Simple present: - repeated actions- generalizations

Indicativ prezent: se folosete pentru a exprima o aciune obinuit, adic o aciune care a mai avut loc n trecut, are loc n prezent (dar nu neaprat n momentul vorbirii) i va avea loc probabil i n viitor.- se formeaz din infinitivul scurt + -s sau -es la persoana a-III-a singular

Present continuous - actions happening now - actions happenning around now

Prezent continuu: se folosete pentru a exprima o aciune n curs de desfurare- se formeaz cu auxiliarul to be la indicativul prezent urmat de participiul nedefinit al verbului de conjugat- participiul nedefinit se formeaz cu ajutorul terminaiei -ingread reading = citindplay playing = jucndu-se- verbele terminate n -e l suprim pe acesta naintea terminaiei -ingcome coming = venindtake taking = lund- verbele monosilabice terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o singur vocal, dubleaz consoana final naintea terminaiei -ingsit sitting = eznd

Ex:I am readingshe is sitting- verbele terminate n -ie, ca lie, die, tie, formeaz participiul nedefinit prin schimbarea grupului -ie n -y naintea terminaiei -ing

Ex: to lie lyingto die dyingto tie tyng

this these (pl)that those (pl)Sunt i adjective i pronume demonstrative. Au aceeasi form pentru toate genurile.

Plurale neregulateMuch many (pl) n propoziii interogative a lot of n propoziii afirmativechild- children mouse mice goose geese (gsc)man men tooth - teethwoman women foot - feet

Adjectiv posesiv my ouryour yourhis theirherits

Prepoziii At se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc (care nu exprim micarea).To se folosete cu verbele de micare.I am at home.I am going to the library

You are going home. Cu verbele de micare home nu primete nici prepoziie, nici articol.in implic ideea de aflare nauntruinto presupune neaprat ideea de ptrundereof de, al, a, ai, ale precum i formarea genitivului analitic (prepoziional)on pe se folosete fie cu verbe de stare pe loc, fie cu verbe de micareupon pe, exclusiv cu verbe de micareabove deasupranear lnground n jurulthrough - prin

Adverbul de mod se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei -ly la adjectiv.bad badly good well (bun, bun - bine)slow slowly fast fastVerbe modale (defective) can, may, must- nu au alte timpuri dect indicativul prezent i cel mult trecutul( n cazul verbelor can i may).- arat atitudinea subiectului fa de aciunea altui verb.Caracteristicile verbelor defective:- nu primesc -s la pers. a-III-a singular- formeaz interogativul prin inversiuneMay I?Can you?Must he?- formeaz negativul prin adugarea lui notI may not.You must not.She cannot. (Cazul special al lui can, negatia este legat de verb).- Sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt. (Dup verbele mobinuite urmeaz un berb la infinitivul lung)I can read English book.- Verbul can urmat de un infinitiv, are sensul de a ti.Ex: I can speak English a little.

Viitorul The Simple Future se formeaz cu ajutorul verbelor shall (la pers. I singular i plural) i will (la pers a II-a i a III-a singular i plural) la care se adaug infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.Ex:I shall ask = eu voi ntreba we shall askyou will ask you will askhe, she, it will ask they will ask

- Interogativul se formeaz prin inversarea subiectului cu predicatul.Shall I ask?- Negativul se formeaz prin adugarea lui not.I shall not ask.- Forme contraseI'll ask I shan't ask we'll ask we shan't askyou 'll ask you won't ask you'll ask you won't askhe'll ask he won't ask they'll ask they won't askshe'll ask she won't askit'll ask it won't ask

- Viitorul de comand, promisiune i hotrre

I will ask we will ask (ideea de promisiune sau hotrre)you shall ask you shall ask (ideea de porunc, obligaie)he, she, it shall ask they shall ask

- Shall se traduce de obicei n propoziii interogative prin ,,sShall I ask him? = S-l ntreb?- Will devine verb modal n propoziii ca:Will you open the door, please? = Vrei s deschizi ua, te rog?

- Should i would, folosite ca auxiliare la formarea condiionalului, pot avea i funcii modale.You should go there. = Ar trebui s te duci acolo.Would you mind giving me that plate?- Forma contras de la I should i I would este I'd- Diferena de sens dintre can i mayI can = pot, sunt n stare, pot (n diferite sensuri)I could = puteam, a puteaI may = pot, am voie, e posibil ca eu sI might = puteam, a putea

Imperativ The Imperative- se conjug numai la pers. a II-a singular i plural, avnd aceeai form cu infinitivul scurt.- la celelalte persoane se folosesc echivaleni ai imperativului, care se formeaz cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar let, al pronumelui personal respectiv la cazul acuzativ i al infinitivului scurt al verbului de conjugat.Let me ask = s ntreb (eu) let us ask = s ntrebm (noi)ask = ntreab (tu) ask = ntrebai (voi)let him, her, it ask = s ntrebe (el, ea) let them ask = s ntrebe(ei, ele)- singura form contras posibil este let's let usEx: let's go

NegaiileNo - este antonimul lui yes i se folosete independent (nu are funcie sintactic)- poate fi folosit naintea substantivelor, cu sensul de ,,niciun, nici oEx: I see no book on the table.Not- se asociaz cu verbul. Ex: She is not at home.

n limba englez nu se folosesc dou negaii n aceeai propoziie

The Past Tense - completed actions- how long

- este un timp care exprim o aciune trecut, far legtur cu prezentul se poate traduce prin trei timpuri romneti - perfectul compus

- perfectul simplu- imperfectul

To be To have CanI was we were I had we had I could we couldyou were you were you had you had you could you couldhe,she,it was they were he,she,it had they had he, she, it could they could

- Forma interogativ se construiete prin inversiunewas I? were we?were you? were you?Was he, she, it? were they?- Forma negativ se obine prin adugarea lui notI was not I had not I could not- Formele contrase:I was not - I wasn't you had not - you hadn't she could not - she couldn'twe were not - we weren't

- n cazul verbelor regulate se formeaz prin adugarea desinenei -ed (sau -d cnd verbul respectiv se termina n -e) la infinitiv. Persoana a III-a singular nu primete -s la Past Tense.

Ex: I asked we askedyou asked you askedhe, she, it asked they asked

- disinenele -ed i -d se pronun:- d dup vocale i dup consoane sonore [b, g, l, m, n, v, z]- t dup consoanele surde [f, k, p, s]- id dup consoanele [t, d]

- verbele monosilabice terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o vocal scurt, dubleaz consoana naintea disidenei -ed.

Ex: stop stopped- verbele terminate n -y precedat de o consoan, schimb pe y n i naintea deisdenei -ed

Ex: carry carried- cele terminate n y precedat de o vocal, adaug n mod normal terminaia -ed.

Ex: play playedInterogativul cu ,,did- pentru a forma interogativul timpului Past, folosim timpul Past al verbului to do, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ InterogativI played we played Did I play? Did we play?You played you played Did you play? Did you play?He, she, it played they played Did he, she, it play? Did they play?

Negativul cu ,,did- verbele principale formeaz negativul la Past Tense cu Past Tense al verbului auxiliar ,,to do - did,urmat de negaia not i de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat.

Ex: Afirmativ Negativ I asked we asked I did not ask we did not askyou asked you asked you did not ask you did not askhe, she, it asked they asked he, she, it did not ask they did not ask

- forma prescurtat a grupului did not este didn't

Participiul trecut Past Participle al verbelor regulate se formeaz i are aceeai pronunie ca i Past Tense. Se traduce cu participiul trecut din limba romn.

Ex: filled = umplutstopped = opritplayed = jucat

- verbele neregulate formeaz Past Tense i participiul trecut n cele mai diferite moduri.Ex: Prezent Past Tense Participiu trecutu

I read I read read

I give I gave givenI see I saw seenI run I ran run

The Past Continuous Tense interrupted action- se formeaz cu auxiliarul to be la Past Tense, urmat de participiul nedefinit al verbului de conjugat.- se traduce ntotdeauna cu imperfectul din limba romn.- se folosete mai ales pentru a exprima o aciune simultan cu alta.- participiul nedefinit se formeaz cu ajutorul terminaiei -ing.

Ex: I was playing we were playingyou were reading you were readinghe, she, it was lying they were lying

Interogativul cu ,,to do- spre deosebire de verbele auxiliare (to be i to have) i de verbele modale (can, may i must) care formeaz interogativul prin simpl inversiune, restul verbelor din limba englez, pe care le putem numi ,,verbe principale, folosesc pentru construirea interogativului auxiliarul ,,to do (a face).

Ex: Afirmativ InterogativI read go I read?you read do you read?he, she, it reads does he, she, it, read?we read do we readyou read do we read?They read do they read?

- la forma interogativ se conjug numai auxiliarul to do, verbul rmnnd invariabil.- ordinea cuvintelor este auxiliar subiect verb la infinitivul scurt.- verbul to do este i un verb principal. De aceea interogativul su se formeaz ca i interogativul celorlalte verbe cu auxiliarul to do.

Ex: Afirmativ InterogativI do do I do?you do do you do?he, she, it does does he, she, it do?we do do we do?they do do they do?

- la o ntrebare construit cu auxiliarul to do, rspunsul se d prin folosirea auxiliarului, fr a se mairepeta verbul.

Ex: Does Mike go to school? - Yes, he does.- verbele auxiliare i defective se repet n rspuns

Ex: Are you student? - Yes, I am.

Dativul i acuzativul pronumelui personalNominativ: I you he she it we you theyDativ: to me to you to him to her to it to us to you to themAcuzativ: me you him her it us you them

Negativul cu ,,to do-forma negativ a verbelor obinuite se construiete de asemenea cu auxiliarul to do

Ex: Afirmativ Negativ Forma contras a negativuluiI know I do not know I don't knowyou know you do not know you don't knowhe, she, it knows he, she, it does not know he, she, it doesn't know

we know we do not know we don't knowyou know you do not know you don't knowthey know they do not know they don't know

- ca i la interogativ, verbul de conjugat are forma invariabil (infinitivul scurt)Ex: Margaret doesn't want to play with me.

- forma interogativ negativ se construieste: prin inversarea pronumelui(subiect) cu auxiliarul do (sau does) din grupul negaiei verbale

Negativ Interogativ negativul You do not like this book. Do you not like this book?

Prin inversarea subiectului nepronominal cu grupul do not (sau does not)Negativ Interogativ negativul

My brother does not know. Does not my brother know? De obicei, pentru construirea interogativ negativului se prefer formele prescurtate

Don't you like this book?Doesn't my brother know?

- ca i n cazul rspunsului afirmativ, rspunsul negativ la o ntrebare construit cu auxiliarul to do nu necesit repetarea verbului.

Ex: Does Mike like to play with dolls? - No, he doesn't.

Pronumele i adjectivul interogativPronumele interogative

who? = cine? Declinat astfel:N who? cine?G whose? - a, al, ai, ale cui?D to whom? - cui?A whom? - pe cine?

what? = ce? which? = care?, care anume?, acuzativ pe care?

Adjectivele interogative what...? = ce...?, care...? which...? = care...?, ce...? acuzativ pe care...?, ce...?

- spre deosebire de what, which are ntotdeauna un sens selectivEx: What book do you need? = Ce carte i trebuie? (intereseaz cartea n sine, titlul ei)

Which book do you need? = Ce (care) carte i trebuie? (din mai multe, care anume?)- att pronumele ct i adjectivele interogative exclud folosirea auxiliarului to be atunci cnd sunt subiecte ale propoziiei.

Ex: Who says that? (NU - Who does say that?)

Perfectul compus (The present perfect Indefinite) - unspecified time- how long

- se formeaz din prezentul verbului auxiliar to have i participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.I have asked we have askedyou have asked we have askedhe, she, it has asked they have asked

- perfectul compus se folosete, printre altele, pentru a exprima aciuni recente, care au legtur cu prezentul.

Ex: The snow has now covered everything.- interogativul i negativul perfectului compus se formeaz prin inversarea subiectului cu auxiliarul to have i respectiv prin adugarea lui not.

Ex: He has asked. Has he asked? He has not (hasn't) asked.They have come. Have they come? They have not (haven't) came.

Perfectul compus continuu (The Present Perfect Continuous) - how long- se formeaz din perfectul compus al verbului auxiliar to be i participiul nedefinit al verbului de conjugat.- se folosete pentru a exprima aciuni ncepute n trecut, care se continu n prezent i care se pot continua i n viitor.

Ex:I have been asking we have been askingyou have been asking you have been askinghe, she, it have been asking they have been asking

- uneori, perfectul compus (ambele forme) se poate traduce cu prezentul din limba romn.It has been raining for two hours. = Plou de dou ore.