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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 2/2010

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 2/2010

56

ASPECTE JURIDICE PRIVIND

CALITATEA DE STAT MEMBRU

LA UNIUNEA EUROPEAN

Prof. univ. dr. Nicoleta DIACONU

Academia de Poliie Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Rezumat: Dup o prezentare a aderrii denoi state la uniunea european necpnd cu primul

val al extinderii (de la ase la nou) pn la cel de-al patrulea val al extinderii (de la cincisprezece la

douazeci i apte) este analizat procedura aderriila comuniti, fiind evideniate condiiile cerutepentru aderare, fondurile de pre-aderare, fazeleprocedurii de aderare respectiv: faza de preaderare,faza comunitar-avizul instituiilor comunitare, fazacu caracter internaional-ncheierea acordurilor de

aderare. De asemenea, sunt tratate natura juridic aacordurilor de aderare i ncetarea calitii demembru.

Cuvinte cheie: Uniunea European, tratat,aderare, acorduri de asociere

Instituirea celor trei comuniti areprezentat nceputul unui inedit proces deintegrare comunitar, constatat la niveleuropean.

Evoluia Comunitilor europene s-adesfurat pe dou planuri1:

- pe plan cantitativ, prin cretereanumrului statelor membre elecomunitilor;

- pe plan calitativ, prin aprofundareadomeniilor competenei comunitare i

perfecionarea instituional.

1. Succesiunea aderrii de noi stateA. Primul val al extinderii

comunitare (de la ase la nou)

Dup constituirea celor treicomuniti, poziia Marii Britanii s-acaracterizat prin ncercarea de creare a uneizone de liber schimb (n anul 1958), iar

ulterior, prin constituirea Asociaiei

JURIDICAL ASPECTS REGARDING

THE MEMBERSHIP TO THE

EUROPEAN UNION

Prof. PhD Nicoleta DIACONU

Alexandru Ioan Cuza Police Academy

Abstract: After a presentation of new statesaccession to the European Union starting with the

first wave of extension (from six to nine) up to thefourth wave of extension (from fifteen to twenty

seven) communities accession weight is analyzed,revealing the accession requirements, pre-accessionfunds, accession procedure stages, respectively: pre-accession phase, communitarian phase approvalfrom communitarian institutions, international phase accession agreements conclusion. The juridical

nature of accession agreements and membershiptermination are also discussed.

Key words: European Union, treaty,accession, association agreements

The establishment of the threecommunities has meant the beginning of anew process of communitarian integration,at European level.

The evolution of EuropeanCommunities developed at two levels17:

- at quantitative level, by increasingthe number of communities member states;

- at qualitative level, through the

profound study of communitariancompetence areas and institutionalimprovement.

1. New states accession successionA. The first wave of communitarian

extension (from six to nine)

After the establishment of the threecommunities, the position of Great Britaincharacterized through the attempt to createan area of free trade (in 1958), and later, by

establishing the European Association of


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Europene a Liberului Schimb (AELS) nbaza Conveniei de la Stockolm din 1960,prin care se urmrea contrabalansareaactivitilor comunitilor europene.

Ulterior ns, s-a produs ns oschimbare radical n poziia Marii Britanii,care depune cererea de aderare lacomunitile europene la 9 august 1961,candidatura sa nefiind ns acceptat deFrana, preedintele De Gaulle declarndu-se mpotriv la 14 ianuarie 1963. n mai1967, guvernul laburist depune o noucerere de aderare, dar Frana se opune i deaceast dat.

Dup retragerea preedintelui De

Gaulle se constat o schimbare a poziieiFranei privind aderarea Marii Britanii.

Cu ocazia Conferinei de la Haga aefilor de state i de guverne (1-2 decembrie1969), al crei scop era, printre altele ideblocarea construciei europene, problemaaderrii Marii Britanii a fost analizat n altcontext.

* La 30 iunie 1970 ncep laLuxemburg negocierile pentru admiterea

Danemarcei, Irlandei, Marii Britanii i

Norvegiei, iar la 22 ianuarie 1972 sesemneaz la Bruxelles acordul de aderare aacestor state. n Norvegia se obine unrezultat negativ la referendumul naional,astfel nct aceast ar renun la aderare.Aderarea Marii Britanii intr n vigoare la 1ianuarie 1973, dar devine efectiv lasfritul anului 1977, dup expirarea

perioadei de tranziie2. Marea Britanie asolicitat ns renegocierea aderrii, avnd nvedere revenirea ca prim ministru a luiH.Wilson, care a solicitat aderarea n 1967,i a organizat un referendum la 5 iunie1975, care a avut un rezultat pozitiv. Dupaderarea acestor state s-a ajuns la existena

a nou state membre ale Comunitilor.B. Al doilea val al extinderii

comunitare(de la nou la doisprezece)

* Urmtoarea cerere de aderare afost depus de Grecia, la 12 iunie 1975,ntre ea i comuniti existnd deja un acord

de asociere. Semnarea tratatului are loc la

Free Trade (EAFT) based on the StockholmConvention from 1960, that followed tocounter balance the activities of Europeancommunities.

But later there was a radical changein the position of Great Britain, thatsubmitted the accession application to theEuropean communities on 9th of August1961, its candidature being refused byFrance, President De Gaulle declaringhimself against it on 14th of January 1963.In May 1967, the labourist governmentsubmitted a new accession application, butFrance declined it this time as well.

After the withdrawal of President De

Gaulle there was a change in Francesposition regarding Great Britain accession.

At the Conference of states andgovernments heads from Hague (1-2December 1969), whose purpose was,among others to unblock the Europeanconstruction, the matter of Great Britainaccession was analyzed in another context.

* On 30th of June 1970 began atLuxemburg the negotiations for allowing

Denmark, Ireland, Great Britain and

Norway, and on the 22nd of January 1972the accession agreement for these states wassigned at Brussels. In Norway a negativeresult was achieved at the nationalreferendum, so this country quittedaccession. Great Britain Accession wasenforced on 1st of January 1973, but had itseffects at the end of 1977, after the end ofthe transition period18. Great Britaindemanded the renegotiation of theaccession, considering the comeback ofH.Wilson as prime minister, who asked forthe accession in 1967, and organized areferendum on 5th of June 1975, with a

positive result. After the accession of thesestates, new member states of Communities

were achieved.B. The second wave of

communitarian extension (from nine to

twelve)

* The following accession

application was submitted by Greece, on


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28 mai 1979, iar intrarea n vigoare la 1ianuarie 1981.

* Spania i Portugalia i depuncandidatura n anul 1977, iar tratatul de

aderare a fost semnat la 12 iunie 1985 i aintrat n vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1986. S-aajuns n acest fel la existena a

dousprezece state membre ale Comunitii

europene.

C. Al treilea val al extinderii

comunitare (de la doisprezece la

cincisprezece)

Avnd n vedere politica dedeschidere a comunitilor fa de alte state,au fost depuse n continuare noi cereri de

aderare, respectiv: Turcia (14 aprilie 1987),Austria (17 iulie 1989), Cipru (4 iulie1990), Malta (16 iulie 1990), Suedia (1 iulie1991), Finlanda (18 martie 1992), Elveia(20 mai 1992), Norvegia (25 noiembrie1992).

n urma procesului de reunificare aGermaniei, fosta R.D.G. a fost inclus nComunitile europene la 30 octombrie1990, fr a constitui un nou membru, cidoar ca efect al unificrii, iar pe teritoriul

su se aplic normele dreptului comunitarde la 31 decembrie 1990 ( cnd s-a ncheiat

perioada de tranziie), n cele maiimportante domenii, ntruct n altele(mediu nconjurtor, calificare profesional,

politic, agricol comunitar etc.) s-aacordat o perioad de tranziie mai lung,supravegheat de ctre Comisie3.

* Cererile Austriei, Finlandei,Suediei i Norvegiei au fost negociate nanul 1994, iar la 4 mai 1994 ParlamentulEuropean i-a dat acordul pentru primireaacestora ca membri, urmnd a fi ndeplinite

pe plan intern procedurile pentru aderare. nAustria, prin referendumul organizat n 12iunie 1994 s-a acceptat aderarea acestei rila comunitile europene. Urmtoarele treireferendumuri s-au desfurat n lunileoctombrie i noiembrie 1994. Norvegia arespins pentru a doua oar aderarea, astfelnct de la 1 ianuarie 1995, Uniunea

European a avut cincisprezecemembri.

12th of June 1975, as there was already anassociation agreement between it and thecommunities. Treaty execution was made on28th of May 1979, and its effective date was

on 1st

of January 1981.* Spain and Portugalsubmitted theircandidature in 1977, and the accessiontreaty was signed on 12th of June 1985 andwas enforced on 1st of January 1986. Therewere therefore twelve member states of the

European Community.

C. The third wave of communitarian

extension (from twelve to fifteen member

states)

Considering the opening policy of

communities towards other states, newaccession applications continued to besubmitted, respectively: Turkey (14th ofApril1987), Austria (17th of July 1989),Cyprus (4th of July 1990), Malta (16th ofJuly 1990), Sweden (1st of July 1991),Finland (18th of March 1992), Switzerland(20th of May 1992), Norway (25th of

November 1992).After the reunification process of

Germany, the former DRG was included in

the European Communities on 30th ofOctober 1990, without forming a newmember, but only as an effect of theunification, and the regulations of thecommunitarian law applied on its territoryon 31st of December 1990 (when thetransition period completed), in the mostimportant fields, because in others(environment, professional qualification,

politics, communitarian agriculture etc.) alonger period of transition was allowed,monitored by the Commission19.

* The applications of Austria,Finland, Sweden and Norway werenegotiated in 1994, and on 4th of May 1994the European Parliament agreed to receivethem as members, following to develop theinternal procedures for accession. InAustria, through the referendum organizedon 12th of June 1994 this country wasaccepted in the European Communities. The

following three referendums took place in


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D. Al patrulea val al extinderii (de la

cincisprezece la douzeci i apte)

Ulterior, au depus cereri pentru adeveni membre ale Uniunii Europene

urmtoarele state: Ungaria (31 martie 1994),Polonia (5 aprilie 1994), Romnia (22 iunie1995), Slovacia (27 iunie 1995), Letonia (27octombrie 1995), Estonia (28 noiembrie1995), Lituania (8 decembrie 1995),Bulgaria (14 decembrie 1995), Cehia (17ianuarie 1996), Slovenia (10 iunie 1996).

Cu privire la aceste cereri de aderare,Comisia a adoptat la 16 iulie 1997 Agenda2000 - Pentru o Europ mai puternici

mai extins, prin care erau fcute

recomandri cu privire la fiecare cerere deaderare n parte.

Consiliul european de la Luxemburgdin 12 dec.1997 a decis lansarea procesuluide aderare a celor 10 state, la care se adugai Cipru.

La 1 mai 2004 au aderat la UniuneaEuropean: Ungaria, Polonia, Estonia,Cehia, Letonia, Lituania, Slovecia,

Slovenia, Malta i Cipru, Uniuneatotaliznd 25 membri.

Dei aderarea Romniei i Bulgarieia fost amnat pn n anul 2007, totui,aderarea acestor state face parte din acelaival de extindere comunitar.

De la 1 ianuarie 2007 au devenitmembre ale Uniunii Europene iRomnia i

Bulgaria. Uniunea totaliznd douzeci iapte de membri.

Acest val al extinderii comunitare afost cel mai semnificativ din evoluiacomunitar, ns nu i ultimul, porileUniunii Europene fiind deschise i altorricare mprtesc aceleai idealuri cu statelemembre ale Uniunii.

2. Procedura aderrii laComuniti

Tratatele de constituire acomunitilor europene sunt tratatedeschise, membrii fondatori avnd n vedere

posibilitatea extinderii comunitilor prin

October and November 1994. Norwayrejected the accession for the second time,and on 1st of January 1995, the EuropeanUnion had fifteen members.

D. The fourth wave of extension(from fifteen to twenty seven)

Later on, the following statessubmitted applications in order to becomemember states of the European Union:Hungary (31st of March 1994), Poland (5thof April 1994), Romania (22nd of June1995), Slovakia (27th of June 1995), Latvia(27th of October 1995), Estonia (28th of

November 1995), Lithuania (8th ofDecember 1995), Bulgaria (14th of

December 1995), Czech Republic (17th ofJanuary 1996), Slovenia (10th of June 1996).

Regarding these accessionapplications, the Commission adopted on16th of July 1997 The 2000 Agenda Fora stronger and more extended Europe, thatmade recommendations regarding everyaccession application separately.

The European Council fromLuxemburg decided on 12th of December1997 to launch the accession process of the

10 states, plus Cyprus.On 1st of May 2004 the following

states accessed the European Union:Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the Czech

Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus, the Unionhaving a total of25 members.

Although Romania and Bulgariasaccession was delayed until 2007, still, theaccession of these states is part of the samewave of communitarian extension.

From 1st of January 2007 Romaniaand Bulgaria became member states of theEuropean Union. The Union had a total oftwenty seven members.

This wave of communitarianextension was the most significant in thecommunitarian evolution, but not the lastone, as the gates of the European Union areopen for other countries that share the samegoals with the member states of the Union.


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primirea de noi membrii.Aceast situaie a fost prevzut att

n Tratatul CECO, ct i n celelalte tratate(art. 237 CEE i 205 CEEA), care au fost

abrogate prin Tratatul de la Maastricht (art.O).n tratatele iniiale aderarea era

diferit n cazul CEC,. fa de CEE iCEEA, fiind necesar cte un act de aderaredistinct n cazul fiecrei comuniti.

Tratatul CECO prevedea dreptulConsiliului de a fixa prin decizie adoptat nunanimitate condiiile n care un stat poateadera la tratat, iar statul trebuie s depundoar instrumentul de aderare, n timp ce

tratatele CEE i CEEA prevedeauncheierea unui acord ntre statul candidat istatele membre cu privire la condiiileaderrii i cu privire la eventualelemodificri care se impuneau tratatelor caurmare a acestei aderri. De asemenea, dacn cazul tratatului CECO, aderarea produceaefecte prin depunerea instrumentului deaderare la statul depozitar (Frana), n cazulcelorlalte dou tratate actul de aderare ieventualele modificri ale tratatelor cauzate

de aceasta trebuiau s fie supuse aprobriistatelor membre, conform procedurilorconstituionale4.

Tratatul de la Maastricht prevede osingur procedur de aderare, respectiv laUniunea European. Aceasta estereglementat n art. O i reprezint

procedurile prevzute n tratatele CEE iCEEA, aa cum au fost modificate prinActul Unic European.

2.1. Condiiile cerute pentru aderare

Pentru aderarea la UniuneaEuropean trebuie ndeplinite un ansamblude condiii, ce pot fi clasificate n treicategorii:

a) condiii cu caracter formal, careinclud: calitatea de stat a solicitantului irespectarea drepturilor fundamentale aleomului i a principiilor democratice;

b) condiii cu caracter economic,care se refer la un anumit standard de

dezvoltare economic a statului solicitant,

2. Accession procedure toCommunities

Incorporation treaties of the

European communities are open treaties,founding members considering thepossibility to extend the communities byaccepting new members.

This was also stipulated in the ECSCTreaty and in the other treaties (art. 237EEC and 205 ECAE), abrogated through theMaastricht Treaty (art. O).

In the initial treaties, accession wasdifferent in the case of CEC, compared toEEC and ECAE, requiring a distinct

accession act for every community.ECSC Treaty provided the right of

the Council to set in an unanimouslyadopted decision, the conditions for a stateto access the treaty, and the state had only tosubmit the accession instrument, while EECand ECAE treaties provided the conclusionof an agreement between the candidate stateand member states regarding the terms ofthe accession and the possible amendmentsof the treaties due to this accession. Also, if

in the case of ECSC treaty, accession hadeffects by submitting the accessioninstrument to the depository state (France),in the case of the other two treaties, theaccession document as well as the possibleamendments of the treaties caused by themhad to be submitted to the member states forapproval, in compliance with constitutional

procedures20.The Maastricht Treaty provides only

one accession procedure, to the EuropeanUnion respectively. It was regulated in art.O and represented the procedures providedin EEC and ECAE treaties, as amendedthrough the Unique European Act.

2.1. Accession requirements

In order to access the EuropeanUnion, a group of conditions have to bemet, and they are grouped into threecategories:

a) formal conditions, which include:

the applicants membership and the


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care s-i permit s participe la schimbulliber de valori comunitare;

c) condiii cu caracter jurisdicional,care se refer la aplicarea direct i

prioritar a dreptului comunitar n ordineajuridic naional;* Condiiile cu caracter formalsunt

urmtoarele:- calitatea de stat, respectiv de a

ndeplini condiiile cerute de dreptulinternaional public pentru a fi considerat casubiect de drept pe plan internaional.Aceast calitate trebuie s fie recunoscutde ctre toate statele membre ale UniuniiEuropene.

- calitatea de stat european, condiiebazat exclusiv pe criterii geografice.

Conform dispoziiilor art O(49) dinTUE, orice stat european poate cere sdevin membru al Uniunii. El adreseazcererea sa Consiliului, care se pronun nunanimitate, dup consultarea Comisiei iavizul conform al Parlamentului european(care se pronun cu majoritatea membrilorcare l compun).

Condiiile de admitere i adaptare a

tratatului pe care le antreneaz fac obiectulunui acord ntre statele membre i statulsolicitant. Acest acord este supus ratificriide ctre toate statele membre, conformregulilor lor constituionale.

Pe baza acestor dispoziii,candidatura Marocului, depus n 1985 afost respins de ctre Consiliu n 1987.

- respectarea principiilordemocraticei a drepturilor omului.

Constituind un principiu de baz alorganizrii i funcionrii Comunitiloreuropene i al Uniunii Europene,respectarea principiilor democratice i adrepturilor omului reprezint un criteriu de

baz pentru primirea unui stat n cadrulacesteia5.

* Condiiile cu caracter economicpresupun pregtirea prealabil a statuluisolicitant n vederea atingerii unui anumitstandard economic care s-i permit s

participe la circuitul economic comunitar.

compliance with human fundamental rightsand democratic principles;

b) economic conditions, that refer toa certain economic development standard of

the applicant state, that would allow it toparticipate in the free trade ofcommunitarian values;

c) jurisdictional conditions, thatrefer to the direct and priority application ofcommunitarian law in the national juridicalorder;

* Formal conditions are thefollowing:

- membership, which meanscompliance with the requirements provided

by the international public law in order to beconsidered rightful subject at internationallevel. This quality has to be recognized byall the member states of the EuropeanUnion.

- European state quality, basedexclusively on geographic criteria.According to the provisions of art O(49) ofTUE, any European state may ask to

become a member of the Union. It submitsits application to the Council, that answers

unanimously, after having discussed withthe Commission and after having receivedthe consent of the European Parliament(sentencing with the majority of itsmembers).

Admission and treaty adaptionrequirements they cause are the object of anagreement between member states and theapplicant state. This agreement will beratified by all the member states, accordingto their constitutional regulations.

Based on these provisions, Moroccocandidature, submitted in 1985 was rejected

by the Council in 1987.- compliance with democratic

principles and human rights.Being the main principle of

European Communities and EuropeanUnion organization and operation, thecompliance with democratic principles andhuman rights is the main criteria for a state

acceptance21

.


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Chiar dac aceste condiii nu suntreglementate n mod expres prin textultratatelor constitutive, ele reprezintobiective importante urmrite n procesul de

negociere a acquis-ului comunitar.n vederea ndeplinirii acestorcondiii, Uniunea European a creat unmecanism financiar de sprijinire economica statelor candidate, denumite instrumentefinanciare de pre-aderare. Acestea sunt:PHARE, SAPARD i ISPA.

* Condiiile cu caracterjurisdicional se refer la raportul dintredreptul comunitar i dreptul naional, careare la baz dou principii, respectiv

principiul aplicabilitii directe a dreptuluicomunitar i principiul prioritii dreptuluicomunitar fa de dreptul intern.

Aceste principii impun statelorcandidate s accepte n mod integralobligaiile care sunt stabilite prin tratatelede instituire a Comunitilor, precum i a

principiilor generale i a dreptului derivat.Aceasta presupune c nu sunt admise

derogri de la aceast ordine juridic6.2.2.Fondurile de pre-aderare

n vederea extinderii UniuniiEuropene i sprijinirea noilor statecandidate pentru aderare, ComunitateaEuropean a decis s acorde asistenfinanciar anual rilor candidate dinEuropa Centrali de Est prin intermediul atrei instrumente financiare:

- programul PHARE (RegulamentulConsiliului 3906/89);

- programul ISPA (RegulamentulConsiliului 1267/99);

- programul SAPARD(Regulamentul Consiliului 1268/99).

Asistena oferit prin fiecare dintreaceste instrumente este coordonat nconformitate cu dispoziiile RegulamentuluiConsiliului 1266/99. Asistena este acordatn cadrul general creat de Acordurile deAsociere ncheiate cu rile beneficiare,innd cont de obiectivele Parteneriatelor

pentru Aderare.

a) Programul PHARE

* Economic requirements supposeprevious preparation of the applicant state inorder to reach a certain economic standardthat would allow it to participate in the

communitarian economic circuit. Even ifthese requirements are not expresslyregulated in the text of incorporated treaties,they are important objectives followed inthe negotiation process of communitarianacquis.

In order to fulfil these requirements,the European Union created a financialmechanism for economic support ofcandidate states, named pre-accessionfinancial instruments. They are: PHARE,

SAPARD and ISPA.* Jurisdictional requirements refer

to the relation between communitarian lawand national law, based on two principles,the principle of direct applicability ofcommunitarian law and the principle ofcommunitarian law priority as compared tointernal law.

These principles require candidatestates to fully accept the obligationsestablished in Communities incorporation

treaties, as well as general principles andderived rights.

This means that no exceptions fromthis juridical order are allowed22.

2.2.Pre-accession fundsIn order to extend the European

Union and support the new candidate statesfor pre-accession, the European Communitydecided to provide annual financialassistance for the candidate states in Centraland Eastern Europe through three financialinstruments:

- the PHARE program (CouncilRegulations 3906/89);

- the ISPA program (CouncilRegulations 1267/99);

- the SAPARD program (CouncilRegulations 1268/99).

The assistance provided througheach of these instruments is coordinated inaccordance with the provisions of the

Council Regulations 1266/99. Assistance is


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Programul PHARE este singurulinstrument prin care se acord sprijin de

preaderare pentru construcie instituionaln toate domenii acquis-ului comunitar.

Programul a fost creat n 1989 pentru asprijini procesul de reform i tranziieeconomic i politic din Polonia iUngaria7.

Dup reuniunea ConsiliuluiEuropean de la Essen, din decembrie 1994,PHARE a devenit instrumentul financiargeneralizat al strategiei de pre-aderare,scopul final fiind integrarea n UniuneaEuropean a celor zece ri asociate dinEuropa Centrali de Est: Bulgaria, Cehia,

Estonia, Letonia, Lituania, Polonia,Romnia, Slovenia i Ungaria. PHAREsprijin i alte ri neasociate din regiune,respectiv Albania, fosta RepublicIugoslavia a Macedoniei i Bosnia-Herzegovina, aflate n tranziie spredemocraie i economia de pia.

Asistena acordat prin PHARE semanifest, n general, sub forma finanrilornerambursabile i nu a mprumuturilor.Ajutorul financiar este acordat fie n mod

independent de ctre Comunitate, fie princofinanare din partea Statelor Membre, aBncii Europene de Investiii, a unor ritere sau a unor organisme din rile

beneficiare.Alocrile indicative multi-anuale

sunt stabilite de ctre Comisia european,pe baza, n principal, a populaiei i a PIB-ului pe cap de locuitor, dari prin luarea nconsiderare a performanelor, nevoilor,capacitii de absorbie i a progresuluinregistrat n implementarea Parteneraituluide Aderare.

b) ISPA (Instrument pentru Politici

Structurale de Pre-aderare)

Instrumentul pentru PoliticiStructurale de Pre-aderare (ISPA)furnizeaz sprijin financiar pentru investiiin domeniile mediului nconjurtor i altransporturilor, n scopul accelerrii alinieriilegislaiei rilor candidate la legislaia

european n vigoare n aceste dou

provided in the general framework createdby the Association Agreements concludedwith beneficiary countries, taking intoconsideration the objectives of the

Accession Partnerships.a) PHARE ProgramPHARE program is the only

instrument providing pre-accession supportfor institutional construction in all the fieldsof communitarian acquis. The program wascreated in 1989 in order to support thereform and economic transition program inPoland and Hungary23.

After the European Council meetingat Essen, in December 1994, PHARE

became the generalized financial instrumentof the pre-accession strategy, the final

purpose being the integration of the tenassociated countries in Central and EasternEurope in the European Union: Bulgaria,Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Hungary.PHARE also supports other non-associatedcountries in the region like Albania, theformer Yugoslavia Republic of Macedoniaand Bosnia-Herzegovina, being under

transition towards democracy and marketeconomy.

The assistance granted throughPHARE is generally materialized under theform of non-refundable finances and notloans. Financial aids is either givenindependently by the Community, either byco-financing from Member States, EuropeanInvestments Bank, third countries orauthorities from beneficiary countries.

Multi-annual indicative allocationsare established by the EuropeanCommission mainly based on the populationand GDP per inhabitant and by consideringthe performances, needs, absorption abilitiesand the progress recorded in implementingthe Accession Partnership.

b) ISPA (Instrument for Structural

Policies for Pre-accession)

The Instrument for StructuralPolicies for Pre-accession (ISPA) provides

financial support for investments in the


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sectoare, pe o perioad de apte ani (2000-2007).

ISPA are un caracter hibrid,situndu-se ntre sprijinul financiar acordat

rilor tere (prin ISPA) i sprijinul financiaracordat Statelor Membre (prin Fondul deCoeziune) i se aplic sectoarelor Mediuluinconjurtori Transporturilor.

n domeniul transporturilor,investiiile sunt legate de adoptarea iimplementarea acquis-ului comunitar i

privesc n special coridoarele europene detransport i reeaua TINA (Transport

Infrastructure Needs Assessment).8 Suntincluse aici proiecte de extindere a reelelor

europene de transport (TEN)9, al cror scopeste mbuntirea legturilor dintre Uniunedintre acestea i reelele europene detransport. n acest context, reeaua TINAconstituie o referin important nidentificarea proiectelor. ISPA contribuie lafinanarea dezvoltrii cilor ferate, adrumurilor, a cilor navigabile i ainfrastructurii aferente porturilor iaeroporturilor.

Asistena n domeniul infrastructurii

de mediu se concentreaz pe investiiimajore privind: apa potabil, tratamentulapelor uzate, gestiunea deeurilor solide i

poluarea aerului.O mic parte a bugetului ISPA este

folosit pentru finanarea unor studiipregtitoare i a asistenei tehnice necesarepentru pregtirea i managementulproiectelor.

Principiul programului ISPA estenvarea prin prisma experienei proprii.

Comisia European a decis alocarearesurselor ISPA ntre rile beneficiare nfuncie de anumite criterii i anume:

populaie, valoarea PIB pe cap de locuitorisuprafaa rii. Regulamentul ISPA

precizeaz necesitatea echilibrrii msuriloraferente celor dou sectoare (mediunconjurtor i transporturi) i, nconsecin, Comisia a reuit a alocare nraport de 50/50 a bugetului ntre

transporturi i mediu.

fields of environment and transports, inorder to accelerate the compliance with thelegislation of candidate countries and therelevant European legislation in these two

fields, for seven years (2000-2007).ISPA has a hybrid character, beinglocated between the financial supportgranted to third countries (through ISPA)and the financial support granted to MemberStates (through the Cohesion Fund) andapplies to all the fields of Environment andTransports.

In the field of transports,investments are related to the adoption andimplementation of communitarian acquis

and especially refer to the Europeantransport corridors and TINA network(Transport Infrastructure Needs

Assessment).24 It also includes transportEuropean networks extension projects(TEN)25, whose purpose is to improve therelations between the Union and transportEuropean networks. In this context, TINAnetwork is a significant reference in projectsidentification. ISPA contributes to thefinancing of the development of railways,

roads, sailing routes and harbours andairports related infrastructure.

The assistance in the field ofenvironment infrastructure is focused onmajor investments regarding: drinkablewater, waste water treatment, solid wastemanagement and air pollution.

A small part of ISPA budget is usedfor financing preparing studies and technicalassistance necessary for projects preparationand management.

The principle of the ISPA program islearning through your own experience.

The European Commission decidedto allocated ISPA resources to beneficiarycountries depending to certain criteria,namely: population, GDP value perinhabitant and country surface. ISPAregulations indicate the need to balance thetwo sectors related measures (environmentand transports) and therefore, the

Commission managed to allocated the


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ISPA poate finana pn la 75% dincosturile proiectului, dar n cazuriexcepionale procentul poate crete pn la85%. Prin urmare, este nevoie de

cofinanare (prin BEI, BERD, Banca deInvestiii a Nordului, Fondul Nordic pentruMediu, precum i surse naionale). ComisiaEuropean are n vedere dezvoltareacofinanrii, prin implicarea Instituiilorfinanciare Internaionale i a sectorului

privat (parteneriate ntre sectorul public icel privat).

Pentru a stimula rile candidate spropun proiecte de calitate i sdemonstreze o anumit flexibilitate n

gestionarea finanrii ISPA, alocrile defonduri pe ri sunt stabilite ca interval, inu ca sum exact.

c) SAPARD (Programul Special de

Aderare pentru Agricultur i Dezvoltare

Rural)

Programul Special de Pre-aderarepentru Agricultur i Dezvoltare Rural -SAPARD10 reprezint intrumentul financiar

principal prin care Uniunea Europeansprijinrile candidate n sectorul agricol i

al dezvoltrii rurale. SAPARD are ca scopsprijinirea eforturilor rilor candidate de

pregtire pentru participarea la PoliticaAgricol Comuni la Piaa Unic.

Programul implic dou obiectivemajore:

- sprijinirea pentru rezolvareaproblemelor prioritare, specifice, legate deagricultura i dezvoltare rural;

- implementarea acquis-uluicomunitar (ansamblul legislaieiComunitare) referitor la PAC i alte

prioriti din domeniul agricol.SAPARD are la baz Regulamentul

Consiliului 1268/1999, adoptat n iunie1999. Regulamentul precizeaz parametriisprijinului Comunitar concretizat n msuri

pentru agricultur i dezvoltare ruralacordat celor 10 ri candidate din EuropaCentral i de Est n perioada de pre-aderare. Conform Regulamentului, ajutorul

oferit prin programul SAPARD trebuie s ia

budget between transports and environmentin a ratio of 50/50.

ISPA may finance up to 75% of theproject costs, but in exceptional cases the

percentage may rise up to 85%. Therefore,co-financing is required (through BEI,BERD, Northern Investment Bank,

Northern Environment Fund, as well asnational sources). The EuropeanCommission considers co-financingdevelopment, by involving InternationalFinancial Institutions and private sector(partnerships between public sector and the

private one).In order to stimulate candidate

countries to propose quality projects andprove a certain flexibility in managing ISPAfunds, funds allocations on countries areestablished as interval and not as an exactsum.

c) SAPARD (Special Accesion

Programme for Agriculture and Rural

Development)

Special Accesion Programme forAgriculture and Rural Development -SAPARD26 is the main financial instrument

through which the European Union supportscandidate states in the agricultural field andrural development. SAPARD follows tosupport the efforts of candidate countries to

participate in the Common AgriculturalPolicy and Unique Market.

The program involves two majorobjectives:

- support for the priority, specificproblems, related to agriculture and ruraldevelopment;

- communitarian acquisimplementation (the Communitarianlegislation) regarding PAC and other

priorities in the agricultural field.SAPARD is based on the Council

Regulations 1268/1999, adopted in June1999. The Regulations stipulate the supportof the Communitarian support materializedin measures for agriculture and ruraldevelopment given to the 10 candidate

countries in Central and Eastern Europe


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forma unei contribuii financiare acordate nbaza unor reguli conforme celor stabilitepentru finanarea Politicii Agricole Comuneprin Regulamentul 1258/1999.

Baza legal a descentralizrii esteRegulamentul privind coordonarea(1266/1999), care permite conferireasarcinilor de management, ce n modnormal revin Comisiei, unor agenii deimplementare care funcioneaz subrspunderea respectivei ri tere.

Contribuia Comunitii poateajunge pn la 75% din cheltuielile publiceeligibile totale, i chiar pn la 100% dinaceste costuri, pentru anumite msuri.

Pentru toate investiiile generatoare devenituri exist o limit a intensitiiasistenei, care n practic nseamn toateinvestiiile, cu excepia celor ninfrastructur, care nu genereaz veniturinete substaniale. Pentru aceste investiii,ajutorul public poate ajunge pn la 50%din costul total eligibil, n cazul n carecontribuia Comunitii nu depete

plafoanele stabilite prin politica privindajutorul de stat.

Contribuia financiar a Comunitiieste acordatrilor solicitante sub form deavans, spre a fi utilizat pentru finanarea

parial a cheltuielilor deja suportate debeneficiarii selectai. Nu se pot pltiavansuri din banii Comunitii nainte deefectuarea cheltuielilor de ctre beneficiari.

2.3. Fazele procedurii de aderare

Aderarea la Comuniti cuprinde treifaze:

- faza de preaderare;- faza comunitar avizul

instituiilor comunitare;

- faza cu caracter internaional

ncheierea acordurilor de aderare.

A. Faza de preaderare

Consiliul european de la Essen din1994 a stabilit o strategie n vederea

pregtirii rilor central i est europenepentru aderarea la Uniunea European.

Aceast strategie se bazeaz pe trei

elemente principale:

during the pre-accession period. Accordingto the Regulations, the aid granted throughthe SAPARD program has to take the formof a financial contribution given based on

rules complying with those established forfinancing the Common Agricultural Policythrough the Regulations 1258/1999.

The legal basis of decentralization isthe Regulations regarding coordination(1266/1999), which allows to givemanagement duties that normally belong tothe Commission, to implementationagencies that operate under the liability ofthat third country.

The contribution of the Community

may reach 75% of the total eligible publicexpenses, and even 100% of these costs, forcertain measures. For all income generatinginvestments there is a limit for assistanceintensity, which practically means allinvestments, except for those ininfrastructure that do not generatesubstantial net incomes. For theseinvestments, public aid may reach 50% ofthe total eligible cost, in which case thecontribution of the Community does not

exceed the limits established through thestate aid policy.

The financial contribution of theCommunity is given to applicant states as anadvance, in order to be used for partialfinancing of already made expenses ofselected beneficiaries. Advances cannot be

paid from the Community money beforemaking the expenses by the beneficiaries.

2.3. Accession procedure phases

Accession to Communities includesthree phases:

- pre-accession phase;- communitarian phase consent of

communitarian institutions;

- international phase concluding

accession agreements.

A. Pre-accession phase

The European Council from Essen in1994 established a strategy regarding the

preparation of central and east European

countries for accessing the European Union.


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- aplicarea acordurilor europene;- programele PHARE de asisten

financiar;- un dialog care s reuneasc statele

membre i rile candidate n vedereaexaminrii unor chestiuni de interes general.Consiliul european de la

Luxembourg din 1997 a stabilit o strategiede preaderare ntrit pentru cele zece ricare la acea vreme erau candidate, precumi o strategie specific pentru Cipru i acerut Comisiei s elaboreze o astfel destrategie i pentru Turcia i Malta.

Strategia de preaderare pentru rilecandidate din Europa central i de est se

bazeaz pe:a) - Acordurile europene;

b) - Parteneriatele pentru aderare iprogramele naionale pentru adoptareaacquis-ului comunitar (PNAA);

c) - Ajutorul de preaderare,respectiv: - programul PHARE; - ajutorul

pentru investiii n domeniul transporturilori mediului (programul ISPA); - ajutorul

pentru dezvoltarea agricol i rural(programul SAPARD); - cofinanarea de

ctre instituiile financiare internaionale;d) - Participarea la programele i

ageniile Comunitilor europene.* Acordurile de asociere cu rile

centrali est europene

Acordurile europene de asociere suntinstrumente juridice de baz ncheiate ntreUniunea European i statele candidate laaderare. Ele conin reglementri cu privirela dialogul politic, relaiile comerciale,armonizarea legislaiei i referitor la altedomenii de cooperare.

Prin aceste acorduri se instituieliberul schimb ntre Uniunea European istatele membre ale acesteia pentru o

perioad delimitat pentru fiecare statcandidat. De la intrarea n vigoare aacordului cu fiecare stat, nu se poate stabilinici un alt drept de vami nici o restriciecantitativ. Pentru alte domenii acordurilede asociere prevd o perioad maxim de

tranziie pentru fiecare stat n parte.

This strategy is based on three mainelements:

- enforcement of Europeanagreements;

- financial assistance PHAREprograms;- a dialogue that would bring

together member states and candidate statesin order to examine general interest matters.

The European Council fromLuxembourg in 1997 established aconsolidated pre-accession strategy for theten countries that were candidates at thetime, as well as a specific strategy forCyprus and asked the Commission to draw-

up such a strategy for Turkey and Malta aswell.

The pre-accession strategy forcandidate states in Central and EasternEurope is based on:

a) - European agreements;b) Partnerships for accession and

national programs for adoptingcommunitarian acquis (PNAA);

c) - Pre-accession aid, respectively:- PHARE program; - investments support in

the field of transports and environment(ISPA program); - support for agriculturaland rural development (SAPARD program);- co-financing from international financialinstitutions;

d) Participation in the programsand agencies of European Communities.

* Association agreements withCentral and East European countries

European association agreements arejuridical instruments concluded between theEuropean Union and candidate states foraccession. They include regulationsregarding the political dialogue, commercialrelations, legislation harmonization andother cooperation fields.

These agreements establish the freetrade between the European Union and itsmember states for a certain period for everycandidate state. Since the enforcement ofthe agreement with every state, there cannot

be established another customs right or


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Acordurile de asociere prevdintegrarea progresiv a reglementrilorcomunitare n ordinea juridic naional afiecrui stat, precum i un anumit numr de

dispoziii specifice n domeniul micriicapitalurilor, a regulilor de concurendreptului de proprietate intelectual iindustriali a pieelor publice.

Cu toat asimetria acestor acorduricare prevd ridicarea restriciilor la exportulde ctre rile asociate mai rapid dect cele

privind exporturile Uniunii Europene,balana comercial global a Uniunii cuaceste state rmne n mare parte pozitiv.

Aceste acorduri urmresc s

contribuie la crearea noii arhitecturieuropene, bazat pe contiina uneiidentiti comune europene.

Astfel, ncepnd din 1991, au fostsemnate acorduri cu Ungaria, Cehia,Slovacia, Polonia, Romnia11, Slovenia,Bulgaria, Estonia, Letonia i Lituania12. Laaceasta se adaug acordurile semnate cuTurcia (1963), Malta (1970) i Cipru(1972).

Pentru realizarea acestor obiective s-

au creat organisme care s contribuie ladesfurarea n bune condiii a dialogului

politic, a facilitrii libertii de schimb i aliberei circulaii, a cooperrii economice,culturale i financiare. Astfel, prinrespectivele acorduri de asociere s-au creaturmtoarele organe:

- Consiliul de asociere, care este unorgan politic cu competen supremi carese reunete n compunere ministerial,nsrcinat cu supervizarea aplicriiacordurilori promovarea dialogului politic;

- Comitetul de asociere care estealctuit din trei nali funcionari i care arerolul de a asista Consiliul de asociere i de aasigura continuitatea desfurriireuniunilor acestuia;

- Comitetul parlamentar de asociere,care are ca sarcin instituirea i meninereadialogului ntre reprezentani parlamentelorrilor asociate i cei ai Parlamentului

European.

quantitative restriction. For other fields, theassociation agreements provide a maximumtransition period for every state separately.

Association agreements provide

progressive integration of communitarianregulations in the national order of everystate, as well as a number of specific

provisions in the field of capital movement,competition rules, intellectual and industrialownership right and public markets.

Despite all the asymmetry of theseagreements that provide the cancelation ofrestrictions at the export towards associatedcountries faster than those regarding theexports of the European Union, the global

commercial balance of the Union with thesestates is mostly positive.

These agreements follow tocontribute to the creation of the newEuropean architecture, based on theconscience of a common Europeanconscience.

Therefore, beginning with 1991,agreements were signed with Hungary,Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland,Romania27, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Estonia,

Latvia and Lithuania28. They are completedby the agreements signed with Turkey(1963), Malta (1970) and Cyprus (1972).

In order to achieve these objectivesbodies were created in order to contribute tothe good development of political dialogue,to facilitate free trade and free circulation,economic, cultural and financialcooperation. Therefore, the following

bodies were created through the associationagreements:

- The association council, which is asupreme power political body reunitingministries, assigned with the supervision ofagreements enforcement and with the

promotion of political dialogue;- The association committee

consisting of three high officials with therole of assisting the association council and

providing continuity of its meetingsdevelopment;

- The parliamentarian association


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ncepnd din 1994 cu fiecare ar cucare s-a ncheiat un acord de asociere existun ciclu anual de reuniuni ale Consiliului deasociere i ale Comitetului de asociere,

precum i numeroase reuniuni alesubcomitetelor multidisciplinare (tehnice).B. Faza comunitar

Aceast faz presupune deciziaorganelor comunitare de acceptare a cereriistatului care a fost depus la Consiliu, deciziecare trebuie s fie luat de ctre Consiliu cuunanimitate de voturi, dup ce n prealabil aconsultat Comisia i a obinut avizul conformal Parlamentului care se pronun cu majoritateabsolut, acest aviz fiind de natur s

mpiedice Consiliul n decizia de admitere ncazul n care este negativ.

C. Faza cu caracter internaional

Faza cu caracter internaionalpresupune ncheierea cte unui acord deaderare ntre statul care solicit aderarea ifiecare stat membru n parte, care trebuie sfie ratificate de ctre toate statele membre ide statul solicitant, n concordan cureglementrile lor constituionale. Intrarean vigoare a acestor acorduri constituie

momentul n care statul respectiv devinemembru al Uniunii Europene.

Tratatul de la Amsterdam aduce oprecizare la art.O din Tratatul de laMaastricht, n sensul c prevede

posibilitatea de a deveni membru al Uniuniiorice stat care respect principiile enunaten art.F para.1 din Tratatul de laAmsterdam, respectiv principiile libertii,respectrii drepturilor omului i libertilorfundamentale, precum i celelalte principiiale statului de drept, principii care suntcomune tuturor celorlalte state membre.

Procedura de aderare nu estemodificat.

Negocierile pentru aderare suntdeosebit de complexe, adaptate specificuluifiecrui stat i presupun, n esen, stabilireamodului n care statul respectiv ndeplinetecondiiile cerute pentru aderare irespectarea acquis-ului comunitar.

n anul 2000, Comisia a adoptat un

committee, assigned with the establishmentand maintenance of the dialogue betweenthe representatives of associated countries

parliaments and those of the European

Parliament.Since 1994 with every country thatconcluded an association agreement therehas been an annual cycle of reunions of theAssociation Council and the AssociationCommittee, as well as numerous reunions ofmultidisciplinary subcommittees (technical).

B. Communitarian phase

This phase supposes the decision ofcommunitarian bodies to accept theapplication of the state submitted to the

Council, that has to be taken by the Councilwith unanimity of votes, after having

previously consulted the Commission andreceived the consent of the Parliament thatdecides with absolute majority, this consent

being able to prevent the Council in theadmission decision if the case is negative.

C. International phase

The international phase supposes theconclusion of an accession agreement

between the state requiring accession and

every member state separately, which has tobe ratified by all member states and by theapplicant state in compliance with theirconstitutional regulations. The enforcementof these agreements is the moment that state

becomes a member of the European Union.The Treaty from Amsterdam makes a

remark to art. O of the Maastricht Treaty,meaning that it provides the possibility forevery state to become a member of theUnion, if it complies with the principlesstipulated in art. F par.1 from theAmsterdam Treaty, respectively the

principles of freedom, compliance withhuman rights and fundamental liberties, aswell as the other principles of the rightfulstate, that are common to all other memberstates.

The accession procedure is notamended.

Accession negotiations are

extremely complex, adapted to the


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program de parteneriat pentru aderareaTurciei.

3. Natura juridic a acordului de

aderare

Acordul de aderare este calificat cafiind un acord interstatal i nu unul ntreComunitate i statul solicitant.13. Din acesteconsiderente el are for juridic a tratatelorconstitutive ale Comunitilor, neputnd fisupus procedurii Curii de Justiie n ceea ce

privete valabilitatea sa, ntruct reprezintacordul de voin liber exprimat al statelor,care nu poate fi supus judecii instanei

comunitare, dect n ceea ce priveteinterpretarea sa.

4. ncetarea calitii de membru

4.1. Modaliti de ncetare a calitii

de membru

Tratatele n vigoare nu conin nici odispoziie referitoare la ncetarea calitii demembru al Comunitilor Europene sau alUniunii Europene, nici n ceea ce privete

retragerea, nici referitor la excludere.Aceast lips de reglementare a tratatelor nacest domeniu este considerat ca fiindintenionat, n scopul de a subliniacaracterul deosebit de important alacordului de aderare la aceste organizaiiinternaionale14.

Exist totui posibilitatea dencetare a calitii de membru n dousituaii: retragerea statului i excluderea sa.

A. Retragerea voluntar

n lipsa dispoziiilor exprese, arputea fi aplicabile reglementrile generale,de drept internaional, respectiv art. 54 dinConvenia de la Viena privind dreptultratatelor, care prevede c denunareatratatului sau retragerea nu sunt posibiledect dac se stabilete c acestea au fostavute n intenia prilor sau dac se potdeduce din natura tratatului, exprimndu-sensi opinia c aceste dou situaii nu pot

fi aplicate n cadrul tratatelor comunitare15

.

specificity of every state and mainlysuppose the establishment of the way inwhich the state complies with therequirements necessary for accession and

compliance with the communitarian acquis.In 2000, the Commission adopted apartnership program for Turkeys accession.

3. The juridical nature of theaccession agreement

The accession agreement is qualifiedas an agreement between states and not one

between the Community and the applicantstate.29. From these reasons it has the

juridical force of constitutive treaties of theCommunities, without undergoing the

procedure of the Court of Justice regardingits validity, because it is the will agreementsof states expressed freely, which cannot be

judged by the communitarian court, exceptfor its interpretation.

4. Termination of membership

4.1. Ways to end the membership

The relevant treaties do not includeany provision regarding the end of EuropeanCommunities or European Unionmembership, regarding the withdrawal orexclusion. This lack of treaties regulation inthis field is considered intentional, in orderto underline the very important character ofthe accession agreement to theseinternational organizations30.

There is still the possibility toterminate the membership in two cases:state withdrawal and exclusion.

A. Volunteer withdrawal

In the absence of express provisions,we may apply the general international lawregulations, respectively art. 54 of the WienConvention regarding treaties right, that

provides that treaty denunciation orwithdrawal are not possible unless it isestablished that they considered partiesintention or are deducted from the nature of

the treaty, also expressing the opinion that


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Retragerea din Comuniti nu poatefi privit doar prin prisma prevederilorinternaionale privind dreptul tratatelor,ntruct dreptul de retragere trebuie

recunoscut16

.Tratatul de la Maastricht recunoatei respect identitatea naional a statelormembre, iar atunci cnd apare oneconcordan fundamental ntre scopurileUniunii Europene i cele ale unui statmembru, n baza respectrii acesteiidentiti naionale, statul respectiv se poateretrage, sens n care este ilustrativ cazulMarii Britanii, care n 1974 a solicitat orenegociere a condiiilor de aderare,

ameninnd cu retragerea n caz deneacceptare a cerinelor sale. n aceastsituaie, nici unul dintre statele membre nu aridicat problema imposibilitii retrageriidin punct de vedere juridic.

n concluzie, orice stat membrupoate hotr s se retrag din Uniune,potrivit dispoziiilor lor constituionale.

B. Excluderea

Excluderea din cadrul Comunitilorapare ca alt modalitate de ncetare a

calitii de membru dar care, de asemenea,nu este reglementat de tratateleconstitutive. Din aceste considerente, eaapare ca imposibil din punct de vedere

juridic. Pornind de la nentlnirea npractic a unor asemenea situaii, ndoctrin se apreciaz c n cazul unornclcri persistente de ctre unul din statelemembre a unor principii democratice i adrepturilor fundamentale ale omului, prin

presiuni politice se poate ajunge fie lacorectarea conduitei acelui stat, fie ladeterminarea retragerii acestuia.

4.2. Dispoziiile Tratatului de la

Lisabona privind ncetarea calitii de

membru

Prin dispoziiile Tratatului de laLisabona se introduce n Tratatul UEart.49A, care reglementeaz posibilitatearetragerii voluntare a unui stat membru dinUniunea European.

Conform acestor dispoziii, orice stat

these two cases cannot apply in the case ofcommunitarian treaties31.

Withdrawal from the Communitiescannot be analyzed only through

international provisions regarding treatiesright, because the right of withdrawal has tobe recognized32.

The Maastricht Treaty recognizesand respects the national identity of memberstates, and in case of a fundamentaldiscordance between the purposes of theEuropean Union and those of a memberstate, based on compliance with thisnational identity, the state may withdraw,which is illustrated by Great Britain, which

asked a renegotiation of the accession termsin 1974, threatening to withdraw in case offailure to accept its terms. In this case noneof the member states put the problem of theimpossibility to withdraw from juridical

point of view.In conclusion, any member state may

decide to withdraw from the Union, inaccordance with its constitutional

provisions.B. Exclusion

Exclusion from the Communitiesappears as another way to terminate themembership but which is not also regulated

by constitutive treaties. Because of thesereasons, it appears as impossible from

juridical point of view. Starting from thepractical absence of such cases, in doctrineit is appreciated that in the case of persisting

breaches of any of the democratic principlesand human fundamental rights by one of themember states, political pressures maycorrect the conduct of that state or maydetermine it to withdraw.

4.2. Provisions of the Lisbon Treaty

regarding the termination of membership

The provisions of the Lisbon Treatyintroduces in the EU Treaty art.49A, thatregulates the possibility for volunteerwithdrawal of a member state from theEuropean Union.

According to these provisions, any

member state may decide, in compliance


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membru poate hotr, n conformitate cunormele sale constituionale, s se retragdin Uniune.

Statul membru care hotrte s se

retrag notific intenia sa ConsiliuluiEuropean. n baza orientrilor ConsiliuluiEuropean, Uniunea negociaz i ncheie cuacest stat un acord care stabilete condiiilede retragere, innd seama de cadrulviitoarelor sale relaii cu Uniunea. Acestacord se negociaz n conformitate cuarticolul 188 N alin. 3 din Tratatul privindfuncionarea Uniunii Europene. Acesta sencheie n numele Uniunii de ctre Consiliu,care hotrte cu majoritate calificat, dup

aprobarea Parlamentului European.Tratatele nceteaz s se aplice

statului n cauz de la data intrrii nvigoare a acordului de retragere sau, nabsena unui astfel de acord, dup doi ani dela notificare, cu excepia cazului n careConsiliul European, n acord cu statulmembru n cauz, hotrte n unanimitates proroge acest termen.

Membrul care reprezint n cadrulConsiliului European i al Consiliului statul

membru care se retrage nu particip nici ladezbaterile i nici la adoptarea deciziilorConsiliului European i ale Consiliului care

privesc statul n cauz.n cazul n care statul care s-a retras

din Uniune depune o nou cerere de aderare.

Bibliografie

L. Boulouis, Droit institutional de lUnionEuropeenne, 5 edition, Montchrestien,

Paris,1995;L.Cartou,LUnion Europeenne; Traites deParis, Rome, Maastricht. Dalloz Paris,1995;P. Kent,European Community Law, TheMaud E. Handbook Series, 1992;P. Manin,Les communauts europennes.

LUnion europenne. Droit institutionnel,Paris, Ed. A. Pedone, 1993;J. Boulouis,Droit institutionel de lUnioneuropenne, Montchrestien, 5-eme dition,

1995;

with its constitutional regulations towithdraw from the Union.

The member state that decided towithdraw notifies the European Council of

its intention. Based on the orientations ofthe European Council, the Union negotiatesand concludes an agreement with this stateestablishing the withdrawal conditions,taking into consideration the framework ofits future relations to the Union. Thisagreement is negotiated in accordance witharticle 188 N par. 3 of the Treaty regardingthe operation of the European Union. This isconcluded on behalf of the Union by theCouncil which decides with qualified

majority, after the approval of the EuropeanParliament.

Treaties stop to apply for that statebeginning with the enforcement date of thewithdrawal agreement, or, in the absence ofsuch an agreement, two years after thenotification, except for the case in which theEuropean Council, in agreement with themember state, decides to unanimouslyextent this term.

The member that represents the

member state within the European Council andCouncil does not take part in the debates oradoption of the decisions of the EuropeanCouncil and Council regarding that state.

If the withdrawing state from theUnion submits a new accession application.

Biblography

L. Boulouis, Droit institutional de lUnionEuropeenne, 5 edition, Montchrestien,

Paris,1995;L.Cartou,LUnion Europeenne; Traites deParis, Rome, Maastricht. Dalloz Paris,1995;P. Kent,European Community Law, TheMaud E. Handbook Series, 1992;P. Manin,Les communauts europennes.

LUnion europenne. Droit institutionnel,Paris, Ed. A. Pedone, 1993;

J. Boulouis, Droit institutionel delUnion europenne, Montchrestien, 5-eme

dition, 1995;


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1 A se vedea L.Boulouis, Droit institutional de lUnion Europeenne, 5 edition, Montchrestien, Paris, 1995,pag. 33 i L.Cartou, LUnion Europeenne; Traites de Paris, Rome, Maastricht. Dalloz Paris, 1995., pag. 54 iurm.2L.Cartou, op. cit. pag. 553 A se vedea n acest sens i P. Kent,European Community Law, The Maud E. Handbook Series, 1992, pag. 64 n practic, aderarea a dat natere la dou decizii ale Consiliului, una pentru CECO i alta pentru celelaltedou Comuniti, adoptndu-se ns un singur tratat de aderare.5 Este cazul Greciei care, dei asociat Comunitilor din 1961, n perioada dictaturii (1967-1974) nu a fost

primit. Aceasta s-a realizat n 1981, dup reinstaurarea democraiei.6 Unele derogri pentru Marea Britanie (politica social), Danemarca (politica de aprare), Irlanda(interzicerea avorturilor prin Constituie) care au fost prevzute cu ocazia adoptrii Tratatului de la Maastrichtsunt considerate ca neaducnd atingere principiului acceptrii generale a realizrilor comunitare.7 Obiectivul iniial al programului l-a constituit acordarea asistenei pentru restructurarea economiei nfavoarea Poloniei i Ungariei. Sub aspect conceptual, termenul PHARE desemneaz iniialele Polonia iUngaria: Asisten pentru Reconstrucie Economic.8 Regulile principale de acordare a ajutoarelor financiare din partea Comunitii n domeniul reelelor

transeuropene au fost stabilite prin Regulamentul 2236/95/CE. Regulamentul stabilete condiiile iprocedurile aplicabile pentru finanarea din bugetul comunitar a proiectelor de interes comun n domeniulreelelor transeuropene.9 Reeaua transeuropean de transport (TEN) urmrete crearea unui sistem de legturi care s acopere ntregspaiul comunitar, prin combinarea diferitelor tipuri de transport, precum i crearea unor extinderi ctre stateletere.10 Denumirea oficial a programului este: Special Accesion Programme for Agriculture and RuralDevelopment.11 Acordul de asociere cu Romnia a fost semnat la 1 februarie 1993 i a intrat n vigoare la 1 februarie 1995.12 Ungaria, Polonia, Cehia, Slovacia, Slovenia, Letonia, Lituania, Estonia, Malta i Cipru au devenit statemembre ale Uniunii Europene din 2004, iar Romnia i Bulgaria au primit aceast calitate din 2007.13Ibidem, pag. 9714P.Manin,Les communauts europennes. LUnion europenne. Droit institutionnel, Paris, Ed. A. Pedone,1993, pag. 5815 J.Boulouis,Droit institutionel de lUnion europenne, Montchrestien, 5-eme dition,1995, pag. 49. Seexemplific prin cazul Groenlandei i San Pierre et Miquelon, crora li s-au modificat statutul de ctreDanemarca i Frana, dar acest fapt este apreciat ca fiind fcut prin tratatele dintre aceste douri i celelaltestate membre.16P.Manin, op. cit., pag. 5917 See L. Boulouis, Droit institutional de lUnion Europeenne, 5 edition, Montchrestien, Paris, 1995, pag. 33i L. Cartou, LUnion Europeenne; Traites de Paris, Rome, Maastricht. Dalloz Paris, 1995., page 54 and thefollowing.18L.Cartou, op. cit. pag. 5519 See also P. Kent,European Community Law, The Maud E. Handbook Series, 1992, pag. 620In practice, the accession caused two decisions of the Council, one for ECSC and the other for the other twoCommunities, adopting only one accession treaty.21 It is the case of Greece which, although associated to Communities since 1961, in the period of thedictatorship (1967-1974) it was not accepted. This happened in 1981, after re-establishing democracy.22 Some derogations for Great Britain (social policy), Denmark (defence policy), Ireland (forbidding abortions

by the Constitution) provided at the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty are not considered to influence theprinciple of general acceptance of communitarian achievements.23 The initial objective of the program was assistance for economic restructuration in favour of Poland andHungary. Under conceptual aspect, the term PHARE represents the initial letters Poland Hungary: Assistancefor Restructuring their Economies.24 The main rules for giving financial aids from the Community in the field of trans-European networks wereset in the Regulations 2236/95/CE. The regulations establish the requirements and procedures for financingcommon interest projects from the communitarian budget in the field of trans-European networks.


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25 The transport European network (TEN) follows to create a system of connections that would cover theentire communitarian space, by combining various types of transport, as well as by creating extensionstowards third states.26 The official name of the program is: Special Accesion Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development.27 The association agreement with Romania was signed on 1st of February 1993 and produced effects on 1st ofFebruary 1995.28 Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Malta and Cyprus

became member states of the European Union in 2004, and Romania and Bulgaria received the consent in2007.29Ibidem, pag. 9730P. Manin,Les communauts europennes. LUnion europenne. Droit institutionnel, Paris, Ed. A. Pedone,1993, pag. 5831 J. Boulouis,Droit institutionel de lUnion europenne, Montchrestien, 5-eme dition, 1995, page 49. Itexemplifies with Greenland and San Pierre et Miquelon, which had their articles of incorporation amended byDenmark and France, but this is appreciated to have been done through the treaties between these twocountries and the other member states.32P.Manin, op. cit., pag. 59

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