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Lecia 1: Substantivul

1.1 Felul substantivelor

Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:

substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy substantive colective: crowd, group, team

1.2. Genul

Substantive de genul masculinsunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog

Substantivele de genul femininsunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:

Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe

Substantive de genul neutrusunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nueste cunoscut (pronume: it/they:Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, babyExceptii: tarile, navele, n ma!oritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule suntde genul feminin.

Substantivele de genul comunsunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivelecare intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:Ex.: child(copil, copila, cook(bucatar, bucatareasa, teacher(profesor, profesoara.

"nele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter, uncle -aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

1.3. Numarul

#umarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul saumai multe obiecte sau fiinte.

Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world,storm $luralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui sla forma de singular:

Ex.: cats!cats, days!days, worlds!worlds $luralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, se formeaza adaug%nd esla

singular.Ex.: churches!churches, bushes!bushes, classes!classes,potatoes!potatoes, bushes!bushes, bo"es!bo"es

1.3.1. !luralul neregulat Substantive terminate n consoana"#fac pluralul n ies:

Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies "nele substantive terminate n ofac plural prin adaugarea unui s.

Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos

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"nele substantive terminate n fsau fevor suferi la plural schimbarea n ves.Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf -wolvesExceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs#wharves

&%teva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne

Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth $luralul substantivului childeste children. "nele substantive ram%n identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep,

species, fish

1.3.2 !luralul substantivelor compuse 'n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuv%nt va trece la plural.

Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agentsExceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este mansau womanvorprimi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants

'n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv prepozitie / adverb substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up

)brevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui sEx.: M$s %Members of $arliament&, '($s %very important persons&

1.$. Substantivele unice %uncountable nouns&

Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable deoarece reprezinta fie unicate,obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.

Nume 'e substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood (bstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help,

information, news, beauty, e"perience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory,literature

(lte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking,weather

Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:Ex.: )his coffee is cold* )he weather was dreadful*

#u sunt precedate de a#an* pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive sefoloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of,etc.Ex.: ( do not want any help* ( need some information* )his slice of bread is hard* )hepiece of advice you gave me helped*

#ota: +ulte dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfeldevenind substantive comune si comport%nduse ca atare (primes a/an la singular, potavea plural.

Sens )nic * Sens +omun

+er hair is black. ($arul ei este negru.She found a hair in the milk. () gasit un fir de par n lapte.

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)heir house was made of wood. (&asa lor este din lemn.e picnicked in the woods. ()m mers la picnic n padure.

1.. Forma posesiva Se adauga -sla forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina n s:

Ex.: a childs voice, the peoples choice, a horses mouth, womens clothes -om folosi doar apostroful (- cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care setermina n s.

Ex.: a boys school, the .ohnsons residence #umele proprii terminate n svor primi fie doar apostrof (-, fie -s

Ex.: Mr .oness # Mr .ones car, /eatss # /eats poems 'n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuv%nt va primi -s

Ex.: My father-in-laws guitar, +enry the Eighths wives -sse foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.

Ex.: )he 0E1s assistant, the $Ms speech orma posesiva se foloseste n general c%nd vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se

foloseste de asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri:o 'n expresii temporale

Ex.: yesterdays newspaper, in five years time, ten minutes breako 'n expresii construite dupa modelul bani " orth

Ex.: ten dollars worth of bananas, a shillings worth of stampso 'n alte expresii uzuale:

Ex.: for heavens sake, a winters day, the waters edge, the planes wings,the trains departure

'n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiuneasubstantivului urmator atunci c%nd sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine,birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta.

Ex.: ou can buy this at the bakers %shop&* Mary bought her tickets at the travelagents %office&* )he kids went to 2obbys %house&* 0deea de posesie se poate exprima si cu a!utorul constructiei of"substantiv.

)ceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sauanimale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house( took the advice of the girl ( met on the bus and went to buy the book*

1.Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantive:actor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephew, cousin, dog,waiter, camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor %burlac, absolvent&,widower, assistant, host, snake, player, bridegroom, doctor,

teacher.

2.Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:knife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, woman, leaf, loaf, man, photo,piano, sheep, shelf, storey %palier, cat&, story, thief, tooth, wife.

3.1escrie urmatoarele constructii conform modelului:)he luggage belonging to the travelers - The traveler's luggage

)he room belonging to the child -)he clothes belonging to the children -)he car belonging to Mr* Smith -

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)he luggage belonging to the '($ -)he flat belonging to her son-in-law -)he canteen used by the workers -

/mportant 0

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