Timpurile Verbelor in Engleza

Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane.De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi.

Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past) si viitor(future).Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu. Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte.Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui.Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza anume: simplu, simplu continuu, simplu perfect, simplu perfect continuu

Simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in timp. Continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Simplu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor Continuu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment

In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc)Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat.Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulatCa si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasivaVerbul in engleza la diateza activaActiunea e facuta de subiectDe exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work - worked - workedIar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii:

I am falling in love = Ma indragostescMy life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapaDiferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell si fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei parti ale verbului considerat.

To work = A munci (verb regulat)

Present Tense

I work

You work

He works

She works

We work

You work

They work

Present Continuous

I am working

You are working

He is working

She is working

We are working

You are working

They are working

Present Perfect

I have worked

You have worked

He has worked

She has worked

We have worked

You have worked

They have worked

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been working

You have been working

He has been working

She has been working

We have been working

You have been working

They have been working

Past Tense

I worked

You worked

He worked

She worked

We worked

You worked

They worked

Past Continuous

I was working

You were working

He was working

She was working

We were working

You were working

They were working

Past Perfect

I had worked

You had worked

He had worked

She had worked

We had worked

You had worked

They had worked

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been working

You had been working

He had been working

She had been working

We had been working

You had been working

They had been working

Future Tense

I will work

You will work

He will work

She will work

We will work

You will work

They will work

Future Continuous

I will be working

You will be working

He will be working

She will be working

We will be working

You will be working

They will be working

Future Perfect

I will have worked

You will have worked

He will have worked

She will have worked

We will have worked

You will have worked

They will have worked

Future Perfect Continuous

I will have been working

You will have been working

He will have been working

She will have been working

We will have been working

You will have been working

They will have been working

Conjugarea pentru verbul neregulat to fall - a cadea e la lectia 'verbe neregulate'.Oricum timpurile verbelor si cand se folosesc este aceeasi si la verbe regulate si la cele neregulate.Numai modul in care se conjuga difera.

1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Present

Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp.

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu present tense din engleza

O actiune prezenta in derulare (mereu, cateodata sau niciodata) What do you do? I work at a bank.Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca

She never works so lateEa niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu

Un adevar absolut, chiar daca se desfasoara si in clipa asta (vezi prezentul continuu, timpul urmator)The earth spins around the sun.Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui.

Se poate folosi pe post de viitorThe store closes at 9:00pmMagazinul se inchide la 9:00pm.

Viitorul limbii romana se traduce cu Prezent Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when, as soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoareSomeday when I am big and strong.Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu present tense din limba engleza

Atunci cand verbul descrie o actiunea care se desfasoara acum (in clipa dialogului) - atunci se foloseste prezentul continuu.I am working in the gardenLucrez in gradina

Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.Sus

1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu

Verbul arata o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat de actiuni concrete.

Situatii in care timpul prezent al limbii romane este echivalent cu present continuous din engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune ce se petrece in clipa asta (simultana cu momentul in care vorbesc)I am working on my new book.Lucrez la noua mea carte.

Verbul descrie o actiune generala dar simultana cu o alta actiuneBy the time the alarm goes off I am already working.Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput lucrul)

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului prezent 1.1. I workSus

1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezentSituatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect al limbii engleze

Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare sau daca efectul ei se vede in prezentI have worked all my adult life.Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai lucrez).

Sau daca e insotit de un adverb (mereu, cateodata, niciodata etc) adica:I have never worked so late before.Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana acum).

Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu). Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect din limba engleza1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I workedSus

1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu

O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor.Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din limba engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care poate continua si in viitorI have been working on the railroadAll live long dayI've been working on the railroadJust to while my time away.Am muncit la calea ferataCat e ziua de lungaAm muncit la calea ferataCa sa mai treaca timpul

E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in viitor.Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din englezaVezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have workedVezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I workedSus

1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut

Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Tense din englezaverbul reprezinta actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune, nu se continua in prezent folositi Past Tense.I worked till my hands hurtAm muncit pana ma dureau palmele.

Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.De asemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri (de exemplu vezi poeziile de la Literatura)Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Tense din englezaVezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have workedVezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been workingExista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti binecunoscutul cantec pentru copii de mai jos.All around the cobbler's benchThe monkey chased the weaselThe monkey thought it was all in funPop! goes the weaselIn jurul mesei cizmaruluiMaimuta fugarea nevastuicaMaimuta credea ca se joacaBum! face nevastuica

Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu past tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect.Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.Sus

1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu

Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece simultan cu un alt eveniment.Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Continuous din limba engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de altceva (ca si "munceam" pe romaneste)I was working when the meteorite fell/the phone rang/you showed up.Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat telefonul/ai aparut tu.

I was walking in the park one dayIn the merry, merry month of MayI was taken by surpriseBy a pair of pearly eyesIn the merry, merry month of MayMa plimbam in parc intr-o ziIn vesela, vesela luna MaiAm fost luat prin surprindereDe niste ochi perlatiIn vesela, vesela luna Mai

Atentie:in cantecul de mai sus "was walking" este past continuous dar "was taken" nu este past continuous. I was taken inseamna "am fost luat". Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la past continuous zici 'I was taking'.Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Continuous din engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara unei alte actiuni tot in trecut - atunci se foloseste Past PerfectI had worked as a goldminer for a long time when I finally struck it rich.Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur cand in sfarsit am dat de bogatii.

Sus

1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni trecute.Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Perfect din englezaVerbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta la care se raporteazaEmily said she had worked in her garden that morning. Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea

Atentie:La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie.Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceeaEmily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceeaEmily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceeaToate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor depinde (oarecum) de context.

Traducerea acestor propozitii:Emily said she worked in the garden that morningEmily said she was working in the garden that morning, respectivEmily said she had worked in the garden that morning, plusEmily said she had been working in the garden that morningse folosesc in limbajul curent depinzand si ele (oarecum) de contextSus

1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a carui urmari continua si azi.Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din englezaVerbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand s-a produs o alta actiune tot din trecut.They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it(Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc

He had been working slowly before hearing of the new deadline.(El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de noul termen limita.

Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din englezaThey had been working on the new house for many months before the fire destroyed it(Ei)lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc

Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul/imperfectul din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din englezaVezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was workingVezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had workedSus

1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor

Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp.Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future Tense din englezaDaca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune folositi Future Tense.I will work OK?Am sa muncesc, BINE?

Someday when I am big and strongI will walk that road and sing a songI will sing of roads so green and wideThat turn and bend from side to sideI will sing of roads that turn and bendThat go from town to rainbow's endIntr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternicVoi merge pe acel drum si voi canta un cantecVoi canta despre drumuri verzi si lateCare se indoaie si serpuiesc dintr-o parte in altaVoi canta despre drumuri serpuitoareCare merg din oras pana la capatul curcubeului

Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai susSituatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future Tense din englezaCand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be workingI will be working in Paris next yearVoi lucra la Paris la anul

Sus

1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitorShe will be coming round the mountain when she comesCand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul muntelui

Sus

1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect

I will have worked for 20 years next month. Luna viitoare eu o sa fi lucrat de 20 de ani. (alt timp clar)Echivalentul lui "voi fi lucrat"Sus

1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect Continuu

Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11 Future ContinuousSe traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulareBy 2010 he will have been working for 40 yearsIn 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani

Sus

Verbul in engleza la diateza pasivaActiunea e suportata de subiectDe exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (alt verb regulat: wash - washed - washed)2.1 The laundry is washed weekly - Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal.Dar: I wash the laundry weekly - Eu spal rufele saptamanal2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now.2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed.2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed.2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday.2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed.2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed.2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed