bazele moleculare ale organizarii celulare
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Organizarea celularaTRANSCRIPT
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Capitolul 3
BAZELE MOLECULARE ALE ORGANIZĂRII
CHIMICE A CELULEI
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3.1 Elementele chimice din materia vie
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1. Elementele chimice majore (macroelemente) 2-60%C, H, O, N
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2. Elementele chimice mai puţin abundente (microelemente) 0,02-0,1%
P, S, ClNa, K, Ca
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3. Oligoelementele – sub 0,02%Fe, I, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, Se, F, Mg
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3.2 Substanţele chimice
Apă 70%, Proteine 15%, Acizi nucleici 7%Glucide şi metaboliţii lor 3%, Lipide şi metaboliţii lor 2%
Ioni anorganici 1%, Alte componente sub 1%
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3.2.1. Substanţele anorganice
3.2.1.1. Apa
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1. Dipol electric:- Constantă dielectrică mare:
ecranare electrică- Solventul unic al materiei vii
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2. Disocierea apei:
3. Formarea legăturilor de hidrogen:
H2O ↔ H+ + HO- H+ + H2O ↔ H3O+
2H2O ↔ H3O+ + HO-
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Capacitate calorică mare: mediu de răcire:ecranare termică Valoare mare a căldurii de vaporizare:termoreglare
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Transportul apei: prin Aquaporine
AQP 1
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AQP 1
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3.2.1.2. Sărurile minerale
Cationi : Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Anioni : PO43-, HPO4
2-, H2PO4-, SO4
2-, HCO3-, CO3
2-, NO3-
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3.2.2. Substanţele organice3.2.2.1. Glucidele
Monozaharide
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Ficat
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Ficat
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Muşchi striat
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Acid hialuronic
Heparina
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3.2.2.2. Lipidele
Lipide simple: acizi graşi liberi
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Lipide de rezervă: trigliceridele
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Lipide complexe-fosfolipide
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3.2.2.3. Proteinele
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Specificitatea proteinelor
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ADN ARN
3.2.2.4. Acizii nucleici
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3.3. Unitatea organizării biochimice a celulei
Aceeaşi compoziţie chimică
Compoziţie ionică constantă a lichidelor
Procese biochimice unitare
Universalitatea unor molecule
ATP – prototipul moleculelor macroergice
Replicarea ADN, biosinteza ARN şi a proteinelor se fac după aceleaşi mecanisme
Mecanisme de control comune pentru toate procesele celulare