ghid gramatical engleza - tabele morfologice

8/9/2019 Ghid Gramatical Engleza - Tabele Morfologice

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Cheia succesului Dv.Mentor Juni

ISBN 973920954


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Editor:Marieta Nicolau PlmdealCoperta seriei:Vasile Olac

filiala9s:

iTv.l"' !

Str. Traian, Mr 3 I

Toate drepturile asupra Seriei MenlorJunioraparin Editurii Junior.

Toate dreptur ile asupra acestei edii i aparin Editurii Junior.

Editura Junior, Bucureti, Piaa Presei Libere nr.l, sector 1O.P. 33, tel./fax: 222.33 .01.

J

ISBN 973 9209 54 8

Limba englez

TABELE MORFOLOGICE

CUPRINSPag.

I. Substantivul 5

n. Articolul 7

m. Adjectivul 9

IV. Pro num ele ii

V. Num er al ul 15

VI. Verbul 16

VII. Adverbul 29

VIU Pr ep oz i ia 31

DC. Conjuncia 31


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Unele substantive au doar singular:

salt / sareincome / venitfurniture / mobil

money / baninews / vestework / mun c

luggage / bagajprogress / progresmerchandise / marf

Ex.: salt is a mineral / sarea e un mineral Specificarea sg.pl. prin cuvintele a piece pieces

Ex.: a piece of furniture / o pies de mobilierpieces of furniture / piese de mobilier

O Nu uita! Obiectele formate din dou pri au numai plural:

goggles / ochelari de proteciepliers / patentscales / cntar

scissors / foarfeceglasses / ochelaritongs / clete

Ex.: a pair of scissor s / o foarfec / o pereche de foarfecethese trousers are long / aceti pantaloni sunt lungi

strength / forknowledge / cunoatereinformation / informaie

3. Cazul

Nominativ> (the,a)Genitiv > of(the,a) genitiv prepoziionalDativ > to (the, a) dativ prepoziional

Acuzativ> (the, a)< s i n g u l a r ' s

plural s'Genitivul sintetic se folosete:a) cu subst. care numesc persoane, fiine: Ex.: Mark's red car; the teachers' books

b) cu subst. care indic tim pul, dista na, msur a:Ex.: a month 's holiday; a mile' s distance; a day's journey

c) n construcii fixe: Ex.: art for art's sake; to one's heart' s content

^ Nu uita!n cazul genitivului sintetic, cuvntul de baz se omite dac este: shop, house, office:at the baker's (shop); at my sister's (house); to the lawyer's (office); St. Thomas's(hospital); St Paul' s (Cathedral)

Dativul:a) fr prepoziie: dativul neaccentuatfr toaezat naintea acuzativului:

Subiect Predicat Dat. far prep. to AcuzativHe sent me a letter

They showed Mary an album

b) cu prepo ziie : dativul accen tuatcu to dup acuzativ:

Subiect Predicat Acuzativ Dat.cu prep.I gave a present to him (and not to Jack)

We offer some flowers to her (and not to her sister)

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c

Dativul cu to apare dup verbe, adjective, substantive, pronume:

Verbe

to belong toiai aparineto fall to / a i se ntmplato write to7 ai sc rieto read to / ai citi (cuiva)

to seem to / ai preato explain to/a i explicato happen to/ai se ntmplato say to / ai spune

AdjectiveSubstantivePronume

He is cruel to animals. / El este crud cu animalele.He told a story to the children. / Lea spus copiilor o poveste.

What is he to you?/ Ce f el de r udi este?

Atenie! Vezi: Verbele intranzitive

Dativul far prepoziie apare dup verbele care au un complement direct n acuzativ. Cele maifrecvente verbe sunt:

to lend / a da cu mpru mut to fetch / a se duce i a aduce

to offer / a oferi to permit / a permiteto bring / a aduce to tell / a povestito take / a lua to show / a artato send / a trimite to owe / a datorato forgive / a ierta to promise / a promiteto write / a scrie to pay / a plti

II. ARTICOLUL / The Article

1.Articolul hotrt = the

the: naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic (w, y)

se pronun6d:Ex.: the map, the windows, the year, the one (we like), the university

the: naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet vocalic se pronun i.Ex.: theeyes naintea lui h surd se pronun i. Ex.: hors d'oeuvre, heiress, honesty

N

I

Cu articol:

Punctele cardinale: fromtheSouth;dar:from east to west ri i insule la plural: the United States of America, theWest Indies, the Hebrides Ruri, mri, muni: the Danube, the Black Sea, theCarpathians

3Nu uita!Articolul hotrtthese poate folosi dup: both, half, quite, all, double, roundEx.: all the people / toat lumea; halfthe price /jumtate din pre; round themoon /

n j uru l lunii

Expresiicu articol hotrt:

onthewhole / n general | forthetime being / pentru moment

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ont heone hand / pe de o partein the country / la arto pass the time / ai (pe)trece vremea

at the latest / cel mai trziubyt he way / apropo

Fr articol:

Nume de persoane (i culittle, old, holy, young):little Richard, Holy Father, old John Titluri i nume de rudenie: Colonel Ryan, Queen Mary, Aunt Betty; dar:the Prince of Wales ri i orae: Greece, Germany, Paris; dar: the Paris of today Nume de muni (la sing.), lacuri, golfuri, capuri, porturi :mount cape lake harbour bay +

nume propriu: Mount Saint Mi chele, Lake Geneva; dar: theCape de Verde Islands. Strzi, piee, poduri, cldiri + nume propriu:Regent Street, Times Square, Tower Bridge

Noiimi generale: love, hate, wisdom; dar : "the wisdom of some people'' Substa ntive le: priso n school college bed church cnd sunt folosite abstract: school (ore

de curs) finishes in June; we go to bed (la culcare) he escaped from prison (arest); dar n sensconcret sunt folosite cu articol:the college is opposite the_church (cldire)

Nume de materie: oil, salt, sugar; oil is lighter than water; dar: the salt of life Substantive comune la plural:horse s, mice, ants; horses are domestic animals; dar:thehorses

of this country Luni, zile, anotimpuri, mesele zilei July, Monday, breakfast: on Monday; dar:the second

Monday in June

ONu uita!Titlurile care nu sunt de origine englez au articol:archduke, czar, emperor: theCzar PeterIDac dup substantiv Urmeaz o determinare atributiv (deseori cu of), atunciarticolul se va folosi n toate aceste cazuri.

Expresii tar articol:

at random / la ntmplareat dawn / n zoriat last / n sfritat night / noapteaat noon / la prnz

by m istak e / din greea lby chance / di n fericireto lose courage / ai pierde curajulto shake hands / a da mnato go by train / a merge cu trenul

2. Articolul nehotrt =a, an

a naintea unui cuvnt care ncepe cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic sepronund:a blackboard, a year, awatch, a one legged (table), a uniform

an naintea unui cuvnt care ncepe cu un sunet vocalic se pronun dn:an important question, an eye pentru o meserie, naionalitate, religie:my uncle is a doctor; he is anIrishman; he is a Catholic

dartar articol nehotrt dup:the title of(doctor),the rank of(colonel) msur, greuti, indicarea timpului:

five dollars an ounce, twice a month, three times a day, halfa kilo

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Expr esii cu articol nehotrt:

to be in a rage / a fi nfuriatto be at a loss / a fi n ncurcturto have a toothache / a avea o durere de dinito be in a hurry / a fi grbit

in a low voice / cu voce joasit's ashame / e o ruineit's apleasure / e o plcereon anaverage / n medie

O Nu uit a! a > st ntotdeauna dup: what, such, half, quite, rather, without

a > st ntotdeauna dup adjectivul care este legat de: as,so, too, how, however:as fast a runner as he is, too long a day, too difficult a prob lem

III. ADJECTIVUL /The Adjective

Adjectivul este invariabil i are o singur form: the beautiful roses of Scotland

. .. .

1. Comparaia

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ

monosilabice bisilabi ce n y, ble, er,

saxon ow, some er(than / decat) est

francez plurisilabice i participii more(than / decat) the most

good better the bestbad, evil, ill worse the worstmany, much more the most

neregulat near nearer the nearest, theneregulatlate nextold later, latter the latest, the last

older the oldestelder the eldest

Comparaia: a)saxonalarge larger the largestbig bigger the biggestgay gayer the gayest

easy easier the easiest

b) francezinteresting more interestingthe most interesting

Forme duble de comparaie i superlativ:


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< smaller smallest (mrime): the smallest bookless least (cantitate): I like less salt in my soup

The manwhomwe met.

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Obiecte

N. which > The trainwhichleft.

ObiecteG. (of) which > The house, the windowsof which.

(st dup cuvntul la care face referire).Obiecte

D. (to) which > The monkey to which we throw nuts.Obiecte

A. which > The thingswhichwe need.

Persoanei obiecte

N. that

Persoanei obiecte

G. (that of)Persoanei obiecte D. (that to)Persoanei obiecte

A. that

O Nu uita! n construciile cu pronume relativ, prepoziiile staudup verb:

Ex.:The teacher whom I am waiting for. That apare doar n propoziii relative restrictive:

a) n loc de who, which: Ex.: The man that I was talking of.

b) dup pron umele neho tr te i noiu nile numer ice: all, nothing , little , somethin g,anything, the same. Ex.: everything that you do

c) dupit is ... sauit was, that se folosete pentru emfaz:Ex.: It was he that told me the truth.

d) cnd pronumele se refer la persoane i obiecte:Ex.:We talked about things and persons that we thought interesting.

ONuuita! naintedethatnu se afl niciodat o prepoziie:Ex.:The painting that I am looking at is impressive.

Atenie! Whom, whichsauthatse pot omite:

Ex.:the house (that) I live in; the man (that) I told you about

5.Pronumele nehotrt

some/ vreun, vreo, un (o), ceva, nite (nainte de numeral) are sens restrictiv denumete ceva existent apare n propoziii enuniative: Ex.:We had some bread and butter.

any/ oricare, orice,vreun, ceva, unii generalizeaz se folosete n propoziii:

a) interogative Are there any flowers?b) negat ive No, ther e a re n otan y flowersc) condi ional e ... if you meet any...d) afirmative cu sens Send me any book.

deoricare, orice

denumete ceva total, la ntmplare; nlocuiete pesome n propoziii interogative.Ex.:Come and see me any time.

Pronumele nehotrte pot fi i adjective nehotrte.

^ Excepii: none / nici unul, nici una, nici unele e numai pronume nehotrt.

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Pronumele compuse nehotrte cu some, any, no, every (+ body, one, thing, i adverbulwhe re) :

someone, somebody /cinevasomething / cevasomewhere / undeva

anyone, anybody / oricineanything/oriceanywhere / oriunde, pretutindeni

no one, nobody / nimeninothing / nimicnowhere / nicieri

each / fiecare (n parte) adjectival: each boy tried to help substantival: each of them helped

every/ fiecare (toi); este urmat totdeauna de verb la singular doar adjectival: everycar is expensive

Expresii: every other day / din dou n dou zileevery fortnight / din dou n dou sptmnievery now and then / din cnd n cnd

all/ toi, toa te, totul adjectival: all girls substantival: all of the girls, all of them adverbial: he is all thumbs

whole/ntreg (total indivizibil,mai tarecaall):thewholeof U. S. A

Expresii: all the day/ toat ziuaall of us / noi toifirst of all / mai ntinot at all / deloc

on the whole / n totalonce for all / o dat pentru totdeaunaafter all / n sfrit

either neither adjectival: either (of) / oricare din doi, amndoi

Ex.: oneitherside of the riverneither (of) / nici un, nici o

Ex.:Neither story is funny. substantival: either

Ex.: Either of them has to help me.neither

Ex.:Neitherof us can do it.

3 Nu uita!

either or/fie ... fieneither nor/ nici ... nici

sunt conjuncii: Either Betty or Tom will call you up.

other others adjectival: cellalt, cealalt substantival (pl.): ceilali, celelalte

Expresii:

Neither Betty nor Tom will call you up.

Ex.: theotherboy, theotherroomEx.: Theothershave gone.

the other day / de curnd, recentevery other day / din dou n dou zilesome day or other / ntro zi

on the other hand / pe de alt parteanother one/ un altul

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O Nu uita!many a / nenumrai, mulimany aman / (cu verb la singular) muli

Singular Plural

little / puin.

littlehopefew / puini,few people

O Nu uita!a little / puin (ceva); a few / nite,civ a

sens pozitiv...little i few (iara = sens negativ)

Expresii: many thanks /mulumesc mult a little / puin, ceva

a great many / o mulime little or nothing /aproape nimicmany times / de multe ori quite a few / o grmadone too many / unul n plus . the few / cei puin i

twice as many / de dou ori mai muli

Singular Plural

much / multmuchnoise

many / mulimanypeople

V. NUMERALUL / The Numeral

1. Numerale cardinale

ntre cifra zecilor i cea a unitilor se aflliniu de unire:fiftyseven La cifrele peste 100, naintea cifrei zecilor sau a unitilor se pune and: two hundreda nd fiftyseven

Miile se despart prinvirgul:4,000 Anii: 1961 se citesc nineteen sixtyone

ONu uita!100 > ahundred(onehundred); 1000 >athousand(onethousand)

2.Numerale ordinale

Numeralul cardinal +th= numeralul ordinal: > Ex.: the sixth

Data: John was born onFebruary 27 th sau on the 1 stof March Nume de efi de stat, domnitori: George IV se citete: George the Fourth

^Excepii:first, second, third (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd)

Atenie!La ortografie: numeral cardinal five numeral ordinal fifth

nine ninth twelve twelfth

twenty twentiet h etc.

3. Numerale multiplicative

Ex.: double / dublu; three times / ntreit; four times / mptrit etc.

4.Numerale distributive

Ex.: (one) by one / (unul) cte unul

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5. Numerale adverbiale

Ordinea: first/ mai nti :Ex.: I firstlived here, in Scotland. Enumerri: secondly/ n al doilea rnd; thirdly/ n al treilea rnd

Repeti ii: once/ o dat ; twice/ de dou ori; thrice (three times)/ de trei ori; a hundred times/

de o sut de ori ; how many times?/de cte ori?; once more/ nc odat

VI. VERBUL/ The Verb

Infinitivul = particula to + verb. Formele de baz ale verbului: infinitiv; timpul Past Tense; participiul trecut;

particip iul p rezent (n "ing ").

1. Verbe predicative

Conjugarea verbului predicativ cu forme regulate: to invite/a invita

Timpul

Diateza activ Diateza pasiva

Timpul Conjugarea

nedefinit

Conjugarea continu Conjugarea

nedeiinitaConjugarea

continu

*Prezent I invite I am inviting I am invited I am being

invited

*Perfect compus I have invited I have been inviting I have been invited Past Tense I invited *I was inviting I was invited I was being

invited

M. m. c. p. I had invited I had been inviting I had been invited *Viitorul nti

*Viitorul anterior

I shall (will) invite I shall be inviting I shall be invited *Viitorul nti*Viitorul anterior I shall (will) have

invited

I shall have been

inviting

I shall have been

invited

*Viitorul trecut

i*Condiionalul

prezent

I should invite

sau

I would invite

I should be inviting

sau

I would be inviting

I should be invited

sau

I would be invited

*Conditionalul

trecut

I should have

invited sau

I would have invited

I should have been

inviting sau

I would have been

inviting

I should have been

invited sau

I would have been

invited

*Conjunctiv I invite

I should invite

I be inviting

I should be inviting

I be invited

Imperativ invite Infinitiv to invite to be inviting to be invited

Infinitiv perfect to have invited to have been inviting to have been invited Participiu

(i gerund prez.)

inviting being invited

Participiu

(i gerund perfect)

having invited having been invited

Participiu trecut invited invited

* Atenie! La conjugarea pentru persoanele a Ha i a Hla singular i plural, la anumitetimpuri i diateze se modific formele verbelor.

In varianta american a limbii engleze, auxiliarul willpoate fi folosit pentru toate

persoanele (valabil i pentru tabelul urmtor).

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Conjugarea verbului predicativ cuforme neregulate: to teach taught taught/ a nva**

Timpul

Diateza activ Diateza pasiv

Timpul Conjugarea

nedefinit

Conjugarea continu Conjugarea

nedefinitConjugarea

continu

Prezent I teach I am teaching I am taught I am beingtaught

Perfect compus I havetaught I have been teaching I have been taught Past Tense I taught I was teaching I was taught I was being

taught

M. m. c. p. I hadtaught I had been teaching I had been taught Viitorul (nti) I shall teach I shall be teaching I shall be taught Viitorul anterior I shall have taught I shall have been

teaching

I shall have been

taught Viitorul trecut i

Condi. prezent

I should teach

I would teach

I should be teaching

I would be teaching

I should be taughtI would betaught

Condi. trecut

I should havetaughtI would havetaught

I should have been

teaching

I would have been

teaching

I should have been

taughtI would have been

taught

Conjunctiv I teach,

I should teach

I be teaching,

I should be teaching

I betaught

Infinitiv to teach to be teaching tobe taught Infinitiv perfect to havetaught to have been

teaching

to have been

taught

^ Imperativ teach Participiu

(i gerund prez.)

teaching being taught

Participiu perfect(i gerund)

havingtaught having beentaught

Participiu trecut taught taught

* *Reprodus dup Leon Levichi Gramatica limbii engleze, E.S.D.P., 1961

2.Verbe copulative

Verbul copulativ tipic esteto be was been/a fi, care poate fi iverb notional(a fi,a exista), moda/,cnd este urmat de un infinitiv iverb auxiliar.Ex.: Sheis to come next Sunday.

They are absent.Johnisan architect.

3. Verbe auxiliare i modale

Verbul

Dac este

urmat de to

naintea

unui

infinitiv

Dac este

auxiliar

sau

modal

Ca auxiliar, la

construirea acelor

forme verbale unde

este necesar

Ca modal, ce idee

exprim

Ca modal, prin

ce se poate

nlocui

to have had,

had+ A/M

...

Perfectul compus,

m. m. c. p., viit. II,

cond. II, infm. perf.,... .

gerund pejafed \ ~ ; ,

necesitatea

-i? %"i

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to be, was,

been

+ A/M conjugarea continu,diateza pasiv

necesitatea must

I shall,

should

A/M viitorul I, II,cond. I, II

necesitatea must

I will,

would

A/M idem voina,

promisiunea

(to) want

(uneori)

I must M rugmintea,

necesitatea

to have (to), to be

obliged (to)

I ought (to) M obligaia moral

I can, could M posibilitatea

(fizic, moral)

to be able (to)

I may,

might

M permisiunea to be allowed (to)

to be permitted (to)

to let, let, let A imperativul (conj.)

to do, did,

done

A/M prop. ?, , ? insistena to insist by all

means, don't fail

(to) etc.

I need M necesitatea must

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Verbe auxiliare depline

to have had had/ a avea1. to have ajut la construirea formelor verbale compuse: Ex.: Shehas left.

2. to have + complement + participiu trecut: Ex.: Ihavemy shoes cleaned.

3. to have + acuzativ + infinitiv: Ex.: I willhaveher come back.

4.to have + infinitivulcu to/ a trebui: Ex.: Hehasa lotto work.

5. to have este i verb predicativ (ntrit cu ajutorul lui get): Ex.: Haveyougota flat?

ntrebarea i negaia pot t exprimate cu ajutorul luito do:Ex.:Do you havea flat?

to be was been/ a fi1. to be ajut la formarea pasivului: Ex.: The letterwaswritten by him.

2. to be ajut la formarea aspectului continuu: Ex.: It issnowing.

3. to be + infinitivulcu to/ urma s (dup dorina unui al treilea, conform unei planificri):Ex.: Theywere to leave at seven o'clock.

4. to be + infinitivul pasiv: Ex.: Thereisnothingto be done.

5. to be este verb predicativ: Ex.:"To beor notto be ..."

to do did done/ a face1. to do servete la formarea interogativului: Ex.: Doyou Iove me?

Atenie!1. Interogativul nuse construietecu to do:a) cnd predicatul este format cu un verb auxiliar: willyou open the door?b) cnd ntrebarea se refer la subiect: who (which of you) comes first?

darcnd ntrebarea conine o negaie se formeaz cuto do:whodoes notlike music?

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2. to do servete la negarea verbului predicativ: Ex.: He does notforget it.

3. Negativul nu se formeaz cuto do:a) pentru un verb auxiliar: she cannot drive

b) o alt negaie n afar de not (nothing, nobody, none, never):you maynever_know; theyknow nothing; nobodywas there

c) cnd notnu neag verbul, ci ntreaga ntrebare: Is she at home? No, I thinknot.

ONu uita!Imperativul negativ se formeaz ntotdeauna cuto dochiar i la verbele auxiliareto haveitobe: Ex.:Don'twrite it!Don'tbe stupid!

4. to doservete ca nlocuitor al unui verb predicativ menionat anterior:

a) n propoziia comparativ pentru a evita repetarea verbului predicativ:Ex.: I love him more than youdo.

b) pentru a ntri yessauno:Ex.:Doyou like cakes? Yes,I do. No, I don't.

c) la traducerea din limba romn a luii eusaunici eu:Ex.: "He works hard." "Sodo I."

d) la traducerea din limba romn a lui nui aa?:

n propoziie afirmativ / ntrebare negativ: Ex.: He comes early, doesn't he?

n propoziie negativ / ntrebare afirmativ: Ex.: Hedoesn't come early, doeshe?

e) dar dac n prima propoziie exist un verb auxiliar, acesta se repet:

Ex.: You are at home, aren't you?

5>to doservete i ca verb predicativ (nsoit deto dola interogativ i negativ)Ex.: How do you do? Doyour best!

O Nu uita!Verbe predicative ct i modale sunt:need/ a avea nevoie idare/ a ndrzniEx. Wedon't need toleave. Weneednot leave.

Does he dare toleave? Dare heleave?

Verbe modale

Prezent Trecut i cond. n e le s

Ve rb e n lo c ui to ar e

Forme compuse

I can/ eu pot I could / eu pute am /

a putea

1. capacitate fizic:I can ride.

2. capacitate spiritual:He can speak English.

3. posibilitate:le an help you.

4. nlocuiete verbul

may: Could I come in?

to be able to,

to be unable to

to know (how to)

I may / eu am voie

/ eu pot

I might/ eu a dori

/eu a avea voie

1. posibilitate:He may come.

2. permisiune:You may smoke.

3. posibilitate negat:You cannot go in.

to be allowed to

t bepermitted^ermisiune)

I've not been allowed to drink.

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I may / eu am voie

/ eu pot

1

I might / eu a dori

/eu a avea

voie

4. permisiune negat

may not (blnd,interdicie singular):

You may not have this

cake.

5. permisiune negat

must not (interdiciegeneral, de durat):

You must not drink

alcohol.

6. dorina la negativ

may not:May you never have

trouble!

it is possible

I must / eu trebuie I had to / eu trebuia

I ought to / eu ar

trebui

1. necesitate, impuneri:

Children must obey.

2. negativ, interdicie

general

must not need not:You must not say that

again.3. necesitate negat: You

need not wear this coat.

4. obligaie moral:

I ought to apologize.

to have to:

I had to stay here long.

to be obliged to:

George is obliged to work hard.

to be compelled to:She was compelled to leave

quickly.

to be forced to:We were forced to argue.

V

4.Diateza verbuluiDiateza activDiateza pasiv

Diateza pasiv se construiete cuto be+ participiul trecut (n limba vorbit n locdeto besefolosete to get).

Prezent: He helps her > Sheis helped by him. (este ajutat)Trecut: Did he help her? > Was she helped by him? (a fost ajutat)

Viitor He will nothelp her > She will not be helped by him. (nu va fi ajutat)Forma continu: He is helping her She is being helped by him. (tocmai este ajutat)Construcie dubl (verb activ cu

dou complemente):

Mother gives Mary a book. > Mary isgiven a book by mother.

O Nu uita! 1. Forma impersonal din limba romn se spune, se face este redat adeseori n

limba englez prin acelai verb la diateza pasiv:Ex.:He is said to be a good teacher. / Se spune c este un bun profesor.

2.Forme uzuale de pasiv:I am (sau was) told .. . / Mi sa spus ...

Do as you 're told. / F ce i se spune.

I was kept waiting. / Am fost fcut s atept.

What is to be done? /Ceeste de fcut?

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5.Modurile verbuluin limba englez exist patru moduri: indicativ, condiional, conjunctiv, imperativ.

Modul indicativarat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe un fapt real (n trecut, prezent sauviitor). Este modul certitudinilor.

Modul condionalarat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe un fapt condiionat sau a cruirealizare o dorete.

Modul conjunctivarat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe uri fapt ireal. Este modulnchipuirii, al prerii subiective. In limba vorbit este preferat indicativul.

Modul imperativexprim un ordin, un ndemn, o rugminte.

Folosirea modurilor :

1.Presupunere Aprobare Dezaprobare cushould, may, might^upa urmtoarele expresii impersonale:

it is right, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is time etc.;

.CL1

may might: it is possible, it is probable;

px :It is probable that he may come.*

2. Restrictivcu conjuncii ca:although, whatever, however;Ex.:Whatever he may do he will do it well.

3. Condiii:

Prop, condiional

(If clause)

Prezent Trecut Mai mult ca perf.

Prop, principal Viitor Cond. I Cond. H

a) cnd realizarea condiiei este probabil sau sigur folosim modul indicativ:V gx : If I am here, I shall help you.

b) cnd realizarea nu este posibil sau este improbabil folosim modul conjunctiv:

Prop, condiional(If clause)

Prop, principal

subj. prez. If 1 were you cond I * should help

subj. perfect11 1 n a d b e e n

yu

c o n cj jj 1 should have helped

4. Stri de spirit:

a)Groaz viitor sau condiional cnd temerile se refer la viitor:

gx . They think they will miss the train.sau se folosete m a y m i g h t :

E x : They thought they might miss the train.

b)Durere Regret Bucurie Uimire se folosete snou^ (conjunctiv):gx . It is painful they should be so.

c)Dorina dac ndeplinirea dorinei este imposibil (conj. prez. sau trecut):gx . If mum were here, she would see to everything.

IwishIwere here, too!; Iwished he mil

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d) Intenia n propoziii care exprim scopul cuso that i in order that se va folosimay might:Ex.: Come earlier so that you may be in time!

6.Timpurile verbului

Present Tense/ Prezent arataciunea,stareasauexistena exprimatdeverbcasigur,real.

Present Perfect/ Prezentul Perfect denumeteoaciune careanceputntrecuticare(sau alecreiefecte) dureaz i n prezent. Se folosete cu adverbele: today, this week, this year, already, just, never, yet etc. since:

Ex.:I have not seenhim since July.

PastTense/ Trecutul simplu denumeteoaciune ncheiatntrecutdupcuvinteca:last,yesterday,ago, last week, last year, formerly:Ex.: We left Paris yesterday;I met Peter two days ago.

PastPerfect/ Mai mult ca perfectul exprimoaciune trecut, anterioar alteiaciunitrecutesau aunui moment trecut:Ex.:We had found out the truth before they came to dinner.

FutureTense/ Viitorul denumeteoaciunedinviitori seasociazcu:soon,nextweek, tomorrowsau verbele:to hope, to expect, to suppose: Ex.: I hope we shall see you soon.

NearFuture/ Viitorul apropiat exprimoaciune carevaavealocntrun viitor apropiati seformeaz cu to be going to, to be about to + Infinitiv: Ex.: It is going to rain.

Conditional/ Condiionalul denumeteoaciune irealsauposibiln anumitecondiii:Ex.: Whatwould you have done if you had been there?

ONu uita!Dac se exprim ceva nerealizat n trecut, dup iftrebuie s urmeze subj.perfect,form asemntoare cu past perfectindicativ, iar n propoziia principal,condiionalul trecut.Ex.:If I had had time, I should have helped you.

7.Concordana timpurilor

A. n vorbirea indirect

Propoziie principal Propoziie secundar

Prezent: He saysPrezentul perfect: He has said

Viitor: He will say that she

Prezent: knows

Trecut simplu: knewM. m. c. p.: had knownViitor: will knowConditional: would know

Propoziie principal Propoziie secundar

Trecut: He saidM. m. c. p.: He had said

Condiional: He would say

that sheTrecut: knewM. m. c. p.: had known

Condiional: would know

Dar cnd se exprim un lucru cert sau un adevr general valabil, n propoziia secundar sefolosete prezentul: Ex.: He told us that water boils at 100 C.

B. n propoziiile cuif

Ex.: I shall buy this book if I find it. / Voi cumpra aceast carte dac o voi gsi.I should buy this bookif I found it. / A cumpra aceast carte dac a gsio.I should have bought this book if I had found it. / A fi cumprat aceast carte dac a II gsito.

8. Forma progresiv (continu)

I don't know how to/Nu tiu cum

sing this tune/ s cnt aceast melodieride a horse/ s clresc

dance waltz/ s dansez vals

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Se refer la desfurarea unei aciuni nencheiate i se formeazcu to be+ participiu prezent:Ex.: I am writing a letter (now)/ Eu scriu acum o scrisoare:

It was snowing (then) / Ningea, (atunci)

Atenie! Dac se desfoar dou aciuni n acelai timp atunci, n ambele propoziii, sefolosete forma continu:Ex.: While she was cooking, I was watching TV.

Aceast regul nu este obligatorie.

9.Forma frecventativ

Are dou timpuri:prezentitrecut.Se construiete cu auxiliarul will la prezent (pentru toate persoanele) i wouldla trecut (pentrutoate persoanele) urmate de infinitivul fr to:

Ex.: In the evening, He will often walk along the beach. /

Seara, el se plimb adesea pe malul mrii.When they were young, they would play chess every day. /

Cnd erau tineri, jucau ah n flecare zi.

sau: When young, they used to play chess. / Cnd erau tineri, obinuiau s joaceah.

10. Infinitivul fr to

(Infinitivul scurt)

Apare:* 1. Dupverbe auxiliare i dup to do:Ex.: I shall go home. We do not drink.

2. Dup expresiile: 1 had better/ a face mai bine I'd rather/ mai degrab, a prefera

1 cannot but.. . / nu pot s nu ...1 had as good/ la fel de bine a putea

Rather than suffer .../ dect s sufr ...

3. Dup vb. to help He helps them understand/ El i ajut s neleag.

11. Infinitivul cu to(Infinitivul lung)

Apare:

1. Casubiect:a) naintea verbului > To run away is cowardice.

b) dup expresii impersonale > It is strange to do such a thing.

2. Canume predicativ He seemd to be angry.3. Ca un complement direct > We wanted to watch that match.4.Ca ocompletare:

a) la verb We promised him to come early.b) la adjectiv Be slow to promise.

c) la substantiv I had the pleasure to meet her.

d) la numeral > He was the third to come.

5. La anumiteconstrucii: I hurried to fetch the doctor. He was too tired to learn.6. how to/cum dup verbele care arat nvare, predare, nelegere:


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7 what to 7 c e where to 7 u n d e :

He didn't know7 | what to say / ce s spunEl nu tia I where to go7unde s mearg

8 as to7 s a :

I am such a fool as to believe him. / Sunt att de prost s1 cred.

9in order to7 c a s a :

I came here in order to meet you. 7 Am venit aici ca s te ntlnesc.10. e lement intr oductiv ntrun numr de expresii:

to tell the truth 7 l a d r c pt vorbind to say nothing of... 7 c a s a nu mai amintim de ... to begin with 7 n primul rnd_ 0 fce fajp/ ca s fiu sincer

12. Infinitivulcu adverb intercalat / The Split Infinitive

Uneori, ntre particulat0i infinitivul propriuzis se pot intercala anumite adverbe (mai alesde mod)

He decided7 | to promptly reply /s rspund imediatSa hotr t I to wholly agree/s lie ntru totul de acord

Alte exemple n care acest lucru este posibil:

to cautiously inquire7 a se interesa cu pruden to gladly consent7 a consimi bucuros to clearly understand 7 a nelege clar to fully realize7 a"i da pedeplin seama to fully appreciate7 a aprecia ntru totul to stoutly defend7 a a P a r acu fermitate to flatly refuse 7 a refuza net

13. Acuzativul + infinitiv

Este o construcie specific limbii engleze.1. Se folosete fr to:

a) dup verbe de percepie (senzoriale):

to see, to hear, to feel, to perceive:E x : I sawhim come.He heardher sing.

b) dup verbe exprim nd determ inare a, obligaia : to make( a face > a sili):

Ex.: He mademe laugh.2. Se folosete cu to:

a) dup verbe exprimnd activitatea mintal a omului: to think/ a considera,

to suppose7apresupune, to imagine7aimagina, to consider/a considera,

to expect

7a

se atepta la, to know

7a

ti, to understand/a nelege:Ex.: I expecthim to ringme up.We conside r her to be the best.

b) dup verbe expri mnd dorina: to want/ a dori, to like(a plcea) i to hate /a ur, a nu putea suferi:

Ex.: I wanthim to work better.I like her to be more friendly.

We orderthem to leave."England expects every man to do his duty" (Nelson)

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14. Nominativul cu infinitiv

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Nominativul cu infinitiv se folosete:1. Cu urmtoarele verbe la diateza pasiv:

to know, to say, to consider, to believe, to think, to suppose, to expect, to see, to hear:Ex.: Shak espe are is considered to be a great playwright. /

Shakespeare este considerat a fi un mare dramaturg.

He is known to paint portraits. / Se tie c picteaz portrete.

O Nu uita! Infinitivul perfect, folosit n astfel de construcii, arat c aciunea a avut loc ntrunmoment din trecut:

Ex.: They are reported to h ave left earlier. / Se anun c ei au plecat maidevreme.

2. Cu verbele la diateza activ to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove, to turn out:Ex.: He proved to be a coward. / Sa dovedit a fi la.

Ma ry seems to know him. / Se pare c Mary l cunoate.3. Cu verbul to be + unul din adjectivele: sure , cer tain , likely, unlikely:

Ex.: She is likely to arri ve in time. / Probabil c va ajunge la timp.They are sure to come. / Ei vin cu siguran.

15. Participiul n "ing" / The "ing" Participle

A. Participiul n "ing" este o form impersonal a verbului englez, care arat o aciune ndesfurare sau o stare:

Ex.:coming / venind; writing / scriind

Avnd o natur pur verbal, participiul alctuiete timpurile conjugrii continui:

Ex.:I am working. / Eu lucrez. She was going. / Ea mergea.

Poate fi:

1. Cir cum sta ni al de mod: Ex.:The girls went out laughi ng. / Fetele ieir rznd.2. Circumstanial de cauz:

Ex.:Be ing late, he decided to leave.' / Fiind trziu, a hotrt s plece.3. Atr ibu t: Ex.:The American visiting our town is my friend. /

Americ anul, care ne viziteaz oraul, este priet enul meu.

O Nu uita! Participiul poate fi precedat de conjuncii ca:while, (temporal), though (concesiv) etc.Ex.: While climbing, he hurt his knee.

B, Participiul pasiv(Passive Participle) este format din participiul verbului to be +participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:

Ex.:being sent / fiind trimis

being written / fiind scrisPoate fi:

1. Complement circumstanial de timp:Ex.:The work being done, we left the house.

2. Complement circumstanial de cauz:Ex.:Being written in a hurry, your homework was full of mistakes.


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C. Participiul perfect ( Perfect "ing aPa rticipl e) se formeaz din participiul verbuluitohave + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:

Ex.: having written/ scriind, deoarece a scris

Exprim aciuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat:

Ex.: Having done their work, they went home.

D.Participiul perfect pasiv(Perfect Participle Passive) se formeaz din participiul perfectal verbului to be (having been)+ participiul trecut al verbului notional:

Ex.: having been read / fiind citit, deoarece a fost citit

Exprim aciuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat:

Ex.:Having been criticizedby his friends, he tried to improve his work.

Expresiiale participiului prezent:

considering / lund n consideraie,

innd cont deincluding / incluznd

supposing / presupunnd c

strictly speaking / vorbind despre

generally speaking/ vorbind n general

excepting / cu excepia

16. Gerundul

Gerundul specific limbii engleze are o natur dubl de form verbal i substantival.

1. Casubiect:Ex.: Herbeingyoung was an asset. / Faptul c era tnr, era o calitate.2. Canume predicativ:Ex.: Seeing isbelieving./ Dac vd, cred.3. Ca un complement direct, n special dup verbe ale unui raport temporal sau verbe care

exprim preferin sau aversiune.

Gerundultrebuie s stea dup urmtoareleverbeiexpresii:

to have done with

to give upto risk >

I do not mind

I cannot help

to go onto keep

to put offto stop

to finish

He stopped smoking.

Gerundulpoate s stea dupverbele:

to like

to enjoy

to excuse

to mind

to start

to hate

to remember

to love

to prefer

to regretI likewalking.

4. Gerundul este folosit dup cuvintele urmate de prepoziii obligatorii:

a) Verbe:

to complain of

to depend onto delight in

to despair ofto insist (up) on

to prevent fromto object to

to quarrel aboutto succeed in

to think of

Ex.: We think of informing her about it.

He succeded in running his own business.

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b)Substantive:

to be in the habit of

to be in danger of

to be on the point of

theway ofimportance of

experience in

reason for

a plan for

disappointment at

surprise at

way ofhabit of

Ex.:His surprise at seeing me. Her experience in teaching.c)Adjective:

capable of

proud of

keen on

far from

accustomed to

He is capableof doing anything.

He is keenon drawing.

5. Calocuiune adverbialnlocuindo propoziie secundar:a) Temporaldup:before after on upon

Ex.:Beforeleaving Paris ... / nainte dea prsi Parisul...

b)Cauzaldupfor for the sake of on account ofEx.: He was blamed for doing it.

c) Modaldup:by with without instead ofEx.:By doing it, he became famous.

d)Instrumental dup: byEx.: Byinventing this machine, the whole world moves forward.

e) Concesivdup:in spite ofEx.:In spite ofbeing awake, he fell asleep.

ONu uita!Celedou forme identice casens:having finished after finishinghaving stolen for stealing

17. Verbe tranzitive i intranzitive

A Verbele tranzitive(au complement direct):

to advise / a sfatui

to allow / a permit e

to answer / a raspunde

to approach / a aborda

to believe / a crede

to enter / a intra

to flatter / aflata

to follow / a urma

to forgive / a ierta

to help / a ajuta

to meet / a ntln i

to obey / a ascult a

to oppose / a se opune

to order / a comanda

to serve / a servi

to succeed / a reui

to thank / a mulu mi

to trust / a avea ncreder e

B.Verbe tranzitiveiintranzitivecuprepoziii obligatorii:

to remind somebody of sauabo ut (something) /

a aminti cuiva despre

to accust om somebody to (something) / a deprinde

pe cineva cu

to prevent somebody from (+ forma ning ) /

a mpiedica pe cineva de a

to deprive somebody of (somet hing) / a lipsi pe cineva de

to laugh at / a (i) rde de, ai bate joc de

to care for / ai plce a (ceva); a iubi

to hear from / a primi veti de la

to listen to / a ascult a la, a ascul ta de

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18. Verbe neregulate

1. Cu osingur form:

bet, bet, bet/ a paria

burst, burst, burst/ a izbucni, a exploda

cast, cast, cast/ a arunca

cost, cost, cost/ a costa

2.Terminaia t:

bend, bent, bent/ a ndoi

build, built, built/ a construi

burn, burnt, burnt/ a ardedwell, dwelt, dwelt/ a locui

hit, hit, hit/ a lovi

hurt, hurt, hurt/ a rni

let, let, let/ a lsa

put, put, put/ a pune

lend, lent, lent/a mprumuta

send, sent, sent/ a trimite

spend, spent, spent/ a cheltuilearn, learnt, learnt/ a nva

3.Prescurtarea vocalei din rdcin:

bleed, bled, bled/ a sngera

breed, bred, bred/ a crete animale

creep, crept, crept/ a se strecura

deal, dealt, dealt/ a se ocupa

dream, dreamt, dreamt/ a visa

feed, fed, f ed / a hrni, a da de

mncare

flee, fled, fled/ a fugi

keep, kept, kept/ a pstra

kneel, knelt, knelt/ a ngenunchia

lead, led, led/ a conduce

lean, leant, leant/ a se apleca

leave, left, left / a pleca, a prsi

4. Alte schimbri:

sell, sold, sold/ a vinde

teii, told, told/ a spune

lose, lost, lost/ a pierdehear, heard, heard/ a auzi

bring, brought, brought/ a aduce

buy, bought, bought/ a cumpra

seek, sought, sought/ a cutathink, thought, thought/ a se gndi

5.Verbe cu 3 vocale diferite:

drive, drove, driven/ a conduce maina

ride, rode, ridden/ a clri

rise, rose, risen/ a rsri

arise, arose, arisen/ a se ridica, a aprea

set, set, set/ a apune

shed, shed, shed/ a rspndi

shut, shut, shut/ a nchide

spread, spread, spread/ a ntinde

smell, smelt, smelt/ a mirosi

spell, spelt, spelt/ a pronuna

spoil, spoilt, spoilt/ a strica

light, lit, lit/ a aprinde

mean, meant, meant/ a nsemna

sleep, slept, slept/ a dormi

sweep, swept, swept/ a mtura

weep, wept, wept/ a plnge

catch, caught, caught/ a prinde

teach, taught, taught/ a preda

have, had, had/ a aveamake, made, made/ a face

write, wrote, written/ a scrie

fly, flew, flown/ a zbura

begin, began, begun/ a Incepe

ring, rang, rung/ a suna

6.Prezent + Participiul trecut cu aceeai vocal:

see, saw, seen/ a vedea

forgive, forgave, forgiven/ a ierta

bid, bade, bidden/ a porunci, a pofti

forbid, forbade, forbidden/ a interzice

mistake, mistook, mistaken/ a se nela

slay, slew, slain/ a ucide, a asasina

become, became, become/ a deveni

take, took, taken/ a lua

shake, shook, shaken/ a scutura

blow, blew, blown/ a sufla

grow, grew, grown/ a crete

know, knew, known/ a ti

throw, threw, thrown/ a arunca

sing, sang, sung/ a cnta

spring, sprang, sprung/ a sri

drink, drank, drunk / a bea

swim, swam, swum/ a nota

draw, drew, drawn/ a desena

come, came, come/ a veni

run, ran, run/ a alerga

fall, fell, fallen/ a cdea

beat, beat, beaten/ a bate

eat, ate, eaten/ a mncagive, gave, given/ a da

7.Trecutul simplu + Participiul trecut cu aceeai vocal:

hang, hung, hung/ a atrna, a spnzura

bear, bore, borne/ a purta, a duce

swing, swung, swung/ a se legna

speak, spoke, spoken/ a vorbi

wear, wore, worn/ a purta

bind, bound, bound/a lega

sit, sat, s*at/ a sta jos

spit, spat, spat/ a scuipa

get, got, got/ a cpta

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tear, tore, torn / a rupe, a sfia

strike, struck, struck / a lovi

cling, clung, clung / a se aga

spin, spun, spun / a toarce, a rsuci

awake, awoke (awaked), awoke / a se trezi

wring, wrung, wrung / a rsuci, a stoarce

swear, swore, sworn / ajura, a njura

forget, forgot, forgotten / a uita

stand, stood, stood / a sta n picioare

find, found, found / a gsi

sting, stung, stung / a nepa

hide, hid, hidden / a ascunde

shine, shone, shone / a strluci

shoot, shot, shot / a mpuca

lie, lay, lain / a sta ntins, culcat

fight, fought, fought / a lupta

break, broke, broken / a sparge

choose, chose, chosen / a alege

freeze, froze, frozen / a nghea

hold, held, held / a ine

understand, understood,

understood / a nelege

steal, stole, stolen / a fura

bite, bit, bitten / a muca

dig, dug, dug / a spa

stick, stuck, stuck / a lipi

win, won, won / a ctiga

8. Trecutul simplu form regulat:

mow, mowed, mown / a cosi, a secera

show, showed, shown / a arta

sow, sowed, sown / a semna

9.Forme speciale ale rdcinii:

do, did. done / a face

go, went, gone / a merge

be, was, been / a fi

sew, sewed, sewn / a coase

strew, strewed, strewn / a rspndi, a mprtia

saw, sawed, sawn / a tia cu fierstrul

VII. ADVERBUL /The Adverb

1. Formarea adverbelor

Adjectiv + ly > Adverb:>careful carefully

Excepii ortografice:

a) La adverbele provenite din adjective bi i plurisilabice,ydevineidup consoane:Ex.: merry merrily; pretty prettily

b) Adverbele provenite din adjective monosilabice pot pstray :Ex.:shy > shyly dar gay > gaily

c) Se omiteela sfrit de cuvnt la:due duly, true truly, whole wholly

d)fullfully, dulldully

Ateniei Nu toate cuvintele terminate nlysuntadverbe,unele suntadjective:Ex.:a lonely man, a friendly person

Unele au forme identice, ns sens diferit ca adjectiv i adverb:

Adjectiv Adverb

very adevrat foarte

only unic doar, numai

pretty drgu cam

O Nu uita! very naintea adjectivelor i adverbelor:verygood,verywell,verymuch:I thank you very much!

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O Nu uita! Adjectiv n loc de adverb n expresii ca:to talk loud, to spell wrong, to feel happy, to sleep tight, to travel light.

Atenie! Forme n ly care difer cu totul ca sens de cele simple:

directly / imediat

fairly / destul de

prettily / destul de

lately / recent

likely / probabil

presently / numaidect

hardly / abia, deloc

highly / foarte

shortly / n scurt timp

2. Comparaia adverbelor

a) Dac adverbul este monosilabic, el primete:

la comparativ > er

la supe rla tiv > est (Iar articol hotrt)Ex.: soon sooner soonest

b) Toate adverbele plurisilabice i cele terminate n 4y, formeaz comparativul prin

adugarea adverbelor more i most:Ex.: nicely more nicely most nicely

c) Comparaia neregulat:

well better best > bine

badly (ill) worse worst > ru

far farther (further) farthest (furthest) > departe

near nearer next (nearest) > aproape

litt le less least > puinlate later latest (last) > trziu

3. Poziia adverbelor

Regula de baz: adverbele stau lng cuvntul pe care l modific sau l determin i nu stau

de obicei ntre verb i complement.

Reguli speciale:

a) Adverbele accentuate adverbe de loc, de timp definit i adverbe de mod

accentuate intens stau la nceputul sau Ia sfritul propoziiei:

de loc >We used to meet here.

de timp definit >He came here a day before yesterday.

de mod accentuat >She can sing beautifully.

b) Adverbele neaccentuate adverbe de timp nedefinite, adverbe de mod neaccentuate

la timpuri simple stau naintea verbului, n urma vb.to be i a vb. modale, iar la timpuri

compuse, ntre verbul auxiliar i verbul de conjugat:

Ex. She often goes swimming in summer.

She is often a champion.

She has often got medals.

c) Dac sunt mai multe adverbe, ordinea este adesea: mod, loc, timp.

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VIII. P REP OZI IA / The Preposi tion

IX. CONJUNCIA / The Conjunction

1. Coordonatoare (ca funcie)

a) Copulative: and, as well as, not only...but also...

b) Disjunctive: or, either ... or etc.

c) Adversative: but, only, while, and etc.

d) Conclusive: so, therefore etc.

2. Subordonatoare (ca funcie)

a) Relative (atributive): where, when, how, why etc.

b) Obiective: how, that, if etc.

c) Adverbiale : de loc > where, wherever, as far as etc.

de timp > when, after, before, while, till, until, whenever, as soon as,no sooner ...than, scarcely ... when etc.

de mod > as, so, so far as

subiective > that

de cauz > as, because,since, for etc.

condiionale > if, unless, in case, on condition (that), provided (that) etc.

concesive > though, although, in spite of etc.

finale > so that, in order that, lest etc.

consecutive > that, so that etc.

comparative > as, than, as if (though) etc.

"11 1

~"^nraimiMipfflrii]tTC^ 11 n'. mumn mm

MI M* PVBUCA 1

T V t t f t A RQ HE Zr

CM mtm*, nr. mu . I

31

Prepoziiile pot exprima una sau mai multe relaii:

a) spaiale, temporale i alte relaii: about, after, against, around, before, behind, ahead of etc.

b) spaiale i alte reiai: above, across, beside, below, down, off, without etc.

c) temporale: during, for, in, on etc.


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ghid gramatical engleza - tabele morfologice

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