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2.3(4,5) Arhitectura Greceasca, Romana, Bizantina

*In orasele societatilor antice,constructiile se faceau din piatra,ca sa fie solide si durabile,fiind deseori placate cu roci decoraive ca

marmura

*Grecii erau buni arhitecti. Studiul matematicii le-a servit in proiectarea unor cladiri bine proportionate

*Romanii au adoptat multe idei ale grecilor,dar au descoperit si tehnici noi.Una dintre acestea a fost obtinerea betonului,in jurul

anului 200 i.Hr.La inceput,betonul era utilizat la fundatii,dar nu dupa mult timp a fost inclus in structura zidurilor si a acoperisurilor

imenselor domuri

*Romanii au mai realizat arcade pentru case,poduri si apeducte.Prin secolul II d.Hr.,in orasele romane existau blocuri de

apartamente cu 4-5 etaje

*.In Imperiul Roman,Persia,India,China si Mexic s-au realizat drumuri pavate,care permiteau o circulatie mai rapida si folosirea

carelor pentru transportarea unor poveri mai mari.Apa era trimisa,prin canale sau prin apeductele inaltate,sa alimenteze orasele.

* Mycenaean art is marked by its circular structures and tapered domes with flat-bedded, cantilevered courses

*Coloanele miceniene erau mai inguste la baza si mai largite inspre capitel

* The agora was a central spot in ancientGreekcity-states and the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.

* TheForumwas the Roman equivalent of the agora and the word is often used in older texts to refer to Greek agoras.

*Stoais a term defining, inancient Greek architecture,covered walkways orporticos,commonly for public usage. Early stoas wereopen at the entrance with columns, usually of theDoric order,lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping,

protective atmosphere.

*Ancient Greek architecture is best known fromits temples

agora(piaa public): centrul spiritual, juridic, politic i comercial al comunitii,

templul:lcae de cult nchinate zeilor,

teatrul:loc public destinat desfurrii spectacolelor,

stadionul:loc public destinat ntrecerilor sportive i olimpiadelor,

palestru: construcie mai mic, acoperit, pentru ntrecerile de gimnastic sau luptelor corp la corp,

monument comemorativ: construit n cinstea unor evenimente importante sau unor eroi,

mausoleu,monument funerar somptuos, de proporii foarte mari, ridicat n memoria unei personaliti marcante sau a unor eroi

bibliotec,

muzeu,

pinacotec,se numete o colecie mare de tablouri i de obiecte de art. Prin extensie, aceeai denumire o poart i cldirea

unde se pstreaz i se expune o astfel de colecie. Acest termen este folosit, n general, pentru a desemna muzee dinItaliai

dinGermania,dar i din alte ri.

Acropole(gr:"orasul de sus"),o parte fortificat a unei aezri, situat pe o colin, constituind citadelavechilor orae greceti.

*Apogeul arhitecturii monumentale greceti a fost atins prin realizarea templelor depeAcropolaAtenei,devenite ulterior tezaur al ntregii umaniti.

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ORDINELE

Doric

*The Doric order originated on the mainland and westernGreece.It is the simplest of the orders, characterized by

short, faceted, heavy columns with plain, roundcapitals(tops) and no base ( coloana sta direct pe stylobat)

*Grinda are dou trepte: arhitrav i friz.

*According to Vitruvius the height of Doric columns is six or seven times the diameter at the base

Ionic

*The Ionic order came from eastern Greece

*Se foloseste volute

* Ionic columns are eight and nine column-diameters tall

Corintic

*The name "Corinthian" is derived from the ancient Greek city ofCorinth

Tuscan

*The Tuscan order is seen as similar to theDoric order,and yet in its overall proportions and

intercolumniation, it follows the ratios of theIonic order

Composit

*The composite orderis a mixedorder,combining thevolutesof theIonic ordercapital with

theacanthusleaves of theCorinthian order.

TEMPLE

*The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, since the sacrifices and rituals dedicated to the respective deity took place

outside them

*Templele erau des folosite pentru a depozita ofrande aduse zeilor*

*ajungeau des la inaltimi de 20 metri ( fara acoperis)

*Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of

thecolumnsor by the dimensions of the foundation levels

*The first temples were mostlymud brick and marblestructures on stone foundations

IMP. ROMAN

*The Romans conquered the Greek cities in Italy around three hundred years BCE and much of the Western world after that

*Factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of

their own

*Au folosit bolti si arcuri de cerc

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*The changing social climate demanded new buildings of increasing complexity thecoliseum,the

residential block, bigger hospitals and academies. General civil construction such as roads and bridges

began to be built.

*Au folosit beton si caramizi, MARMURA

*Gypsumandlimewere used as binders. Volcanic dusts, calledPozzolanaor "pit sand", were favored where they could be

obtained. Pozzolana makes the concrete more resistant to salt water than modern day concrete.

[4]

The pozzolanic mortar used hada high content ofaluminaandsilica.

*Pozzolana, is asiliceousandaluminousmaterial which reacts withcalcium hydroxidein the presence of water at room

temperature (cf.pozzolanic reaction). In this reaction insolublecalcium silicate hydrateand calcium aluminate hydrate compounds

are formed possessingcementitiousproperties.

*PANTHEON (Largest dome of the world until 1881)-It took 732 construction workers over three years to construct the Pantheon

*Length 84 metres Width -- 58 metres Height -- 58 metres

*The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development, seen from the 1st century AD, that was

very widely adopted in medieval Western,ByzantineandIslamic architecture.

*Ancient Roman amphitheatreswere oval or circular in plan

*The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators

*Today we still see those influences all around us, inbanks,government buildings, great houses, even small houses,

Byzantine architectureis thearchitectureof theByzantine or Later Roman Empire.A mixed style, i.e. a style composed ofGraeco-Roman and Oriental elements

*Buildings increased in geometriccomplexity,brickand plaster were used in addition tostonein the decoration of important public

structures,classical orderswere used more freely,mosaicsreplaced carved decoration, complexdomesrested upon massivepiers,

and windows filtered light through thin sheets ofalabasterto softly illuminate interiors. Most of the surviving structures are sacred in

nature, with secular buildings mostly known only through contemporaneous descriptions.

* Inovatii- arc in plin cintru, semicircular, sprijinit pe coloane,, cupola cu baza rotunda sprijinita pe pandantive, absida! C|

*-se adopta un plan de biserica in cruce greaca, adica cu brate egale;

*Insula, casa in care locuiau chiriasii, era casa de raport, compusa din numeroase apartamente si dispuse in etaje scunde, cu

scari si plansee din lemn.

*Contrast izbitor dintre aspectul exterior, simplu si sobru, si interiorul bogat decorat si somptuos;

3. Islamic architecture

The principal Islamic architectural types are: theMosque,theTomb,thePalaceand theFort

*The Quba Mosquein the outlying environs ofMedinainSaudi Arabia,is the oldestmosquein the world

--WhenAbdel-Wahed El-Wakilwas commissioned, in the 20th century, to conceive a larger mosque, he intended to

incorporate the old structure into his design. But the old mosque was torn down and replaced with a new one.

*TheGreat Mosque of Kairouanin Tunisia, was built in 670 and is the most prestigious mosque in the western Islamic world

*Deoarece tradiiaislamic,conform nvturii lui Mahomed, interzice reprezentareaanimalelori a figurii umane[2]

,att a

luiAllahi a profetului Mahomed,ct i a tuturor marilor profei ai religiilor cretin i mozaic, deci i a luiIisusori a luiMoise,pe

zidurilemoscheilornu apar chipuri omeneti, ci singura decoraie a moscheilor sunt numai imagini decorative, aa-numitele

arabescuri

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http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomedhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomedhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomedhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisushttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisushttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisushttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscheehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscheehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscheehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscheehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisushttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomedhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesc#cite_note-2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel-Wahed_El-Wakilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_amphitheatreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world%27s_largest_domeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanic_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseum