identificarea criminalistica a armelor de foc si a munitiilor

7/23/2019 Identificarea criminalistica a armelor de foc si a munitiilor

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Kge`wknkod}ed d}cela} ge nao

Kge`wknkod}ed o}kck`dlkswko

Kge`wknkod}ed o}kck`dlkswko aoux laoul oe`w}dl ` k`~eswkfd}ed ndxwela}x}e~yuwe ge lefe. Doedswd eswe a dowk~kwdwe oacxlez dl o}ek soax l }ex}eyk`wswdmklk}ed kge`wkwkk uùk amkeow sdu dl uèk xe}sadè.

Kge`wknkod}ed }ex}eyk`w dowk~kwdwed ge oe}oewd}e d amkeowela}, nkkèla} sduneàceèla} x}k` od}e se swdmkleso `suk}kle oacuè dle doeswa}d gd} k geasemk}klegk`w}e ele, xe mdyd doeswa} w}swu}k nkk`g cx}kwe ` wkxu}k, f}uxek sumf}uxe, soaxul

nkk`g doeld ge d swdmklk xe`w}u nkeod}e e`wkwdwe ` xd}we elece`wele ge sxeoknkokwdwe._oaxul x}aoesuluk ge kge`wknkod}e o}kck`dlkswko l }ex}eyk`w swdmklk}ed kge`wkwkk

uùk dùce amkeow, neàce` sdu nkk`.

Kge`wkwdwed xadwe nk genk`kw od }ex}eye`w`g doed suc ge od}dowe}kswkok od}esu`w x}ax}kk gad} doeluk amkeow ! neàce` ! nkk` k od}e l ndo s nke kge`wko gad} ouskè, gkne}e`kk`gu#l ge wadwe oeleldlwe amkeowe ! neàceè ! nkkè gk` sumf}uxd sd. `d`dlkyd x}aoesuluk ge kge`wknkod}e w}emuke xa}`kw ge ld oa`~k`fe}ed o `dwu}d ù do}edw amkeowe kge`wkoe, w}dse ld k`gkfa, o, ojkd} k ` x}k~k`d oela} cdk dsec`wad}eamkeowe w}emuke fskwe k gesoaxe}kwe w}swu}kle od}e dskfu} kge`wkwdwed nkeo}ukd.

Kge`wknkod}ed xe}sadèla} sdu amkeowela} se xadwe }edlkyd ` w}ek cagdlkwk

gkswkòwe9d.+ kge`wknkod}ed gux ceca}ke # se dxeledy ld ceca}kd cd}wa}kla} xe`w}u

swdmklk}ed `suk}kla} xe}sadèk sdu amkeowuluk ouwdw

m.+ kge`wknkod}ed gux geso}ke}ed w}swu}kla} ese`kdle # ` x}kòkxku, waw akge`wknkod}e gux ceca}ke, ge doedsw gdw gewdlkkle nkk`g culw cdk x}eokse `w}uowx}a~k` ge ld xe}sad` dx}axkdw ! ge ld x}ax}kewd}ul muùluk ge kge`wknkodw

o.+ kge`wknkod}ed gux u}cele lsdwe ld ndd laouluk ` feè}dl, oed cdk uwkl kskfu} cewag ge kge`wknkod}e gdwa}kw lkxsek sumkeowk~kwkk, d ezksweèk amkeowk~e du}cela}

Kge`wknkod}ed eswe a dowk~kwdwe oacxlez od}e d}e g}exw soax swdmklk}edkge`wkwkk. Ed eswe }edlkydw ge }eful ge ow}e ezxe}wul o}kck`dlksw *`w}#a ezxe}wkyo}kck`dlkswko+ a} ge ow}e sxeokdlkswul xalkkek iugkokd}e *` oux}k`sul uùk ]dxa}w geoa`swdwd}e wej`ko+. X}aoesul ge kge`wknkod}e x}k` }ele~d}ed doela} w}swu}k feè}dle kxd}wkould}e dle amkeowuluk ouwdw *amkeowul ge kge`wknkodw+ se ndoe ge ld feè}dl ldxd}wkould} k x}esuxuè ` x}kòkxdl ezdck`d}ed u}cela} lsdwe ge doeswe amkeowe.

Cewagalafkd kge`wknko}kk x}esuxuè gau ewdxe amlkfdwa}kk9

d.+ cdk `wk, ezdck`d}ed sexd}dw d amkeowuluk xu}wwa} ge u}cem.+ dxak ezdck`d}ed oacxd}dwk~ d u}cela}

` odg}ul ezdck`}kk sexd}dwe sxeokdlkswul ~d d`dlkyd amkeowele xu}wwad}e ge


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u}ce ` cag k`gk~kgudl, sexd}dw, òe}o`g d dnld ow cdk culwe gewdlkk uwklekge`wknko}kk, ` wkcx oe odg}ul ezdck`}kk oacxd}dwk~e se ~a} d`dlkyd oaòackwe`w dwwu}cd fskw ld ndd laouluk ow k u}cd amkùw ` oa`gkkk ge ldma}dwa} ge ld amkeowulsusxeowdw d nk o}edw x}kcd u}c, soaxul nkk`g doeld ge d swdmklk ù gdo u}cele su`wkge`wkoe, ok gdo amkeowul od}e d o}edw doele u}ce eswe uùl k doeldk.

Ezdck`d}ed oacxd}dwk~ ouàdwe w}ek cagdlkwk9 x}aoegeul oa`n}u`w}kk,x}aoegeul iuzwdxuè}kk k x}aoegeul sux}dxuè}kk.

Oa`n}u`wd}ed x}esuxuè a d`dlky ou aojkul lkme} sdu nalask`g dxd}dwu}wej`ko sxeokdl *wej`kok nawaf}dnkoe sdu cko}asoax oacxd}dwa}+ xe`w}u d se xuwedamse}~d dsec`}kle k geasemk}kle ezkswe`we `w}e amkeowele suxuse ezdck`}kk.

Iuzwdxuè}ed x}esuxuè sux}dxuè}ed xd}kdl xe`w}u d se ~e}knkod gdogewdlkkle ge xe kcdfkèd uèkd gk` u}ce se oa`wkù ` cag `dwu}dl x}k` gewdlkkle gexe kcdfkèd oelekldlwe u}ce. X}aoegeul eswe nalaskw ` sxeokdl ` odyul u}cela} sumna}c ge sw}kdkk sdu lk`kk è}efuldwe.

X}aoegeul sux}dxuè}kk x}esuxuè a sux}dxuè}e ` k`wef}dlkwdwe d kcdfk`kla}oela} gau u}ce!amkeowe suxuse ezdck`}kk.

D}cele ge nao

Oa`na}c lefkk =;5!=887, d}cele ge nao su`w genk`kwe ` d}wkoalul ?, doele d}ced o}a} nuòka`d}e gewe}ck` d}uòd}ed uùkd sdu cdk culwa} x}akeowkle, sumswdèdx}k`se sdu luckàdse a}k cx}wke}ed ge fdye àok~e, k}kwd`we sdu ge èuw}dlkyd}e.

X}kòkxkul ge nuòka`d}e dl d}cela} ge nao d}e ld mdy na}d ge ezxd`skuè dfdyela} x}a~e`kwe gk` gewa`d}ed uèk odxse a}k x}k` ezxlaykd uèk ò}owu}k.` se`sul lefkk =;5!=887 x}eouc sk dl OX, d}cele ge nao su`w9

4. d}cele cklkwd}e, oa`neoka`dwe xe`w}u gawd}ed na}ela} d}cdwe, nalaskwe `doku`k ge èuw}dlkyd}e sdu `kckok}e d xe}sa`dluluk k wej`kokk ge luxw dk`dckouluk, x}eouc k dlwe k`sw}uce`we, xkese sdu gksxaykwk~e geswk`dwe dkcamklkyd, d }`kk, d uokge a}k d gksw}ufe, gdo x}eyk`w od}dowe}kswkokle uèkd}ce cklkwd}e2

=. d}ce ou fla` sdu dlkoe, sxeokdl ndm}kodwe sdu oa`neoka`dwe xe`w}u x}dowkod}edwk}uluk sxa}wk~ acalafdwe sdu }eouàsouwe od dwd}e ge Nege}dkd ]ac` geWk}2

?. d}cele ge ~`wad}e ou fla`, ou dlkoe sdu ckzwe, geswk`dwe x}dowko}kk~`wa}kk27. d}cele oa`neoka`dwe sxeokdl xe`w}u d cx}wkd fdye àok~e, k}kwd`we sdu ge

èuw}dlkyd}e25. d}cele dsou`se, dswnel ndm}kodwe sdu oa`neoka`dwe òw ezkswe`d la} s ù nke

~kykmkl sdu mùkw2>. d}cele ge xdàxlke, nouwe kàne`sk~e, gdo x}k` ~dlad}ed la} kswa}ko,

wkk`knko sdu od}e oa`swkwuke gd}u}k, }eoacxe`se a}k dck`wk}k, su`w geswk`dwe dnk xsw}dwe ` k`swkwukk ge oulwu} k d}w, dsaokdkk oulwu}dl#d}wkswkoe k sxa}wk~esdu ` xdàxlkk xe}sa`dle2

6. d}ce ge }eouykw nouwe kàne`sk~e geswk`dwe d nk nalaskwe ` dowk~kwdwed

d}wkswko sdu ge x}aguoke okècdwaf}dnko, d wedw}ela}, ok}ou}kla}, swugkau}kla}ge nklc a}k d dlwa} dseceèd k`swkwukk oulwu}dl d}wkswkoe.


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_u`w oa`skge}dwe d}ce ge nao k d`sdcmlu}kle, sumd`sdcmlu}kle k gksxaykwk~eleod}e se xaw oa`swkwuk k xaw nuòka`d od d}ce ge nao.

X}k` cu`kkk ` x}eye`wd lefe se èlefe9 od}wuele, x}akeowklele k ò}owu}klege a}koe nel od}e xaw nk `w}emuk`dwe ld d}cele x}e~yuwe ` d}w. ?.

@aul Oag xe`dl kd k` gksouke sk nalask}ed d}cela} od}e xaw d}uòd u` x}akeowklx}k` dokuèd de}uluk oacx}kcdw sdu d uùk dlw fdy sum x}eskuè. Doeswe d}ce, `dùckwe ok}oucswdè xaw d~ed k ele eneow aca}wa}.

Kge`wknkod}ed d}cela} ge nao

Eswe kcxa}wd`w ge d se swdmklk wkxul k skswecul uèk d}ce ge nao xe mdyd uùkfla` w}ds, d uùk wum d}s sdu d dlwa} u}ce mdlkswkoe ` odyul oackwe}kk uèk k`n}doku`kou d}c ge nao.

Kge`wknkod}ed flaùluk ld ndd laouluk xe}ckwe swugkul doeswukd, ndxw oe xadwek`gkod wkxul d}cek gk` od}e s#d w}ds k``g oa`w ge na}cd, gkce`sku`kle doeswukd sduge f}euwdwe. Na}cd dlu`fkw, dsoukw ld odxw d flaùluk ` f}euwdwe k`gko a xuoou ed~ lu`f. Oel ge }e~al~e} eswe oklk`g}ko k ou ~}nul ma`w kd} flaùl ge xks wal d}e~}nul }awuìkw.

Gkdcew}ul flaùluk csu}dw ` xd}wed oed cdk f}ads xadwe k`gkod ` feè}dlodlkm}ul d}cek. Flaùl geswk`dw xe`w}u a dùckw d}c ù xadwe nk `s k`w}agus `kok`dk`we `kok gux w}dfe}e ` d}c x}k` fu}d e~kk, gead}eoe ` x}kcul ody odlkm}ulx}ax}ku#yks eswe ou 8,= 8,5 cc cdk cd}e geow odlkm}ul e~kk, kd} gux w}dfe}ex}sk`g ed~d }e~kè ld gkce`sku`kle }edle sdu odxw uèle gena}cdku`kla`fkwugk`dle.

U}cele fjk`wu}kla} k dle xlkù}kla} xe flaùl w}ds xaw k`gkod ou x}eokyke

oa`sw}uokd k`we}kad} d e~kk, gk` od}e d nasw w}ds. Dswnel sux}dneele x}aeckè`wegk`w}e fjk`wu}kle e~kk dxd} xe ocdd flaùluk sum na}c ge dù}k kd} fjk`wu}kle sumna}c ge x}aeckè`. Ld d}cele ge nao, uyudl fjk`wu}kle xaw nk ` ùc} ge 7 sdu ge> *nkf. 4+ k xaw diu`fe x` ld :, se`sul fjk`wu}kla} nkk`g ge amkoek gezw}afk} k ùèle odyu}k sk`ksw}afk} *sx}e sw`fd+.

Lkced u}cela} ocxu}kla} ge xe fla` eswe efdlou lkced ocxu}kla} gk` ed~d d}cek gk` od}e s#d w}ds.Lkced ocxuluk se csad} ge amkoek `w}e cd}fk`klege ias dle doeswukd .

Lu`fkced xdsuluk od}e eswe u`fjkul ge }suok}e dfjk`wu}kla} ` }dxa}w ou dzd la`fkwugk`dl, k`gko wkxul

d}cek, xd}wkould}kwdwe od}e gkne} ge ld wkx ld wkx. O`g ùse fseso xe fla` sw}kdkk amlkoe x}aguse ge xlkù}klegk`w}e fjk`wu}k, wadw ocdd nkk`g doaxe}kw ou sw}kdkk, xawezkswd gau xaskmklkwk9

d+flaùl d nasw w}ds gk`w}#a d}c d o}ek ed~ dnasw xuwe}`ko dwdodw ge azkyk, gdwa}kw o}uk ndxw ù dxuwuw kcx}kcd ckod}ed elkoakgdl od}dowe}kswko d}cela}ou ed~d fjk`wukw, flaùl w}eo`g x}k` ed n} s se ù}umeye `w}e fjk`wu}k2

m+ ld w}dfe}e s#du nalaskw ge od}wue od}e ù e}dugeswk`dwe wkxuluk ge d}c.

Nkf. 4U}cele fjk`wu}kla} kdle xlkù}kla} kcx}kcdwe xe

ocdd uùk fla` w}ds *ed~ou > fjk`wu}k! se`s gezw}afk}.+


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U` dlw elece`w oe xadwe guoe ld kge`wknkod}ed feè}dl d d}cek eswe secùlndm}kokk gk` od}e se xadwe geguoe x}a~e`ke`d cu`kkek. Doesw sec` se dnl xe xd}wedxaswe}kad} d flaùluk *Nkf. =+.

` uèle skwudkk, ld ndxwek se fseso fladè gena}cdwe, ojkd} sn}cdwe sduezw}dse ge cegkoul lefksw ou aodykd duwaxskek gk` odgd~}ul ~kowkcek. Doesw dsxeowxadwe k`gkod sou}wd}ed e~kk x}k` wke}e. Gdwa}kw xd}dcew}kla} mdlkswkokèoa}esxu`ywa}k, flaùl se xadwe gena}cd sdu ojkd} n}dfce`wd ` cace`wul ` od}ex}sewe ed~d, oa`wdowul ou k`wd no`gu#se ` doedsw na}c. Geok, ` odyul fsk}kkuà} dseceèd fladè ld laoul k`n}doku`kk w}emuke ludw ` odloul kxaweyd uèk d}ceou ed~d }eweydw.

W}emuke x}eokydw `s o ù ` wadwe odyu}kle u` fla` gena}cdw sdu ojkd}n}dfce`wdw x}a~kè gk`w}#a d}c ou ed~d }eweydw. Uèa}k, u` fla` w}ds ou a d}cn} geneowe, d~`g ed~d à}cdl *lu`f sdu sou}w+, xadwe k`w}d ` oa`wdow uàmswdoal gu} sdu xadwe }koad diu`f`g ` oa}xul ~kowkcek n}dfce`wdw. Doeswd se cdkxadwe n}dfce`wd dwuòk o`g sw}mdwe u` esuw gu} *ge ezecxlu adsele lu`fk dlesojelewuluk+.

Wumul od}wuuluk w}ds, gesoaxe}kw ld laoul ndxwek,` dùckwe skwudkk xadwe d~ed

a kcxa}wd` cdk cd}e ld kge`wknkod}ed d}cek ou od}e s#d w}ds flaùl.Doedswkcxa}wd` o}ewe dwuòk o`g flaùl ù d xuwuw nk fskw ld laoul ndxwek `kok ` odgd~}ul~kowkcek.

Wumul w}ds, fskw ld oe}oewd}ed laouluk k`n}doku`kk w}emuke swugkdw gkù}cwad}ele xuòwe ge ~ege}e9

d+ c}kced, f}euwdwed k na}cd luk, od}e k`gko wkxul d}cek ou do}e s #d w}ds,na}cd wumuluk k xd}wkould}kwkle luk oe lkckwedy culw xaskmklkwkle ge d se nalask uòd}wu ge u` dùckw odlkm}u ld gkne}kwe dlwe skswece ge d}ce, od}e du doeldk odlkm}u,gdwa}kw oa`sw}uokek odce}ek od}wuuluk k d oaùluk ge }doa}gd}e.

m+ cagul ge se}wkyd}e9 flaùl eswe nkzdw ` xd}wed ge sus d wumuluk, ùckwfwul wumuluk.

Nkf. =Fladè odlkm}ul .== *kòj+ # d.+ n} cd}odi2 m.+ U # ]eck`fwa`#UCO2 o.+ X Xewe}sOd}w}kgfe Oacxd`{.

d.+ m.+ o.+


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Nkzd}ed flaùluk ` fwul wumuluk se ndoe ge amkoek x}k`w}#a x}esd}e ceod`koxuwe}`ko, kd} owe agdw x}k` kcx}kcd}ed suxlkce`wd} d uà} fjed}e oe dxd} sumna}c ge w}ek dgòkwu}k secksne}koe xe fwul wumuluk k xe xd}wed k`ne}kad} dflaùluk, dsxeowe oe xaw gd k`gkokk gesx}e laoul ge ndm}kodke d cu`kkek.

Wumul, fwul wumuluk k ` geasemk gkdcew}ul k`we}ka} dl doeswukd k`gko`wawgedu`d odlkm}ul d}cek. W}emuke kùw oa`w `sge ndxwul o ` cace`wul w}dfe}kk,` u}cd x}esku`kk fdyela} dww fwul ow k `w}eful wum se gkldw xuk`, ndxw oegewe}ck` c}k}ed gkdcew}uluk.

Ou ow gkldwd}ed e cdk x}aù`dw sdu fwul wumuluk eswe culw cdk xuk` o}xdw,se xadwe geguoe o ld a d}c ge u` odlkm}u dùckw s#d nalaskw u` od}wu ge odlkm}ucdk cko.

K`so}kxkkle ge xe mdyd wumuluk *}ayew+ xaw k`gkod x}a~e`ke`d, laoul ndm}kodkekcu`kkek, odlkm}ul sdu dùl *Nkf.? k 7+.

A od}dowe}kswko d gkne}kwela} skswece ge d}ce ge nao eswe k cagul ged}uòd}e d wumu}kla} d}se. Gdo ld oe}oewd}ed laouluk k`n}doku`kk xe mdyd gk}eokekw}dfe}kk s#d swdmklkw laoul ge u`ge s#d w}ds k gdo ` doel lao s#du gesoaxe}kw wumu}kd}se, se xadwe geguoe skswecul d}cek. Dswnel sx}e ezecxlu xkswalul M}av`k`f odl.

6,>5 cc d}uò wumul sx}e g}edxwd, Me}ewwd cagel 4;74 odl. ; cc, + d}uò wumul `sxdwe xe gk}eokd w}dfe}kk, ` wkcx oe Vdlwje} 4;?: odl. ; cc d}uò wumul ld sw`fd.

]X] # ]exumlkod Xaxuld} ]ac`

== Oagul uykèk Uyk`d Ceod`ko

_dgu, ]ac`kd

>?Dùl ge ndm}kodke # 4;>?

Nkf. ?Od}wu 6,>=z?; gk` xe}kadgd ]X], ulwkcele od}wue cklkwd}e }acèwk ou wum ge dldc2

Nkf. 7Od}wue odlkm}ul 6,>5 cc, geswk`dwe xkswaluluk Od}xdk2

:4, :=Dùl ge ndm}kodke

6,>5 Odlkm}ul RccS


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_u`w skwudkk o`g ld laoul k`n}doku`kk ù se fseso wumu}kle d}se. Doesw luo}uxadwe k`gkod u}cwad}ele dsxeowe 9

k`n}dokuèd d nasw oacks ou a d}c od}e ù d}uò wumu}kle d}se*xuo Y.M. sdu }e~al~e}+2

k`n}dowa}ul, nad}we x}eoduw, gux oackwe}ed k`n}doku`kk d dgu`dw oa}xu}klegelkowe, ouàso`g kcxa}wd`d doeswa}d ` kge`wknkod}ed d}cela} ge nao.

Dcmele dsxeowe xaw oa`swkwuk k`gkokk x}ekadse ` cuòd a}fdèla} ge xalkkeod}e du sd}ok`d s oe}oeweye laoul k`n}doku`kk ` dseceèd skwudkk.

Kge`wknkod}ed d}cela} ge nao xe mdyd fladèla} w}dse

Od`dlul e~kk d}cek ge nao, ou ed~ fjk`wukw, xad}w `wawgedu`d u}celeuèlwek ou od}e d nasw luo}dw, u}ce oe dxd} sum na}c ge sw}kdkk nkè, cko}asoaxkoe,od}dowe}kswkoe xe`w}u nkeod}e law ge ndm}kodke k od}e se }ex}aguoe ou nkgelkwdwe xeocdd flaùluk w}ds. Doeswe sw}kdkk, ld òexuw su`w dsec`wad}e ld lawul ge d}cendm}kodwe `w}#u` dùckw wkcx, gd} ou ow d}cd eswe nalaskw cdk culw, nkk`g suxus kdfe`kla} dwcasne}kok k doku`kk fladèla}, od`dlul e~kk se k`gk~kgudlkyedy, ndxw oegewe}ck` o}ed}e ge ow}e fjk`wu}k d uà} sw}kdkk od}dowe}kswkoe oe ù se fseso lddlw d}c.

Axe}dkuèd ge kge`wknkod}e se }edlkyedy ge ow}e o}kck`dlksw dwuòk o`g k sexuè ld gksxaykke flaùl oa}x gelkow, d}cd sdu d}cele }kgkodwe ge ld xe}sadèlemùkwe ge oackwe}ed k`n}doku`kk, xe`w}u d nk ezdck`dwe k xe`w}u d ezeouwd w}dfe}kleezxe}kce`wdle ` soaxul amkè}kk fladèla} cagel wkx ge oacxd}dke.

Ezdck`d}ed sw}kdkkla} ge xe fla` se ndoe nalask`g ld òexuw fladèle w}dse

ezxe}kce`wdl. Gux gesoaxe}k}ed uà} xd}wkould}kwk }exewdwe xe fladèleezxe}kce`wdle, se `laoukewe uùl gk` fladèle ezxe}kce`wdle, ou flaùl oa}x gelkowk se ndoe oacxd}dkd gewdlkkla} xe}skswe`we dle u}cela} gesoaxe}kwe xe flaùl w}dsezxe}kce`wdl.

_w}kdkkle od}e oakòkg dww xe flaùl w}kcks xe`w}u ezxe}wky ow k xe oel w}dsezxe}kce`wdl, se nawaf}dnkdy ou diuwa}ul uèk cko}a#nawaodce}e sdu ou diuwa}ul uèkodce}e ge nawaf}dnkdw ca`wdw xecko}asoaxul oacxd}dwa} *Nkf. 5+.

Oacxd}dkd k nawaf}dnke}ed seeneowuedy ` cag w}exwdw, u}c}k`g

wadwe u}cele xlkù}kla} k fjk`wu}kla}.Xe`w}u ezdck`d}ed cko}asoaxkooacxd}dwk~ d u}cela} ge xe fladèse nalasewe cko}asoaxul oacxd}dwa}od}e eswe dlowukw gk` gaucko}asoadxe ca`wdwe ` dd nel òwskswecul x}kscela} uèwe kcdfk`kle dgau amkeowe ezdck`dwe `w}#u` sk`fu}ocx ge ~ege}e dl aould}uluk.

Cko}asoaxul oacxd}dwa} d}egau csue xe`w}u amkeowele geezdck`dw , cdk d}e a se}ke ge dooesa}kkod}e xe}ckw `w}emuk`d}e luk ` oa`gkkk

Nkf. 5oa`wkùkwdwed sw}kdkkla} d gau fladèw}dse ou doeedk d}c, kcdfkè amkùw ou

diuwa}ul cko}asoaxuluk oacxd}dwa}2


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ow cdk muè. X}k`w}e doeswed se ùc} u` xu}wwa} ge x}exd}dwe, k`swdldke od}exe}ckwe ` cag le`w k n} `w}e}uxe}e ckod}ed fladèla} oacxd}dwe xe sux}dnddcesek xe`w}u amkeowe, ` gau gk}eokk }eokx}aoe, xe}xe`gkould}e. Doesw luo}u xe}ckweezxe}wuluk s k`w}aguo ` ocxul ge ~ege}e dl cko}asoaxuluk gkne}kwe x}k dlefladèla} oacxd}dwe. Kluck`d}ed sw}kdkkla} ge fla` se }edlkyedy x}k` k`swdldkd

cko}asoaxuluk sdu luck`d yklek .

Kge`wknkod}ed ou diuwa}ul wumu}kla} w}dse

Wumul od}wuuluk x}eyk`w cdk culwe ~d}kdku`k dle u}cela} oduydwe ge xkeseled}cek ou od}e s#d w}ds, gewe}ck`dwe ge wkxul k skswecul doeswukd. Elece`welek`gk~kgudle ge kge`wknkod}e oe se gkswk`f xe wumul d}s, su`w oduydwe ge9

xe}ouwa}9 xe}ewele n}a`wdl dl òjkywa}uluk2 odce}d ge ezxlayke2

fjed}d ezw}dowad}e2 gk`wele ax}kwa} *x}dful d}uòwa}+.

4.U}cele xe}ouwa}uluk

` cace`wul geold`}kk naouluk, xe}ouwa}ul la~ewe odxsd wumuluk, kcx}kc`g adgòkwu} cdk culw sdu cdk xuk` x}aù`dw k od}dowe}kswko od x}anu`ykce, na}ck xldsdce`w. Dswnel seoku`kle w}d`s~e}sdle dle gkne}kwela} xe}ouwad}e xaw nk9

}awu`ge2 a~dle2

xw}dwe2 }acmkoe2 g}exwu`fjkuld}e.

Kd} seoku`kle la`fkwugk`dle sx}e ~}nul xe}ouwa}uluk xaw nk9

xldwe2 dsoukwe2 macmdwe2 w}dxeyakgdle.

Ge dseceèd, è}efuld}kwkle cko}asoaxkoe ge xe ~}nul xe}ouwa}uluk x}aguo

u}ce oa}esxu`ywad}e ` xe}ouke, od}e se x}ewedy nad}we mkè ld kge`wknkod}eddoeswukd.

Dlwe od}dowe}kswkoe k`gk~kgudle ezw}ec ge x}ekadse xe`w}u kge`wknkod}e, su`wna}cdwe ` odxs ge uèle cagknko}k, gewe}ka}}k sdu ojkd} }uxwu}k dle xe}ouwa}uluk, odu}cd}e d uyu}kk doeswukd.

=.U}cele odce}ek ge ezxlayke

Odce}d ge ezxlayke, ` oele cdk culwe odyu}k, x}eyk`w xe xe}eweè}efuld}kwk sdu x}aeckèè od}e se kcx}kc la`fkwugk`dl xe ldwu}d wumuluk ld

k`w}aguoe}ed doeswekd ow k gdwa}kw gkldw}kk luk ` cace`wul ezxlaykek k d ezw}dfe}kkwumuluk gk` odce}d ge ezxlayke.


8/16

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?. U}cele fjed}ek ezw}dowad}e

Fjed}d ezw}dowad}e ~d x}aguoe a se}ke ge sw}kdkk xe fule}ul wumuluk `cace`wul o`g doeswd se la~ewe ge x}dful d}uòwa} k eswe d}uòdw dnd}. Doeswe

u}ce su`w u`koe ` nelul la} k }egdu oa`wu}ul cuojkek fjed}ek ezw}dowad}e. `w}uow elesu`w x}aguse `wawgedu`d ` doeldk nel ~dlad}ed la} ge kge`wknkod}e eswe geasemkw.

7. U}cele x}dfuluk d}uòwa}

Ld ezw}dfe}ed wumuluk d}s ` cace`wul o`g òjkywa}ul diu`fe ld odxwulodce}ek ge ezxlayke, md}d od}wuuluk se la~ewe ge x}dful d}uòwa} od}e ndoe odwumul s nke d}uòdw ` dnd}.

Gdwa}kw doeswek la~kwu}k xe fule}ul wumuluk se na}cedy u}cd x}dfuluk od}edxd}e xe xd}wed axus u}cela} fjed}ek ezw}dowad}e. Wadwe doeswe u}ce guo ` cag

oe}w ld kge`wknkod}ed u}cek ou od}e s#d w}ds gdo su`w ezdck`dwe k k`we}x}ewdwe ` cagiusw, ge ezxe}k ` }dxa}w ou u}cele fskwe xe wumul cagel wkx ge oacxd}dke.

A kcxa}wd` geasemkw a du u}cele lsdwe ge xe}ouwa} gead}eoe ` uèle odyu}kdoeswed xaw guoe ld kge`wknkod}ed d}cek.

Xaskmklkwk k lkckwele ` kge`wknkod}ed d}cela} ou ed~ lks

Naoul w}ds gk`w}#a d}c ou ed~d lks, ge ~`wad}e, xa}èwe gk` fu}d e~kk oda cds oacxdow ou }a`gel k mu}.

]a`geld eswe oa`neoka`dw gk` od}wa` k eswe deydw ld fu}d od}wuulukxe`w}u nkzd}ed dlkoela}. Mu}d eswe nouw gk` xsl, gk` od}wa` sdu nak ge j}wkecmkmdw ou f}skce sdu oe}ukw k se xuè `w}e x}dnul ge xuo k dlkoe. Mu}d,gdwa}kw }eyksweèk de}uluk odge ld xc`w gux ok~d cew}k, kd} }a`geld, ge oele cdkculwe a}k eswe gksw}us.

]a`geld k mu}d xaw nk gesoaxe}kwe ld laoul ndxwek. Elece`wele feè}dle gekge`wknkod}e xe mdyd mu}ek su`w u}cwad}ele9

Nkf. >U}ce x}eye`we xe wumul uùk od}wu w}ds2

U}cele xe}ouwa}uluk

U}cele odce}ek geezxlayke

U}cele fjed}ekezw}dowad}e


9/16

48

gkdcew}ul mu}ela} k`gko ou dx}azkcdke odlkm}ul d}cek. A oaòluykedsux}d odlkm}uluk d}cek se xadwe w}dfe ge ezxe}w, ùcdk gux oe s#doa`sulwdw ou u` sxeokdlksw ` cdwe}ke.

cdwe}kdlul gk` od}e su`w oa neoka`dwe mu}ele d}dw gdo od}wuul d naswx}aou}dw gk` oace} sdu k`n}dowa}ul s#d nalaskw ge u` wum ~eojk xe od}e l#

d ò}odw sk`fu}. Ld od}wuele ò}odwe ge k`n}dowa} se `wlèso}a`gele k mu}e oa`neoka`dwe f}asald` gk` olk, x`y, j}wke ewo.

Gdo u` fla` oa`w}kmuke ld kge`wknkod}ed d}cek ou ed~ fjk`wukw, dlkoele od}edu w}dse ou d}c ou ed~d fjk`wukw du a ~dlad}e ge kge`wknkod}e cdk cko.@uc}ul kf}euwdwed dlkoela} xe}ckw swdmklk}ed odlkm}uluk d}cek ùcdk dwuòk o`g doeswed du naswfskwe f}uxdwe, luo}u nad}we }d} `wl`kw gead}eoe ò}owu}d d}cek ou ed~ lks `w}#u` oa` oe se c}ewe gk}eow x}axa}ka`dl ou gkswd`d ge w}dfe}e.

Ld a d}c ou u` odlkm}u dùckw xaw nk nalaskwe dlkoe ge gkne}kwe gkce`sku`k. Axd}wkould}kwdwe d d}cela} ou ed~ lks, sx}e geasemk}e ge d}cele ou ed~ fjk`wukweswe ndxwul o doeswed ù d}uò wumu}kle d}se, ok gux nkeod}e w}dfe}e wumu}kle se

ezw}df cdùdl gk` odce}d ge d}ge}e. Gk` doedsw oduy ld laoul oackwe}kk k`n}doku`kkse fseso }d} wumu}k d}se.Wumul w}ds, nalaskw ld a d}c ou ed~ lks x}eyk`w u}cwad}ele elece`we ge

kge`wknkod}e feè}dl.

gkce`skuèd od}e k`gko odlkm}ul d}cek eswe swdmklkw oa`~e`ka`dl k seezx}kc x}k` okn}e *4=, 4>, =8, =7+. _x}e a}ke`wd}e se dx}eokdy o ldd}cele ou dlkoe odlkm}ul 4= eswe cdk cd}e geow =8 sdu =72

k`so}kxkkle kcx}kcdwe xe oa}xul wumuluk od}e eswe oa`neoka`dw gk` od}wa`x}esdw k xe }ayewd luk k`gko x}a~e`ke`d k laoul ge ndm}kodke2

f}dgul ge uyu} k`gko gdo od}wuul eswe àu sdu d cdk nasw nalaskw k}eò}odw. Doesw luo}u xe}ckwe s se w}df dùckwe oaòluykk x}k~k`gojkd} oe}oul ge mùkk ` od}e w}emuke ouwdw k`n}dowa}ul, gead}eoe `feè}dl xe}sadèle od}e gek` ` cag old`geswk` d}ce ge ~`wad}e,}eouxe}edy ` wadwe odyu}kle wumu}kle d}se.

` x}dowkod o}kck`dlkswko se `wlèso ùce}adse odyu}k, ` od}e oek oeoa`neokaèdy d}wknkokdl dlkoele su`w gek`wa}kk klefdlk ge d}ce. Gesoaxe}k`g ld laoulk`n}doku`kk dlkoe gk` d o}a} na}c k cdwe}kdl d}dw o ù su`w oucx}dwe gk` oace},ezxe}wul ~d ouwd s swdmkledso ou oe k`sw}uce`we du nasw oa`neoka`dwe.

Dswnel se ~#d xuwed geguoe gdo dlkoele du nasw oa`neoka`dwe ou a gdlw sdugk` s}c, ouke sdu xlucm. Nkk`g ` xaseskd doeswa} gdwe k x}k` dlwe cewagesxeoknkoe ~d swdmklk oe}oul ge mùkk, ld od}e se ~a} ouwd d}ce, od}wue ò}odwe

x}eouc k k`sw}uce`wele ge od}e k`n}dowa}ul s#d nalaskw ld oa`neoka`d}ed la}. _k`fu}du}c d ceod`ksculuk d}cek ou ed~ lks oe }cè xe wum eswe oed lsdw gexe}ouwa} xe odxsd od}wuuluk, od}e xe}ckwe swdmklk}ed ` cag skfu}, xe mdydod}dowe}kswkokla} d}cek ou od}e s#d w}ds. Ou wadwe o wumul se xadwe nalask ge cdk culwea}k odxsd w}emuke sojkcmdw gux nkeod}e w}dfe}e k ` doesw cag, u}cd xe}ouwa}ulukxe odxs }ex}eyk`w `wawgedu`d }eyulwdwul ulwkcek w}dfe}k.

_wdmklk}ed cageluluk k wkxuluk d}cekLd swdmklk}ed cageluluk k wkxuluk d}cek se k~eso ge amkoek f}euwk dwuòk

o`g xe`w}u ezxe}wky d nasw x}eye`wdw a d}c ge nao dl o}uk cagel eswe xukòuàsouw. @eoeskwdwed ge d swdmklk wkxul k cagelul d}cek xe mdyd uùk fla` sdu


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uùk wum ge od}wue d}se. Oaòluykkle }ene}kwad}e ld wkxul k cagelul d}cek ge naosu`w u` k`gkoku x}ekas xe`w}u }eguoe}ed oe}ouluk ge mùkk. ` odyul o`g xe`w}uezxe}wky d nasw `dk wdw a d}c d o}uk cagel sewe xuk` ouàsouw, esweèoesd} s se oe}oeweye cd}odiulge xe xkesele d}cek k dùce9 k`so}kxkkle gexe d}c, cd}od ndm}kokk, secèle nk}cek, okn}ele oe oacxu` se}kd d}cek, gkne}kwe

k`so}kxkk od}e k`gko, ge amkoek, nk}cd k odlkm}ul od`dluluk e~kk, x}eouc kgeùck}ed xkswaùluk *Nkf. 6 k :+.

` lkxs ge dseceèd k`gkodkk gk}eowe, se x}aoegedy ld swdmklk}ed gdwela}wej`koe k xd}wkould}kwkla} ge oa`sw}uoke dle d}cek oe}oewdwe, kd} dxak ou diuwa}ul

wdmelela} gk` cdùdle sdu k`sw}uoku`k, se swdmklewe cagelul d}cek.

Nkf. 6 Cd}od d}cek KI#7? *sw`fd+, odlkm}ul 4=, lu`fkced odce}ek 68, x}eskuèd cdzkc *g}edxwd+

Nkf. :Odlkm}ul 6,>5 cc, cagel 4;67, se}kd k dùl ge ndm}kodke 4;662


11/16

4=

Gdwele wej`koe dle uèk d}ce ge nao su`w9 lu`fkced wawdl d d}cek2 f}euwdwed d}cek n} od}wue2 f}euwdwed d}cek ou od}wue2 odlkm}ul2

lu`fkced od`dluluk e~kk2 f}askced xe}eweluk k odlkm}uluk e~kk d}cek2 ùc}ul k gk}eokd fjk`wu}kla}2 lkced fjk`wu}kla}.

Xd}wkould}kwkle ge oa`sw}uoke dle d}cek su`w9 oa`sw}uokd e~kk2 skswecul ge nuòka`d}e * ge gd}e d naouluk +2 sojecd ge ca`wd}e d e~kk d}cek2 sojecd ge ca`wd}e d òjkywa}uluk2 nelul xkegkokk ge skfu}d`2 gk}eokd ge d}uòd}e d wumu}kla} d}se, ewo.

Wadwe gdwele wej`koe k xd}wkould}kwkle ge oa`sw}uoke dle d}cela} ge nao}ex}eyk`w elece`we xe`w}u kge`wknkod}ed feè}dl, elece`we od}e se swdmklesox}k` ezdck`d}ed dwe`w d d}cela}, x}k` oacxd}d}e ou dlwe d}ce dsec`wad}esdu ou gdwele oux}k`se ` wdmele, x}k` csu}wa}k nkykoe sdu oa`sulwd}ed uà}sxeokdlkwk cklkwd}k.

_wdmklk}ed cageluluk k wkxuluk d}cek se xadwe ndoe k gux fladèle sduwumu}kle d}se, gesoaxe}kwe ld laoul k`n}doku`kk swugkk`g nelul xe}oukek xe odxs,lkced fjk`wu}kla}, u`fjkul ge }suok}e, gk}eokd ge d}uòd}e d wumu}kla} d}se,xldsdce`wul fjed}ek ezw}dowad}e, d gk`weluk ax}kwa} ewo. k``g sedcd geod}dowe}kswkokle ge nao lu`fk * xuwk ckw}dlke}e, xuwk cklkwd}e + ù ezksw `kok af}euwdwe ` d geasemk od}wuele nalaskwe ge ele, nd ge fladèle `w}emuk`dwe ldd}cele ge nao sou}we k xkswadle duwacdwe.

Ezksw suwe ge cagele ge xkswadle od}e gkne} `w}e ele x}k` odlkm}u,ùc}ul k lkced fjk`wu}kla}, f}dgul ge }suok}e d fjk`wu}kla} ewo.

` dnd} ge u}cele lsdwe ge ed~d d}cek xe fla`, xe wumul ge od}wu sekcx}kc u}cele gkne}kwela} xkese dle d}cek. Doeswe u}ce x}a~k` ge ld xkesele geael dle d}cek, od}e dokaèdy ou culw xuwe}e. Nkeod}e wkx ge d}c lds xewumul od}wuuluk u}ce od}dowe}kswkoe sxeoknkoe.

Od}dowe}kswkokle sxeoknkoe dle wumuluk ge od}wu * ge ezecxlu, x}eye`d sdu

dmse`d cd}fk`kk kekwe ` dnd} ge xe nu`gul wumuluk sdu dùl gk` iu}ul nu`gulukwumuluk, x}eye`d sdu dmse`d u}cela} lsdwe xe wum ge gkne}kwe xkese dle d}cekouc su`w fjed}d ezw}dowad}e, gk`wele ax}kwa}, odxul òjkywa}uluk sdu nu}odòjkywa}uluk, oa`swkwuk`g a mdy sunkoke`w xe`w}u swdmklk}ed wkxuluk ge d}c.

Xkesele xkswaluluk od}e lds u}ce xe wumul od}wuuluk, ` wk cxul w}dfe}kk uùknao su`w 9

ò}owa}ul2 xldùl òlk`dw ge dluèod}e ` odce}d ge ezxlayke2 cd}fkèd ge ld k`w}d}e ` odce}d ge ezxlayke2 fjed}d ezw}dowad}e2 gk`wele ax}kwa}2

~}nul xe}ouwa}uluk2 odxul òjkywa}uluk.


12/16

4?

Oa`sw}uokd gkne}kwela} xkese dle d}cek, eùce}dwe dkok, gkce`sku`kle la} gedeyd}e, oa`swkwuke a od}dowe}kswko, od}e gewe}ck`, ` cdia}kwdwed odyu}kla} oux}eokyke, cagelul d}cek }esxeowk~e.

_u`w odyu}k o`g ezdck`d}ed sw}kk wej`koe d d}cek se }edlkyedy dsux}d

d}cela} oe du nasw fskwe k soadse gk` n`w`k, }u}k, u`ge du swdw u` wkcx cdkculw sdu cdk xuk` `gelu`fdw. Gdo d}cd ù xadwe nk geca`wdw se ~d x}aoegdld nawaf}dnke}ed ek ou }dye fdccd, oeed oe xe}ckwe s se swdmkledsoxd}wkould}kwkle ge oa`sw}uoke dle d}cek }esxeowk~e.

Cewagd se mdyedy xe x}ax}kewdwed }dyela} fdccd ge d xw}u`ge ` cagkèfdl x}k` gkne}kwe amswdoale ge doeedk f}askce k x}k` cdwe}kdl acafe` gef}askce gkne}kw.

ê}knkod}ed sw}kk ge nuòka`d}e d d}cek_wdmklk}ed sw}kk ge nuòka`d}e d uèk d}ce eswe u`d gk` sd}ok`kle amkùkwe

dle o}kck`dlkswuluk, cdk dles dwuòk o`g se k`~ao cxuowu}d gk` lkxs gex}e~ege}e, cawk~`gu#se o d}cd d} nk nasw geneow. Eswe dge~}dw o dseceèdodyu}k su`w }d}e, gd} oa`swkwuke k oele cdk gknkokle ezxe}wkye sdu oa`swdw}kwej`koa#wkk`knkoe.

Axe}dku`kle ge ezdck`d}e se ndo `w}#a dùckw a}gkè. Xe`w}u oe}oewd}edd}cela}, se }eoacd`g nalask}ed k`sw}uoku`kla} doelek d}ce ge nao. Ge doeed,u`d gk` sd}ok`kle ge mdy dle ezxe}wuluk mdlkswko eswe waocdk oacxlewd}ed uèkoaleokk mafdwe ge dseceèd k`sw}uoku`k, x}eouc k d uà} wdmele oacxd}dw k~e,e~e`wudl ou nawaf}dnkk.

ê}knkod}ed d}cek se ndoe ` x}kcul }`g, ` swd}e ca`wdw k dxak ` swd}e

geca`wdw.d. ê}knkod}ed d}cek ca`wdweê}knkod}ed d}cek ca`wdwe se ndoe ou soaxul ge d swdmklk swd}ed ge xsw}d}e

d xkesela} k cagul la} ge nuòka`d}e. _e }eoacd`g od, `dk`we ge d segeca`wd d}cd, s se ndo }ae`wfe`we}dxkd sdu fdccd#f}dnkd doeswekd xe`w}ue~kwd}ed uà} dookge`we ` odyul o`g eswe mlaodw sdu ò}odw. Nawaf}dnkdamkùw k`gko ` cag e~kge`w swd}ed k cagul ` od}e se cmk` xkesele d}cek.

Eswe èoesd} s se swdmkledso f}dgul ge ena}w oe se oe}e d nk dxlkodw xew}fdok, xe`w}u d gewe}ck`d geold`d}ed òjkywa}uluk. Ena}wul èoesd} xe`w}ueneowud}ed uèk cxuowu}k se swdmklewe ou gk`dcacew}ul ou d}o. Xe`w}u

amkè}ed }eyulwdwela} x}eokse se ndo oel xuk` yeoe csu}wa}k. ` lkxsd uùkgk`dcacew}u, f}dgul ge ena}w se swdmklewe ou diuwa}ul uèk f}euwk dw}`dwe xew}fdokul d}cek.

F}dgul ge ena}w oel cdk cko amkùw ge ld a d}c ` swd}e ge nuòka`d}ew}emuke s ù nke sum ~dlad}ed ck`kcdl d}wdw ` wdmele sdu k`gkodw geoa`sw}uowa}.

Xe`w}u swdmklk}ed sw}kk ge nuòka`d}e d}cele se ~e}knko, ` x}kcul }`g `swd}e ca`wdw, xe`w}u d se amse}~d gdo9

xe sux}dndd xkswaluluk ezksw }ufk`, yf}kewu}k k gdo xkese lexkswaluluk du o}xwu}k2

sxlk`wul ezw}dowa}uluk k odxul xe}ouwa}uluk su`w gexldsdwe2

d}oul gksxaykwk~uluk ge ax}k}e dl òjkywa}uluk sece`kè xe xaykkdca`wdw2


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gksxaykwk~ul ge ax}k}e dl òjkywa}uluk }ekè x}k` x}aeckè`d sdòjkywa}ul ` swd}e gesojks ld k`w}aguoe}ed ò}owa}uluk n}od}wue *xe`w}u ~e}knkod}e se k`w}aguoe ` cè} ò}owa}ul n}od}wue, se w}dfe `dxak k kcegkdw se g g}ucul òjkywa}uluk+2

oldcd ge suskè}e d ò}owa}uluk kè ` cè}ul xkswaluluk

ò}owa}ul k gdo sum x}eskuèd d}ouluk gex}esd`wuluk*se}~d`wuluk+ k x}k` f}euwdwed sd ld dxsd}e xe muwaùl oldcek gesuskè}e d ò}owa}uluk, doeswd kese ua} gk` cè}2

od}wuul eswe cxk`s gk` ò}owa} ` odce}d od}wuuluk. Xe`w}udoedswd se òd}o ò}owa}ul ou od}wue ge eze}okkk, sek`w}aguoe ò}owa}ul ` cè}ul xkswaluluk, se w}dfe òjkywa}ul`dxak, gux od}e se g g}ucul òjkywa}uluk. Dxak se ~e}knkogdo òjkywa}ul d }e~e`kw ` xaykkd d`we}kad} k gdo od}wuul dnasw cxk`s ` odce}d od}wuuluk.

Ge dseceèd se ~e}knko gdo ceod`kscul ge skfu}d` nuòkaèdy ldmlaod}ed oaoauluk ou xkegko ge skfu}d` gdo òjkywa}ul k w}fdokul su`w

mlaodwe. O`g oaoaul eswe mlaodw ou xkegkod ge skfu}d` k se dxds xe w}fdok,w}emuke od w}fdokul s ù se ckwe `dxak k `kok òjkywa}ul s ù se gexldseye.

_e ~e}knko gdo oaoaul eswe xus ` xaykkd d}cdw eswe kùw mkè `doeedk xaykke. Ld xkswalul ` swd}e ge nuòka`d}e, oaoaul xus ` xay kkd d}cdwù se ~d geold`d ld a uad} dxsd}e gk` sxdwe. Ld dxsd}ed xe w}fdok,oaoaul ~d soxd m}uso ge xe xaykkd d}cdw k ~d la~k xe}ouwa}ul.

Ulwkcd ~e}knkod}e se ndoe dsux}d ceod`kscela} ge w}dfe}e gdo elenuòkaèdy mkè. ` doesw soax se ~d ~e}knkod gdo ld dxsd}e xe w}fdokoaoaul sodx ua} ge xe xaykkd d}cdw. Ld òewd}ed dxs}kk xe w}fdokceod`kscul ge w}dfe}e ~d }e~e`k ` xaykkd d`we}kad}.

m. ê}knkod}ed d}cek geca`wdwLd xkswalul geca`wdw se ~d ezdck`d nkeod}e xkes ` xd}we xe`w}u d se

swdmklk gdo xkesele xkswaluluk xad}w se}ke kge`wko *xe òjkywa}, ed~, xexd}wed sw`f d odg}uluk, xe ouwkd ceod`ksculuk ge w}dfe}e k xe odxulò}owa}uluk+.

Geneowele od`dluluk e~kk ~a} nk oa`swdwdwe gux oe se ~d we}fe ed~d ouolk sdu o}xe usodwe. X}k`w}e geneowele od`dluluk se xaw eùce}d u}cwad}ele9

xewe ckok na}cd}ed ge azkyk ne}kok xe od`dlul e~kk, xewe od}e dudsxeowul uà} xuòwe ckok skwudwe kok#oala xe waw od`dlul e~kk2

u}ce ge azkyk ne}kok xewe ge oulad}e òjks, suxe}nkokdle,}cdse

gux soadwe}ed }ufk`kk2 yf}kewu}k od}e du dsxeowul uà} lk`kue d~`g owe agdw cewdluldwdodw xe cd}fk`k2

wk}mkwu}k, xa}k, okao`kwu}k cdk cd}k sdu cdk ckok, oa}aykuèdcewdluluk2

}awuìk}ed oalu}kla} ocxu}kla} fjk`wu}k la}, ` sxeokdl ~kykmkle xecuojkkle doeswa}d2

gkldwd}ed w}d`s~e}sdl ge oulad}e òjks, amse}~dw sum na}cduùk kèl oa`wkùu sdu ou `w}e}uxe}k.

Ld ~e}knkod}ed òjkywa}uluk se ~d oa`swdwd gdo sxlk`wu}kle òjkywa}uluk

k dle odxuluk xe}ouwa}uluk su`w sdu ù ckodwe gk` lao2 uyu}d gksxaykwk~uluk gemlaod}e d òjkywa}uluk2 uu}k`d ou od}e xe}ouwa}ul se cko ` od`dlul


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òjkywa}uluk2 uyu}d ~}nuluk xe}ouwa}uluk k x}aeckè`d luk gk` od`dlul ge fjkgdi*~}nul xe}ouwa}uluk ~d kek gk` od`dl ou 4,? 4,6 cc+ gdo ~}nul xe}ouwa}ulukeswe cxk`s ge ow}e d}o sx}e `dxak k k`w} gux xe}ewele d`we}ka} dlòjkywa}uluk, gdo odxwul d`we}ka} dl ezw}dowa}uluk eswe cxk`s ge ow}e d}o sx}eoe`w}u.

Ld ~e}knkod}ed mlaouluk d}cek k d ceod`ksculuk ge xe}ouke se ~d oa`swdwdezkswe`d uà} xaskmkle o}xwu}k, }uxe}ed d}ou}kla}, gdo x}aeckè`d eieowa}ulukù eswe uydw, uyd}ed a}knkokkla} xe`w}u dzul oaoauluk k xe`w}u xk`weùl ax}kwa},x}eouc k uyu}d sxlk`wuluk ge sx}kik` dl d}ouluk x}dfuluk ge d}cd}e.

Ld ~e}knkod}ed oaoauluk se ~d oa`swdwd e~e`wudld wu}wk}e d cewdluluk k}awuìk}ed o}eswwu}kla} xkegkokk ge skfu}d`, uyu}d a}knkokuluk xe`w}u dzuloaoauluk.

Ld ~e}knkod}ed gk`weluk ax}kwa} se ~d oa`swdwd uyu}d ~}nuluk k d}oulukgk`weluk ax}kwa}, gdo d}oul se ce`kè sw}`s ` falul gk`weluk ax}kwa}, uyu}dcuojkkla} x}aeckèèk gk`weluk ax}kwa}.

A x}amlec od}e w}emuke s swed ` dwe`kd o}kck`dlkswuluk eswe k doeed

}ene}kwad}e ld swugke}ed gkne}kwela} gksxaykwk~e sxeokdle dèzdwe d}cela} ge nao. U`dseceèd gksxaykwk~ eswe oel xe`w}u sojkcmd}ed odlkm}uluk d}cek. Ezksw cdkculwe x}aoegee ge sojkcmd}e d odlkm}uluk d}cek, ouc d} nk l}fk}ed od`dluluk e~kksdu d gewu`wa}uluk xe`w}u d se xuwed dgdxwd ld a cu`kke ge dlw odlkm}u sdugksxaykwk~ele ge sojkcmd}e d odlkm}uluk x}k`w}#u` }eguowa} ge odlkm}u ndm}kodwsxeokdl ge ndm}kod oa`sw}uowad}e sdu kcx}a~kydw. Dseceèd }eguowad}e sefseso, ge ezecxlu ld xkswadlele Xd}dmelluc k W.W. cagel 4;??.

]ene}kwa} ld uèle gksxaykwk~e suxlkce`wd}e od}e, ge dlwnel, se dxlko ge oelecdk culwe a}k ld xkswadle, w}emuke dck`wkw k gksxaykwk~ul od}e se}~ewe xe`w}udca}wkyd}ed yfacawuluk cxuowu}kk. Doeswd oa`sw gk`w}#a ed~ sou}w, od}e seca`wedy ld ed~d d}cek, d~`g ` k`we}ka} `kwe gksou}k camkle `gak we elkoakgdl.Flaùl kese x}k` gesojkywu}d gksou}kla} ` wkcx oe fdyele su`w }ekùwe.X}eskuèd fdyela} gewe}ck` }awk}ed gksou}kla}. ` doeswe oa`gkkk, fdyeledca}wkyedy yfacawul. Dseceèd dca}wkyad}e se xaw ezeouwd k cdùdl, gk`lec` sdu od}wa`.

Ezdceùl wej`ko dl cu`kkekXd}dlel ou ezdceùl ge ldma}dwa} dl d}cek nalaskwe ld oackwe}ed uà}

k`n}doku`k eswe èoesd} s se eneowueye k ezdceùl ge ldma}dwa} dl cu`kkeknalaskw ge k`n}dowa}, fskw k }kgkodw ge ld laoul k`n}doku`kk sdu ge ld mù kk.

Wumu}kle d}se k fladèle w}dse ndo xd}we gk` amkeowele amkùkwe dleezxe}wkyek sdu oa`swdw}kla} wej`koa#wkk`knkoe mdlkswkoa#iugkokd}e, kd} oe}oewd}ed la}oa`swkwuke a xd}we geasemkw ` }`gul luo}}kla} eneowudwe ` doesw soax, x}k`~alucul ge cuò salkokwdw ow k d x}amlecela} xe od}e le }eyal~.

Ezdck`d}ed wumu}kla} d}se k d fladèla} w}dse diuw na}we culw ldsaluka`d}ed uùk cd}e ùc} ge x}amlece kcxa}wd`we xe`w}u a}fdèle geu}c}k}e xe`dl. Ge doeed, w}emuke oe}oewdwe k ezxe}wkydwe xe`w}u d nk lcu}kwe,u}cwad}ele9

swd}ed od}wuela} x}eye`wdwe k gdo xaw nk uwklkydwe xe`w}u w}dfe}e2 cagelul od}wuuluk x}eye`wdw2 cagelul od}wuuluk o}ukd k dxd}kè flaùl x}eye`wdw2

cagelul od}wuuluk o}ukd k dxd}kè wumul d}s x}eye`wdw2 gdo od}wuele x}eye`wdwe ndo xd}we gk` doeedk se}ke ge ndm}kodke2


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gdo muodwd ge cewdl x}eye`wdw eswe u` fla`, se ~d x}eokyd nelul kcagelul flaùluk2

od}e eswe oduyd gena}c}kk flaùluk x}eye`wdw2 nelul k cagelul flaùluk2 gdo dùckwe od}wue sdu dlkoe se dsedc` ou od}wue sdu dlkoele

x}eye`wdwe xe`w}u oacxd}dke2 gdo cu`kkkle nalaskwe xe`w}u ò}od}ed dùckwa} od}wue ou dlkoe

se dsedc` ou cu`kkkle *wumu}k, odxse, dlkoe, mu}e, xulme}k+x}eye`wdwe xe`w}u oacxd}dke2

gdo xe`w}u nkzd}ed odxsek `w}#u` dùckw wum d nasw nalaskw ~}eu`dxd}dw sxeokdl2

gdo muokle ge xlucm x}eye`wdwe su`w oa`neoka`dwe cdùdl2 gdo dlkoele ge ndm}kodke x}ax}ke x}eye`wdwe du nasw ndm}kodwe ou u`

dùckw k`sw}uce`w2 gdo dùckwe dlkoe, cagelul ge ndm}kodke k oacxaykkd ojkcko d

dlkoela} x}eye`wdwe xe`w}u oacxd}dke su`w dsec`wad}e2 eneowud}ed ezxe}wkyek mu}ela} ezw}dse gk`w}#a xldf ` wkcxul

axe}dkek ojk}u}fkodle ld laoul s~}k}kk k`n}doku`kk, od}e oa`swkwukeoa}xu}k gelkowe ge a kcxa}wd` ezw}ec ge cd}e, k xaw ge~e`k x}amejaw}wad}e ` gecdsod}ed k`n}dowa}uluk2

}a`gelele *gksou}kle gk` od}wa`+ geswk`dwe s k` dlkoele ` od}wuex` ld x}aguoe}ed cxuowu}kk *ge }eful, ` wkcxul cxuowu}kksu`w n}ckdwe ge dlkoe k }d}ea}k oa`swkwuke amkeowul uèk ezxe}wkye+2

ceod`kscul na}c}kk u}cela} xkesela} d}cek xe wumu}kle d}se x}eouck od}dowe}kswkokle uà} u}ce k sec`knkodkd la}2

od}wuul x}eye`wdw xe`w}u d se swdmklk nelul k cagelul d}cek gk` od}ed nasw w}ds2

wumul d}s xe`w}u d se swdmklk gdo od}wuul ge ld od}e x}a~kè d nasww}ds gk` d}cd x}eye`wdw xe`w}u oe}oewd}e2

ceod`kscul na}c}kk xe fla` d u}cela} od`dluluk e~kk2 flaùl fskw ld laoul ndxwek, xe`w}u d se swdmklk nelul k cagelul d}cek

gk` od}e d nasw w}ds sdu od}e s#d} nk xuwuw w}dfe2 ge dseceèd, se cdk xaw x}eye`wd xe`w}u ezxe}wkydw u` fla` d}s k

u` wum d}s xe`w}u d se swdmklk gdo du na}cdw doeldk od}wu2èoeskwdwed doeswuk fe` ge ezxe}wky se k~ewe `geasemk dwuòko`g flaùl fskw ù d}e xe u}cele od`dluluk e~kk xe`w}u d sexuwed kge`wknkod d}cd ou od}e s#d w}ds2

se cdk x}eyk`w xe`w}u oe}oewd}e k ezxe}wkyd}e d fladèla} k dwumu}kla} d}se xe`w}u d se swdmklk gdo su`w sdu ù swd`gd}gkydwe sdu`laoukwad}e xe`w}u d}cd }esxeowk~.

U`d gk` sd}ok`kle ezxe}wkyek mdlkswkoa#iugkokd}e eswe k doeed ge d }eyal~dcx}eu` ou ezxe}wkyd ojkckoa#iugkokd} k x}amlecele }ene}kwad}e ld xulme}e,x}agusele ge d}ge}e dle cxuowu}kk k x}agusele ge gesoacxuè}e ezxlayk~dle oacxaykkek ge xe}ouke gk` odxs. Dswnel w}emuke oe}oewdwe k }eyal~dweu}cwad}ele x}amlece9

o}uk nel ge xulme}e k dxd}kè oed x}eye`wdw xe`w}u ezxe}wky2gdo gk` ed~d }esxeowk~ d d}cek s #d w}ds ~}eu` nao *xe`w}u doedswd

~d nk èoesd} oe}oewd}ed od`dluluk e~kk+2 nelul k oacxaykkd xulme}kk ou od}e s#d eneowudw w}dfe}ed ou d}cd


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}esxeowk~2 doesw luo}u se xadwe swdmklk gux }eswu}kle xulme}kk èd}segk` od`dlul e~kk, gux }eswu}kle ge d}ge}e dle xulme}kk ezxlayk~egexuse xe od`dlul e~kk, xe fladè, xe mu}e k amswdoale `dx}axke}ed d}cek2

gdo ò}owu}d ge xulme}e gk` od}wuele ou dlkoe }esxeowk~e ù

eswe ezoesk~, gdo doeswed su`w ò}odwe }efuldce`wd} k gdo sexadwe w}dfe ou ele, n} wedcd o ed~d d}cek ~d nk gewe}ka}dw.Xe`w}u }eyal~d}ed doeswek x}amlece eswe èoesd} d se swdmklk cd}odxulme}kk k od`wkwdwed oe a oa`kè nkeod}e od}wu, ge dseceèd,oa}eldkd ` f}euwdwed xulme}kk k d dlkoela}, kd} gdo ò}owu}d eswenouw ou xulme}e n} nuc se ~d swdmklk k f}dgul ge dxsd}e dxulme}kk ge ow}e mu}2

ow wkcx d w}eouw ge ld eneowud}ed cxuowu}kk gk` ed~d d}cek}esxeowk~e. X` ` x}eye`w, doesw fe` ge ezxe}wky ù d}e, ò, ldmdyd o}kwe}kk wkk`knkoe. Oed cdk uyudl cewag eswe doeed doe}oew}kk ojkckoe d nu`k`fk`kk swdmklk`gu#se od`wkwdwed `kw}dkla} gk`

salukd ge dx amkùw gux sxld}ed od`dluluk e~kk d}cek, dsxeowulk od}dowe}kswkokle }eykguu}kla}2

ge o`g d nasw w}ds wumul od}wuuluk }esxeowk~ *x` ` x}eye`w `doesw ody ge ezxe}wky ù ezksw `kok u` o}kwe}ku wkk`knko+. K`gkokkledx}azkcdwk~e xaw nk amkùwe ` u}cd ezksweèk ck}asuluk ge xulme}ed}s k d x}eyeèk u}cela} ge oa}aykuè, ` sxeokdl ` k`we}ka}ulwumuluk d}s .

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