p y M M H O -E O J ir A P C K I I E C B ÌI3U Jì I X - X I V B B . M C T A H O B JIE H H E P y M L IIIC K O n rO C y ^ A P C T B E H H O C T H

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B HCpa3pHBHOH CBH3H C 5KH3HLIO CJiaBHHCKHX HapOflOB, OCOBimiX CpeflH h B o n p y r n a c »1 .

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o t f ly H a n , 3 # ecb , KaK h Ha BaJiKaHCKOM n o J i y o c T p o B e , npoH 3om jio y K p on - JICHHO T C p p H T O p iiaJ Ib H W X oG lH lIH CB O Ò O flH O ro K p C C T b flH C T B a . I Io 3 A H e C , O flH O -

BpcMOHno c n p on eccoM , pa3BepTbiBaBmeMcn b CJiaBHHCKOM Miipe — noflBJie- h i i c m c o u , i ia j ib H o r o paccJioeHHH b TcppiiTopiiaJibHbix o C iH H H a x — h k ccB cp y o t ^ y H a n , o n p c fle J ie H H a H n a c T b u i o h o b o ó m i i i i J iH u n u ia c b n p H H a /y ic jK a im K 'H e i i 3 eMJiu b n o J i b s y f lp y n ix , n o paaJ iH ^ H b iM oC cTO H TC JibC T B aM f lo ó i iB n iH X C H r o c n o A C T H y i o i n e r o noJiOJKeHHH 3a c h c t GojibiniiHCTBa m ji c h o b ò 6 m ,H H b i.

P o c t p a c J io c H H H b p a M K a x o C u ;n n b i n p iiB C J i n a T e p p i i T o p m i K c c B c p y o t f l y n a n , K a K h b CJiaBH H CKOM M n p e , k T O M y , m t o b I X b . n o H B jin io T C H (J)eOAaJIbH M C K J ia C C b i: 3aBH C H M 0C K pCCTbH H CTBO M ( J c o f l a j l b l . H m c i o t c h h c t o - PH H PCKH C HCTOM HHKH, C B II fle T e H b C T B y K )m n e O HaJIHHIIH B I X B . K C C B C p y o t ^ y H a H H C K O T o p w x r o c y f l a p c T B t 'H H u x 0 C p a 3 0 B a H H H , c y m e c T B O B a i m e K O TO pbTX M 05K H 0 o6 l>H C H H T b JIHHIb K a K CJICflCTBHC n p 0 I ’ p e C C H B H 0 r0 paB B H T H H M e c T H o r o o 6 m e c T B a , c o H n a j i b H o r o p a c c J i o o n u n h b o 3 h h k h o b c h h h a H T a r o n n - C T im e c K i ix K J i a c c o B . 3 a p o > K flC H n e r o c y f l a p c T B C H n o c T n k c c B c p y o t f l , y n a a n p 0 H 3 0 in .T i0 b m o m g h t , K o r ^ a cJ iaB H H C K O M y M i i p y S h j i o y> i<c h 3 b g c t h o r o c y - a a p c T B G H H o e o 6 p a 3 0 B a m i e r a n a « K p y n H b ix r o c y f l a p c T B » , x a p a K T e p H o e f l j i a p a H H c r o $ e o f l a J i i i 3M a . K p a T K 0 B p e M (> H H 0 e h j i h 6 o J i e e flJ iH T C J ib H oo p a c n p o - c T p a H C H ii c , H a H H H an c I X B O K a , cJ iaB H H C K H X « K p y n H B ix r o c y A a p c T B » k

1 I. B O G D A N , Insemnàtalea sludiilor slave pentru romini, B u e ., 1894, CTp. 14— 15.

34 * 53 1

ccB op y OT flyH an h ob jih h jio Ha pa3BHTne m ccthoi'O oôm ecT B a, c h o c o ò c t b o - Bajio ycKopcHUK) n p o ije cca pasBHTMH <J>cofla.riH3Ma, npHBeJio k TOMy, h to rocyflapcTBOHHHe 06pa30BaHHH, bo3hhk& biiih6 Ha .ncBoGepeHìbc ^ y n a a , HCHblTblBaJIH 3HaHHTCÆbHOO BJIHHHIie rOCyflapCTBGHHOH OpraHH3ai^HH CJia- BHHCKOrO THna.

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1 D . O N C IU L , Teoria lui Roesler, 11 « C on v orb ir i literare », an . X I X , CTp. 327— 3 4 8 ; 589— 6 0 2 ; E r o w e , Radu Negru fi originile Principatului Tàrii Rominefti, b « C o n ­v o rb ir i L ite r a r e » , an. X X V I , CTp. 24— 3 8 ; 257— 2 6 8 ; 332— 3 3 7 ; E r o w e , Istoria veche a rominilor sec. X I I — X IV , .•[iiTOrpa<|)iipon,'iHiihiii K y p c, 1913— 1 9 14 ; I . B og d a n , Rominiì f i Bulgarii. Raporturile culturale fi politice Intre aceste douà popoare. Conferirà. B ue., 1895. lì HOBeñmeñ ncTopiiorpaijìiiii n p o 6jieMa xapaKTepa roenoflCTBa Ilep B oro B ojirapcK oro napcTBa HSfl TeppiiTopiDiMii k ceB epy o t /Jynajr aaHHMajia M iiornx HCTopiiKon, b tom HHCJie, A L . B Â H C Â C IL À , Dacia de la Dunàre a analelor france din sec. IX . Evenimente fi problème. C ra iova , 1947, o t th c k H3 « A rh iv e le O lten ie i », an. X X I I I — X X V , nr. 131— 1 4 8 ; A . G R E C U < P . P . P A N A IT E S C U > , Bulgaria in nordul Dunàrii in veacurile al I X — A -lea, b Studii fi cercetàri de istorie medie, 1, 1950, CTp. 223— 2 3 6 ; K . H O R E D T , Voievodatul de la Bàlgrad (Alba-Iulia), b Studii fi cercetàri de istorie veche, t. V , nr. 3— 4, 1954, CTp. 4 8 7 — 5 1 2 ; E ro w e , Contribuii la istoria Transilvaniei in secolele IV — X II I , B u e ., 1 9 5 8 ; B . C lM P IN A , Le problème de l’apparition des états féodaux roumains, b Nouvelles études d'histoire, présentées au X e C ongrès des scien ces h istoriqu es , R o m e , 1955, B ue., 1955, CTp. 18 1 — 2 0 7 ; M . C H IÇ V A Ç I-C O M ijA , Citeva date arheologice in legatura cu stâpi- nirea bulgara la nordul Dunürii in sec. I X — X , B Omagiu lui Constantin Daicoviciu eu prilejul împlinirii a 60 de ani, B u e ., 1960, CTp. 6 9 — 7 9 ; Istoria Rominiei, v o l . I , B u e ., 1960, CTp. 760— 765.

2 E . r O J iy E H H C K I I Î Ï , K p a m x u ù o n e p n u c m o p u u n p a e o c . i a e n u x i fe p K e e ü 6 oji- e a p c K o ü , c e p ô c K O ü u pyM U H C K oü u a u M O J id o -ea A a u icK o ü , M ., 1871; <t>. y C I Î E H C K II I I , 0 6 p a 3 o e a H u e e m o p o e o ô o A i a p c K o s o i j a p c m e a , O flecca , 1 8 79 ; H . C . f lE P Î K A B I lH , H c m o p u n E o A i a p u u , t . I , M .J I ., 1 9 45 ; I l c m o p u n B o A i a p u u , M ., 1 9 5 4 ; H c m o p u n n a E ’b A z a p u x , I , C oijnm , 1961.

3 I. B O G D A N , Rominii f i Bulgarii, CTp. 22.4 I. B O G D A N , Originea voevodatului la romini, B u e ., 1902, CTp. 14.5 üoeecmb epeMennux Aem, M .— J I., 1950, I , CTp. 21 .

532

opraHH3au,im, bo iviaue KOTopbix ctoh jih cjiaBHHCKiic hjih pym uhckhc BOJKflH. 3tH opraHI13amiH GblJlH TeCHO CBflaaHH C BoJirapCKHM HapCTHDM. JleTonHcen;-aHOHHM Kopojin B oju iu III (A nonim us) nHcaJi, mto ko BpeMcuii npiixo^a Ma^bap Ha TcppiiTopnii, pacnoJio>KeHHoii MWKfly flynacM h T h c- co h , BnnoTb 30 rpaHHH pycHH h noJiflKOB, pacnpocTpaiiHJiocb BJia^biuccTBo K eana, BeJiiiKoro khh3h fio jirapcn oro , npc^Ka khash CaJiaHa. O h , K can , hkoGm npHBeJi Ha TeppiiTopuro k ceßepy o t /{y u a n kojiohh ctob — cjiaB«n h öoJirap1 . y Toro jkc JieTonucna HaxofliiM cbpaohhh o tom , mto MMKfly MypemoM h Opm oBoii, cJieflOBaTwibno b BanaTC, Beurpbi sacTajm HCKoero KHH3H ho HMeHH R ia ;;, KOTopuii HKoCbi npmneji to jko 113 B o jira p m i, H3 BiiRiiHa. B o rjiaße CBoero Boncua, cocToiiiuero H3 neMCHeroii, ßojirap 11 pyMHH (Cum ani et Bulgari atque B lachi), Fjia/i, iionbiTaJic« BocnpoTHBiiTbca aTanaM BenrpoB, ho öbui iio6e5Ktfen ii BbinyjKflCH yhjim ti.c« b K pcnocm KyBiiH (K obg)2. B B iixope ueHrpu Hainjiii khbjkgctbo McHyMopyTa, k o to - pbiü OTBeTH.u nocJiaHnaM Apna^a «B ulgarico corde»3. TaKHM oßpasow , bo raase CJiaBHHo-pyMbiHCKiix noJiHTHHecKHX opram iaanuii k ccßopy o t fl,yHa}£ CTOHJIII CJiaBHHCKHC II pyMI.IHCKHO 9JI0MCHTI.I. AhOHHM yilOMHHaOTo B O C B O A C TB C « u b i G e lo u q u id a m B la c u s d o m in iu m t e n e b a t » 4 . IIo^oG iibU 'CymCCTB0BaBHIIIM B TpaHCHJIbBaHHII II ynOMHHyTbIM AHOHHMOM nOJIHTHMCCKlH' opraH iisaH H H cym ecTBOBaJiii b X b o k c n o u ce ii ToppH TopnH coBpoM CHHon P H P . B nojiHTHnecKOM oTH ouieH iiii o h ii a a in ice jiu o t B o J ir a p c K o r o napcT B a h jih o t K iieB C K oro r o c y ^ a p c T B a .

B o BpeMfi ö o J ir a p c K o r o rocno^C T B a k ce B c p y o t /Jy itaH n p o iis o m jia op raH H 3a m ifi n ep K B ii, KOTopan c o BpeMOHOM CTaHOBHTCii o n o p o f i $eoflajibH H tx r o c y ^ a p c T B . M s b c c t h o , m t o x p iicT iia u cK iiii p u T y a ji pyMbiHbt sauMCTBOBajiii y CJiaBHH, a i i m c h h o y ß o j i r a p , 11 s t o iip o i ia o n u io n e no3>i<c X b .6 O op M b i peJ iH nio3H oii /KH3HH, o 6ni,iie KaK fljin TpaHCHJibBaiiCKHx pyM biH , Tai< h 3 jih pyM biH , n poH iiiB aB um x Ha » r e o t K a p n a T , cJ iy w a T y K a sa n n o M , m t o OHH MOrJIH B 0 3 H IIK H y T b H p a 3 B H T b C H JIHIHb flO B P H rc p C K O H 3 K C n a iIC H H B

T p a H ciiJ ibB a m iH , paH oe c o j h ' h c t b h h , o K a s a m io r o K a T oju n iccK oii n cpK B bio B cn rep cK O M y rocy fla p cT B y ® . B X b . o G i h c c t b o k co B e p y o t ^ y n a n npiiHHJioCJiaBHHCKOC nHCbMO II O^IiniiaJIbHblH KHH JKII0CJI3BHHCKH H JI3MK7 .

3jICMeHTbI nepKOBHOH apXHTOKTypbl B TpaHCHJIbBaHHH, IIOflOÖHbie 60 JI- rapcKHM 3JieMeHTaM X I b ., T an ate r o ß o p jiT o CHJibiioM S oJ irap ciioM b jih h h h h k c e B c p y ot ^ y H a a 8 , npiiMCM 3T0 b jih h h h c npoHBJiHOTCH b caM bix pa3H o- o 6 p a 3 iib ix o ß .ia c T flx .

1 G . P O P A -L IS S E A N U , Izvoarele istoriei Rominilor, I , B u e ., 1934, r r p . 34.2 TaM Me, I, e r p . 57— 5 8 ; Istoria Romtniei, v o l. I I , B u e ., 1962, c r p . 44.3 G. P O P A -L IS S E A N U , yna3. co i., <"rp. 64 .4 TaM M e, C T p. 4 4 ; Istoria Rominiei, I I , C T p. 44 .6 A L . G R E C U < P . P . P A N A I T E S C U > , ijkü3. coh., C T p. 236 . E . r O J iy B H H C K H H ,

yK 0 3 . coh., c t d . 3 4 6 — 347.6 B . C lM P IN A , ynas. coh., C T p . 1 9 7 ; Istoria Rominiei, I , C T p. 764 , I I ,

C T p. 181.7 Istoria Rominiei, I ; C T p. 7 4 7 , 8 0 4 , I I , C T p. 185.8 I. D . S T E F Ä N È S C U , Das Zeugnis der Denkmäler religiöser Kunst in Sieben­

bürgen, t. I I , B u e ., C T p. 2 9 1 — 3 0 7 ; C. N IC O L E S C U , Considerata in legäturä cu vechimca monumentelor ramine? ti din Transilvania, b « R e v u e roum aine d ’h is to ir e » , 2, 1962.

533

T o n o H H M iiK a T p a H C H J ib B a H H ii n o A T B o p > K fla e T , h t o 3 H a H H T e jib H a a M acT b

T o p p M T o p H H k c c B c p y o t f l y n a H n x « ;i,ii.ria B K p y n H y w K » K H 0 -fly H a H C K y i0

CJiaB H H C K yiO nO JlH TH H OCKyiO o C m ilO C T L 1 .

B j i h h h i i o G o J ira p cK oro ro cy fla p c T B a c K a a a j i o c b flOBOJibH O C H jib iio h b CQ H iiaJibH O H o f ì j i a c T H , H a ( J ie o fla jib H o ii o p r a H i i 3 a i i n n 2 . C j i o B a , o 6 o 3 H a H a io -

ih ,h c A B o p a H C K n ù K J ia c c y p y M H H — c J ia B H H O - S o J ir a p c K o r o n p o i i c x o j K f l C H i i f i .

T a n , c j i o b o boier « C o n p iiH » s a iiM C T B O B a H o 113 S o j i r a p c K o r o H 3 b iK a , b k o t o p o w

o h o , K a K ri y p y M H H , o 6 o 3 H a H a jio n p H flB o p H o r o B C JibM O iK y h K p y r iH o r o

3 0 M J i0 B ;ia A 0 J ib n a 3 . M a 6 o J i r a p c K o r o >kc H 3H i<a n p o n c x o f l H T c j i o b o j u p a n « n y i i a n » , K O T o p o e y p y M H H b n o p B b ix a K T a x , B b m a H H b ix r o c n o f l a p c K o i i

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3 T o r o n ocJ ie flH cro c j io B a , h 3 b o c t i i o , m to n e fla B H O b ,H ,o 6 p y s > K e , b c c J ie

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9 4 3 r o f l y , K 0 T 0 p a f l C B H fleT O Jib C T B yc t o c y m e c T B O B a H iu t TaM H eK oero > K y r ia H a ,

( jie o fla J ia 4 . P c xi b h ^ c t oG o # h o m 113 f lp c B H e ìin iH X flO K yM eH T O B H a C T a p o c J ia -

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3 B a m iH . H a J iH M u e rocy fla p cT B eitH b ix 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H iì k c e a c p y o t ,D,yH aH b o

npcM ii C o J ira p cK o ro rocn o#C T B a 11 ynoMiiHaHHC o G o J ir a p c K H X flBopaHCKHX 3BaHHHX Ita 3THX TOppiITOJ)lIJIX JIBJ1J1IOTCH CBHflCTCJIbCTBOM TOl’O , ‘ITO 3fleCbb I X — X bb. c y m c c T B O B a J ia 4>e°ffaJibHaH n a f lC T p o iiK a no o6pa3Hy GoJirap- ck oh . 3 i y «jicoflaJibHyio naflCTpoiiKy HGJib3H o 6 i>HCHHTb KaK caM0CT0 HTC'JibH0 e H B JieH IIC , a JIIIIHb K a K HBJIOHHC, KOpH H KOTOJiOrO J'X O flH T 11 yCJIOBH H M aT C -

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A yiia fi, b 3K0H0MiiM0CKyi0 CTpyKTypy, b Gasuc. «B ojirapcK oe rocnoflCTBo k c c B e p y o t A ynan — im caji ncTopiiK B . KuMnima — npeflCTaBJiHJio c o 6 oh nOJIHTHMCCKHC paMKH , B H yT p M KOTOpHX C(j>OpMHpOBajIHCb OTHOmeHHH,

xapaKTepHiic fljin naHajibHoro riepiloga pa3BHTHH c()oo;;ajni3Ma »5 .1 0 1 8 r . 3 iia M C H y o T c o G o i i p a c n a f l I I c p B o r o G o J i r a p c K o r o n a p c T i i a b

p e 3 y j i b T a T e , n p c J K flc B e e r ò , a K o n o M iin e c K o r o p a3 B H T H H p a 3 J iiiH H h ix T e p p a -

T o p i i ì i , B x o f l i i B i n i i x b e r o c o c T a B 11 c ip e M i i B i n i i x c H k c o G c t b c h h o u h o j i h t h k c .

3 T a n o JiH T H K a n a p a j u i 3 0 B a J i a c o n p o T H B J ie H iic G o J i r a p c K i i x n a p o l i b m o m c h t ,

K o r f la B 0 3 iiH K J ia o n a c H O C T b M iio ro H iic J ie H H b ix B H e in H iix y r p o 3 6 .

B paMKax oCiu,ero nponecca pa3,npo6jiCHHOCTii, pasBHBaBmerocH b BoJirapcKOM n a p c T u e , KHH/KCCTBa, pacH O J iO H teH H H c k c e B e p y o t ,H,yHaH, CTaJIH B CBOK) OMepOflb (JiaKTOpaMH <J>C'0,HaJIbH0ÌÌ pa3flp06jICIIH0CTH II cnocofi-

1 B . C lM P IN A , ÌJKU3. c o n . , C T p. 19 8 ; A K a « . 3M H J IB I lE T P O B I iq , Cjiaeimo ó o A z a p c n a x m on oH U M U K a H a m e p p u m o p u u PyM UHCKOU H a p o d n o ù P e c n y Ó A U K ii , B R o - m a n o s l a v i c a , I , C T p. 9 — 26 .

2 G . M IH À IL À , Imprumuturi vechi sud slave in limba rominà, B u e ., 1960, ,C T p . 130 il CJiefl.

3 A L . R O S E T T I , Influenla limbilor slave meridionale asupra limbii romine (sec. VI— X I I ) , B u e ., 1954, p . 18.

4 « S tu d ii », 1951, I I I , C T p . 1 2 2 —-134; f l . I I . B O T flA H , /foópydMancKax uadnucb943 loda, b « R o m a n o s la v ica », I , 1958, C T p . 88— 104.

6 B . C lM P IN A , y n a a . c o i . , C T p . 196.6 Ta.u Me, CTp. 1 9 1 .

534

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1 Istoria Rominiei, I I , C T p. 43.2 M . H . T H X O M M P O B , HcmopunecKue cen3u pijccnozo napoda c iomhu.uu cjiaest-

iia.Mu c dpeeneàuiux epe.uen do nojioeunu X V I I e. Cjiaenncnua cóopnuK, M ., 194^, c ip . 144 h CJiep.

3 Iloeecmb epeM emiux Aera, C T p . 47 .4 Ta.n x e , C T p . 48 .

535

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B H 3 a H T H Ì ic K i iH h c t o h i i h k KO H ii,a X b . 3 (iïiuckî), i f M C K 0 Z o Tonapxa c o ^ e p j K H T A & H H U C 06 3 K O H O M iiH ecK O M p a c n B e T e HiiiKHero p ,y H a n , n p o f l B - j i h b u i c m c h n i i a J iH m iH 6 o j i b m o r o HHCJia ce J i h r o p o f lO B Ha btoìì T e p p i i T o p n i i ,o c b h 3 > ix c e B e p o - A y H a ñ c K o ñ p a B H iiH M c JJ,o6p y a > K e f i . lípipieM iix ¿ a c c J i c H U 0 H e p a 3 JiM i i a J i o c b h h 3 a K 0H a M H , h h o ò b r a a a M i i . H ctom h h k h cosep>KaT f l a B n t i eo ' C T p e M J le U H I I M C C T H b lX 3JICM CHTOB K H e3aBHCIIM OCTII enç B TC p p C M l'l ia ,K o r ^ a B w 3anT iiH n i iT a j ia c b ycTaiiOBiiTi. cboc rocnoflCTBo Ha ftyHac 3 (Pe*ib HA.OT o n ep n oA O n o c j i o cMepTM M . I^iiMiicxa h a ° HaiaaaXI Bona) • O tho- IUOIIHC M6CTHHX SJIOMeHTOB CJieAyeT CTaBIITb B CBH3b C CofiuTllflMll, npOMC" XOfl;nBUIlIMII B Bn3aHTHHCKOÌÌ HMnepHH HOCJie CMepiH H, HllMHCxa II BM3- B a H llb lM ll, B KOHCTHOM CHGTC, npOI^eCCOM SKOHOMimeCKOro pa3BHìnfI , I^OTO" p o e BOJIO K yCHJIOUIlK) aBTOHOMHblX TOHffleHI],Hlì npOBHHHliìi, BXoa ilBUIIIX b c o c T a i ! H M nepH H , h oAHOBpeMeHHo — k nocTeneHHOMy ee pacna^y.

C T p O M J I O H I ie M C C T H b lX BOHÌflCH K HC3aBHCHM 0CTH, U nO JlnT»M CCKaíI o p H O H T a n n n K B H e in H I IM C I I J ia M , KOTOpLTC M OrJIH 6b l n o t a s a ì b JiX li OTOM C T p eM J IC H H H , n p O H B J IH IO T C H B X B . Ha BCeH COBpeMeHHOÍt -reppIlTOpUH P H P j C J iO fl ;y e T y K a 3 a T b , h t o e m ,e a 0 noAM iiH em in 3anaAH 0Ìi Bo.nrapi1" Bii3aHTHcH ( 1 0 1 8 r . ) M ecT H bio b oh ìa h JicBOÔepeHCbfl f ly H a a opHCHTiipoBa-iWb na BH 3an- T i i i i c K y i o n o J iH T i iK y . B 3TOM OTHOKieHiiH h c h h h «aHHHe JiereH^bi S a n c t i G e r h a r d i M o p i ic o H C K o r o e n u c K o n a BpcMOH C /re^aH a CBHToro, KOpojia B o b - r e p c K o r o (9 9 7 — 1 0 3 8 r r . ) , t a c n p n ynoM iiH aniiH T ep p in op n «, pacnoJioH íen- BOH M C/K Ay O p n iO B O ii ii M y p e m o M , noflnaB H ieü b imane XI BeKa noA B J ia fl,t iH i'C T B o B e H r e p c K o r o n op o jicB C T B a , cn a 3 a H o : « b to spc*1*1 p u .i HeKHB K S f l 3 b b K p e n o c T i i M o p u c e H a n o h m ch h A x T y M , o n e u i cBftHHH, O h C ují K p e m e H n o rpenecKOMy o ñ p H A y b K p e n o c T H B h ^ h h . . . Bmcfl> 0,1 o T r p e K O B li B 0 3 A B iir b H a3BaH H 0H K p e n o c T H M op n ceH a mohì0™ ! '1, b n ecT b c u - H o a n a K p c c t h t o j i h , n n ocT aB H Ji TaM rp e n e cK iix CBHineHHflii0B 1 !MOHaxoB, K o T o p H c C Jiyw aT n o cB oeM y oòp H A y»3 . H e jiiih ich o HiiTepeca c,m^0,reJIbCTB0o t o m , h t o A x T y M n o j i y n H J i B J ia c T b OT rpeKOB qepe3 n o c p t Ç 0 P MAn H a - H 3B C C T H O , ’ i t o b coG biT H H X , pa3BepHyBmHxcH b san aam ìi BoJirapiin, « p e 3 y j iB r a T C B o ccT a H im K O M nTonyjioB npoTHB BH3aHTini, biiji"101' " ' 1 cmìCKo11 n o M o r a j i B ii3aH T iinnaM BJiaAOTb B iiahhom 4 .

i C B D R E N U S - S K Y L I T Z E S , Historiarum compendium Corp.KP‘ - £yf ] B o n n , 1 8 3 9 , I I , c t P. 4 0 1 ; I . B A R N B A , Byzance, Kiev et l'Òrient \ e o z i A l l e s ied e , b N ouvelles études d’histoire, B u ca rest 1955 CTP- 'B o r n in ie i , I , c T p . 8 0 4 , l ì , c T p . 3 8 , 50. ’ ’ ’ .

* M . è . J I E B l I E H K O , Lfeìtiibiu ucmoKHun no eonpocy p y c c K o - e ^ ^ ^ ^ .^ r v f weHUU e X eerce ( « 3 atiMcnuepenecKoso monapxa») , b BusanmaucM* • '* ^ v a r h u l ài 1 9 5 1 c t P . 42— 72 . C . C I H O D A R L I Observatii critice asupra Insem b iza n tin a , b ¿>tuaii ?i cercetàri $tnntifice, Istorie, an XTT fasr 9 Taal “ ’Istorici J iom iniei, 1, 8 0 4 , I I , c t P . 18, 42. ’ ’ ’ ,,

3 Legenda m aior Sancti Gerhardi, b Script. Ber Hune ed V°B u d a p e s t a , 1 9 3 8 , c tP. 4 8 9 ; Istoria Bomìniei I Ctb v

‘ M . J I B E H E H K O , ,)um. con., c t P . 6 8 P' *

536

C b c a ch h h , KOTopbic ^acT JicreHfla S a n c ti G erh a rd i o KHHae A xT yw e, KaK h oTHomeHiie BiifliiHCKoro en u cK on a, BCAyT k oAnoMy 11 TOMy ìkc iì l i bo Ay : ccBepo^yH aiicKiie ^eoflajibH ue boîkah iiaxoflMjiHCb b TecHoil cb h sii c io jkho- AyHaHCKHMH do>k;i>imh. 0 6 m e e CTpcMJiemie k aBTOHOMim c6jrn;i;aoT h x ; orni nosflep>KiiBaioT Bii3aHTiiio Jinnib b to h Mcpe, b KaKoii ec noJiHTHKa B 3TI1X OÖJiaCTHX MO/KeT CJiy>KllTb HX IlHTOpcCaM.

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xI to KacaeTCH Bajiaxm i, to ec TcppHTopnfl k BocTOKy ot penn Ojit cm;e co BTopoö noJioBiiHbi X B . noflna^aeT noA BJiaAbraecTBo ncHcncroB, a 33TCM KyjiaHOB. TeppMTopiifl Ba;iaxHH k 3anafly ot OjiTa, na KOTopoii He MO/KCT 6biTb peuii o BJiaflUHOCTBe neneneroB b tom Bii^e, b kiikom oho ocymecTBJiHJiocb k boctokv ot O.iTa, iipoAOJmaeT noAAcpiKHBaTb n iiocjk; nafleHHH BojirapcKoro u,apcTBa tcchmc nojiiiTimecKiio cbh3h c iO/KHOflynaii- ckiimii oßjiacTHMii, naxofliiBuiiiMiicH Teucpb nofl BJiaAUHocTBoM BusaHTitiicKon iiMnepiiii, MTo Bbi3Baao eme ßoJibineo yciiJiCHiie nponecca ^eoAajnisaniiii1. npiiMcuaTcjicH tot (jiaKT, MTo 3apo>KAeHne GyAymoro rocyAapcTna Ba.naxnn HMeJio MecTo b OjiTem ili, Menee noABepraimieíicn nainecTBino kohcbhhkob h noAAcpîKiiBaBineii 6oJiee TecHyio h A-THTeJibnyro cbh3i» c MHœoAyHaHCKHMH oGjiacTflMii2.

1 Hcmopun EoAeapuu, I , M oC K B a , 1954, C T p. 107 n cjitvi.3 M e p o n p n H T iiH B H 3aH TiiücK O H B JiacT ii n o c j i e saB oeB aH H H B o J ir a p m i cB H fleT C Jlb-

CTByiOT O TO M , 'ITÜ p c .:iI ir iI0 3 H W e CBH3H MMKAV II p a B o6 ep e /K I> (;M II JR-BofiojXÜKIiCM n p o - .lO JiiK aioT C ii. T a K i ie c i i h s i i , b c b o i o o i e p e j i b , n p e j y i o . i a r a i o T n a j im m e o n p e ; i c . i e H in . ix n o j i i i - T lm eC K IIX H 3K 0 I(OM IineCKH X C B ÎI.ieîi. P iIflO M XpH C O B y^O B (y K Ü 3 0 B ), H 3 «aH H H X B 1 0 1 9 — 1 0 2 0 r r . , i iM n e p a T o p B a cH .iH H I I y n o p a a o H i iB a e T n o j i i iT i i 'i e c K o e u p e j in r i i0 3 H 0 e y c T p o i i - CTBO E oJirap im ( c m . E . l ’ o - i y o n u c K i i i i , y x a 3 . c o n . , c i p . 2 5 9 — 2 6 3 ) . B o .i i io m 113 b t h x x p i i c o i i y . i o B r o B o p i iT c n ; « X o t h m u h a a B o e B a ji ii n o B y io C T p a H y , m u c o x p a n n .n i i i e n p n - KocHOBeHiiHMn c e i ip a is a , K O T op i.ie 3aKpemiJiii iia m iiM H x p i ic o B y J ia M ii n i ic ia -r i iM ii >> ( D . O n c iu l 1/KÛ3. c o n ., c i p . 8 6 ) . P e u . n ;ie T 3 « e c b o t o m , h t o i iM n e p a T o p n p i in n a i ia ji p e j i n r n o 3 i i y i o aBTO H O M ino B o ;ira p im . B o r a a B e C o . i r a p c K o i i i;cpK i!ii T e n e p i . y ) f ;e c t o h t H e n a T p i i a p x , a a p x i i e n u c K o n , p e .s ii .ie im iiH K O T o p o r o , K aK n n p i i n a - r p i ia p x c , n a x o a i i - j i a c L b O x p i i A c . B x p i i c o B y j i e o t 1 0 2 0 r . i iM n e p a T o p B a c i w i i i i y K a a i.in a e T , > ito i o p n c « n K -

537

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HHH o u i ic K o n a o x p u f lC K o r o p a c iip o cT p a iiH e T C H T a io K e u H a B a j ia x o B , n p o /K i in a io m t ix n o B c e i i T e p p i iT o p n i i i ì o j i r a p n u ( t w v a v à Tracrav ¡3 o u X y a p ia v p X a /c o M ) . 3 t o y n o M i in a n i ie , c o f l e p w a m e e c H b OflHOM 113 x p u c o B y . i o B ( E . r o . iy ó i iH C K i i i i , y n a s . c o n . , c i p . 2 6 3 ) , K a c a c T c a , H 0-B H flH M 0M y, n e TOJibKO B a jia x o B K );K i[();iyH aiicK M X , h o H c e n c p o a y i i a f t c K i i x . K a n ó u j i o c K a 3 a n o n u m e , e m e n o T o r o , K aK B o j i r a p i i « n o ^ n a . ia n o # B i ia a im ii ir .K o e u r o , c o B c p o f l y n a i ic K i i e n p o B in m i m n a x o f lH J ii ic b b i i e p u o B i io ì i 3aB iicH M O C T it o t B i i f l i iu c K o r o e n i ic K o n c T B a . T u k iim 0 6 p a 3 0 M , e c j m 6 h f la w e x p n c o B y .f i 11 h o y n q M i m a .i o t o m , t t o K ip iicjiiiK U H H o x p n ; i c K o r o a p x i ie i i i ic K o n c T B a p a cn p o cT p a u H C T C H H a B c e x B a j ia x o B , m w flOJIHiHM ÒblJIII 6 u npH H T H K 3aKJ[KJMeltHK), HTO CeBOpOflyHaH CKH C B a .ia x i l 110,1'IIIH H .lIltl. 3T0H io p i ie / iH K u n u . Ì I a x o « H C b B ìo p i i c f l i iK i i i i i i B i i a i m c K o r o o u i i c K o n a , t o m c s m u m 01111 6 u . n i n o f lH i i i i c i iu — 'l e p e . i n oep eflC T B O B i i f l im c K o r o e r m c K o r ic T B a , n o f l j i e w a m e r o ì o p i i c - f lH K q im o x p i i f l C K o r o e n i ic K o n c T B a , o x p i ia c K O M y a p x i i e r m c K o n c T B y . y K a 3 a i m e , h t o l o p i i c - A itu m iH o x p u j i c .K o r o a p x i i e iu ic K o n c T B a p a c n p o c T p a n n e T C H 11 H a B a j ia x o B , i ip o w i in a r o m i i x n o Bceii B o . i r a p i n i , „ n iu ib n o flH o p K iiB a e T t o , « i t o (Jm K T im ecK it c y m o c T B O B a jio . CaM O 3 b » ih u g a p x iie iiH C K O n a o x p i i f l c K o r o y K a 3 U B a o T , b c b o » o > ie p e ,ib , h t o iopH C fliiK iiH H n o c j i e f l i i o r o p a c u p o c T p a i iH J ia c b 11 u à O T ^ e ;n ,i [u e T c p p i iT o p i n i k c e B e p y o t / ( y u a a . E r o T ir r y ji 3 B y q u i : « a p x i i e im c K o n io cT H in ia t t c K o ìi f lp i iM M , C e p S m i 11 B o a r a p i m , A j i S a m m , M a K e f l o m m , 3 a n a f l i i o r o I lo H T a h flpynix KpaeB...» ( D . O n c iu l , yK a3 . c o i . , c r p . 9 2 ) . I l o ; ; f l p y n i M i i K p a n M ii n o ; i p : i 3 y M e n a .T iicb , n o B H fliiM O M y , o f i j ia c T i i k c e B e p y o t J J y u a fi . T e c i ib ie p e J iiir ii0 3 H M 0 CBH311 c k » k h m m f ly H a o M , e B o j i r a p i i e i i , 3 a p o a i iB iu i ie c H e m e b o B p cM e n a H e p B o r o 6 o ; i r a p c K o r o n a p c T B a 11 P a3B iiB aBuiH CCH b TO M eim e A-’iH T e .'ib n o ro n e p i i o f l a , B iu iO T b f lo M O M eiiT a , K o r ^ a k c e B e p y o t f ly H a H y ip e w a a e T C H co 6 cT B 0 H H o e e n n c K o n c T B o , cJ iyH taT o 6 t .h c h o h h o m T o r o (jia K T a , h t o K H m K H O ca a B H iicK iiii h 3 h k TaK n p o iH O V K o p e i iH . 'ic a b n a m e f l n e p K B it , a no3H < e •— h b r o c n o f l a p c K o f i K a n n e - 'ia p ir n . H e cM O T p n H a y n o p n y i o n p o n a r a u a y KaTO JiiiKO B, h m n e y ^ a j i o c b ; i o ó i iT b c ; i T o r o , h t o 6 m KiiHHCHOcjiaBHHCKHii !i3 U K 6 h j i 3 1 M en e ii j ia T iii icK H M , 6 o j i e e 6.TH3KHM n o c T p y K T y p e K p y m biHCKOMy H 3H K V ( c m . TaKH to D . O n c iu l , I s to r ia vech e a ro m in ilo r , C T p . 8 8 11 C J ie f l .) .

1 1. B A R N E A , E lcm en te d e cu ltu ra m a ter ia ta v ech e ru sea scà s i o r i e n ta l i in apezarea feu d a là (s e c o le le X — X I I ) de la D in o g e t ia ( r e g iu n e a G a la ti ) , B S trid ii f i r e fe ra te p r iv in d is to r ia R o m ln ie i , I, B u e ., 1954, c t P . 2 0 6 ; E r o Hte, R e la ti i le d in tre a$ezarea de la R is e - r icu {a G a r v à n ? i B iz a n f in se c . X — X I I , b « S tu d ii si cerce tà ri d e istorie v e ch e », IV , nr. 3— 4 , 1953, C T p . 643.

2 A N A C O M N E N A , A le x ia d a , b C o rp . S cr ip t . H is t . B y z . , IV , 14, B on n , 1839.3 M . A T T A L I A T E S , H is to r ia , b C o rp . S cr ip t . H is t . B y z . , B on n , 1853, C T p. 204.

538

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1 N . B À N E S C U , Les duchés byzantins de Parislrion ( Paradounavon) et de Bulgarie, B u e ,, 1946, CTp. 101.

2 Istoria Romlniei, I I , C T p .. 50.3 § T . ijT E F A N E S C U , Relalii romino-bulgare in prima jumàtate a sec. al X lII-lea ,

b roG iw eH H O M c 6 o p n i i K e , n 0 CBHin,eHH0 M a n a ;(e M iiK y K O H G T A H T H IiE C K y -} I III Li b CBH3H C e r o CeMIIfteCHTHJieTUCM (B UO'iaTH).

4 Documente privind istoria Rominiei, B. Tara Romineascà, veac. X I I I , X I V si X V , (1247— 1500), B u c u r e ft i, 1953, C T p .. 1— 5.

539

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3KOHOMIIHOCK1IÌÌ paCUBCT K)>I\HOKapnaTCKHX OÒJiaCTCIÌ — 0Tpa3IIBUIIIHCH B IIHTCHCHBHOM flCHOJKHOM ofiopOTO — II 6opb6a pyMblHCKIIX nOJIHTIIUOCKHX o6pa30BaHiuì npoTiiB TaTap, npiiBe;in k noJiiiTHuecKOMy yKpenjiCHnio 3thx 06pa30BaHHÌi. B pe3yjibTaT0 araro, bo BTopoü noJioBiiHe, X I I I b . ohii CTaJIH npOHBJIHTb TCHfleHflllH, npHHHBIHIie $OpMy BOOpyjKeHHOH ÔopbÔH, K BH XOf ly H3 nofl BCHrepCKOrO CK)3CpCHIITCTa*.

1 Documente privind istoria Rominiei, B. Tara Romineascä, eeac. X I I I , X IV fi X V , C T p. 7.

540

ri3M0HCHHH, n p o iic m e flin u e b M eacflyH apoflH on oßcT aitoB K o b k o h h cX I I I b . , n p iiB e jin k HOBOMy yK penJicH iiio OTHomeHirii MeiKfly bo>kähm ii p y - m h h c k h x nojiiiTiiHC'CKiix 0 6 p a 3 0 B a n n n ii E o jira p cK iiM rocy^ a p cT B O M . K p iia n c , B cnH XH yBim iH b T a T ap cK oö H M nepm i b 1299 r . nocJie cM e p ra H c r a a , h CBH3H, K O Topw c n o iw e p a a iB a ji e r o noÖ ofliiT eJib , x a n T oK T a ii, c ßojirapcK H M itapeM CßHTOcJiaBOM, yÖHBiuuM H a K y , c u n a H o r a « , oßecneHHJra ycJ ioB im fljiH pacranpeH K H BJiacTH ö o ji r a p c K o r o i;a p n k co B e p y o t f l y H a a , 11 n acT H ocT ii, b ycT bH X 3Toi”i peK H . BajKHefiiuiiM «JiaKTopoM, cnocoöcT B O B aB m iiM y c n e x y CßHTOCJiaBa, 6bi.no HenpoM Hoe n o jiiiT iiH ecK oe noJiOH ieim e b BOHrepcKOM KopoJieBCTBe n ocJ ie CMepTii n o c jie f lu e r o HacJieflHHKa flim a cT iin A p n a fla , h t o n o 6 y ji ,i« io (JieoflajibHhie sJieMeHTM T c p p iiT o p n ii k c c B e p y o t ^ y n a n iip n OTCyTCTBIlII IIOMOIHH CO CTopOHbl IIX CK)3epeHa , COTpyflHH'iaTb C ÖOJirapCKHMu,apcM , CHiiTan e r o cb oh m crosepcH O M 1. B upoiiaB eflC H ini A n on iiM H oro r e o r p a - $ a — D e s c r ip t io E u r o p a e O r ie n ta l is , HanncaiiHOM b 1 3 08 r . , o (JoJirapcKOM r o c y f la p c r B e c o c t o j i i ih o h b BiiflMHe CKa3aHO, h t o e r o T ep p H T op n io n e p e c c - Kana n ocepcA iiH O peK a /J y H aii (p e r m e d iu m is t iu s im p e r ii t r a n s i t D a n u ­b iu s f l u v i u s ) 2.

CoBepmeHHO ohcbh^ho , mto k ynoMfmyToii /jaTe BJiacTb n a p « pacn po- CTpaHHJiacb ii Ha ceBep o t flyH aa . 0 BJiaflbinecTBe nap si CßHTocJiaBa ua^ TeppHTopiiiiMii flyHaiicKoro JieBo6 epe>Kbii yuoMimaioT 11 reHyascKHe hctohhhkh . B 1314 r . (^paHHHCKaHCKHH MHCCiiOHep 6 biJi yßiiT 6 oJirapaMn b M aypoKa- cTpo (BeJiropo^ flHecTpoBcm m )3; b Tex w e MecTax b 1316 rosy 6 ujih orp aß - JieHH KaKne-To reHy33HM JUOflbMii iiMnepaTopa cPeflHKcajiyca (CBnTocJiaBa)4 .

nocJie CMopTii CßHTOCJiaBa, b pe3yjibTaTeyflapoB, HaHeceHHUX TaTapaMH, u pa3 flpo6 jicH iiH BHyTpcHHux (jicoflajibHbix CH.TI, BJiacTb CoJirapcKoro rocyflapcTBa naß T ep p H T op n efi k ceBcpy ot flyHan iipcKpain,aeTCH.

B y cT b e ¿ J y i ia a , Ha lo r e M oji^aBHH h ceB epo-B ocT O K e B a J ia x im o ce fla cT r p y n n a m o h t o j io b , oTfleJiiiBinaacH o t 3 o j i o t o h O p flb i, H3BCCTHan b b h 3 3 h - THHCKIfX HCTOHHIIKaX nOft HMOHCM 3adl)HaÜCKUX CKUCß06 H npeflCTaBJIHBHiafl nocTO H H uyio y r p o 3 y flJia H am u x 3eM eJib. T a T a p cK o e BJiaflbinecTBo b y cT b e AyHaH ynoMiiHaeTCH nocJie CMepTii CnaTOCJiana b p a ^ e hctohhhkob. H a «JK h th h c b . IloaHa h o b o t o » h 3 b c c t h o , m to o h 6m ji y6nT b BeJiropofle J J h cb - CTpoBCKOM TaTapaMH b 1 3 30 r . s , a reHyaacKHH flOKyMeiiT ot 22 HHBapn 1343 r . yK aabiB acT n a p eK y B im iiH a , b y cT b e /JyH a«, nan Ha a anaflH y io h c e B e p n y io rpaH H HH T aT ap cK oii H iinepnH Y sS e K a 6 .

IIoJIHTHTOCKHH KpH3HC B ÖOJirapCKOM H BeHTCpCKOM TOCyflapCTBaX h TaTapcKan yrpo3a onpefleJiH.nu h ycK opujm CHJioHCHiie rojKHO-KapnaTCKHX

1 B . T . C lM P I N A , Intemeierea domniei feudale in Tara Romineascà, C om u n icare (.m uta in ca d ru l sesiunii §tiin^ifice a A ca d . R .P .R . d in 26 sep t. 1957 ; Istoria Romtniei, I I , C T p . 163.

2 G . P O P A -L IS S E A N U , lsvoarele isloriei romtnilor, v o l . I I , B u e ., 1934, ex p . 27.3 P . G . G O L U B O V IC H , Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente

Francescano, I I , c t P . 72.4 Docilmente privind istoria Rominiei, veaeul X I I I , X I V f i X V . B. Tara Romi­

neascà C T p. . 9.5 N . I O R G A , Chilia f i Cetatea Albà, B u e ., 1900, C T p. 37.6 B E L G R A N O , Documenti riguardanti la colonia genovese di Pera, Atti della Soc.

ligure di Storia pairia, X I I I , 1877, CTp. 304.

541

4)coflanoB BOKpyr o^Horo 113 hhx, BacapaGa, KOTopbiii 3aji0H<HJi ochobh caMOCTOHTCJibHoro $eoflajibHoro rocyflapcTBa — B a jiax iu i. Tpe3Ban bhgih- hhh nojiHTHKa, KOTopyio npoBOflHJi oh, cnocoGcTBOBaJia p o c T y npccTHjKa cTpaHbi b MOKflynapoflHOM njiaHc; k ee noMom,n CTajin npuSeraTb b pa3- pcmeHHH Ba>KHbix noflHTHHecKHX npoSiieM. B 1323 r . B acapaS noMoraJi Hapio Mnxaw.ny b 6 opb 6 e npoTHB Bii3aHTHH. B jictoiihch M . KaHTaKy3 imo roB op iiT C H , h to fioJirapbi noJiyHHJin SHaHiiTCJibHyio noMom,b c o CToponu y rp o - BajiaxoB1.

B nepnofl 1324— 1328 r r . B acapa 6 o^epw aji p «fl no6 efl Hap; TaTapaMH. TypeHKaH xpoHHKa E m epH CBiifleTCJibCTByeT o pacnmpeHHH BJia^eHHH B ajia- xhh k 1330 r . 3 0 caMoìi K hjihh2. B ycTbc ^yH an 11 ^ajiee k ceB epy, b tom Kpae, KOTopbtii coxpamiJi ero hmh b cbocm Ha3Bamm, B acapa 6 BoeBaji c 3aflyHaftcKHMH TaTapaMH h hoshhhhji iix cbociì BJiacra. B 1330 r . oh n on or SoJirapcKOMy ijapio b 6 opb6 c n p o T H B cepSoB, KOTopan, 0 flHaK0 , 3aKOHHH- Jiacb nopaniCHHCM co io 3Horo BoiicKa npn BeJib6 yji,Hie (KiocTeHflHJi)3. B oc - nonbaoBaBHiHCb Hcy^aMcfi pyMWH h GoJirap y BeJi6 y#H<a h He^oBOJibHbm tom, h to B acapa6 npiicoefliiHiui k BajiaxiiH HecK0JibK0 oSjiacTeii, npiiHa^- Jie>KaBHiHX eMy no npaBy, KOTopbie Ghjiii aHeKcnpoBaHbi B enrpnefi, BCHrep- ckhh KopoJib Kapji P oécpT , oceHbio 1330 r . npe^npiiHUMaeT KapaTejibHHH noxoA npoTHB BacapaSa b BaJiaxaio. K aii H3BecTHo, n oxo# 3 t o t 3 aKOHHi«icH KpynHoii n o 6 efloii boììck B acapa 6 a y Iloca^bi. 9Ta noSc^a 3 aKpemiJia caMo- cTOHTejtbHoe nojiHTmtecKoe cymecTBOBaHiie B a.iaxim (IJapa P om h h h ci« )4 .

B o BpeMH npaBJiCHHH noc«eflOBaBinnx ro cn o ^ a p eii, b cobm ccthoh 6opb6e npoTHB TypoK cm e 6oJibnic yKpeniiJiiicb cbh3ii pyMUHCKoro HapoflH c io>kho- cjiaBHHCKHMn HapoflaMH. IlocJie Toro KaK M/KHOCJiaBHHCKiie napo/ja no^najiH 1103 BJiaflbraecTBo T yp oK , pyMHHCKHH H apofl, Hpofloji/Kaa coxpaHHTb cboio rocy^apcTBCHHyio opraH H 3annio, nen3MCHHo noflflepHtiiBaJi h x HaHHOHaJib- Hbie yCTpt'MJIGHHH.

1 C A N T A G U Z IN O , Historiarum, I , B o n n , 1 8 2 8 , CTp. 1 7 5 ; Istoria Romìniei, II C T p. 1 5 1 .

2 Istoria Romìniei, I I , CTp. 151..’ Hcmopun na B-bAsapua, I , Cocjmn, 1961, C T p . 222.4 Istoria Rominiei, I I , CTp. 153— 154.