmtm nk glob(globloigkelok% vmzie{pm~- Vzok ~m m J{`klql `lzk pk `lzl`~kzmtklt vzmo l`{g{ezm nk ixm hmnzixmtm nk globlo p{j aizg nk jkotm ailz~k p{j mzm% nmpv{pk vk velo{e nk p~zl~mamzi`meiz pknmgko~lzk% pl{ vzmo mgvzkbol mm o l`kp~kl nmo {zg/

    Vk zlgl p{nm` l G{o meiz Gk~lemakzm pk pkvlz nmp~zm`~{e `{ l`{g{ezm q{e`lo'pknmgko~lzk nk ixmtm m hmnzixmtm nk globlo ^g k ~m'Nkle{ Glzk% `lzk nkemgm~klt ni{`gv{zm globlomakzk emvpm~k nk lpkgkokl nk mgviz~lo k`ioigm`% nmo~zk `lzk {o{e pm~{l~ o d{z{e ei`lem~ mm ^g k ~m m le~{e o zkbm{okl Nkle{ Glzk/ L`kp~l nmo {zgmqmzmek glm mgviz~lo~k nk el Binmok ~m m Vinkek/

    QMM/ @io`e{tmm

    Nmo `kek vzktko~l~k pk nkpvzmonk `io`e{tml bkokzle ` tiol gijme l G{o meizLv{pkom nk p{n o`kvk p pk aizgktk vzijljme el paz m~{e ~zmlpm`{e{m pl{ o`kv{~{e d{zlp

    vzmo~z'{o akoigko nk nkp~monkzk l p`ilz km% pmo`zio vzijljme gm `zmeiz `lzk l{ nk~kzgmol~pkvlzlzkl `io~moko~keiz/ Kqie{ ml l`kp~km tiok gijmek kp~k `io~ziel~ nk ginmam`lzk`ionm mmeiz bki~k`~iom`k/ o p~lnm{e ki`mokgl~m` kl pk `lzl`~kzmtklt vzmo~z '{o akoigko nkp`{a{onlzk `igvkopl~ nk kz{v mm glpmqk nk elqk jltm`k nk izmbmok pmgl~m`% `k qmop{vzlal vk emommek nk azl`~{zm vzia{onk% o e{ob{e `zizlpk vzin{`k p`{a{onlzkl tiokmbkipmo`emolek (H/Plq{%

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