curs planificare si dezvoltare urbana

8/19/2019 curs planificare si dezvoltare urbana

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Compozitie urbana

Design urban operational - utilizarea regulilor caunelte


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Confuzie intre termeni

Design urban (Urban design)

Planificare urbana (Urban planning)

Proiectare urbana


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Design urban - strategie

imbinarea diverselor viziuni prin negocierea intereselor publice si private diverse

consta in aplicarea constienta de reguli mai degraba decat in realizarea

planurilor de executie


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Regulile urbane sunt create pentru a:

influenta/obtine un anumit raspuns

conserva

schimba directia de dezvoltare


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Deschiderea catre reguli

Regulile se importa

orase experimentale

orase conservatoare

constrageri sau libertati

Contextualitate


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Infrastructura a regulilor

abstacta si imateriala, conectand:

● cladirile, terenul si utilizarea acestora

● componentele fizice si sociale ale orasului

● caracteristici latente si existente


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Clasificare

scara

durata de valabilitatepermit mai multe posibilitati de aplicare/urmare

care echilibreaza conditii, creeaza conditii egale pentru toti

sunt nedrepte pentru anumite categorii sociale

judeca probleme de estetica

stabilesc praguri maxime/minime

sunt importate din alte locatii

sunt adesea incalcate

nu au fost inca reglementatesunt aplicate universal cu exceptia unor locatii

au fost adoptate intr-o/ dupa o anumita perioada

sunt legate de iluminare si ventilare

sunt legate de drept comercial

sunt negocialbile

se bazeaza pe motive ce nu mai sunt relevane

valide


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Reputatia proasta a regulilor

Louis Sullivan

Le Corbusier

Kevin Lynch

limitari ale functiun ilor perm ise, densitate si circulatii sunt acceptate chiar daca nu ar trebuisa fie

regelementari ce privesc forma sunt pr ivite cu suspiciune


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FIFA, Laws of the game, 2015


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Legatura dintre reguli si expresia artistica

Regulile pot doar caracteriza o relatie sau pot fi rezultate ale experientei si

cunostiintelor si stabilite sub forma unui acord


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Omniprezenta regulilor

conventii nescrise

obiceiuri

norme

maxime

traditii


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Christiania,

Danemarca

https://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v=

v57JVVD6-ag

https://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttp://youtube.com/v/v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0kcNUdsycEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57JVVD6-ag


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Reguli in Christiania

Image Credit: Huda Alawa

http://mic.com/articles/925

21/inside-denmark-s-

anarchist-paradise-where-

almost-anything-goes

http://travelslave.net/2011/10/13/the-freetown-christiania-

copenhagen-denmark/


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Grade de libertate

in control

Friedrich von Hayek, in Theconstitution of liberty, 1972


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Libertate

reglementata

“trebuie” sau “permis cu anumiteconditii”


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Reguli operationale

Notes on the synthesis of form, 1974 , Chr istopher Alexander

stategie in etape ce pot fi catalogate si deci controlabile evitand pericolul de a

fi depasiti de o problema sau de a o supra simplifica si obtine un rezultat

deficitar


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Diferitele tipuri de reguli

Conform lui Lynch exista o varietate de reguli:

● ce tin de:○ forma○ procesele ce o genereaza○ executia/utilizarea sa ulterioara

● valoare:○ minime○ valori optime folosite drept ghid

● tip:○ descriu o t ipologie de a rezolva o problema (cele mai bune practici din domeniu)

○ predictii (cerinte necesare pentru a asigura functionarea optima a unei funciuni propuse)

○ standardizari arbitr ate pentru a limita variatii nedorite (capete de suruburi)


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Jane Jacobs


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Aspecte ale reglementarilor

● originea si motivatia ce le-a generat

● capacitatea de a perm ite libertate in dom eniul designului urban

a) care este domeniul specificat de regula

b) daca nu cumva acest domeniu neacoperit nu este reglementat de oregula simultan valida

c) cat de stricte sunt reguliled) externalitati


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Domeniu nu este reglementat de o alta regula valida


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Interese publice si private


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• De ce viziunile urbane nu devin realitate


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• De ce viziunile urbane nu devin realitate

• Interes public


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“to make a great city in a few years out of

nothing ”

Seth Low, fost decan al Columbia University si

primar al New Yorkului intre 1901-1903


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Import - export

• Zonificarea ca export de succes

• Stil arhitectural ca import


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Efort colectiv

• investiti directe in proprietate publice

• incercari de a exercita control asupra

proprietatii private


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http://klio.uoregon.edu/sci/UptoWW1.htm


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Punkto Issue 2: Destruction.http://www.dk-cm.com/writing/plotting/

http://www.revistapunkto.com/2012/05/punkto-02-destruction-english.htmlhttp://www.revistapunkto.com/2012/05/punkto-02-destruction-english.html


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http://burnhamplan100.lib.uchicago.edu/node

/1520/

http://www.blueprintchicago.org/2009/12/22/


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plan-of-chicago-paris-on-the-prairie/


42/196

LOMEX Library of Congress. ( http://untappedcities.com/2013/09/11/nyc-that-never-was-robert-moses-lower-manhattan-expressway-lomex/ )

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647103/http://untappedcities.com/2013/09/11/nyc-that-never-was-robert-moses-lower-manhattan-expressway-lomex/http://untappedcities.com/2013/09/11/nyc-that-never-was-robert-moses-lower-manhattan-expressway-lomex/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647103/


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NYCRoads

http://www.nycroads.com/roads/lower-manhattan/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/lower-manhattan/


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NYCRoads

http://www.nycroads.com/roads/lower-manhattan/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/lower-manhattan/


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Moses

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvWB8R8

yqAA

“ i

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvWB8R8yqAAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvWB8R8yqAAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvWB8R8yqAAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvWB8R8yqAA


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“squaring or

Circleville”http://www.ci.circleville.oh.us/205/His

tory-of-Circleville

d l

http://www.ci.circleville.oh.us/205/History-of-Circlevillehttp://www.ci.circleville.oh.us/205/History-of-Circlevillehttp://www.ci.circleville.oh.us/205/History-of-Circlevillehttp://www.ci.circleville.oh.us/205/History-of-Circleville


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Redevelopment

(‘squaring’) of

Circleville, Ohio REPS, John W. (1965/1969).

Town Planning in Frontier

America. Princeton University

Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

LCCN 68-20877


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Adam Smith

• fiecare individ contribuie automat la

bunastarea comunitii prin urmarirea

obiectivelor private


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Neplaceri comune

• individ se va comporta in asa fel incat actiunile

sale sa nu prezinte o problema/neplacere

pentru altii


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Tendinta catre supraexploatare

+1−1/x≥0


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http://www.cropcircleconnector.com/2014/cowdown/cow%20triangle.jpg


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Solutii posibile

• Proprietate privata

• Reglementari


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O viziune privata asupra publicului

Google Street View


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Interes public – Interes privat

Un interes public nu este tot timpul just, chiar

daca rezultatul este pozitiv, ci oglindeste opinia

majoritatii care uneori coincide cu interesul

public dar mai adesea este confundata cuacesta.


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Equitable Building http://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/

nyc/wall/equitable.html

http://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/wall/equitable.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/wall/equitable.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/wall/equitable.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/wall/equitable.html


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• ordonantele de zonificare intra sub autoritatea

politiei locale


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• ordonantele de zonificare intra sub autoritatea

politiei locale

• Regulile urbane au devenit instrumnete

birocratice


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Village of Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co

•constitutionalitatea conceptelor de zonificare•daca un set de reguli menite sa reglementeze opopulatie specifica poate fi folosit drept standardin alte comunitati

•nici o ordonanta nu poate masura profeticschimbarile economice si deci nu se poateprevedea si reglementa fizic pe o harta functiunilepotrivite fiecarei locatii si suprafetele necesare

fiecarei functiuni.(1926, Brief and Arguements for appellee, CaseVillage of Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co


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Putere si control


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Dificultatea stabilirii pragurilor

• Demotivare


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http://www.sangimignano.com/

http://www.sangimignano.com/http://www.sangimignano.com/http://www.sangimignano.com/


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http://www.sangimignano.com/

http://www.sangimignano.com/http://www.sangimignano.com/


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• Daca in locul limitei maxime s-ar fi stabilit o

taxa/penalizare pentru caderea materialelor

pe casa altcuiva s-ar fi creat un impuls catre

inovatii tehnologice.


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• Demotivare

• Raspunsurile tarzii si ciclurile de constructie


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• Schimbarile rapide si reglementarile continuerealizeaza tot timpul o interrelationare

critica.

ifi l bili ii il


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• Demotivare


• Avangarda, pionieri


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www.nyc-architecture.com

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htm


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New York Public Library


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New York Public Library


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Wurts Brothers, New York Public Library, www.boweryboyshistory.com

http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/tag/rockefeller-centerhttp://www.boweryboyshistory.com/tag/rockefeller-center


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Wurts Bros. Collection.

www.library.hbs.edu

http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/naai/08-route-of-exhibit.htmlhttp://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/naai/08-route-of-exhibit.html


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www.nyc-architecture.com

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htm


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w w w . n y c - a r c h i t e c t u r e . c

o m

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htmhttp://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID055.htm


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http://www.nyc-architecture.com/

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/http://www.nyc-architecture.com/http://www.nyc-architecture.com/http://www.nyc-architecture.com/


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Standarde relati e


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Standarde relative

• inaltimea maxima sau minima a unei cladiri cuimportanta cesteia

• numarul de etaje relationat cu marimea

parcelei

• depasirea inaltimii maxime permisa prin

realizarea legaturii subterne la metrou.



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• Demotivare


• Avangarda, pionieri

• Nivelul de reglementare

Negocieri constructive


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Negocieri constructive

Motivatieeconomica

Putere denegociere


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Incercari si reusite in exercitarea


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controlului

“The best way to save land is to buy it” - WilliamHollingsworth Whype (1968) - The last

landscape

Control


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Control

Investitiipublice

Investitiiprivate


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Gilbert Garcin, Der Visionär, 2002 Gilbert Garcin


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www.santabarbarahomesandlifestyle.com www.homeaway.com

santabarbararealestatevoice.com

allthingssantabarbara.com

http://www.santabarbarahomesandlifestyle.com/santa-barbara/downtown/http://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p3483814http://santabarbararealestatevoice.com/tag/santa-barbara-downtown-condos/http://allthingssantabarbara.com/santa-barbara/downtown/http://allthingssantabarbara.com/santa-barbara/downtown/http://santabarbararealestatevoice.com/tag/santa-barbara-downtown-condos/http://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p3483814http://www.santabarbarahomesandlifestyle.com/santa-barbara/downtown/


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California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California, http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24208


103/196

Chadwick, H. D. (US Gov War Department. Office of the Chief Signal Officer.) - US Archiv

ARCWEB

http://arcweb.archives.gov/http://arcweb.archives.gov/http://arcweb.archives.gov/http://arcweb.archives.gov/


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http://www.1906earthquake.com/


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http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/images/sf06.city.html


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Steinbrugge Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Center

http://seismo.berkeley.edu/faq/1906_0.htmlhttp://seismo.berkeley.edu/faq/1906_0.html


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• Cladiri albe

• Acoperis terasa


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Berliner Mietskasernen Verla Dr. Hans E stein Wien & Lei zi 1929

Motivatii


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Motivatii

• impunerea unui stil arhitectural

• codificarea nivelului de comfort

• distanta maxima la care poate ajunge un

furtun in caz de incendiu


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Estetica reglementata

Control si ordine vizuala


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Control si ordine vizuala

• dorinta autocratica de a manifesta putere

• dorinta de a educa spre o societate moderna

intr-un mediu urban organizat si functional

• dorinta de a crea o noua organizare sociala

• intentie de a proteja interesul si sanatatea

publica

• dorinta de a crea o identitate unitara

• manifestare artistica


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http://www.booksto

pshere.com/map1.h

tm


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Facilitati ale orasului model


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Facilitati ale orasului model

•aprovizionare cu apa

• sistem de canalizare

• departamene de pompieri si politie

• electricitate pt toate cladirile

• telefoane

• linie de tren pe piloni

• organizare coerenta a cladirilor in ansambluri

•culoare uniforma a fatadelor nu doar pe axafranceza a ansambului

• inaltime uniforma a corniselor


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The image of the city, 1960, Kevin

L h


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Lynch

• dispozitii de zonificare generale

• comentarii consultative asupra propunerilor

• exercitarea influentei asupra aspectului

propunerilor private

• dispozitii stricte pentru punctele critice ale

orasului

• exemple pozitive prin cladirile publie si

infrastructura urbana


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smallbusiness.chron.com/advertising-billboards-work-75826.html


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adopt-a-highway.dot.ca.gov

http://adopt-a-highway.dot.ca.gov/http://adopt-a-highway.dot.ca.gov/


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www.lavernialions.org

http://www.lavernialions.org/highway.htmlhttp://www.lavernialions.org/highway.html


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Cauza, efect si masuri preventive


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propunere U.S. Steel, 1969

San Francisco Chronicle


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• Downtown Plan creat de Dean Macris in 1983a fost aprobat in 1985 cu amenendmentul ca

doar un anumit volum de cladire putea fi

construit anual in oras.

Conservarea peisajului de fundal


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San Francisco Vancover

http://news.theregistrysf.com/san-francisco-to-explore-

beauty-contest-longer-term-solutions-for-prop-m/http://flickr.com/photos/60847326@N00/484634587

http://flickr.com/photos/60847326@N00/484634587http://flickr.com/photos/60847326@N00/484634587


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http://millenniumcupvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/vancouver_skyline_281.jpg


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http://www.designcontentconf.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/TBCCWDisplay.jpg


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http://vanmapp.vancouver.ca/pubvanmap net/default.aspx


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http://lh6.ggpht.com/_9FW9P3-

u1EI/S_YkJK2TcGI/AAAAAAAADd0

/IO8_M2_PInk/waterfront-view-

cones.JPG


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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Hong_Kong_Victoria_Harbour_Pano_View_from_ICC_201105.jpg


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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hong Kong Island Skyline 2009.jpg


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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/London from a hot air balloon.jpg


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https://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound3.jpg

Broadgate

https://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound3.jpghttps://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound3.jpg


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http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/87287642088819

6132ba8afd49e5672039830245.jpghttp://now-here-this.timeout.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/01/Broadgate-Ice-at-

Night.jpg


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https://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound4.jpg

https://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound4.jpghttps://landscapeiskingston.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/henrymound4.jpg


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https://reader009 {domain}/reader009/html5/0730/5b5df515849cb/5b5df55a7fc70 png

https://articulo.revues.org/docannexe/image/2784/img-2.pnghttps://articulo.revues.org/docannexe/image/2784/img-2.png


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SACRIFICII

Death by design

[The cover to Batman: Death by Design]


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http://lifewithoutbuildings.net/2012/06/death-by-design.html

t t p : / / l i f e w i t h o u t b


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b u i l d i n

g s . n e t / 2 0 1 2 / 0 6 / d e a t h

- b y - d e s i g n . h t m l


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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Penn Station3.jpg t t p s : / / u p l o a d . w i k

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Penn_Station3.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Penn_Station3.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Penn_Station1.jpg


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i m e d i a . o r g / w i k i p e d i a / c o m m

o n s / c / c 2 / P e n n _ S t a t i o

n1 . j p g

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t p : / / w w w . s h o r p y

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http://untappedcities.com/2013/03/28/the-new-york-

city-that-never-was-grand-central-terminal-towers/

http://www.thecityreview.com/byard.html

1968 Marcel Breuer 1956 I. M. Pei

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Vecini, vecinatati, cartiere


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Caracteristici ale influentei


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•

marimea unui proiect/unei interventii genereazalimite ale influentei sale restrictionand autonomiaindividuala

• regulile universale sun o reactie la o actiuneexgerata ce a fost detectata

• cantitatea este definitorie cand vine vorba deinfluenta reciproca

• influente reciproce genereaza noi dependente si

in consecinta noi reguli• libertatea de miscare este limitata de vecini

directi


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DREPTUL LA LUMINA


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Abordare


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•Reglementarea cauzei umbrei

• Reglementrea umbrei


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http://www.shadowofthehouse.com/downloads/Laura&Bra

dy_hi.jpgLaura and Brady in the Shadow of Our House,

1994, Photograph by Abelardo Morell


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RAZA DE INFLUENTA A UNUI VECIN


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curs planificare si dezvoltare urbana

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