3KCIIPECCHBHOCTb 3JIEMEHTOB CJIABHHCKOrO

nPOHCXCm/JEHHH B PYIMblHCKOM HiblKE

3MMJIB BPAEM E

rio fl CJIOBOM 3KCrtpeCCU6H0Cmb B AaHHOM COOÔmeHHH riOHHMaeTCH TOT cne- UH(J)HHecKHH KBaHTyM (J)yHKUH0 HajibH0 -a(|)cl)CKTHBii0 H npHpoAbi, KoropbiH conpo- BoacjiaeT, b t o h hjih hhoh Mepe, pa3JTHHHbie snwKOBbie ajieMeHTbi hjth npHëMbi, pa3JTHMaa hx b cth jihcthhcckom njiaHe o t hx mhcto KOHueriTyajTbubix chhohhm ob.

rioHHM aeM aa KaK cen3yK>man KCtmezopun, a3biKOBaa 3KcripeccMBHOCTb HMeeTB OCHOBe CBOeÜ 0nn03uifw 0 M O K ^ y flB yM H (HJIH HeCKOJIbKHMH) C O C ym eC T B ylO IH H M HjiH H rB iicTH H ecK H M H cpe/iCTBaM H . J leKCH H ecKaa h j ih rp a M M aT H H ecK aa ynm aA bH ocm b npezinojraraiOT, KaK npaBHJio, cTHjincTHHecKyio HeíiTpajibHOCTb1. B caMOM flejie, KaK 6bi h h 6bijiH o h h fleücTBHTejibHbi, a([)c[)eKTHBHbie c o c t o h h h h , koTopw e npoôyac- aa io T y OTflejibHbix j ih h TepMHHbi 6e3 KOHiiemyajibHbix c h h o h h m o b , ÆOjmHbi 6biTb B npH H U H ne OT/iejieH b l OT JlHHrBHCTHHeCKOH 3KCnpeCCHBH0CTH, nOCKOJIbKy B

n o jio 6Hb[X cjiynaax / lyw eB H b ie c o c t o h h h s i h pacnojioaceHH», B03HHKaiomneB CBH3H c JWHHblMH H3bIK0BbIMH npHCMaMH (HanpHMep, C TepMHH3MH, 060-3HaHaiOLHHMH noM cap, m e o d u e n u e , za m p e n y h t . n . ) , b aeHCTBHTejibHOCTH 3aBH- c h t o t ([¡aKTopoB xapaKTepa BnejinnrBHcrHMecKoro, a h m c h h o , o t HHflHBHflyajib- Hbix, cyôbeKTHBHbix npeflCTaBJieHHii flaHHHX j ih h 06 o6o3HaieHHbix ripe^MCTax HJIH HBJieHHHX.

B KanecTBe h b j ic h h h , HM eiom ero ofibe ianue iiy io 3 nm uM O cm b, JiHiirBHCTHHecKaa 3KcnpeecHBHOCTb MO'A'eT 6 b iT b oxBaneHa h onpeaejiena nyrëM cneHHaJibHbix npn- c m o b HccjiejiOBaHHH, npejuiojiaraïoiHHX onpeaejiënnyio MeTO/iojiorHio, 060CH0BaH- Hyio B COBpeMeHHOH CTHJTHCTHKe UlapjieM EajIJIH2.

rjiaBHbiii nyTb, peKOMeHflyeMbiîi aceHeBCKHM JiHHrBHCTOM ansí T o ro , h t o ô m

060ÍÍTH, HJIH XOTSI 6bl flOBeCTH flO MHHHMyMa, Cy6"beKTHBH3M B HCCJieflOBaHHHX (J>yHKUHOHajibHbix CTHjieü, 3aKJiK)HaeTca b udennni(puKaifuu c t h j ih c t h h c c k h Map-

1 V i l é m M a t h e s i u s , R eí, a sloh (fhbiK u cmujib), b côophhkc ÎIpaoiccKuü numeuemu- uecKuù KpyMcoK, MocKaa, 1967, CTp. 461 ; J. C a s a r e s , Introducción a la lexicografía moderna, M adrid, 1950; pyeex. nepeBoa: Beedenue e coapeMeHnyio .leKCUKoepaftwo, MocKBa, 1958, CTp. 119.

2 Cm., b nepByio onepeab, C h . B a l l y , Traité de stylistique française, Paris — Genève, 1950, pyccK. tiepeBoa: <t>panifyiCKan cmu.iucmuxa, MocKBa, 1961, <rrp. 128 h ap.

44 3MHJIb BPAEHE 2

KHpOB3HHbIX npnéMOB no OTHOUieHHK) K HX HHCTO KOHHenTyaJIbHblM 3KBHBajieH- TaM. 3 t o t cn oco 6 npeacTaBjiaeT, iiomhmo Beerò n p o ie ro , t o npemnymecTBO, mto oh MoaceT 6 biTb npHMeHéH b HCCJiejioBaHHH ecjiH He Bcex, to , bo bchkom cjiynae, caMbix BaacHeHiuHX h caMbix pa3jiHHHbix ran o B jiHHrBHCTHHecKOH SKcnpec-CHBHOCTH.

H n * e Mbi nonbiTaeMCH BbiHBHTb HeK0T0pbie SKcnpeccHBHbie ocoG chhocth pyMbiHCKHX 3JieMeiiTOB cjiaBHHCKoro npoHcxoacaeHHa, cjieaya, b onpeaejiéHHOìi Mepe, nyTH, HaMeneHHOMy III. EajuiH.

I. 3 KcnpeecHBH0CTb, 0CH0BaHHan uà (Jjohcthhcckhx onno3HiiHHx

3 t o t THn, BCTpenaioujiHHca, 6 e3ycjiOBHO, bo Bcex HaTypajibHbix A3biKax, co - CTOHT B 0 n n 03HHHH MOKJiy CTHJTHCTHHeCKH HeìlTpajlbHblM (j)OHeTHHeCKHM BapH- aHTOM h e ro ycTapeBiuHM BapwaHTOM, TeppHTopHajibHbiM hjih counajibHbiM. B . M aTe3nyc npHBOjiHT HecKOJibKO nofloGHbix o n n o 3HijHH H3 coBpeMeHHoro neuicKO- ro fl3biica : cichat «H ioxaTb » (HeìiTpajibHoe) — cuchat (By jibrapH oe), student «CTy- ZieHT» (neH Tpajib iioe) — student (n ap o ^n o e h jinajieKTHoe), autor «a B T op » (Heii- TpajibHoe) — auKtor (nejiaHTH iHoe) h zip.1.

P a a c jiob coBpeMeHHoro pyMbiHCKoro jiHTepaTypHoro «3biKa npeacTaBjraeT TOT >Ke THn 0nn03HHHÌÌ. Cpe^H HHX HeKOTOpbie flBJI5HOTCH JieKCHHeCKHMH 3aHMCTBO- BaHHHMH y cnaBHH. HanpHMep, pyMbiHCKoe jiHTepaTypHoe cjiobo a pofti «xoT eT b », «n p H m a u ia T b », «CTpacTHO acejiaTb» npoTHBonocTaBJiaeTca òoHeTHTCCKOMy BapnaH- Ty a pohti, HMeiomeMy SKcnpeccHBiibiH npHBKyc ycTapejiocTH2.

IlHcaTejiH nacTO npnGeraioT k noao6nbiM SKcnpeccHBHbiM pecypcaM H3biKa, flocTHraa HHoraa Gojikhihx xyaoacecTBeHHbix scjxjjeicTOB. Cp. (Jjohcthmcckhh apxaH3M prav (BMecTO coBpeMeHHoro praf «n b u ib ») H3 H3BecTHbix CTHxoTBopeHHÌi M n xaH - jia 3 MHfiecKy 3nuzoubi h Memento mori3.

E ojiee HOBbie, a raK»ce HOBeiiiuHe saHMCiBOBannji, BomejnuHe b pyMbiHCKHH H3bIK H3 flpyTHX H3HKOB KHH5KHbIM nyTeM, He HMejIH B OCHOBHOM yCJIOBHH flJIH pa3- BHTHH (J)OHeTHHeCKHX 0Iin03HUHH, nopOJKflaiOIHHX OTTeHKH apxaHHHOCTH HJIH ycTapejiocTH.

I I . AKycTHHecKan 3KcnpeecHBKOCTb

3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 Jipyrnx 83biK0 B HHorfla coaepacaT Hoebie 3eyKu hjih 3sy- K ocou em a n u fi, nocTpoeHHbie n eo 6 biHHbiM cnocoSoM ¿yia H3biKa, KOTopbiii hx npH- HHMaeT. P e f l K o c T b h jih h e o 6 br h h o c t b (¡joneTHiecKOH cy6cTaHUHH 3aHM- CTBOB3HHH COCTaBJiaeT HeOCnopHMblH HCTOHHHK SKCnpeCCHBHOCTH. 3 t o BnojiHe 0 6 bacnHM 0 b ncHX0Ji0 rH 4ecK0 M njiaHe (c iopnpH 3 , yaoBOjibCTBHe h t . n. no o th o - uieHHio ko BceMy, h to He ABJiaeTca npHBbiHHbiM, «H opM ajibH biM »). IIojiaBJiaioinee óojibuiHHCTBO roBopam HX He OTflaèT ce6 e OTMéTa b npHHHHe nyBCTBa, KOTopoe oho

1 V. M a t h e s i u s , yi<a3. paóoma, CTp. 463.2 D L = Dic(ionarul lim bii romàne literare contemporane, I — IV, Bucurejti, 1955 — 1957;

cm. Ili, 483.3 Cm. o 6 3TOM L. G à 1 d i, Stiliti poetic al lui M iha il Eminescu, Bucurejti, 1964, CTp, 130—

131. O flpyrHX stfc^sKTax (JjOHeTmecKHX onno3nunii TaKoro po/ia cm. I o r g u I o r d a n , Sti­listica lim bii romàne, Bucure?ti, 1944, crp. 39.

3 3 KCnPECCHBHOCTb CJ1ABHHCKHX 3JIEMEHT0B B PyM bIHCKOM «ib lKE 45

HcnbiTbiBaeT, cn ym aa hjih npoH3Hoea t o hjih MHoe aicycTHHecKH HenpHBbiHHoe hjih «H m e p e c H o e » c jio b o . T a tc o ro p o a a 3KcnpeccHBHOCTb MoaceT, oan aK o , 6biTb Bbia- BJieHa n y T ë M B H H M a T e jib H o ro aHajiH3a (J)OHeTH4ecKOH CTpyKTypbi / lan n b ix jieKCH- MecKHX 3JievieHTOB H a (J)OHe a3M Ka b u ejioM .

H e K O T o p b ie 3JieM eH Tbi c jia B a H C K o ro n p oH cxo )K ,a eH iia b pyM biHCKOM snbiKe

o Ô J ia a a io T n o a o Ô H o r o p o ^ a o c o ô c h h o c t h m h . Taie, H a n p H M ep , H a3BanHe p b i6 b i

B arbusfluvia tilis — mreanâ « y c a n » — 3ByMHT / y ia M H o ra x p yM b iH o c oG b iM 0Ô p a3 0M ,

ô j ia r o z ia p j i , k o h cm h o , H a n a jib H O M y coneTanHio c o r j ia c H b ix m r-, H eoôb iH H O M y b

s jie M e H T a x , y u a c jie a o B a H H b ix pyM biH CKH M h 3 m k om H3 J iaTH H C K oro1 h O TcyTCTByK )-

meMy B 3aHMCTBOBaHHHX H3 flp y rH X a3bIKOB. fle íiCTBH TeJIbH O , B COBpeMeHHOM py­MbiHCKOM U H T ep a ryp H O M a3b iK e cymecTByeT eufë mojibKO oduo cnoao c s t o í í aK y-

C T H 4 ecK o ii o e o è e H H o e T b K ) — m reajâ «n e B O / i» — , h o h o T o a ce cjiaBsincKoro n p o -

H cxo>KaeH H a. B n p o n e M , s t o B T O p oe c j io b o n p ea cT a B J ia eT ¿ y ia pyM b iH e m ë B b icu iy io

c r e n e H b a K ycT H H ecK o ii HeoôbiH H O CTH , TaK KaK ([lOHeTHTCCKHH KOM njieKC — ç à z )

yHHKaJieH B COBpeM eHHOM J lH TepaTypH O M a3bIK e2. 3 T 0 , B ep oaT H O , H e n 0 C0 6 cTB 0 -

Bajio — H a p a a y co c m m c jio m c jiO B a — e r o HacTiiovty ynoTpe6jienHK) b cpaB H e-

h h s x h KO H TeKCTax n ep eH O C H oro 3H aneH H a, oG b iiH O n osTH n ecK H X (c m . DL, III, 1 3 5 ). E r o K O H u en Tya jib H b iH c h h o h h m , plasâ, TaKace cjiaB H H C K oro n p o H c x o a m e n H a ,

aK ycTH H ecK H ô a H a jib H b r ii ana c j iy x a p yM b iH (c p . plâcea, plâcintâ, plai, plâpînd, p le­ca, p lim ba h a p . H3 y H a c jie ^ o B a H H o ro J iaTH H C K oro (J)OHfla, k KOTOpbiM n o 3 * e npn- coeflHHMHCb MHorne 3aHMCTBOBaHHa pa3JiH4Horo npoHcxoac^enHa), aa>KC e c jin

n o fl> ia c h B C T p en a eT ca b cp aB H eH H ax h KOHTeKCTax c nepeH O CH biM 3HaiieHHeM, b o c -

npH H H M a e T c a KaK 3H aM H Tejib iio M eH ee SKcnpeccH BH biH .

I I I . 3 K c n p e c c H B H 0 C T b , ociioBaiiua i na Mopÿo lo r H n e c K H x o i i i i o í h u h h x

Mop4>ojiorHa pyMbiHCKoro a3biKa hocht ucjm kom poMatiCKHii xapaKTep. EflHHCTBeHHbie sjieMeHTbi HHoro (cjiaBaHCKoro) npoHcxo»cAeHHa b Moptj)ojiorHH coBpeMeHHoro pyMbiHCKoro jiHTepaTypHoro a3biKa sto 3BaTej]bHbiii naae>K na -o h aôcojnoTnaa npeBocxoflHaa CTeneiib hm èh npm iaraTejibHbix h HapeHHH, oôpa- 30BaHHaa c npHCTaBKoii prea-. 0 6 a sth 3JieMeHTa o6jia/iaiOT flonojiHHTejibHbiM

1 SKCnpeCCHBHblM OTTeHKOM.

1. 3BaTe^bHaa 4>opMa Ha -o hmôh cymecTBHTejibHbix «eH CKoro po^a aBiio om y- THMa b COBpeMeHHOM H3biKe ôyayHH ôo jiee sKcnpeccHBHOH, weM eë chhohhmh- necKaa 4>opMa Ha -a, c o 6 c tb c h h o pyMbiHCKoro npoHcxoa<jieHHa. Ee3ycji0BH0, s to oôbacHaeTca, xoTa 6bi nacTHMiio, eë o6o3HaneHHeM cneuHaJibHbiM OKOHnanneM, He BCTpenaiom HM ca b pyMbiHCKoii M op^ojiorH H . 3B3Te;ibHbie tjjopMbi THna bun ico! npHHaa^ejKaT ceroflH a b oco ôch h oc th k pa3roBopno-(j)aMHJibapHOMy a3biKy, b t o BpeMa KaK c¡)opMbi THna bunleâ! aBJiaiOTca xapaKTepHbiMH ann ôo jiee BbicoKoro

S CTHjia a3biKa3.

1 JIaTHHCKK0 H3bIK H COBpeMeHHbie 3anaflHOpOMaHCKHe H3MKH He HMeiOT CJIOB C Hanajlb-

h w m 3ByKoco<ieranneM mr-, HanpoTHB, b cJiaBSHCKHX jnbisax o h o BCTpenaeTcn b o MHorwx

ciiynaux, OTKyna ero aicycTHiecKan He3KcnpeccHBHOCTb.

2 C * . oâpiTHsiü c iioa ipb pyMbiHCKoro snbiKa: Dicjionar invers, Bucureçti, 1960, CTp. 96.3 I o r g u I o r d a n , V a l e r i a G u t u - R o m a l o , A l e x a n d r u N i c u l e s c u ,

Structura m irfologici a Umbii române contemporane, Bucureçti, 1967, CTp. 98. ^

46 3MMJIb BPAEHE 4

2. AGcojiioTuaH npeBOCxo/iHan cTenenb HMéH npHJiaraTeJibHbix h napeHHÍí co- BpeMeHHoro pyMbiHCKoro JiHTepaTypHoro a3bnca o6pa3yeTca aHajiHTHnecKH, c no- M om bio HapeHHH foarte «oneH b», yHacjie/ioBaim oro H3 jiaTHHCKoro forte. 3 t o t npwéM BocnpHHHMaeTCíi KaK HeñxpajibHbiií c toh k h 3peiiHsi cth jihcthhcckoh . B npo- THB0n0Ji0acH0CTb eMy, pa/i HMéH npnjiaraTejibHbix h Hapennií b jiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe o6pa3yK)T CHHTeTHiecKyfo a6cojnoTH yio npeBocxo/iHyio CTeneHb npn no- m oluh npncTaBKH cjiaBAHCKoro npoHcxo)KAeHHH prea-: preabun, «n peaoG pw H », preacinstit «npeHecTHbiìi», preacurat «npc-iHCTbiñ», preacuvios «npe6jiaroMecTHBbiH», preafericit «npecHacTJiHBbiH», preaiubit «npenK>6HMbiH», preainfelept «npepa3yM Hbrii» h „ap.1. 3 t h h hm rio/io6itbie 06pa30BaHHa, nacTO obiTOBaBiiine b pyMbiHCKOM «3bi- Ke b npou ijib ie BeKa (ruaBHbiM o6pa30M b ShGjichckom c i HJie2) BocnpHHHMaiOTCH cero^HH KaK Hapounwe h ycrapcBLUHe3 h, Ha s to h ochobc, ynoTpeSjia ioTca b ca- MblX pa3JIH4HbIX 3MOIIHOI¡ajTblIO-3KCnpeCCHBHbIX XyflOJKeCTBeHHblX H HHbIX UCJMX, K0T0pbie M oryT BapbupoBaibca o t SoroH ecraa a o npoHHH, HacMeuiKH h H3ACsa- TejibCTBa.

IV . 3KcnpeccHBH0£Tb, ocHOBaimafl uà c.i0B00Óp.i30BaTe:ibiibix oimoiHUHax

C xoflOM BpeMenH pyvrbnibr HanajiH oT^ejiaTb npHCTaBKH h cy<j)<j>HKCbi ot m ho- roHHCJTeHHbix jieKCHnecKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH cjiaBAHCKoro npoHcxoacfleHHH h yno- Tpe6.T«Tb hx c uejib io (JjopMHpoBaHHH coScTBeHHbix cjioB KaK ot ochob, yuacueao- BaHHblX H3 JiaTHHCKOrO H3bIKa, TaK H OT OCHOB HHOrO npOHCXO»CfleHHH4. HeKOTOpbie H3 3THX 06pa30BaHHÍÍ C ac|)(J)HKCaMH CJiaBaHCKOrO npOHCXOHCfleHHH HMeiOT B co- BpeMeHHOM pyMbIHCKOM H3bIKe CHHOHHMbI, C KOTOpbIMH BCTynaiOT B 0nn03HI];HH, nopoacflaiom He 3KcnpeccHBHocTb. M o l i l o BbiflejiHTb ABe ocHOBHbie KaTeropHH :

1) yMCHbiuHTejibHbie 06pa30BaHHa co cjiaBHHCKHMH cy(])(j)HKcaMH h 2) apyrne 06pa30BaHHa c TaKHMH cy(j>4>HKcaMH.

1. yMCHbiuumenbHbie o6pa3oeamn. M0p<J)0Ji0rHHecKaa KaTeropna yMeiibmn- TejibHOCTH (KaK h yBejiHMHTejibHOCTH) ne aBJiaeTca caMa no ce6e SKcnpeccHBHOH. HanpHMep, icaK npaBHjibHO 3aMeTHJi X . Kacapec, no cpaBHeHHio c HcnaHCKHM tazo «naiHKa» yMeHbuiHTejibHaa (JjopMa tacita 03HanaeT «MeHbiuaa laurea», a tazón «6ojibiuaa nauiKa» — 6e3 flonojiHHTejibHbix SKcnpeccHBHbix o ttchkob5. TaK ace o6cToax /iena h c 6ojTbiiiHM mhcjiom pyMbiHCKHX yMeHbuiHTeJibHbix cjiob, 06pa30- BaHHblX C nOMOIUbJO pa3JIHHHblX Cy(f)<f)HKCOB. B COBpeMeHHOM pyMbIHCKOM a3bIKe cymccTByioT, oanax'o, HeKOTopbie yMeHbuiHTejibHbie 06pa30BaHHa c cyc|x|)MKcaMH cjiaBaHCKoro nponcxoaczieHHa, KOTopbie npeflCTaBJiaioT hchto Gojibuiee, neM npo- CToe yMeHbuieHHe pa3MepoB cooTBexcTByFomux npeflMeTOB6. TaK, frunzisoarà o6o3iiaMaeT b COBpeMeHHOM pyMbIHCKOM a3biKe TOJibKO «frunza m ica» ( = «Ma-

1 D L , III, 537-538.2 O « 6n6neficKOM» crane, cm. HHace m. VII, nyHKT 4.5 I o r g u I o r d a n , V . G u f u - R o m a l o , A l . N i c u l e s c u , ym 3. pa6oma, CTp.112.4 O pyMbiHCKHX cy(J)(J)HKcax h npe(j)HKcax CjiaBaHCKoro npoHcxojKfleHHH cm. A l . R o s e t t i ,

Istoria lim bii romàne, III, Limbile slave meridionale (sec. V I — X I I ) , Bucurejti, 1962, cTp. 76 — 83.5 J. C a s a r e s , yxa j. paóoma, cip . 130.0 0 6 3tom flBueHHH cm. I o r g u l o r d a n, yxa i. paóoma, CTp. 174-176; cm. h F i o r i -

c a D i m i t r e s c u , N ote asupra relatiilor dintre diminutive f i augmentative in limba romàna, b c6. Omagiu lu i Iorgu Iordan, Bucuresti, 1958, CTp. 241-253.

5 3KCnPECCMBHOCTb CJIABflHCKMX CJ1EMEHTOB B PYMblHCKOM 5I3UKE 47

jieBi>KHÌi jiHCTOMeK»), -B t o BpeMsi KaK frunzulifà, c cy(|)(j)HKCOM c jiaB ancK oro n po - HcnoacaeiiHsi -ifà, 03naMaeT H em o 6 o jib m ee nevi «M a jieH bK n ii JiiicTOHeK» b SKcnpec- chbhom ariane, G ^ a ro a a p a TOMy, h to n o a s to ìì (})0pM 0H cjiobo H acro BCTpenaeTCH b H a p o / iH b ix no3TH4ecKHX npoH3BeaeHH5ix. C p . , H anpH M ep: Frunzà verde frunzulifà ,

Am avut o mindrulifà, §-am làsat-o sà mai creascà, M inte sa mai dobìndeascà1. TaKoro » e p o a a h onno3HUHH M eacay cucufor «M ajieH bK aa K yKyiuK a», n pocro -H a - ijH dcto yM eHbuiHTe^bHaa (jjopM a, h cuculef, c cy<|)(j)HKCOM cjiaBH H dcoro npoHcxo>K- flehnfl -<?/, — (J)op.via, nacTO BCTpenaiom aHca b HapoaHOH no33HH2.

[ PyMbiHCKne yMeHbuiHTeiibHbie 06pa30BaHHH c cy<})(J)HKcaMn oiaBHHCKoro npoHcxo*AeHHH cocTaB.riHtoT, BMecTe c /ipyrHMH yMeHbiiiMTejibHbiMH 06pa30Ba- hhsimh pyMbiHCKoro »3biKa, cjiojKHyio CHCTeMy onno3nuHfi, nopoac^aiomHx mnpo- R-yio raMMy 3KxnpeccnBHbix o ttch kob3.

: 3. Jfpyzue o6pa3oeamH c ey<fi(fiuKcaMU cjiaenHCKozo npoucxootcdenua. ByjieM CTOTaTb pyMbiHCKiie chhohhm m prefàcàtorie h prefàcanie « jin u e M e p n e », 06pa30BaH-

Hbie o t o jih o h m t o h 3Ke ocuoB bi prefac-, b nepBOM c jiyn ae c co6cTBennbiM cy(J)(j)HK-

com -àtor-ie*, a b o b to p o m — c cy4>(J)HKCOM cjiaBHHCKoro npoHCxoaaieHHH -dnier\ ilo cpaBHeHHio c prefàcàtorie (H e iiTp a jib H oe ) c jio b o prefàcanie om ym aeTCH cero/ iiia

KaK HeHTO ycTapeB m ee, n a p o a H o e h 3Mtj)aTHHecKoe. 3 t h SKcnpeccHBHbie aono jiH H -

TejTbUbie OTTeHKH o6T.CHaK»TCH TeM (J)aKTOM, HTO MHOrHe 06pa30BaHH» C AaHHblM

Cy(j)(j)HKCOM HBJISHOTCH B pyMblHCKOM »3b IKe UepKOBHbIMH TepMHH3MH. Jlwua, KOTO-

pue 3HaK)T o 6 a CHHOHHMa, c th x h h h o accou H H py ioT prefàcanie c «m h p o m » c jiob ,

OKaHMMBaiouiHxcH Ha -ànie, KO Topw e TaK nacTbi b cbh tm x nncaHMax, nepeBe^eH-

1IMX Ha pyMblHCKHH 93bIK CO CJiaBHHCKOrO. 3HaMeHaTejlbHbI B CBH3H C 3THM CBHflejIb-

<3na Oopamnoeo cAoeapn pyM biH CKoro ii3biKa, KOTopbie noKa3biBaK)T, h to H3 21

CiTOBa C 3THM Cy(})({>HKCOM 14 flBJIHIOTCH, B TOH HJIH HHOH M epe, UepKOBHbIMH Tep-

M iinaM H (afurisanie «ana(J)eMa», cazanie «n p on oB e flb », grijanie «npHHameHHe»,

impàrtàfanie «n p u n a cT H e », jelanie «ceT O B an n e», litanie «jiH T a m iJ i», màtanie «KOJie-

H onpeK jroH eH H e», pierzanie « r n ó e j ib » , pitràcanie «norpe6eHHe», propovedanie «n p o -

noBc^biBaH H e», sfe$1anie «o cB em eH H e», spovedanie «H en o B e flb », stràdanie «cTpa/ia-

H iie » ) , a 5 o6o3H aw aK )T ^khbothmx, BOcnpHHHMaeMbix c SMOUHOHajibHOH tohkh

3peiiHH (dihanie «ah kh h 3B epb », «n yaoB H U ie », ginganie «H aceK 0 M 0 e», jiganie, j¡ga ­ra nie «ahkhh npoTHBHbiH 3B epb», oràtanie «flOMauinaa n T H u a »)6.

‘ D r , T. U r b a n , A n d r e i B i r s e a n u , Doine } i strig&turi din Ardeal, Bucurejti, 1885, c t p . 99.

2 I o r g u I o r d a n , yxa i. padoma, CTp. 175.3 HiiTepecHue KOMMeHTapwH no 3T0M y noBoay conep'/KHT CTan>a JIhahh C([>bip/iH: L i d i a

S f i r 1 e a, Observajii asupra limbii f i stilului Jiganiadei lui Ion Budai-Deleanu, b c6 . De ¡a Varlaam la Sadoveanu. Studii despre limba f i stilul scriitorilor, E S P L A , Bucurejti, 1958, CTp. 153-154.

4 G . P a s c u, Sufixele romdnefti, Bucuresti, 1916, CTp. 127, 180 h cji.s Tom Mce, CTp. 225-226.6 Tax o6mcHHeTca h 3KcnpeccHBHOCTb 21-ro c/iOBa Ha -a n ie H3 UHTHpyeMoro o6paTHoro

CJiosapa, p a td ra n ie «HenpiWTHoe npHionoueHHe», a TaK>KC 3KcnpeccHBH0cn> ero chhohhm3 p a {a - nie, Koropuft 6bin ynymeH m cJioBapa.

48 3MMJIb BPAEHE 6

Y . 3KcnpeecHBH0CTb, ocHOBamiaa Ha JieKcnnecKHx oihio íh uhhx

CjiaBSHCKHe aaHMCTBOBaiiHH h hx np0H3B0AHbie BCTynaioT b 3HaHHTejn>Hoe KOJlHMeCTBO CHHOHHMHMeCKHX 0rm03HUHH, nOpO/KflaiOUIHX SKCnpeCCHBHOCTb1. Ca- MO COXpaHeHHe B pyMbIHCKOM JlHTepaTypHOM A3bIKe CTOJlb 3HaHHTeJlbHOrO 4HCJT3 cjiob cjraBKHCKoro ripoHcxoayieiiHH b ycjioBHax 6ypHoíí MOflepHH3auHH pyMbiHCKoií JieKCHKH nyTéM 3aHMCTBOBaHHÍt H3 JiaTHHCKOTO »3bIKa H H3 3ana/iHOpOMaHCKIiX jiHTepaTypHbix »3biK0B, hjih nyTéM co6cTBeHHbix o6pa30BaHHH no o6pa3uy nocjie;i- hhx flOJDKHO paccMaTpHBaTbca b 3HaHHTejibHOH Mepe KaK pe3yjibTaT hx cneuna- JlH3aUHH B nJiaHe 3KCnpeCCHBHO-CTHJIHCTH4eCKOM. r io6 eA a CTOPOHHHKOB Kpaíí- hhx B033peHHÍí Ha TaK Ha3biBaeMoe OHHmenHe pyMbiHCKoro H3biKa o t e ro Hepo- MaHCKHX 3JieMeHTOB — a 3 to GbijiH, b nepByio o^epeflb , cjiaBaHCKHe ajreMCHTbr — npHBeno 6bi, n0MHM0 Bcero npon ero , k e ro 3HaHHTejn>H0My oSeanenH io b njiaHe 3KcnpeccHBH0-CTHJiHCTH4ecK0M. IlpaBHjibHO 3aMeHaeT KapaKOCTH, h to b Tex cjiynaax, Kor.ua nncaTejiH c noHHMaHHeM Hcnojn>30BajiH HeojiorH3Mbi, ohh He npHBo- AHJIH K HCTC3HOBeHHK) HX ÓOJiee CTapblX CHHOHHMOB, a, HanpOTHB, noejreAHHe npn- o6pcTajin , G jiaro flapa cocymecTBOBaHHK) c hobmmh, ocoGyio BbinyKjiocTb, 3Hane- HHe HacTOJibKO Gojiee apKoe, HacKOJibKO ohh ocBeacanHOb coBpeMeHHbiMH BHÓpa- HHHMH, BnHTaeMbiMH hmh. Tan , «c jio b o ve$nic He CHHmiJiocb H3-3a pacnpocTpa- HeHHH H eo jio n o M a e te rn , noxtoGno TOMy KaK cjiobo ta in ic npnoGpeTajio HOByK) 3Ha- HHMOCTb 6jiaroflapsi cocymecrBOBanHro co cjiobom m is te rios » 2.

PaCCMaTpHBaeMbie B CBH3H C HX COBpeMeHHbIMH CHHOHHMaMH, He3aBHCHM0 o t T o ro , aBjiaioTCH ohh 6ojiee CTapbiMH h jih Sonee h obhm h , neM nocjie/iHHe, py- MbiHCKHe cnoBa cjiaBHHCKoro npoHcxoacfleHHa (h hx np0H3B0flHbie) npeflCTaBjiaior, C TOHKH 3peHH3 3KCnpSCCHBH0-CTHJIHCTH4eCK0H, OCHOBHbie KaTerOpHH:

1. TepMHHbi HeümpaAbHbie no cpaBHeHHio c hx CHHOHHMaMH 6onee CTapbiMH hjih 6ojiee hobm m h, CTHjiHCTHiecKH MapKHpoBaHHbiMH. TaK, H anpH M ep:

а) sarac «SeflHbiH» ( < cjiaB.) HBJiHeTCH neiÍTpajtbHbiM no cpaBHeHHio c ero ch- hohhm om neziaBHero npOHCXOHCAeHHH pauper (HeojiorH3M < JiaT), KOTopbiñ pac- CMaTpHBaeTCa KaK KHHHCHblH3 H 3B(J)CMHCTMHeCKHH.

б ) zapada «c H e r » (cTapoe 3aHMCTB0BaHH0e < cjiaB.) aBJiaeTca HeiÍTpajibHbiM no cpaBHeHHio c e ro chhohhm om nea (h3 yHacjieflOBaHHoro jiaTHHCKoro cfiotma), HMeiomHM xoacfleHHe b xy,zi;03KecTBeHH0H JiHTepaType KaK o6jiacTHoe h noflnac

nosTHHecKoe c jio bo 4.

1 IIpaBH ntH oe ripencTaBnenne o CHHOHHMax pyMMHCKoro « 3biKa, paccMaTpuBaeMbix c Tos­ían 3peHHa hx npoHCxo*aeHHa, flacT, c nepcneKTHBbi jieKCHKO-ceMaHTHTCCKOü, paGoTa G. M i h à i-1 a, ímprumuturi vechi sud-slave in timba romàna, Bucuresti, 1960, CTp. 255 — 261.Abtop pa3im- naeT neTbipe KaTeropHH CHHOHHMmecKHX onnoamiHM: 1) chhohhmw naTHHCKO-(<}>paKHiícKO- h T.n.) CJiaBHHCKHe (Hanp., pulbere — praf)', 2) CjiaBaHCKHe chhohhmm (Hanp., dihanie — jivina — gadina)', 3) chhohhmm CJiaBHHo-rpeiecKHe (Hanp., gradina — livadá), cnaBHHO-BeHrepcKHe (Hanp., ruda - neam), CJiaBMO-TypsiiKHe (Hanp., blid — farfurie); 4 ) chhohhmm CJiaBSH0-JiaTHHCK0-p0MaHCKHe (neojiorm viji) (Hanp. ostrov — insula, ulità — strada, a zidi — a construí).

2 D . C a r a c o s t e a , Expresivitatea lim bii romàne, Bucuresti, 1942, CTp. 344-348; cmo5 3TOM a T u d o r V i a n u , Probleme de stil si artà literará, Bucuresti, 1955, CTp. 16, 18 26, 35-37; G. I. T o h à n e a n u , Studii de stilistica eminescianá, Bucuresti, 1965, CTp. 91.

3 F l o r í n M a r c u , C o n s t a n t M a n e e a, Dictionar de neologisme, Bucuresti, 1966, CTp. 528; flanee — D N .

4 D L , III, 177.

7 3KCnPECCHBHOCTb CJ1AB51HCKHX 3 J I E M E H T O B B PVMblHCKOM H ìb IK E 49

2. TepMHHbi cmuAUCmmecKu MapKupoeamtbte no cpaBHeHHio c h\ chhohhm3mh- 6 ojiee cTapbiMH hjih Sojiee hobmmh, cth jihcthhcckh HeiÌTpajibHbiMH. TaK, HanpH-

Mep :$ a ) art « r o a » (n3 yuacueuoBannoro jiaTHHCKoro (|)onaa) hb-thctch neiÌTpajib-

iibiM no cpaBHeHHio c e ro 6 oJiee hobmm chhohhmom leat ( < c jia B .), KOTopbift om y- maeTCfl b HacToamee Bpe.via KaK ycTapeBmee h np0H3B0flaniee BnenaTJieHHe apxaHH-HOCTH1.

S 6 ) refugiu «S ercT B O », «CKHTaHHe» (H eo jio n o M < JiaT., no o6pa3uy (¡ipanu. refuge2) «BJiaeTCH HeiÌTpajibHbiM3 no cpaBHeHHio c e ro 6 ojiee CTapbiM chhohhmom bejenie ( < cJiaB.), omymaeMbiM cerojiHH KaK ycTapeBWHH4.

* B coBpeM eHHbiií n e p n o fl CBoero pa3BHTH» pyMbiHCKHÌi jiH TepaTypH biìi H3biK Bbipa6oTaji uejibie 3KcnpeccHBHbie perH CTpw Ha 0CH0BaHHH onno3HUHÌi Meacay crapb iM H cjiOBaMH h HeojiorH 3M aM H 3 an a fln op oM a n cK oro npoHcxo>K/ieHHa. r ie p - Bbie o 6 jia a a K )T TeH/ienuneH cTaTb H3 H eihpa jibH b ix b n jiaHe c th jih c th h c ck o m H apoa- HblMH, a a p y rn e , H3 KHHHCHblX — CTHJIHCTHHCCKH HeHTpajIbHbIMH. C p . KOMnOIieHTbl cjie/iywmHX cHHOHHMHnecKHx nap : caznà Isupliciu, duhl spirit, izbindà Itriumf, jertfál sacrificiu, làcomie ¡cupiditate, nevoie /necesítate, nàdejdel speranza, vina /culpà h MHorne a p y rn e , Bce H3 oÒ jiacTH >kh3hh /lyxoBHOíi.

I TeMammecKue cepuu, cocToaiune H3 riofloÓHoro poaa chhohhmob, HaGjno- iiaioTCH h cp e jH rioHHTHH H3 jtpyrnx o6jiacTeH. Cp., HanpHMep, napajuiejibHbie Tep- MHHbi, K0T0pbie o6o3HanaioT b coBpeMeHHOM pyMbiHCKOM A3biKe BpeMa: clipà moment «m h t » , ceas / ora «M ac», leat / an (xpoHOjiorHHecKH : an / leat) « r o a » , veac / secai «BeK», vz$nicie \ eternitate «BenHOCTb», virstà I etate «B03pacT» h, HaKOHeu, vreme I timp (xpoHOjiorHHecKH : timp / vreme) «BpeMH».

HecMOTpa Ha t o , h to cjioBapH pyMbiHCKoro H3biKa, flaace Te, KOTopbie b3hjih ce6 e 3a npHHunn yKa3aHHe cth jihcthhcckhx o ttch k ob , He Bcer^a OTMenaiOT pa3jiH- HHH Me>Kfly CHHOHHMaMH TaKOTO pofla , 3aCTaBJIHH T3KHM 06pa30M ayMaTb, HTO peiIb HfleT 0 6 aScOJHOTHOH CHHOHHMHH, TO eCTb He TOJIbKO O CHHOHHMHH KOHijenTyajib- HOH, HO H CTHJIHCTHHeCKOÍÍ, B fleìÌCTBHTeJlbHOCTH Mbl KOHCTaTHpyeM, HTO TpyflHO, nOHTH HCB03M05KH0 HaHTH «CJiaBHHCKO-pOMaHCKVK)» CHHOHHMHHeCKyiO napy, HJieHbl KOTOpOH He pa3JIHHaJIHCb 6 bl, TaK HJIH HHane, B SKCnpeCCHBHO-CTHJIHCTHHeCKOM njiaHe. Veac, HanpHMep, KOTopbift b HeaaBneM to jikobom cjioBape pyMbiHCKoro H3biKa CHHTaeTCH chhohhmom cjioBa secol5, no cyTH ae jia «BJiaeTca Gojiee «nosTH - necKHM » neM nocjieflHHÌi6, o 6 jiaaaa cn 0 C0 6 H0CTbK) Bbi3biBaTb npejicTaBJieHHe o BpeMeHH n o fl yrJIOM rjiaBHblM 06pa30M a(})({)2KTHBHbIM, B OTJIHHHe OT seco/, KOTOpblH

1 D L , II, 737.2 D N , 602.3 D L , III, 711.4 D L , I, 212.5 D L , IV, 632, D N , 635, Dic\ionarul enciclopedic román, IV , Editura Politica, Bucureçti,

1966, cT p . 347.6 G. M i h à i 1 à, yKa3. paooma, CTp. 109. B cbhîh c s th m aBTop ccbiJiaercH Ha MOHOJior

yiëHoro H3 IToc.iaHUJi I Mnxam ia 3MHHecKy, rae, b csmom ziejie, khhjkhwìì HeoJiormM secol nOflxoziHT Kyaa Jiymiie, neM ero chhohhm veac:

D e-o i muri, îçi zise-n sine, al meu nume o sà-1 poarte Secotii din gurà-n gurâ $i 1-or duce mai departe...

(Bminssìu, Poezii, non peaaKUHeft riepneccH4nyca, [Perpessicius], Bucurejti, 1958, CTp. 106. Apyrne UHTaTbi H3 npoH3BeaeHHií 3,MHHecKy flaioTca no 3TOMy * e H3aaHHio).

50 3MHJIb BPAEHE 8

npeH M ym ecTBeH H o o th o c h t c a k o6 jia cT H H H Teju ieK TyajibH oro. BbiziatoutH eca py- MbiHCKHe nH caTejiH h n osT b i ncnojib30BajiM h npoflOJiacaiOT Hcn0jib30BaTb c th jih c th - necKHe pa3JiHHHa n o ,go6 H oro p o f la Meac,ny chhohhm 3m h, aocT H raa H H oraa b u c o k o ìì CTeneHH xyaoacecTBeHHOOTH. T aK , MoacHo 6biJio 6b i CKa3aTb, h to S v im recK y n pe ji- noH H TaeT H eojiorH 3M etern ¿y ia nepeHoca HHTaTejia b MHp a6 cTp aK T H oro MbiuuieHHa, f l j ia 4 )H jroco({)CKoro pa3M bim jieH H a, b t o BpeM a KaK e r o chh oh h m vesnic Hcnonb- 3yeTca , Kor.ua K aT ero p n a bcm hocth oco3H aH a a(J)cj)eKTHBHbiM, ceHTHMeHTajibHbiM n yTéM . B Ilocam im i IV , H anpH M ep, c jto b iio noflaBJieHHbrii H flee ìi (]}H3H0ji0rHHe- C K oro AeTepMHHH3Ma, n o3 T o 6 p a m a eT ca k c e6 e no,zio6HbiM, KOTopbie c jien o OTflaiOT c e6 a n jioTC K oii jik>6bh, oÓHaacaa n ep e a hhm h h x .aeHCTBHTejibHoe n jianeBH oe c o c to - aHHe:

Càci a voastre vieti cu toate sunt ca undele ce curg,Vecinic este numai riul: riul este Demiurg

(cTp. 123).

K a K 6bi npHMHpéHHbiH Ha M Hr, a npHMHpeHHe s t o , b eyiHHOCTH, aKT (jjHjiococj)- ckhh , HHTejuieKTyajibHbiH, n o s T 3aaBnaeT, h t o o h yace n peK pam aeT noncKH aceH- mHHbi, o K O Top oìi o h K o r fla -T o M eliTa ji, K 0T 0p aa e r o M o r jia 6bi jnoÓHTb :

N -o mai caut... Ce sà caut ? E acclami cintec vechi;Setea lini§tei eterne care-mi sunà in urechi

(cTp. 124).

B stom ace CMHCJie M0a<H0 npHBecTH h apyrne npHMepbi, ksk (JmHaji no33HH no CBoeMy cymecTBy hhcto 4>hhoco(J)ckoh Cu mine zilele-Ji adaogi...:

Priveli§tile sclipitoare,Ce-n repezi §iruri se distern,Repaosà nestràmutate Sub raza gindului etern

(cTp. 158).

Bo3mo>kho, e me hh y k o to b pyMbiHCKoii JiHTepaType nocjie SMHuecKy oTÓop, Hepe^OB3HHe, B33HMOnpOHHKHOBeHHe H np0THB0n0CT3BJieHHe CHHOHHMOB CJI3BaH- c k o to npoHcxoacAeHHa, c tsb ih h x hspoahbim h, hx KHHacHbiM skbhbsuchtsm , npoHHK- niHM b pyMbiHCKHH a3biK b nepHOfl ero MOflepHH3auHH nyreM 3aHMCTB0BaHHH H3 JiaTHHCKOrO a3bIKa H H3 a3bIKOB HeO-pOMaHCKHX, He 6bIJlH HCn0Jlb30BaHbI C T3KHM cnenH4)HHecKHM h Heno^paacaeMbiM MacrepcTBOM, KaK b no33HH T y a o p a A p r e s n 1:

imi voi ucide timpul §i visurile deci,Cirpi-voi pe-ntuneric mantaua vietii mele.Drept muhumire jti-voi cà cerurile reci V or strecura prin gàuri lumina unei stele.

Sà bat noroiul vremii, cu ochii-nchiji. Hlamida Sà-mi scoatà-n drum nerozii, rinjiji, din circiumi, beti.Ca fluturii, ce rabdà sà-i poarte-n praf omida,Sà rabd $i eu in mine, povarà, douà vieti?

( Nehotàrire, CTp. 53).

1 T u d o r A r g h e z i , Versuri, E SPLA , Bucuresti, 1959. Bce UHTaTH flaiOTCfl no 3TOMy H3flaHHK).

9 3KCnPECCHBHOCTb CJIABHHCKMX 3JIEMEHTOB B PYM blHCKOM S3blKE 51

X o th c MeTpHHecKOH to m k h 3penHfl o h no,noiuéji 6bi, TepMHH vremea h c m u c j ih m BMecTO TepM H na timpul H3 n ep B o ro CTHxa 6e3 3HaHHTejibHbix yTpaT b xy,aoacecT- b c h h o m n jiaH e, n0 A0 6 H0 TOMy, KaK e ro KOHuenTyajibHbiH c h h o h h m timpul cocTaBHJi 6bi neyiiaMHoe coMeTaHHe c BbipaaceHHeM napo/m oro xapaKTepa a bate noroiul «Ton - xaT b rp a 3 b ».

KcTaTH, c jieflyeT 3aMeTHTb, h to b Tex cjiynaax, Rom a ABa CHHOHHMa OTBenaioT b paBHoii Mepe noTpeGnocTaM MerpHMecKoro nopaAKa, Hcn0Jib30BanHe o a h o to H3 h h x , a He a p y ro ro , aBjiaeTca, y 6ojibiuHX xyAoacHHKOB, pe3yjibTaT0M ruySoKO

oco3HaHHoro OT6opa. C p. y Apre3H :

$i anii m or ?i veacurile pier

( Psalm, CTp. 50),

rfle 3aMeHa cjioBa veacurile e ro chhohhmom, c MeTpHHecKoìi toh kh 3peHna hachthh- hwm, sécolele, 6bijio 6bi M ajio noflxoaauiHM b a n a fo r e c 6oroM .

Tanace b 3HaMeHHTOii Ilecnu mpembeu pyMbiHCKoro nepeBoaa Ada, cflejian- H oro flac. Koui6yKOM, nepeBOA'iHK oTÓHpaeT Ana 9-ro CTHxa, oT jM naioiueroca MaKCHMajn>Hoii HanpaaceHHOcxbio h MpaHHOH TOpacecTBeHHOCTbJO, TepMHH KHHac- Horo, neojiorHHecKoro nponcxoacAeHHa speranza, a He e ro HapoflHbiH c h h o h h m cjia- BaHCKoro npoHcxoacaeHHa nàdejde, KOTopbiH, H3-3a e ro ynacTHa b pafle (J)pa3eojiorH- necKHX BbipaaceHHii c xoacAetmeM b HapoAHO-pa3roB0pH0M h 4>aMHJibapHOM cTHjiax pyMbiHCKoro a3biKa\ O TpH uaTejibno OTpa3HJica 6bi Ha npH nojiH aTocTH c o o t b c t - c i ByioiueH TepuHHbi. 3aTO, b t o h ace necHH, K om 6yK Bbi6npaeT ^ jia nepezuiHH HTaji. eterno TepMHH c/iaBancKoro npoHcxoacaeiiHa vefnic, K0T0pbiìi, KaK Mbi bh ac jih h

panbuie, BHyuiaeT 6o jiee CHjibHO, ieM HeojiorH3M etern, Hen0K0Jie6HM0CTb BepAHK- TOB B nOCMepTHOM M Hpe2.

I -------------------1 Cp. nanp., A trage nàdejde ca spìnul de barba h /ip., c m . I. Z a n e , Proverbele romàni­c i , t. ( - IX, Bucurejti, 1895 - 1901, t. IIl,.Ni>. 16.667 u cji.

2 Cp. «aHTOBCKHfi opHrHHaji h pyMMHCKHil nepeBOfl, npHnaane>Kamnil nepy P,tk. K o w 6y-

■a:

Dinanzi a me non fu r cose create,Se non eterne, ed io eterna duro:Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch’entrate.

y Koui6yxa:

Cìnd eu n-am fost, nimic n-a fost creat, ci vefnic tot f i - « veci voi fi durata, sa lase-orice speratila cine-a-ntrat.

(ilo-pyccKH:

¿IpeBHefl MCHfl JTHIHb BeHHbie C03flaHbSI, h c BeHHocrbK) npeóyay HapaBHe.BxoflsuiHe, ocTaBbre ynoBaHta.

Csi. U a H T e A .t h r b e p h, BoMcecmsennan KoMeòun, nepcBoa c HTajibflHCjcoro M . JIo3hhcko- ro, MocKBa, 1961, A ff, crp. 31, flectib mpembn, cthxh 7 — 9).

52 3MHJIb BPAEHE 10

f l j ia KpynHoro H3biKOBe/ia h TOHKoro (J)HJiojiora OBH/ia /JencycbsiHy eziHHCT- BeHHbiM TepMHHOM, HMeiomHM npaBo Ha cymecTBOBaHHe b pyMbiHCKOM JiHTepa- TypHOM H3biKe, 6biJio cjiobo ceas, AaBHO 3aHMCTB0BaHH0e H3 cjiaBHHCKoro ; HeaaB- Hee 3anaflHopoMaHCKoe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe ora ( < jiaT. hora, HTaji. ora) oh CHHTaji «aHTHnaTHHHHM He0Ji0rH3M0M»)a. Tyx iop Apre3H , KaK 6bi b KawecTe pennHKH, noonepéflHO hjih OAHOBpeMeHHO Hcnojib3yeT o 6a 3TH cjioBa, ao b o ah a o MaKCHMyMa 3KcnpeccHBH0-CTHjiacTHHecKHe noTeniiHanbi KaacAoro H3 hhx. TaK, b nosTHHecicoM BHAeHHH c y ry 6o HHTejuieKTyajibHOM, nap^Ay c He0Ji0rH3M0M aer (a He vàzduh) h timp (a He vreme) noHBjiaeTCH «aHTHnaTHHHoe» cjiobo ora, KOTopoe, 6jia ro A a p « CBOeH HeOJIOrHHHOCTH H KHH5KHOCTH, HaBOAHT, HecpaBHeHHO JiyHHie, HeM ceas, Ha AyMbi 06 a 6cTpaKTHOM njiaHe MbinuieiiHa :

Prin aer timpu-i despàrtit de ore Ca de mireasma lor ni$te garoafe

(Arheologie, CTp. 56).

IlpHHaAJieacHOCTb pyMbiHCKHX chhohhm ob CjiaBHHCKoro h Heo-poMaHCKoro npOHCXOaCAeHHH K OHeiIb pa3JIHHHbIM 3KCnpeCCHBHO-CTHJIHCTHlieCKHM perHCTpaM AeJiaeT bo3m oxhm m He TOJibKO hx HepeAOBanHC H3 cooSpaaceHHH jieiccHHecKoro BapbHpoBaHHa, ho Aaace hx npomueonocmaeAeme b aHTHTe3ax bh cok oh sc tc th - HeCKOH 3(J)(J)eKTHBHOCTH :

Am luat ceasul de-ntilnire Cìnd se tulburà-n fund lacul §i-n perdeaua lui subtire l?i petrece steaua acuì.

Cita vreme n-a venit M-am uitat cu dor in zare.Orele ?i-au ìmpletit Firul lor cu firul mare

( Melancolie, CTp. 24).

3 t o t npHCM BCTpeLiaeTCH h b A pyrn x CTHXOTBopeHHHX Apre3H (cp . Despàr{ire, CTp. 87—88, Heruvic, CTp. 92—93). Oh Hauièji ce6e, bo3m o»cho, HaHBbicuiee xyAO- acecTBeHHoe BbipaaceHHe b nocjieAHeM c th xo tbo p ch h h h3 UHKJia Fiori de mucegai, rAe Hcn0jib30BaHHe cth jihcthhcckhx pa3JiHHHÌi M ewAy KOHuenTyajibHO sKBHBa.ienT- HbiMH ceas h ora np0H3B0AHTCH c noM om bio npnèM a peAKoii opHrwiajibHOCTH, co - CToam ero H3 npoTHBonocTaBJieHHH hx b njiaHe kom ho3hhhh: ceas noHBJiaeTca TOJibKO b 3arjiaBHH, a ora — TOJibKO b caMOM coAepacaHHH cth xotbo pch h h :

In cerBaTe ora de bronz si de fier.intr-o steaBàtu ora de catifea.Ora de pislà bate In turla din cetate...

(Ceasul de-apoi, ctp. 164).

1 O v i d D e n s u s i a n u , Evolufia estetica a limbii romàne, JiHTorpaitHpoBaHHbift Kypc, npoHHTaHHbift Ha <J)HJi0Ji0rnHecK0M (JiaKynbTeTe EyxapecTdcoro yHHBepcHTeia (1930 — 1931), c t p . 297, (1931 - 1932), CTp. 90.

11 3 K C nP E C C H B H O C Tb C JIAB flH CK H X 3JICM EHTOB B P Y M b lH C K O M «3 h IK E 53

VI. PyTMHHHO-Me.lOaHieCKaH 3KCnpecCHBIIOCTb

3 KcnpeccHBHocTb H3biKOBbix (JjaKTOB Mo>KeT b 0npe;ie.neHH0H Mepe 3aBHceTb o t hx ynacTHH b pa3JMHHbix pHTMHHHO-MextOAHHHbix eflHHHiiax (ajuiHTepauHax, KJiay3y- jiax, noroßopKax h ap.). Cp., HanpHMep, pyMbiiicKoe cjiobo fa lä ( < cjiaB. xeajta), KOTopoe OTJiHHaeTCH cpeflH cbohx MHoroHHCJiennbix chhohhmob (trufie, tngimfare, tnfumurare, o rg o liu ; m indrie ; strälucire, märe fie, pom pä ; glorie, faimä, renume) omy- THMbiM HpOHHHecKHM OTTeHKOM, ÓJiarojiapa, noBHflHMOMy, ero ynacTHio b o6me- H3BecTHOH noroBopKe Falä goalä, traislä u$oarä1 (äocjiobho : «nycraa rop/iocTb, jiei Ka« cyMa»).

HecKOJibKO h h o h xapaK Tep npeflCTaBjiaeT coG o ii cHHOHHMHHecKaa n ap a literá [ buche (ncTopHMecKH buche/literä) «6 y tcB a ». í le p B o e H3 s t h x cjiob aBJiaeTca H eo-JIOTH3MOM, HO CTajlO ZiaBHO o6meH3BeCTHbIM H, B CBA3H C 3THM, CTHJlHCTHHeCKH H eürpaiibUbiM , 3a chS t buche, CTapoe khhhchoc aiaBHHCKoe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe, Koraa-To neihpajibHoe, ceroana c 3KcnpeccHBHbiM npHBKycoM ycTapejiocTH. MuTepecuo OTMeTHTb, HTO «CTHJIHCTHHeCKOe paCCTOHHHe» MOK/iy 3THMH JlByMH CJIOBaMH «BJiaeTca Gójibu iHM , HeacejiH MOK^y oóbiHHbiM jiHTepaTypHbiM TepMHHOM h ero yCTapeBLUHM HapOflHbIM CHHOHHMOM, HTO HaCTHHHO o6t«CH»eTCa CeMaHTHKOH <J)pa3e0Ji0rH3M0B, b KOTopbie b xo/ ih t b uche : buchea cärjii «nancTH M H ecTBo», a f i tot la buchi «6 b iT b HaHHuatoiiiHM», a nu f t i buche «h h a3a He 3 H a T b »2.

OflHaKO, cymecTByeT em e o^H a npHHHHa, TaK>se oßbeKmuenan, K 0T0paa em e 6 o jie e yBejiHHHBaeT SKcnpeccHBHoe paccToaH H e M eacay literä h buche: n ocjie flH ee

BXOflHT B COCTaB CeMaHTHHeCKH H CTHJlHCTHHeCKH «nJie6eHCK0H» pHTMHHHO-MejlOflHH- HOH MHKpOCHCTeMbl, TaK KaK pH(J)MyeTCH C OflHHM yCTapeBmHM TepMHHOM (1), c ÄByMH (J)OHeTHHecKHMH flHajieKTH3MaMH (2, 3) h c o c jtobom , KO Topoe o6o3H anaeT b pyMbiHCKOM H3biKe o rra jiK H B a io m ee HaceK0M 0e (4), b t o BpeM a KaK literä, H anpo- THB, BXOflHT B «H 36paH H yiO » pHTMHHHO-MejIOflHHeCKyiO MHKpOCHCTeMy, nOCKOJIbKy pH (})M yeTca c He0ji0rH3M 0M , KOTopbiii o6o3H anaeT uepKOBHoe 3B3HHe (5), h c ,npy- THM, KOTOpblH Ha3bIBaeT My3bIKaJlbHbIH CTpyHHblií HHCTpyMeHT, HHOr^a CHHTaromHH- CH CHMBOJIOM n03THHeCK0r0 BflOXHOBeHHH (6 ). CpaBHHM :

3KcnpeccHBH0-CTHJiHCTHHecKaa deepadaifUH, h jih , H anpoTH B , oónazopaotcueame JieKCHHeCKHX eflHHHU «3bIKa, B TOM HHCJie 33HMCTB0BaHHH, HeCOMHeHHO 33BHCaT H o t ynacTH a b T aK o ro po.ua pHTMHHHO-MejioflHHecKHX CTpyKTypax.

1 0 6 3KcnpeccnBHocTH Taxoro pofla H sp e ieH H Ü , noroBopoK u T.n., ocuoBamioö na o n p e fle jièH H b ix pHTMHHHO-MejiOflHiecKHX ocoöennocTsx, cm . Iorgu Iordan, yxa j. paßomar CTp. 39 h en. (c 6H6jiHorpai})Heii).

2 DL, I, 285.3 «KHpHJuuma» (ycTap.); A f i la azbuche «BbiTt HaMnnaiouiHM».* «KOJieHO»; jiHTepaTypHO : genunche.5 «pe6po», «xpaft», «rpaHb»; jiHTepaTypHo: muchie.6 «BOUJb».7 «cynpyra npecBHTepa».8 «UHTpa».

buche lite rä

( 1) azbuche3(2) genuche4(3 ) mucheh(4 ) päduche•

(5 ) prezviterä1

(6) tiferà*

54 3MHJIb BPAEHE 12

V II . 3KcnpeccHBHan OKpacKa c iaisHiicKiix iaHMciBOitaiuiii

KpHCTaJIJIH3aima 3KCnpeCCMBHOH OKpaCKH 3aHMCTBOBaHHK H3 flpyrHX H3bIKOB— s t o aBJieime duaxpoHuu, npHHaflJieacamee HCKjnoHHTejibHO k CHCTeMe 3aHMCTByio- m ero H3bIKa. 3 T 0 KaeaeTCa H pyMblHCKHX 3aHMCTB0BaiIHH H3 CJiaBHHCKHX 5I3bIKOB.

PaccMaTpHBaeMbie b njiane cm xp om oM Ha ypoBHe coBpeMeHHoro jiHTepaTyp- H oro H3biKa, 3jieMeHTbi cjiaBHHCKoro npoHcxo>KAeHHH, a TaKxce np0H3B0,nHbie o t HHX, XapaKTepH3yiOTCH 3HaHHTejlbHbIM pa3H006pa3HeM aOnOJIHHTejTbHbIX OTTeHKOB 3KcnpeccHBH0-CTHjiHCTHHecK0r0 xapaKTepa.

1. TepMUHbi, cmuAucmmecKU. neumpaAbHbie. C iocia bxo/iht 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, fljia KOTopbix coBpeMeHHbiH JiHTepaTypHbiH H3biK He pacnojiaraeT KOHuenTyajib- HbiMH CHHOHHMaMH. C p . plug, brazdà, coasà, greblà, hrean, morcov, a trai, a iubì, muncà, lene h t . fl.

2. Hapoòm-pa3zoeopHbie mepMUHbi, b onno3HHHH c hx CHHOHHMaMH, npen- MymecTBeHHO Heo-poMaHCKoro npoHcxoxc/ieHHfl, omymaeMbiMH b C0BpeMeHH0M H3biKe KaK HeìÌTpajTbHbie h co6ctbch h o JiHTepaTypHbie. C p. nevasià ( < cjiaB.) no OTHOiueHHK) k sofie H3 yHacjiexioBaHHoro jiaTHHCKoro cromia, slobod ( < cjiaB.) no OTHOuieHHK) k liber, HeojiorH3M JiaTHHCKO-<j)paimy3CKoro npoHcxow/ienHfi, ulifà ( < cjiaB.) n o OTHOuieHHK) k strada, HeojiorH3M HTajibHHCKoro npoHcxosmeHHH, blid ( < cjiaB.) n o otHouieHbio k farfurie, cpaBHHTejibHO no3/iHee 3aHMCTBOBaHHe H3 T iopyccK oro a3biKax, h MHorne /tpyrne.

XapaKTep h CTeneHb hh tchchbh octh flon o jiH H ie jib iio ro oTTeHKa c jiob cjiaBsiH- CKoro npoHcxoaweHHH flaHHOH KaTeropHH BapbupyercJi o t cjiynaa k cjiynaio. TaK, prilej ( < cjiaB.) co c th jih cthh cckoh toh kh 3peHHH onenb S jh oo k k cxaBUieMy noB- ceMecTHWM h HeHTpajibHbiM HeojiorH3My <j)pamjy3CKoro-jiaTHHCKoro npoHcxoayie- HHH ocazie, B TO BpeMH KaK CTHJlHCTHHeCKOe paCCTOHHHe Me»CAy CHHOHHMaMH leac ( < cjiaB.) h medicament, H eo jio rm M tJ)paHuy3CKO-JiaTHHCKoro npoHcxoiK^eHHH, HBuaeTca omyTHMbiM.

HecoMHeHHoe 3HaneHHe b npHo6peTeHHH h coxpaHeHHH nap0/iH0-pa3r0B0p- H oro OTTeHKa JieKCHHeCKHX 3JieMeHTOB CJiaBHHCKOTO npOHCXOWACHHH no OTHO- uieHHio k h x Sojiee hobmm cHHOHHMaM HMeeT y iacTH e nepBbix b mhotoHHCJieHHbix Bbipa>KeHHax, noroBopKax h nocjiOBHuax, uinpoKO pacnpocxpaHeHHbix b HapoflHO- pa3r0B0pH0M h (f)aM Hjib«piiovt cth jih x. Cp., HanpHMep, c jiob o leac, OTJiHHaiomeecH o t medicament TeM, h to npHHHMaeT ynacrae no KpaHHeii Mepe b c jie ;iy ihhx (j>pa3eo- jxorH3Max: a da de leac, a càuta ca iarba de leac, a -i gasi cuiva leacul,fàrà (d e ) leac de..., n ici de leac 8.

HHTepecHO oTMeTHTb, h to cpeflH cjiob , npHHafljie/Kamnx k s t o My SKcnpeccHBHo- CTHJiHCTHHCKOMy perHCTpy, HeK0T0pbie cocTaBJiaioT HacToamne meMammecKue cepuu, KaK, HanpHMep, Ha3BaHHH HeKOTOpblX pyMblHCKHX XpHCTHaHCKHX npa3/IHHKOB ( Blago vestente, Ispas, Trisfetitele, Uspenie h /ip.) b o tjih h h c o t hx 6ojiee hobmx chho- HHMOB, KOTOpbie (J)aKTHHeCKH HBJHHOTCH npOCTblMH nepeBOflaMH (KajIbKaMH) co cjiaBHiicKoro Ha pyvtbihckhh (Bunavestire, fnàltarea, Trei-Ierarhi, Adorm irea).

1 Cm. 06 3TOM h G . M i h à i 1 à, yna3. paóoma, c ip . 32.2 D L , II 736. C jiob o medicament He BCTynaex b TaKoro poxia <J>pa3eoJiorH3Mbi; cm. D L ,

III, 50.

13 SKCnPECCHBHOCTb CJIABaHCKMX 3JTEMEHTOB B PYMblHCKOM H3blKE 55

3. TepMUHbi c ommeuKOM ycmapeAocmu, no OTHOuieHHJO k hx CHHOHHMaM C0 6cTBeHH0 pyMbIHCKOrO HJIH HHOrO IipOHCXOWaeHHH (3aHaCTyiO He0J10rH3MaM 3anaflHO-poMaHCKoro ra n a ), c th jihcthhcckh HeiÍTpajibHbiM. Cp. dajdie / daré, impo- zit; muncá / chin, tortura, supliciu; osirdie / ardoare, zel; scump / zgircit, avar; vraci¡ doctor, medie; zálog / amanet, gaj, chezafie h MHorne apyrHe.

4 . TepMUHbt c óuójieücKUM o m m eH K O M . C aM a nprnia/iJ iexnocTb cjiaBHHCKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH k pejiH rn03H 0M y 6orocjiyace6H O M y cjiOBapro n eaociaTO M na em e

ansí T o r o , H T o 6 b i o h h o 6 jia fla jm onpejiejieH H biM c th jih c th m c c k h m o t t c h k o m , h 6 o

KaK b pyMbiHCKOM, TaK h b A p y rn x «3b iK ax HMeiOTca pejn irH 03H bie TepM HKH, H3H- TpaJibHbie c t o h k h 3peHHa c t h j ih c t h h c c k o h (cp . pyM . dumnezeu, cruce, bisericá h

t . n. — JiaTHHCKoro npoH cxoacjieH H H ; sfint, moafte, straná h /ip. — cjiaBHUcicoro npoH cxoacjieH H a). SKcnpeecHBHOCTb B03HMKaeT, KaK 6 b ijio CKa3aHo b Hanajie, na ocHoeanuu onno3uifuu. K o r/ ia b pyMbiHCKOM H3biKe He cym ecTBO Bajio em e repMHHOB

aradis (HeojiorH3M, BOcnpHHHMaeMbiñ ceroflHH KaK cthjihcthhcckh HeHTpajibHbiií) h eden (peflKHH HeojiorH3M, omymaeMbiíí KaK KHHacHbiií), TepMHH cjiaBHHCKoro npoHcxoacfleHHa rai 6mji, 6e3ycji0BH0, crajiHCTHHecKH HeHrpajibHbiM. Ero SKcnpec- CHBHO-CTHJTHCTHHeCKHe OTTeHKH B COBpeMeHHOM JIHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe pa3BHJ!HCb n03>Ke, Ha OCHOBaHHH H B CBS3H C BblHieynOMHHyTblMH CHHOHHMaMH. T o ace CaMOe ^eHCTBHTejIbHO H /TJI5T /ipyrHX pyMbIHCKHX CJIOB H3 pejIHTH03H0r0 CJIOBapa, 3aHM- TBOBaHHbix H3 cjiaBHHCKHX a3biKOB (rnaBHbiM o6pa30M H3 i¡epKoeaHocAaenHCKozo).

¡Cp. duh I spirit, iad / infern, je rtfá / sacrificiu, mucenic / mártir, proroc / profet, slavá / lorie, taina / mister h t . n .1.

B pa,ae c jiy n a e B , H ap aa y c c o G c T B e im o TepMHHOJiorHnecKHMH 3HalienHaMH, c

0T0pbiM H o h h 6 h j ih 3aHMCTBOBaHbi y cjiaBHH ycTHbiM h jih nHCbMeHHbiM nyTeM , JIOBa, OTHOCHLUHeCH K peJIHTHH H GorOCJiyaceHHIO pa3BHHH HOBbie «M HpCKHe» 3Ha- eHHH, KOTOpbie BnOCJieflCTBHH nOJiyHHJlH B pyMbiHCKOM H3bIKe HIHpOKOe p aen p o - TpaH eH H e : ceas, dar, jertfá h a p . E jia ro j ia p a cB oeM y TepMHHOjiorHHecKOMy, pejiH -

H03H0My npOHCXOaCZieHHK), 3TH H n 0 f l 0 6 Hbie HM CJIOBa COXpaHHJIH B nOTeHHHajIb- :om c o c to h h h h «GnGjieHCKHH» k o j io p h t , K O TopoM y ro B o p a m n e h, b n epB yio on epeíib , acTepa cnoB a n p n a a ro T 3iiaHHMOCTb, OTJiHHaK>myK>CH caMbiMH pa3JiHHHbiMH

KcnpeccHBHO-cTHJiHCTHHecKHMH 3(J)(¡)eKTaMH. T aK , y Apre3H cyinecTB yeT c r a x o - BopeHHe, b k o to p o m 3 th TepMHHbi BCTpewaioTca p a^ oM , b o flH oñ h t o í í ace CTpocJie:

Tot ceasul imi aduce un dar §i-o jertfá nouá

( Heru vic, cTp. 92).

rioBTHHecKaa aTM0C(f>epa, HacbiineHuaa 6nar0p0flH0CTbK), noBHHOBeHHeM h epoií b GoaceeTBeHHoeTb co3;iaiia sziecb c MaKCHMajibHoií jieKCHHecKOH skohom-

HocTbio, c npeaejibHOH cacaTOCTbK) hmchho 6jiaroaapa .aonojiHHTejibHbiM «SnGjieH- ¿khm» oTTeHKaM ynoMaHyTbix TepMHHOB cjiaBHiicKoro npoHexoameHHa2.

1 0 6 o5cTosrreJibCTBax, npH KOTOpbix sth h hm no/io6nbie cnaB0HH3MW npoHHKJiH b py- mmhckhh 5I3wk, noMHMO pa6oT, yKa3aHHbix r. M h x 3 h ji 3 (cTp. 145), cm. CTaTbio A l . I. O d o - b e s c u, Psaltirea tradusá in románeste de diaconul Coresi, b xpecTOMaxnn Scriitorii románi despre Hmbá f i stü, nofl peuaKUHCH h c npe/mcjiOBiieM r . B y j i r s p a (G h . Bulgár), Bucurejti, 1957, «rp . 129— 130.

2 IlOM HM O HX «CBeTCKHX» TepMHHbl CeüS, dar H jertfá HMeiOT B pyMbiHCKOM H3M- k h « 6H6jieHCKHe» 3iia4enHH ( c m . DL, i, 380-381 —ceas; II, 11-12— dar; II, 698 —

ftrtfá ).

56 3MMJTb BPABHÉ 14

E c jih e n o 33uu SKcnpeccHBiibie p e c y p cw pyM biH CKoro 6 H6 jieHCKoro c th jih — b

KOTOpOM 3JieMeHTbI HepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKOrO npOHCXOaCiieHHa 3aHHM3K)T TaKOe 3H3HH-

T ejibH oe M ecTo — Gbijra Hcn0Jib30BaHbi c MaKCHMajibHbiM xyfloacecTBeHHbiM 3<jKj)eK-

t o m T y a o p o M A p r e 3H x, t o b pyMbiHCKOH n p o 3e 3Ta 3a c jiy ra npHxo/iHTCH Ha .nojno

T a jib i TajiaKTHOHa 2.

V i l i . /IpyrHe saMenaHHH

1. D K cnpeccueH ocm b u d u axp ouu n . BoccTaHOBjieHHe SKcnpeccHBHO-CTHJiHCTH-

necKHX CHCTeM n p o in jib ix b ckob , .naace n p n h 3 jih h h h nncbMeHHbix naMHTHHKOB,

CBH3aHO c orpoM H biM H TpyaHOCTflMH, Ha K 0T0pb ie h ch o H H arjia flH o yK a3aji X. Kaca- p e c 3. OAHaKO BHHMaTenbHoe jo y n e n n e nHCbMCHHbix h c to h h h k o b MoaceT npHBe-

c t h k HHTepecHbiM BbiBOiiaM uacm n oeo xapaK m epa. B s to m o th o ih c h h h pyMbiHCKHe

Hccjre/iOBaTejTH yace cae jia jiH pa a oneHb HHTepecHbix H a6jH O ^enH Ìi4. H M eiom H ecfl

B03M0acH0CTH, 0flH aK0, flajieKO He HcnepnaHbi.

2. DKcnpeccueHocmb u npoucxoMcdemte H3bwo6bix cpedcme. Ecjih HaÓJUOfleHHH

— o 6 m e ro h n acTH oro xapaKTepa — b o th ou ich kh 3Kcnpeccn bhoctm pyMbiHCKHX

3JieMeHT0B, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIX H3 JipyrHX H3bIKOB, CflejlSHO flOCTaTOMHO MHOTO 5, t o

noKa OTcyTCTByiOT HCCJieflOBanHH, b KOTopbix H3ynajiHCb 6bi flonojiH H TejibH bie

SKCnpeCCHBHbie OTTeHKH 3aHMCTBOBaHHH CpaBHHTejlbHblM nyTeM : n o 5I3bIKaM-HCTOH-

HHKaM H n o CTHJIHCTHMeCKHM peTHCTpaM. H a n p ilM e p , 3M ÌÌUpm eCKU M 05KH0 yTBep-

acflaTb, h to ByjibrapH3Mbi T yp em co ro h rp en e cK o ro npoHCXoacaeHHH b coBpeMeHHOM

pyMbiHCKOM 5i3biKe 6ojiee 3HaHHTejibHbi, neM ByjibrapH3MH, cxaaceM, cjiaBHHCKoro

h jih BeHrepcKoro npoHcxoac,n;eHHfl. O raTH C TH iecicoe HCCJieaoBanne, 0 CH0BaHH0e,

pa3yMeeTca, Ha aflSKBaraoH MeTOflOJiorHH, M orjio 6bi oóbeKmuem onpeaejiHTb

JIOJHO ynaCTHfl 3aHMCTBOBaHHH B SKCnpeCCHBHOÌÌ CHCTeMe COBpeMeHHOrO H3bIKa,

3. KoHmeKcmyaAbHan 3Kcnpeccuemcmb. Ü3biKOBbie cpeacTB a H3 CTaporo <})OH,Zia, B TOM HHCJie 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, CTaBIHHe BnOCJieflCTBHH HapOflHbIMH, p33BH-

BaiOT b c oce^ cT B e h jih b coneTaHHH c H eojiorH 3M aM H HOBbie ceMaHTHMecKHe h

1 Cm ., Hanp., P o m p i l i u C o n s t a n t i n e s c u , Scrieri, 1 — 2, Bucure§ti, 1967, cxaTbfl Tudor Arghezi: « Poarta neagrà», CTp. 66-70.

2 Cm. o 6 3tom , Hanp., G h. B u 1 g à r, Traditie f i inovajie in arta ¡iterará a lui Gala Ga- laction, b c6 . D e la Varlaam la Sado veanu, u ht, Bbitue, CTp. 431-448.

3 J. C a s a r e s , y M 3 . paóoma, CTp. 146-156.

4 Cm ., Hanp., L i v i u O n u, Observatii cu priv ire la contribu/ia lu i Varlaam la dezvoltarealim bii romàne lilerare, b c 6. D e la Varlaam la Sadoveanu, CTp. 35-60; E m i l P e t r o v i c i , Lim ba lu i D im itrie Cantemir, b u h t. c 6., CTp. 120-138, m e Bbi,nBnraioTcsi HHTepecHbie rrnio- Te3bl 06 SKCnpeCCHBHOM TCMÓpe HeKOTOpbIX JieKCHHeCKHX H <J)pa3eOJIOrHHeCKHX eflHHHU CJiaBSHC- Koro npoHCXTOKAeHHa; cm. CTp. 125-126.

6 Cm., Hanp., I o r g u l o r d a n. yKa3. paóoma, CTp. 37 h 342-343; ero ace Limba ro­màna contemporanà, Bucuresti, 1956, CTp. 309 — 314; A l . R o s e t t i , B o r i s C a z a c u , Isto­ria lim bii romàne literare, Bucurejti, 1961, CTp. 333-346 (Typeuxoe bjihhhhc), CTp. 350-361 (HOBorpenecKoe bjihhhhc).

15 3KCnPECCMBHOCTb CJIABJIHCKHX 3JIEMEHTOB B PyMblHCKOM A3bIKE 57

3KCnpeCCH BHO-CTH JIHCTHHeCKHe OTTeHKH, nO/lMac HeoaCHflaHHbie, B XOpOUieM CMbICJie 3 T o r o c jioB a. Bbi/iaiomHecH iiHcaTenn (SM HHecicy, C a jiO B im y, Ap re3H , TajiaKTHOH)

ne H3 0 JiHp0 BajiH, a, HanpoTHB, coneTa jiH c jioB a H3 s t h x flB yx 0CH0BHbix pe3epBy- apoB coB peM eH H oro pyM biHCKoro jiH T ep aT yp H oro fl3biica, co3 flaBaa cnjiaBbi Bbi-

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1 Cm., H anp., C. C à 1 i n e s c u, Opera lu i M ihai Eminescu, IV, Bucurejti, 1936, crp. 238; T u d o r V i a n u , Stilistica literarà f i lingvistica, b c6opHHKe D e la Varlaam la Sadoveanu, CTp. 25-26; A l . R o s e t t i , Limba poeziilor lui M ihail Eminescu, b iim t. c 6 ., c t d . 343; G h.

B u 1 g à r, Tradifie f i ino vane..., ctp. 433-434, 437, 442.