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Capitolul I. CONSIDERAII GENERALE

Caracteristici fizico-geografice

Marea Chinei de Est este o mare marginal n zona de est a Chinei. De asemenea,este o parte din Oceanul Pacific i acoper o suprafa de aproximativ .!"#.$$$ de %ilometri ptra i. Este delimitat la est de &nsulele '()sh)*i +(u%(u aparin-nd aponiei,la sud de insula /ai0an, i la vest de China continental i implicit de continentul 1sia.

1ceasta este legat de Marea Chinei de 2ud prin str-mtoarea /ai0an, cu Marea aponieiprin str-mtoarea Coreea*i cu deschidere n nord, p-n la Marea 3al4en.

5ungimea mrii de la nord6est la sud6vest de Marea Chinei de Est este deaproximativ

7$$ %m. 5imea de la est la vest este de aproximativ 8"$ %m. 1d-ncimea sa medie estede doar "9 de picioare :79$ metri ; iar ad-ncimea maxim este de onele de mic ad-ncime sunt acoperite de sedimente depuse n principal de?luviul @angtze i alte r-uri mai mici n apropiere de partea de nord a mrii. 2edimentegrosiere de nisip, de roci *i namoluri sunt, de asemenea, identificate pe alocuri. 1nalizaseismic indic faptul c structura geologic de su4 fundul oceanului este format dinfalduri aproape paralele, cu zone de roc l-ng limitele de nord a Mrii Chinei de Est, napropiere de marginea platoului continental, precum i de6a lungul insuleleor +(u%(us.

1cestea au permis apariia unor 4ariere pentru sedimentele aduse de ctre marele AuangAe :?luviul 3al4en; i, de asemenea, de @angtze. Pe alocuri sedimentele aBung p-n la omila grosime. &nsulele +(u%(us sunt un lan de insule vulcanice de pe litoralul Mrii

Chinei de Est. Muli dintre vulcani sunt nc activi. Epicentrele cutremurelor se gsesc de6alungul axei de O%ina0a /rough i arcul insulelor +(u%(u.

azinul Mrii Chinei de Est este marginit :n sensul acelor de ceasornic; de Coreeade 2ud, aponia,+epu4lica Chinez :/ai0an; i +epu4lica Popular Chinez.

Organiza ia &nterna ional de Aidrografie define te limitele Mrii Chinei de Est :/ung Aai;, dup cum urmeazF

La sud: 5imita de nord a Mrii Chinei de 2ud :!9 G !9 H I; continu-nd spre vestp-n la paralela nordic de !9 G !"H p-n la coasta ?u%ien, continu-nd de la punctul denord6est 2ant(oal ?ormosei, p-n la punctul de vest al insulei @ona%uni,continu-nd de

acolo spre punctul Aaderuma 2ima:!" G $7 H I, !7 G "8H E;.

La est: De la Aaderuma 2ima la punctul de est al Mi(a%o 2imai de acolo la O%inan'a%u, :extremitatea sudic a O%ina0a 2ima; prin punctul de est al 'i%ai 2ima :!< G !$ HI;,continu-nd prin /anegra 2ima:7$ G 7$ H I;, p-n la punctul de nord Ai62a%i :7 G 8H I;,

n'(us(u.

La nord: De la Iomo 2a%i :7! G 79 HI;, n '(us(u la punctul de sud al Au%ae 2imap-n la punctul de sud al i de acolo de6a lungul paralelei de 77 G 8 H nord de continent.

La vest: Partea continental a Chinei.

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Hidrologie

+-urile au o influen semnificativ asupra condiiilor hidrologice ale Mrii Chineide Est, n special fluviul @angtze, JiantangBiang i MingBiang.

?luviul @angtze :ChangBiang; este cel mai lung fluviu din China i unul din cele mai

renumite r-uri din lume. ?luviul @angtze are o lungime de =7#8 %m i dreneaz o suprafatade .heBiang i are o lungime de=$" %m cu un 4azin hidrografic de ".

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timpul verii cu privire la salinitate *i temperatur, n special n etaBele din miBloc. Cel maipro4a4il datorit unei cre*teri n nclzire datorat intrrilor de ap dulce. &n Marea Chineide Est, aproximativ 8$K din suprafa are o ad-ncime a apei de p-n la !$$ m, *i dead-ncime este limitat la grania deschis la O%ina0a Bghea4, unde ad-ncimea apei este dep-n la ! 8# m.

n regiunea de coast :adancimea apeiF p-n la 9$ m;, am4ele caracteristici,

salinitatea i temperatura au variaii de sezon. 2alinitatea apelor de suprafa este maimic n timpul verii :!$ la 7!.9 ; dec-t de iarn :7$ la 7".9 ;. n special n zonaadiacent estuarului fluviului @angtze, temperatura apei de suprafa poate aBunge la !967$ G C n timpul verii, dar poate scdea p-n la $GC n timpul iernii. n zona de larg ncare ad-ncimea apei medii este de 9$69$ m, parametrii hidrografici coloana de ap suntafectai de aflueni i curentul cald /ai0an. Caracterul neuniform al parametrilorhidrografice poate fi de ateptat s fie mai important n Marea Chinei de Est dec-t noceanele de coast, care au un timp de staionare relativ lung.

2pre zonele de coast, schim4ul de ap datorat curentului 'uroshio are o influenimportant asupra hidrodinamicii Mrii Chinei de Est. &ncursiunea apelor 'uroshioilustreaz creterea apelor de ad-ncime, n special n largul coastei de nord6est de /ai0an,

i intruziunea episodic a apelor de suprafa i su4terane pe platoul continental.?ilamentele i v-rteBurile frontale din aceste incursiuni nu au fost o4servate la margineaplatoului.

!e'peratura

/emperatura din 4azinul @angtze este influenat de mai muli factori, cum ar firadiatiile solare, circulatia atmosferic din 1sia de Est, platoul Jinghai6/i4et, formele derelief locale i aa mai departe. Domeniul de temperatur pe ntreagul 4azin nu este prea

mare, cutemperatura medie anual variind ntre 9 6 #GC. Dar n cursul superior al platouluiJinghai6/i4et, temperatura medie anual este de aproximativ "GC i n regiunile Boase imiBlocii, temperatura medie anual anual este de =6< G C. /emperatura maxim lunareste n iulie, cu temperaturi de peste !< G C, cu temperatura de minim lunar de "6=GC nluna ianuarie.

Capitolul I#. AC!ORI CHI"ICI

n Marea Chinei de Est o concentraie mare de specii de nutrieni riverani pot fiidentificai n apele de suprafa. &nfluena nutrientilor6surs poate fi vzut la suprafape o distan de p-n la !9$67$$ %m de coasta. Dizolvrile mari anorganice de azotLfosfor: I L P ; *i de azotLsiliciu : I L 2i; au condus la apariia unor rapoarte n care se arat cacestea afecteaza o regiune de aproximativ "$$6"9$ %m patrati din 4azinul fluviul @angtze.&n apele din larg, concentraia de nutrieni este relativ sczut, at-t la suprafa c-t *i sprefund. Curentul 'uroshio are un impact semnificativ asupra nutrienilor din Marea Chineide Est. Concentraia de nutrieni : I , P i 2i ; n apele ad-nci poate fi de mrime maimare dec-t la suprafa n regiunea 'uroshio. Concentraiile de nutrieni din apelesu4terane ale curentului 'uroshio sunt de 9 p-n la $ ori mai mari : I , P i 2i; dec-t cele

din zona de miBloc.

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Cli'a i *aria+ilitatea cli'atic,

Caracteristicile hidrografice ale marii Chinei de Est sunt su4 influena puternic aunui climat musonic.Musonul de sud ncepe n primvara i atinge maximum n timpul

verii i nceputul toamnei. Coloana de apa devine stratificata n timpul verii in ceea cepriveste salinitatea i temperatura, n special n raftul din miBloc. &n Marea Chinei de Est,

aproximativ 8$K din suprafaa are o ad-ncime a apei de p-n la !$$ m.n regiunea de coast :adancimea apei p-n la 9$ m;, atat salinitatea cat itemperatura au caracteristici de sezon. 2alinitatea apelor de suprafa este mai mic ntimpul verii :!$ la 7!.9 ; dec-t iarna :7$ la 7".9 ;. n special n zona adiacentestuarului r-ului @angtze, temperatura apei de suprafa poate aBunge la !967$ G C ntimpul verii, dar poate scdea p-n la $ G C n timpul iernii.

/emperatura din 4azinul @angtze +iver este influentata de mai muli factori, cum arfi radiatiile solare, circulatia atmosferica din 1sia de Est, platoul Jinghai6/i4et, forme derelief locale i aa mai departe. Domeniul de temperatur pe ntreaga @angtze 4azinul nueste prea mare, cu temperatura medie anual variind 96# G C. Dar n cursul superior alplatoului Jinghai6/i4et, temperatura medie anual este de aproximativ " G C i n

regiunile Boase i miBlocii temperatura medie anual anual este de =6< G C. /emperaturamaxim lunar este, n iulie, cu temperaturi de peste !< G C, cu temperatura de minimlunar de "6= G C n luna ianuarie. aloarea medie anual a precipitaiilor prezint o variaie spaial de6a lungul

4azinul, variind de la "$$ mm la =$$ mm. Precipitaiile anuale scad de la est la vest. nizvoarele din 4azinul @angtze, precipitaiile medii anuale sunt mai mici de "$$ mm, daralte zone primesc

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industrializare i ur4anizare este de natur s provoace o cretere semnificativ a cantitiide evacuare a apelor uzate n r-uri i zonele de coast.

n prezent, pro4lemele de poluare exist n primul r-nd la nivel local i nu sunt nco preocupare maBor pentru ntreaga regiune a Marii Chinei de Est .

oluarea ter'ic,

Poluarea termic s6a considerat a avea un impact redus n regiune . 26au o4servatevacuri de ap de rcire de la centralele electrice, inclusiv centrale nucleare, dar frefecte asupra mediului pe scar larg n afara zonelor de amestec i nici o interferensemnificativa asupra comunitilor 4iologice . +egiunea are reguli stricte de sancionare adeversrilor care determina schim4area de temperatur a apei mai mare de " G C.