Înfiinţarea episcopiei hotinului în cadrul mitropoliei proilaviei. episcopul amfilohie - mare...

7/21/2019 nfiinarea Episcopiei Hotinului n cadrul Mitropoliei Proilaviei. Episcopul Amfilohie - mare crturar i pstor duhovnicesc

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OECCOD^GD GQCRBKQCGC HK]COWJWC

O BDM^WJLC]^KQKJCGC Q^KCJDUCGC.GQCRBKQWJ DLECJKHCG9

LD^G B^]W^D^C QR]K^ MWHKUOCBGRBCkdo JCROCB

Mup obhggrgd pbcc mg jd Nuburgtc, mco 45 ldc 484>, tgrctkrcuj Lkjmkvgcmg rdsrct mcotrg Qrut c Ocstru d ekst dogxdt jd ^uscd. Lctrkpkjctuj Fdvrccj Nou-jgsbu-Nkmkoc, stdncjcomu-sg jd Bhccou, odcotgdz Rcokmujuc mco Qgtgrsnurf uoprkcgbt mg krfdoczdrg d vcgcc ncsgrcbgtc, bu prkpuogrgd bd o tgrctkrcuj dogxdt ssg oeccogzg k gpdrhcg oku. Okud gpdrhcg trgnucd s ecg oulct gpdrhcd Bhcco-ujuc c d Hktcoujuc9 mgkdrgbg, Bhccoujdvom o dbgdst rgfcuog k sctudcg bgo-trdj d ekst mgstcodt bd sgmcu pgotru fuvgrolotuj bcvcj, cdr jd Hktco d ekst bo-mvd gpcsbkp kbrluctkr. Gxcstgod o trgbut d uouc gpcsbkp gpdrhckt jd Hktco dsgrvct mrgpt lktcv pgotru lctrkpkjctuj Fdvrccj mg d prkpuog bd vcctkdrgd gpdrhcg

s ecg cotctujdt d Bhccoujuc c d Hktcoujuc. o prgzgotd jubrdrg sg vkrngtg mgs -prg vgbhgd Gpcsbkpcg d Hktcoujuc c mgsprg scofuruj gc tctujdr, Q.R. Gpcsbkp Dlec-jkhcg Hktcocuj.

Gxtcomgrgd Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc pgstg coutuj Hktcoo pgrckdmd sgbkjgjkr XU-XUC, doulctg tgrctkrcc rklogtc diuof sun stp-

ocrg ktkldo c suot trdosekrldtg o rdcdjg turbgtc. o 4=46 suot bubgrctg bgt-cjg Fcurfcu c ]urou, o 4=8= Bhcjcd c Bgtdtgd Djn, o 4728 Nufgdbuj c Bgtdtgd]cfhcod c o 4723-47=1 Nrcjd bu coutuj obkoiurtkr. gfcuocjg rgspgbtcvg mg jdMuorg, Ocstru c Ldrgd Ogdfr, eccomb ob mco 4=46 turbcc bubgrcsgr c coutujMknrkfgc, du ekst sbkdsg mg sun iurcsmcbcd mkloctkrcjkr Lkjmkvgc c d rcc ^k-logtc c trgbutgsun stpocrgd pkjctcb ktkldo. o bgtcjg dbgstkr tgrctkrcc duekst dgzdtg trupg turbgtc bdrg prgzgotdu uo pgrcbkj pgotru rcjg rklogtc. Bds-c bkoskjcmgzg pkzcccjg o dbgstg tgrctkrcc bubgrctg, eccomb pg jof bgtcjg dbd-pdrdtg du kbupdt cuo doulct oulr mg jkbdjctc mco prgdild bgtcjkr, pgotrupdrkhccjg krtkmkxg du ekst brgdtg okc uoctc ncsgrcbgtc bdrg mgpcomgdu mcrgbt mgQdtrcdrhcd Gbulgocb mco Bkostdotcokpkj4.

Dstegj, mup bubgrcrgd tgrctkrcujuc mcotrg Muorg c Ldrgd Ogdfr, coutujMknrkfgc mgpcomgd mco puobt mg vgmgrg ncsgrcbgsb mg Lctrkpkjcd mg Mrcstrd, vg-

bhcuj Murkstkrul, sdu bu oulgjg turbgsb Rcjcstrd. Jd brld lctrkpkjcgc grdu oulccmg btrg Qdtrcdrhcd mg Bkostdotcokpkj cgrdrhc frgbc, er d sg judo sgdl b ldik-rctdtgd brgmcobckcjkr mco buprcosuj dbgstgc lctrkpkjcc grdu rkloc dutkhtkoc>.

Mup bubgrcrgd mg btrg turbc d bgjkrjdjtg couturc dlcotctg ldc sus, d ekstbrgdt k djt uoctdtg ncsgrcbgdsb dpdrtg sun oulgjg mg Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc, bd-

4Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd Ncsgrcbcc Krtkmkxg klog, Gm. tccod, Bhccou 4332, p. 472.>Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , vkj.>. Gm. Costctutujuc Ncnjcb c mg Lcscuog dj NK , Nuburgtc 433=, p =63.


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rg jd egj sg dejd sun iurcsmcbcd mcrgbt d Qdtrcdrhcgc mg Bkostdotcokpkj. Rbduouj mgrggmco d cgrdrhcjkr oulcc mg Qdtrcdrhcg sg dejd o krduj Nrcjd, mg uomg vcog cmgoulcrgd lctrkpkjcgc, dstegj oulgdu frgbcc Nrcjd, cdr turbcc Cnrdcj sdu Cnrdcjd2.

o mgbursuj cstkrcgc, mdtkrct edbtkrcjkr pkjctcbc, hktdrgjg Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjd-

vcgc du vdrcdt, uogjg tgrctkrcc eccom dogxdtg sun iurcsmcbcd bdokocb d lctrkpkjcgc,djtgjg eccom sbkdsg c rgotkdrsg brlucrcc cgrdrhcjkr lkjmkvgoc sdu luotgoc. Mcodbgstg lktcvg, c rggmcod lctrkpkjcgc, mgc o ldrg pdrtg d gxcstgogc sdjg s-ddejdt jd Nrcjd, s-d dejdt pg sburt tclp c jd Csldcj, ^goc, Fdjdc c Bugoc. o bklpk-ogod Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc grdu rdcdjgjg Fcurfcu c ]urou, Bhcjcd c Bgtdtgd Djn,Nufgdbuj, Bgtdtgd ]cfhcogc c Nrcjd. K pgrckdm mg tclp o bdmruj lctrkpkjcgc s-ddejdt c Wbrdcod Hdoujuc, tgrctkrcu mg pgstg Ocstru bdrg d ekst stpoct mg mkloc-tkruj Lkjmkvgc, Fhgkrfhg Mubd (4558-456>, 4568-4582). Dbgdst rgfcuog grdbklpus dprkxcldtcv mco =1 mg sdtg c krgjgjg Ndjtd c Munsdrc, uomg sg kprgd

uogkrc c hdouj ttdrcjkr=.Mup oerfgrgd o juptd mg jd Rtocjgtc, o cuocg 4644, drldtd rus d ekstogvkct s bdpctujgzg o edd turbcjkr. lprguo bu rlcgjg ktcrcjkr rusgtcbdrg sg rgtrfgdu o ^uscd d pjgbdt c mkloctkruj Lkjmkvgc, Mclctrcg Bdotglcr(4641-4644). Jd sburt tclp mup pcgrmgrd juptgc, turbcc kbup bgtdtgd Hktco. ourltkrcc mkc doc du kbupdt otrgf coutuj, btgvd sdtg mco couturcjg Rkrkbd c Cdcc k pkrcuog jd okrm mg Qrut, mco coutuj Bgrouc. Mco dbgstg tgrctkrcc kbupdtg, o4647 turbcc oeccogdz k oku rdcd, bgd d Hktcoujuc. ^dcdud Hktcoujuc grd bu lujtldc ldrg bd bgjgjdjtg rdcdjg mco Lkjmkvd, buprcomgd bgtdtgd bu dprkxcldtcv 411

mg sdtg c trfurcjg Jcpbdoc, Nrcbgoc c Rujcd-Oku7

. Bu tkdtg b jkbdjctcjg rgspgb-tcvg trgbusgr sun stpocrgd pkjctcb ktkldo, po jd lcijkbuj sgbkjujuc djXUCCC-jgd, pdrkhccjg krtkmkxg mco dbgstg jkbdjctc sg dejdu sun iurcsmcbcd Gpcsbk-pcgc mg muc.

o douj 4674, Lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgc, Ecjktgc (46=8-4674) rcmcb prgtgoccmg iurcsmcbcg dsuprd brgmcobckcjkr mco rdcdud Hktoujuc. Dstegj, Brkocbd Fhcbujg-tcjkr mgsbrcg urltkruj gpcskm9 o dbgst tclp, lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgc d judt ecr-ldo lprtgsb bd s djcpgdsb coutuj Hktcoujuc jd gpdrhcd sd Nkcgrcc plo-tgoc os, lprguo bu lctrkpkjctuj Lkjmkvjdhcgc c bu gpcsbkpcc, tccom b dbgj c-

out grd mco vgbhclg uoct bu gpcsbkpcd mg ^muc, dmcb bu Lkjmkvd, du dmusdbgdstd jd buoktcod juc Bkostdotco Ukm ^dbkvc rufomu-j bu strucos bd-utg s mknomgdsb djt ecrldo, prco bdrg bgj mcotc s-c pcdrm putgrgd, bd eccommdt mco frgdj. Dpkc mklouj d struct c d vgoct djt ecrldo, o bdrg sg spuogd b c-outuj Hktcoujuc s ou sg mgsprcom mg jd gpdrhcd Lkjmkvgc, bc s rdlo uoct bugd, prgbul d ekst c o tclpurcjg vgbhc. Lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgc, bdrg grd ob oprcjg dbgjgd, dejom bggd bg s-d otlpjdt, d njgstgldt o ncsgrcb pg dbgc bdrg duprcbcouct dbgdstd, er s sg fomgdsb bu puco lcotg. Ddmdr, eccom bdtgrcsct mg

2Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , vkj.>, p. =56-=58.=Cko Ogfrgc, Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc// Bufgtuj, or. 4->,4337, p. =6-=8.7Cko Ocstkr, Cstkrcd Ndsdrdncgc, Gm. Bdrtgd Lkjmkvgogdsb, Bhccou, 4334, p. 4=>-4=5.


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ldrgd ncsgrcb, d prclct pgmgdpsd buvgoct5. K dsglgogd dtctumcog d juc Ecjktgced mg brgmcbckcc mco Lkjmkvd j-d mgtgrlcodt pg pdtrcdrhuj mg Bkostdotcocpkj bds-j mglct. Wrltkruj bkomubtkr dj Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc d ekst djgs lctrkpk-jctuj Mdoccj (4674-4662). Rprg mgksgncrg mg prgmgbgskruj su, lctrkpkjctuj Mdoccj

prco mcpjkldcd sd d putut s dtrdf bjgruj c nkcgrcc lkjmkvgoc mg pdrtgd sd. Dbtctkrct ldc lujtg ncsgrcbc mco buprcosuj lctrkpkjcgc, uod mcotrg btctkrccjg sdjg gstg

c ncsgrcbd Dmkrlcrgd Ldcbcc Mkloujuc mco Bugoc. Lrturcg og sgrvgtg tgxtujbtctkrcbgsb sctudt mgdsuprd ucc mg jd cotrdrg o ncsgrcb. Qg k ergsb mco cotgrckrujncsgrcbcc suot zufrvcc btctkrcc mkloctkrc c mrgftkrc eccomb, pktrcvct tgxtujuc, s-debut lcjkstgocg prg jd tkc brgtcocc.., (sd) lcjkstcvct c Lrcd Rd mg du mdt diutkr.Qg dbgd ergsb gstg oecdt c lctrkpkjctuj Mdoccj lprguo bu ldld sd6.

Qo jd vgocrgd jd brld Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc d lctrkpkjctujuc Mdoccj,prgmgbgskrcc sc sg oktdu bd Lctkpkjct dj Qrkcjdvcgc. Qktrcvct brcjkr mg hcrk-

tkocg, rldsg mco tclpuj pstkrcgc sdjg, lctrkpkjctuj Mdoccj sg cotctujd9 Mdoccj, bulcjd juc Mulogzgu, lctrkpkjct dj Qrkcjdvcgc, ]kldrkvgc (^gocjkr), dj Hktcoujuc, djotrgfujuc rl dj Muorcc c dj Ocstrujuc c d otrgfcc Wbrdcoc d Hdoujuc8. Mco br-cjg mg hcrktkocg c mco djtg dbtg sglodtg jd dbgd vrglg mg btrg lctrkpkjct putgldejd hktdrgjg Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc. Knsgrvl b o tctujdturd lctrkpkjctujuc dpd-rg c bdjcecbdtcvuj dj Hktcoujuc, bggd bg og m mg ogjgs b rdcdud Hktcoujuc grdmgid obkrpkrdt o hktdrgjg Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc.

Qktrcvct uogc frdlktg mco 4677, d Rknkrujuc mco Rjdvd rus mco Mknrkfgdgstg oulct gpcsbkp dj rdcdjgc Hktcoujuc, gpcsbkpuj jcpkvgogsb Dotcl. Dvgd rgg-

mcod gpcsbkpdjo sdtuj Uctrgdobd mco coutuj Hktco c sg sglod bu urltkdrgdtctujdtur9 Rlcrgoyc Dlecl Drhcgpcsbkp Bundos`c c Bhktcos` ^dy Jcpkvgo3,mgbcgrd gpcsbkp dj jcpkvgocjkr mco dbgst cout. o 4676, Rcokmuj Ncsgrcbgsb mco Qgtgrs-nurf, prco Bkjgfcuj rusgsb dj Dedbgrcjkr strcog sg cotgrgsd mg dbtcvctdtgd dbgstucgpcsbkp jcpkvgogsb eccom skbktct bd uo dlfctkr c ogjtkr41.

]ctujdturd lctrkpkjctujuc Mdoccj bu dmdksuj dj Hktcoujuc dpdrg pgotruprcld mdt o douj 4678 otr-k bdrtg pdstkrdj mg hcrktkocg d uouc cgrkmcdbko oprgkt9 eccom hcrktkoct cgrkmcdbko mg cunct erdtgjg okstru bhcr Mksketgc gpcsbkpuj^muujuc j-dl ebut prgkt mgsvrct dcbc jd Rbhctuj Odjt dj Recotgc lctrkpkjcc

okdstrg Hktcouj. Qktrcvct urltkdrgjkr dbtg mg hcrktkocg lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgchcrktkocsgd bdomcmdcc jd prgkcg mco coutuj Hktco o tkdtg trgptgjg bdokocbg. Douj4678 pkdtg ec bkoscmgrdt bd do mg trgbgrg d pdrkhccjkr krtkmkxg mco coutuj rdcdjgcHktcoujuc o iurcsmcbcd bdokocb d Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc44.

5Cko Fulgoc, Cstkrcd coutujuc Hktco, Gm. Bcvctds, Bhccou, >11>, p. >>8, Dpum9 Brkocbd Fhcbujgtcjkr,p. 5=2.6Bkostdotco Bckndou, Ncsgrcbd Dmkrlcrgd Ldcbcc Mkloujuc mco Bugoc, Gm. tccod, Bhccou, 4336,p. 52-57.8Custco tgedo Ercldo, Cstkrcbuj Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcd(Nrcjd), ]cpkfrdecd Rkb. Do. Fjdsuj rcc, Bhc-

cou, 43>2, p. 34.3Cncmgl, p.5>-52.41Cncmgl, p.52-5=0 21=-241.44Cko Fulgoc, kp. bct., p. >22->27.


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Qgotru nuod krfdoczdrg d vcgcc ncsgrcbgtc mco rdcdud Hktcoujuc mco pdrtgdlctrkpkjcgc grdu oulcc prktkpkpc c btg uo gpctrkp. Mgsprg uouj mco gpctrkpc buoulgjg Rpdomkoc, Ldrgjg ^gtkr @yr Hdfc Rpdomkoc, sg vkrngtg o sbrcskdrgdlctrkpkjctujuc Mdoccj dj Qrkcjdvcgc btrg drhcldomrctuj Ogkect4>.

Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc o bdmruj Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc d ekst oeccodt mdtk-rct edptujuc b lctrkpkjcd frgbgdsb grd prgd otcos mup suprded c grd frgumg brluct mg uo scofur cgrdrh, cdr pg mg djt pdrtg coutuj Hktco sg dejd jd k mg-prtdrg ekdrtg ldrg mg bgotruj lctrkpkjctdo. Qgotru d diuofg jd Hktco, bkomub-tkruj lctrkpkjcgc trgnucd s trgdb prco rgfcuoc bdrg dpdrcogdu jd djtg mku gpcs-bkpcc, mg Huc c Cdc42. Qrcld obgrbdrg mg oeccodrg d Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc, suerd-fdo Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc pkdtg ec skbktct douj 4657. Jd 45 egnrudrcg 4657, lct-rkpkjctuj Mdoccj c trclctg k sbrcskdrg drhcldomrctujuc Ogkect geclgrcu jd ncsgrcbdRe. Fhgkrfhg mco Nuburgtc, bdomcmdt jd sbduouj mg Gpcsbkp dj Hktcoujuc. D ekst

djgs lcrg dj Gpcsbkpcgc mg Hktco mdtkrct lgrctgjkr sdjg, mup bul j bdrdbtgrc-zgdz lctrkpkjctuj Mdoccj, bd pjco mg frcig c jubrtkr er mg sklo c ekdrtg hdr-ocb, tg-dl skbktct ldc vrgmocb mgbt tkc vgbhcc lgc diutkrc, ldc bcostct c ldc vg-ogrdncj. Qktrcvct dbgstgc sbrcskrc, lctrkpkjctuj Mdoccj j otccogdz pg drhcldo-mrctuj Ogkect, bul b9 Bu vkcd prgd ojdtujuc Mklo d tkdt Lkjmkvd, bd uouj bggstg vgbco, dl sbrcs Qrgdsecoctujuc lgu stpo c Mklo c Qdtrcdrh Gbulgocb buReotuj Rknkruj okstru dj Drhcgrgcjkr c lc-du mdt mku dbtg9 uouj scokmcb c uoujgobkoklcdstcb, mgksgnct dj Qdtrcdrhujuc, pg oulgjg secocgc tdjg. o bkotcoudrg sgdrdt b d kncout c uo ngrdt mg jd sujtdo c b d vkrnct c bu uo djt Lctrkpkjct

fdtd, bd s tg hcrktkocscl bu vkcd juc Mulogzgu c s tg odcotl o sbduouj Reco-tgc Gpcsbkpcc d Hktcoujuc 4=. Mgc efmucsg dotgrckr b vd dbbgptd brlucrgd okuoeccodtgc Gpcsbkpcc d Hktcoujuc d djgs sjuind mg prgkt otr-k pdrkhcg frgbgdsb.^geuzuj drhcldomrctujuc Ogkect mg d kbupd dbgdst euobcg odjt ncsgrcbgdsb sgmdtkrgdz prkndncj edptujuc b o rdcdud Hktcoujuc, bul c o djtg couturc kbupdtgmg turbc, grd k sctudcg mg ogscfurdo c er ogpjbgrc. D prgegrdt s pjgbg jdRcncu, eccom covctdt mg bkluoctdtgd frgbgdsb scncdo bd s jg ecg omrultkr spcrc-tudj. Qgotru djgfgrgd sd, drhcldomrctuj Ogkect d ekst egjcbctdt mg btrg lctrkpkjctujFrcfkrg dj Wofrkvjdhcgc47. o urld rgeuzujuc, drhcldomrctujuc Ogkect d ekst djgs c

hcrktkoct o gpcsbkp pgotru Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc, uo bjufr rklo, brturdr cpjco mg rvo pg oulg Dlecjkhcg, buoksbut ldc trzcu bu dpgjdtcvuj Hktcocuj.Gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg tctujdr dj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc

Ruot ekdrtg pucog mdtg mgsprg vcdd Gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj. Dbtc-vctdtgd sd gbjczcdst o spgbcdj mco pgrckdmd dejrcc sdjg jd brld Gpcsbkpcgc Hktc-oujuc ou gstg ocbc gd ncog buoksbut. Wouj mco lktcvg dr ec b, drhcvd GpcsbkpcgcHktcoujuc d ekst trdospkrtdt jd rggmcod Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc c mg dbkjk jd Qd-

4>tgedo Ngrgbhgt, Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc//Julcotkruj, 43>=, or. 30 Doudruj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc, ]c-

pkfrdecd Gpdrhcdj, Bhccou, 43>7, p. 5.42Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK ..., p. =67.4=Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp. bct., p. 55.47Cncmgl, p. 56.


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trcdrhcd mg Bkostdotcokpkj, gxcst os c pkscncjctdtgd bd drhcvgjg s ec ekst mcs-trusg45.

Ucctkruj Gpcsbkp dj Hktcoujuc s-d osbut o iuruj doujuc 4621 c grd krcfcodrmco okrmuj rcc Lkjmkvgc. D ekst bjufrct jd lostcrgd Rgbu, uomg c dvgd c

lgtdocd. Lrturcg og sgrvgtg uo pklgjocb dj dbgstgc lostcrc o bdrg grd trgbutc Dlecjkhcg Rgbuj46. Oulgjg su d ekst osbrcs o bdtdstceuj pklgjocbujuc prcotrgprclgjg, odcotgd jd trgc drhcgrgc, dstegj sg ldocegstd vrgmocbcd dbgstuc bjufr.

Qrclgjg stumcc jg-d bptdt jd bkdjd lostcrcc, sg prgsupuog b d ovdtc jd vgstctd bkdj d juc Udrtkjklgu Lzrgdouj mg jd Qutod. Mdr, pktrcvct prg-ftcrcc c prgegrcogjkr brturrgtc djg gpcsbkpujuc, dr ec ekst cospcrdt bu stumcc mcodjt bkdj48. Rg prgsupuog b gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg dr ec stumcdt c o ^uscd, Qkjk-ocd c Ctdjcd. Ndzomu-sg pg sbrcskdrgd gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg btrg drhcldomrctujJdvrgc Qgbgrs`d Ykscl, uomg dutkruj lrturcsgtg b d ekst o vczct jd @cgv c s-d

,,ovrgmocbct d srutdlkdtgjg Re. Qrcoc Dotkocg c ]gkmkscg, uocc bgrbgttkrcbkoscmgr b gpcsbkpuj dr ec ovdt c jd Dbdmglcd muhkvocbgdsb mco @cgv43. Ldctrzcu, pjgdb o Ctdjcd uomg c bkoskjcmgdz buoktcogjg, o spgbcdj bgjg jdcbg. Grduo dmgvrdt pkjcfjkt, buoktgd jd pgregbcg ldc lujtg jclnc9 sjdvd vgbhg, frgdbd,jdtcod, rusd c ctdjcdod. Buoksbom ldc lujtg jclnc c jrfcomu-c krczkotuj tcco-cecb, d trdmus ldc lujtg sbrcgrc, dmdptomu-jg pgotru bkjcjg rklogtc, d djbtuctc k sgrcg mg ldoudjg mcmdbtcbg. Grd uo gxbgjgot ecjkjkf mdr c ldtgldtcbcdo>1.Qrgkbupdt mg scobrkoczdrgd bujturcc rklogtc bu bgd gurkpgdo, djturc mg sbrc-grcjg djtkr sdvdoc rkloc dc tclpujuc, jubrrcjg gpcsbkpujuc du stdt jd ndzd brgrcc

uouc jclndi tccocecb dj jclncc rklog. Qstrd k jgftur mg brgmco d Ncsgrcbcc Kr-tkmkxg, prco sbrcgrcjg sdjg tgkjkfcbg c k jgftur bu tccod gurkpgdo, prco dmdp-tdrgd c djbtucrgd ldoudjgjkr mcmdbtcbg. Ldoudjgjg gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg bcrbu-jdu o bkjcjg rklogtc o ldousbrcs, bu lujt tclp odcotg mg d ec tcprctg. Grduutcjczdtg o Dbdmglcd mklogdsb mco Cdc, o bkdjd lostcrcc Qutod c o djtgbkjc djg tclpujuc. Qktrcvct uogc dmgvgrcog mco 4668, gjcngrdtg uouc dnskjvgot djbkjcc lostcrgtc mg jd Qutod, pg pdrbursuj costrucrcc mg dptg doc sg stumcdu ldclujtg mcsbcpjcog, prcotrg bdrg c fgkfrdecd bgd tjlbct mg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcgmup Nueecgr c sburtd ]gkjkfcg pjdtkogdsb>4, tjlbct mg dbgjdc Dlecjkhcg.

Qrcluj bgrbgttkr dj vcgcc c kpgrgc gpcsbkpujuc d ekst sbrcctkruj D. Hdsmgu. Qktrc-vct rgjdtrcjkr sdjg, mup stumccjg bg jg-d urldt, vcctkruj gpcsbkp dr ec mgseurdt kdbtcvctdtg pgmdfkfcb eccom gpctrkp jd bkdjd mco Hktco>>.

45Qkbctdo Ugocdlco Nrjmgdou, Ugbhgd Gpcsbkpcg d Hktcoujuc// Ncsgrcbd Krtkmkx klo (o bko-tcoudrg9 NK^), or.3, 432>,p.768-787.46Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK ..., p. =65.48]ct Rclgmrgd, Ugbhgd Gpcsbkpcg d Hktcoujuc// NK , or. 4-2, 43=2, p. >>.43.F. Jupdo, Wo ldrg sdvdot-pdtrckt lkjmkvgdo9 Dlecjkhcg, Gpcsbkp dj Hktcoujuc// Dlecjkhcg Hktc-ocuj, Frdldtcbd mg jd ovturd eczcbcc,Gm. tccod, 4331, p. =4-=>.>1

Dvxgotcc Rtdmocbhc,Dlecjkhcc, Gpcsbkp Hktcosbhcc// , >4, 4831, . 3>=.>4Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp. bct., p.63-81.>>Dvxgotcc Rtdmocbhc, kp. bct., p. 3>=-3>7.


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Mgsprg djgfgrgd c hcrktkocd juc Dlecjkhcg bd gpcsbkp mg Hktco dejl mcosbrcskdrgd sd btrg Ykscld, drhcldomrctuj Jdvrgc Qgbgrs`d mco @cgv, sbrcs jd 41cdoudrcg 4658>2. Mco dbgdst sbrcskdrg dejl b Dlecjkhcg s-d ovrgmocbct c s-dbcostct bu mdruj drhcgrgsb, bu vkcg c bu tcrg d prg ojdtujuc c prg julcodtujuc

prg secoctujuc Qdtrcdrh dj drcfrdmujuc c d tkdt julgd. D ekst hcrktkoct prcolcogjg d trgc secoc drhcgrgc dmcb prg secoctuj Lctrkpkjct dj Rgvdstcgc @crck @crDodocg c prg secoctuj Lctrkpkjct dj Mrcstkrujuc (dj Rcjcstrcgc) @crck @cr Qdrtgocgmclprguo c dj Nrcjgc @crck @cr Mdoccj stpouj lgu. Qg bgj mco url drhcgrgu,dutkruj j oulgtg stpouj lgu bggd bg osgdlo b Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc grdsuerdfdo Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc. Mco sbrcskdrgd gpcsbkpujuc dejl c mgsprg gpdr-hcd bg k bkomubgd9 Lc-du obrgmcodt dbgdst puco gpdrhcg c pstkrcg d rkdngcbgtc d Hktcoujuc, otrg bdrg kdcd pgtrgbg lprguo bu jupu eccom gpdrhcd c md-tkdrg bu bcobc lcc mg jgc mco trgbutgjg vrglc, pgotru ncruj stpocjkr. Bgtdtgd

Hktcoujuc k oulgtg rkdn pgotru b sg dejd sun stpocrgd turbcjkr c vcddbrgtcocjkr grd o strltkrdrg. Drtom srbcd o bdrg sg zntgd, eccomb gpdrhcdou-c pjtcsg ncruj mco trgbut c skbktcomu-sg sjdn mg bhcvgrocsgjc ou dvgd ocbcvglcotg mg sjuin, j rufd pg drhcldomrctuj Ykscld s-c trclct vglcotg drhcg-rgtc mco bgjg bg vgc hc dvom ldc vgbhc. Rbrcskdrgd gstg sglodt mg Dlecjkhcggpcsbkp Hktcoujuc. o pkst-sbrcptuluj sbrcskrcc j rufd pg drhcldomrctuj JdvrgcQgbgrs`d s sg cotgrgsgzg mg uo erdtg dj su bdrg mg bcobc doc ovd jd bkdjd mgcbkokfrdec mco lostcrg jd zufrdvuj Udrthkjklgc.

Ndzomu-og pg btgvd frdlktg mg hcrktkocg, rggmcod gpcsbkpcgc sg dejd

o trfuj Hktco, bu ncsgrcbd Re. Frcfkrg Nkfksjkvuj. Dstegj, o frdlktd mco 4656glcs mg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg pg oulgjg prgktujuc Frcfkrg pgotru ncsgrcbd mcosdtuj Bgrncbgoc sg lgockogdz b d ekst hcrktkoct dcbgd jd seotd gpcsbkpcd okd-str Hktco, uomg sg bcostgtg c sg przoucgtg hrdluj juc Regtc Frcfkrcg Nkfk-sjkv>=. o djt frdlkt, glcs jd 7 mgbglnrcg 466> prgktujuc ]gkmkscg, bul b dekst hcrktkoct oprgkt pgotru ncsgrcbd mco sdtuj Hjcokdcd, sg lgockogdz b hcrk-tkocd d ekst svrct o dbggdsc ncsgrcb9 o seotd okdstr gpcsbkpcg o Hktco oncsgrcbd, uomg gstg hrdluj seotujuc c ldrgjuc Frcfkrcg Nkfksjkv>7. Ncsgrcbd vg-bhcc Gpcsbkpcc d Hktcoujuc ou s-d pstrdt. Wocc bgrbgttkrc bkoscmgr b ncsgrcbd Re.

Ocbkjdg mco Hktco dr ec dvut o trgbut hrdluj Re. Frcfkrg ]gkjkfuj, bggd bg ou bk-rgspuomg rgdjctcc>5.Qgrckdmd mg brlucrg d Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc mg btrg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg

gstg puco buoksbut. D pstkrct bu ldrc mcecbujtc, pg mg k pdrtg mco bduzd jcpsu-rcjkr c d kbupdcgc turbgtc, cdr pg mg djt pdrtg b, o urld mgbjdorcc rznkcujucrusk-turb mco 4658-466=, rcjg rklogtc du ekst kbupdtg mg trupgjg rusgtc. o

>2Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp. bct., p. 53-64.>=Bkost. O. ]klgsbu, Mcegrctg tcrc mco Drhcvd Bkoscjcujuc gpdrhcdj Bhccou// Drhcvgjg Ndsdrdncgc, or. 7,

4322, p. >4=->47.>7t. Ngrgbhgt, Mkbulgotg okc prcvctkdrg jd Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc// Rkbcgtcc Cstkrcbk-Drhckjkfcbg Nc-sgrcbgtc mco Bhccou, vkj. XU, 43>=, p. 37-35.>5]ct Rclgmrgd, kp. bct., p. 44-2>.


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urld dbgstkr lprgiurrc, Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc lprguo bu Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujucdu ekst mgseccodtg. Qdrkhccjg mco bdmruj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc du ekst sunkrmkodtggpcsbkpujuc mg ^muc>6. Mgsprg strltkrdrgd mco pdrtgd dutkrctcjkr turbgtco tgrctkrccjg kbupdtg sg drdt o sbrcskdrgd lctrkpkjctujuc Ckdbhcl dj Qrkcjdvcgc

dmrgsdt drhcgpcsbkpujuc Ocbhcekr dj Rjkvgocjkr c dj Hgrskoujuc o jgftur bu o-tkdrbgrd d mkc prgkc rgeufcdc mco bduzd prcfkdogc dutkrctcjkr turbgtc. Cdt bg sgsbrcd o dbgd sbrcskdrg mgsprg prscrgd pdrkhcgc uoucd mco dbgc mkc prgkc, sbrcsjd >2 cujcg 46819 pgotru prgkcd sd drg frdlkt mg hcrktkocg c mg mglcscg mg jdokc, dpkc dbgdstd o dmgvr dd gstg c b mosuj ou mg nuo vkcg, bc bu ldrg rcsc-pcrg pgotru gj mco gpdrhcd okdstr mco pdrkhcd, uomg gj d ekst oulct mg okc s-d mg-prtdt, dpkc dbgdstd d ebut-k o urld prcfkocrcjkr c strltkrrcjkr mco prcbcodovjcrcjkr c djtg lujtg ovrincrc mco pdrtgd dutkrctcjkr lprcgc sujtdoujuc,mgsprg bdrg otlpjrc c prgd secocd vkdstr ou suotgc er tcco>8.

o pgrckdmd docjkr 4658-466> c ldc trzcu, gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg edbg ldclujtg bjtkrcc o Ctdjcd. Rbkpuj bjtkrccjkr grdu otrgprcosg pgotru d-c jrfc krc-zko-tuj o tccogjg supgrckdrg, d jud buoktco mg krfdoczdrgd bkjcjkr c lgtkmg-jg mcmdbtcbg c mg d dmubg ldoudjg bd ldc dpkc s ecg trdmusg c dmdptdtg bkjcjkrmco dr. bkdjd mco Hktco, bkomus o dbgd vrglg mg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg grdbklpus mco 211 mg gjgvc>3.

otkrbomu-sg jd Hktco o 466>, fsgtg gpdrhcd mgseccodtc sunkrmkodtgpcsbkpujuc mg ^muc. Dvom tctjuj mg Gpcsbkp dj Hktcoujuc21, jd 7 mgbglnrcg 466>svrgtg ujtcld hcrktkocg d uouc bdomcmdt jd prgkcg pgotru coutuj Hktco. Rg rgtrd-

fg jd sbhctuj Ydfdvcd mg jof Hrju, trgbom o romuj drhcrgcjkr er gpdrhcg.o urld pbcc rusk-turbg obhgcdtg jd Bucub-Bdcodrfc o 466=, s-d rgvgoct jdvgbhgd sctudcg pkjctcb. ]urbcc kbup mco oku bgtcjg c sg rgoeccogdz Lctrkpk-jcd Qrkcjdvcgc. Qdrkhccjg ekstgc Gpcsbkpcc d Hktcoujuc du ekst obdmrdtg o iurcsmcbcdmcrgbt d Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc.

Dejomu-sg jd sbhctuj Ydfdvcd, gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg o jcoctgd lostcrcc cmgsvrgd stumccjg c sg kbupd mg trdmubgrgd c djbtucrgd mg ldoudjg. o 4681sg dejd jd Cdc, lrturcg og sgrvgtg sbrcskdrgd drtdt ldc sus d lctrkpkjctujucCkdbhcl dj Qrkcjdvcgc dmrgsdt drhcgpcsbkpujuc Ocbhcekr dj Rjkvgocjkr c dj Hgrsk-

oujuc mco >2 cujcg 4681, uomg dutkruj j oulgtg pg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg dj Hktc-oujuc dotgbgskruj su9 ekst o dbgd vrglg dotgbgskruj okstru, bdrg dstzc sg f-sgtg jd Cdc24.

Jd 3 mgbglnrcg 468>, gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg pdrtcbcp jd hcrktkocd o gpcs-bkp d vcctkrujuc lctrkpkjct dj Lkjmkvgc Cdbkn Rtdldtc, bd gpcsbkp mg Huc. otrgdbgtc mkc drhcgrgc s-d stdncjct ldc trzcu k dbtcvctdtg rkmocb. o 463>-4632 j diu-t pg Lctrkpkjctuj Lkjmkvgc Cdbkn Rtdldtc s ookcdsb c s ozgstrgzg bu jctgrg c

>6Lcrbgd Qburdrcu,Ndsrdncd, dspgbtg mco cstkrcd Ncsgrcbcc c d ogdlujuc rklogsb, Gm. ]rcoctds, Cdc, 4332, p. 26.>8

t. Ngrgbhgt, Mkbulgotg okc, p. 32.>3Lcrbgd Qburdrcu,Cstkrcd NK ..., p. =66.21t. Ngrgbhgt, Mkbulgotg okc, p. 37-35.24Cncmgl, p. 32.


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uogjtgjg ogbgsdrg tcpkfrdecgc mco Cdc. o dbgdst tcpkfrdecg du ekst tcprctg ldclujtg brc prcotrg bdrg c trgc jubrrc djg gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg2>.

o pgrckdmd docjkr 4686-4635, bt s-d dejdt jd bkomubgrgd Gpcsbkpcgc mg^kldo, gpcsbkpuj Dotkocg mco bduzd sotcc j covctd mgs pg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg

s edb sjuing o jkbuj su jd bdtgmrdjd mco ^kldo22. Rg dejd lujt tclp c jd Cdc,eccom prgkbupdt mg prknjglgjg brturrgtc, eccom c lod mrgdpt d Lctrkpkjc-tujuc Lkjmkvgc, Cdbkn Rtdldtc.

Wjtclcjg zcjg djg vcgcc plotgtc jg-d pgtrgbut jd sbhctuj Ydfdvcd. Lkdrgdprkxcldtcv o douj 4811 c gstg olkrlotdt jd sbhct. o urld uokr bgrbgtrcdrhgkjkfcbg mg ldc trzcu, d ekst mgsbkpgrct lkrlotuj gpcsbkpujuc o cotgrckrujncsgrcbcc. Qg jgspgmgd mg pcdtr d lkrlotujuc suot obrustdtg brid drhcgrgdsbc lctrd bu cosbrcpcd9 Lkdrtgd ncrucgtg prg bkrkdo, prg lctr c prg tkdtg djgklujuc2=. Dstegj c-d obhgcdtvcdd scofuruj tctujdr dj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc, gpc-

sbkpuj Dlecjkhcg. c mdb ou d dvut k dbtcvctdtg rkmocb o bdjctdtgd sd mg gpcsbkpdj Hktcoujuc, d bkotrcnuct lujt jd mgzvkjtdrgd ovlotujuc mco Lkjmkvd. Mdtk-tct dbtcvctcc sdjg rkmocbg brturrgtc, oulgjg su s-d osbrcs prcotrg bgjg ldcclpkrtdotg oulg djg cstkrcgc bujturcc rklogtc mco sgb. dj XUCCC-jgd.

Dbtcvctdtgd brturrgdsbo douj 4637 jd ]cpkfrdecd lctrkpkjcgc mco Cdc, mup bg bcrbujdsgr ldc

lujt tclp o ldousbrcs vm julcod tcpdrujuc trgc ldoudjg djg gpcsbkpujuc Dlec-jkhcg Hktcocuj.

Qrcld jubrdrg, dprut o cuocg 5, gstg Frdldtcbd ]gkjkfcbgdsb, k bkl-

pcjdcg djbtuct mup Bdtghczluj lctrkpkjctujuc Qjdtko Jgvco dj Lksbkvgc c mgpg djtg brc mg ovtur ncsgrcbgdsb. Jubrdrgd grd mgstcodt prgkcjckr, tcog-rcjkr tgkjkfc c krcbruc nuo brgtco, mup bul sg drdt c o tctjuj gc9 pgotru ov-turd prgkcjkr c d tuturkr mg kntg prdvksjdvocbc brgtcoc. Dbul otc tcprct omzcjgjg prgjulcodtujuc c prgojdtujuc Mklouj okstru Djgxdomru Ckdo BdjcldbhUkcgvkm. Bu njdfksjkvgocd c bu tkdt bhgjtucdjd Qrgksecocgc sdjg @crcu @cr CdbknDphcgpcsbkp c Lctrkpkjct Lkjmkvgc. otru d Qrgkseccgc sdjg tcpkfrdecg o Cdc4637. Cuocg 5. Mg Fhgrdscl Cgrkmcdbko c mg Qdvgj Qgtrkv, tcpkfrdec27. Dbgdstjubrdrg d ekst sbrcs mup Dj. Qdpdmkpkj-Bdjcldh otr-uo stcj, erulks, burdt rk-

logsb, stcj dj tuturkr ldrcjkr oktrc sbrcctkrc ncsgrcbgtc0 bdrg du pstrdt c dumgzvkjtdt jclnd rklo o pgrckdmd mcegrctkr lklgotg mg rgstrctg25. Ndzomu-sg pg prgsupuogrcjg juc Dj. Qdpdmkpkj-Bdjcldh, uocc bgrbgttkrc bkoscmgr bgpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg dr ec trdmus Frdldtcbd ]gkjkfcbgdsb mco jclnd rus, bggdbg ou bkrgspuomg rgdjctcc. o pgrckdmd rgspgbtcv, ekdrtg lujtg trdtdtg tgkjkfcbggrdu sbrcsg o jclnd jdtco. Qo c bursurcjg o Dbdmglccjg spcrctudjg sg cogdu odbgdst jcln. Rg buokdtg prgbcs b lctrkpkjctuj Qjdtko d sbrcs dbgdst jubrdrg

2>R.F. Jupdo, kp.bct., p. =2.22

Qkbctdo Ugocdlco Nrjmgdou, kp.bct., p. 768-787.2=Cncmgl.27D. Rtdmocbhc, kp. bct., p. 3>5.25Cncmgl.


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ldc otc o jclnd jdtco, cdr gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg d trdmus-k mco vdrcdotd jdtco26,ekjkscomu-sg jd otkblcrgd jubrrcc sdjg c mg djtg brc ncsgrcbgtc. Bdrtgd drg 8>pdfcoc c obgpg bu uo buvot-odcotg btrg bctctkr o bdrg sg drdt sbkpuj jubrrcc,b d vzut julcod tcpdrujuc lujulct lctrkpkjctujuc Cdbkn CC Rtdldtc9 c l-dl

rufdt prgksecocgc sdjg prcotgjuc Lctrkpkjctujuc mg du mdtu o tcpdrcu. ]gxtuj gstgdgzdt bu otrgnrc c rspuosurc bd krcbg bdtghcsl. Wrlgdz ]jlbcrgd ruf-bcuocc ]dtj Okstru c prgkcd seotujuc Lgjbhcsgmgb. Dutkruj o prged drdtstrubturd brcc sdjg9 lprctu-s-du brtcbcbd dbgdstd o trgc prc9 otc pgotrubuoktcod mg ecco d juc Mulogzgu0 dj mkcjg pgotru brgmcod gvdofhgjcbgdsb, cdj trgcjg pgotru bgjg zgbg pkruobc mdtg prco tdnjg juc Lkcsg, bd otru tkdtg dbgstglprcrc sg buprcomg brgmcod, omgimg, mrdfkstg, mco bdrg Mklouj Mulogzgu sstrkpgdsb o coclcjg prdvksjdvcgc vkdstrg pcbturc mg mdruj su sprg d vkdstrovtur. o cobhgcgrgd buvotujuc odcotg dutkruj sglogdz9 Rlgrctuj otru

Drhcgrgc, Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj28.Jd >> dufust 4637 gstg sbkds mg suntgdsburcjg tcpdrujuc djt jubrdrg dgpcsbkpujuc Mg kntg fgkfrdecg. o djbtucrgd jubrrcc dutkruj s-d ekjksct mg Fgk-frdecd uocvgrsdj d juc Bjdum Nueecgr, uo cgzuct vgstct prco gmcccjg sdjg mg Fgkfrd-ecg, sbrcs o jclnd erdobgz. o 4667 dbgdst jubrdrg d ekst trdmus o jclnd ctdjc-do c gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg otkrs mco Ctdjcd k trdmubg o rklo. Jubrdrgd gpcsbk-pujuc ou gstg k sclpj trdmubgrg, bc k prgjubrdrg c dmdptdrg d gmccgc juc Nueecgr.Rbkds mg pg Fgkfrdecd juc Nuecgr, mup kromucdjd bdrg dbul ldc prg url s-dudgzdt o dbdmglcg mg jd Qdrczc.

Lgtkmd dotgrckdr grd bd Fgkfrdecd s sg ovgg o vgrsurc. Fgkfrdecd jucNueecgr grd jd egj sbrcs o vgrsurc bul c ldousbrcsuj Fgkfrdecgc gpcsbkpujucDlecjkhcg, pg bom gmccd tcprct grd o prkz. Mgsprg ogdiuosuj bg zmrocbgdprkbgsuj mg stumcgrg d fgkfrdecgc o vgrsurc sg drdt o buvotuj dutkrujuc btrgbctctkrc9 ou mup bul grd otru dbgd ldc mgodcotg fgkfrdecg otru bdrg sg buprco-mgd tkdtg oulgjg mg grc c jkburc otru octg ndrndrg vgrsurc mg pkgtcbg bdrg ojkb mg d dvgd tcogrcc diutkr c ekjks gc sg osrbcod mg frgutdtg. Ekjksgtg prcobc-pcuj mcmdbtcb mg jd sclpju jd bklpus. Eccomb tkdtg ovturcjg otc sg ovd bggstg ldc ukr dpkc sg sucg jd bgjg ldc frgjg23. Dbgdst bdrtg d ekst gmctdt otr-uo

tcrdi mg 4111 gxdlpjdrg c d ekst rgpdrtczdt o ldikrctdtg jd bkjcjg punjcbg mcodbgd vrglg. Jubrdrgd buprcomg >21 pdfcoc odedr mg prged c k cotrkmubgrgmgsprg mgzvkjtdrgd fgkfrdecgc. Gstg lprct o ldc lujtg bdpctkjg o bdrg suotmgsbrcsg prcjg julcc, mgsbkpgrcrcjg fgkfrdecbg c suot dnkrmdtg prknjglg mgfgkfrdecg fgogrdj. o ujtcld pdrtg d brcc suot ldc lujtg dogxg bdrg buprcom co-mcbg mg oulg fgkfrdecbg, k jcst mg pjdotg, k trdosbrcgrg d bcergjkr drdng bu bgjgrklogtc. o dogxg sg ldc buprcomg jcstd mkloctkrcjkr rcc Lkjmkvgc c k mgs-brcgrg d Lkjmkvgc c d krdgjkr Cdc c Rubgdvd, tgxt trdmus mco jclnd fgrldo mco

26

Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp. bct., p. 8=-870 t. Ngrgbhgt,Dbtcvctdtgd jctgrdr d Gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco,Dlecjkhcg // Doudruj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc, ]cpkfrdecd Gpdrhcdj, Bhccou, 43>7, p. 21.28C. Ncdou, O.Hkmk, Ncnjckfrdecd rklogdsb vgbhg, t. CC, Nuburgtc, 434>-4325, p. 266-268.23Cncmgl, p. 268-263.


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Fgkfrdecd juc Erdobcsb Rbhlcmgf, tcprct o 461==1. Rprg mgksgncrg mg Fgkfrdecdjuc Nueecgr bdrg obgpgd bu mgsbrcgrd Erdogc, gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg obgpg jubrdrgdbu mgsbrcgrgd ]urbcgc mco bdrg ebgdu pdrtg rcjg rklogtc. Cdt bg sbrcg dutkrujmgsprg drd Lkjmkvgc9 Lkjmkvd drg dj su Mklo, bdrg sg oulgtg Ukcgvkm, drg

sbduo trfuj Gujuc c dj Rubgvgc, mdr eccom drd obhcodt ]urbcjkr m mdimg. Hktd-rgjg Lkjmkvcc sg obgp mco vreuj luocjkr mgsprg Dpus c mgsprg ^srct (grdkmdt bu Ldrgd Ogdfr), cdr dbul bu Nufgdfuj=4.

D trgcd bdrtg d gpcsbkpujuc, Gjglgotc drctlgtcbg drtdtg ecrgtc d ekst gmc-tdt jd dbggdc tcpkfrdecg mco Cdc o mgbglnrcg 4637. Jubrdrgd buprcomg 458 pd-fcoc c gstg lprct o 48 bdpctkjg. Gstg k dmdptdrg mup ldoudjuj Gjglgotcdrctlgtcbc d ctdjcdoujuc Djgssdomrk Bkotc jd bdrg sg ldc dmduf okcuogd mg fgk-lgtrcg, bkrgspkomgod mcotrg sjkvgjg bhcrcjcbg c oulgrgjg bhcrcjcbg sbrcsg bu bcergdrdng, uoctcjg mg lsur ekjksctg o Lkjmkvd .d. Ldoudjuj mg ldtgldtcb d

gpcs-bkpujuc Dlecjkhcg gstg prcluj ldoudj mco Lkjmkvd o bdrg dpdr c okcuocmg fgklgtrcg, gstg prcld bdrtg mg dbgst fgo mco otrgfuj drgdj dj rcjkr rkl-ogtc. Mosuj pkdtg ec oulct pg mrgpt buvot uo coccdtkr dj lgtkmgc prgmrccldtgldtcbcc o Lkjmkvd=>. Bdrtgd d ekst sbrcs o 468= c d bcrbujdt po jd gmc-tdrg o ldousbrcs bd c bgjgjdjtg jubrrc djg gpcsbkpujuc. o prclgjg bdpctkjg suotmgsbrcsg okcuocjg prcobcpdjg djg drctlgtcbcc, kpgrdccjg drctlgtcbg, erdbccjg zgbc-ldjg c krmcodrg. o bkotcoudrg suot prgzgotdtg okcuoc mg fgklgtrcg. Ldtgrcdjujgstg rgmdt o ekrl mg otrgnrc c rspuosurc, mup vgbhgd lgtkm d bdtghcz-lgjkr=2. o buvotuj su btrg bctctkrc Btrg bgc mco mdruj seotujuc Muh ecc suejg-

tgtc d secotgc Ncsgrcbc bgtctkrc, dutkruj drdt vgbhclgd lgtgufujuc oulrrcc.Qrgzcot oulgrgjg c kpgrdccjg drctlgtcbg mom gxglpjg mco Re.Rbrcptur9 Mupbul sg pkdtg vgmg c d sg ogjgfg mco Recotgjg Rbrcpturc, bul b dbgdstd sg drdt dec mco obgputuj julcc, dpkc osuc Mulogzgu eccom uouj, cdt oulruj uou9 c bu dsd nuo vkcrg osbom prg dj su ecu s oulc edd d mkud9 cdt b sg ebu c dj mkcjgoulr0 c suejom Mulogzgu mcotru d sd tcco c ogjgfgrg suejdrg bcd seot dsd, sg ebu dj trgcjg oulr. Mgbc cdt obrgmcodrg gstg tccod mg oulrdrg. Wogxglpju cotgrgsdot gstg drtdt jd kpgrdcd olujcrcc9 Womg zcbg Mklouj okstruCs. Hr. dbgjg buvcotg btrg Dpkstkjuj Qgtru9 ou-c zcb cg mg 6 krc(s cgrtl), bc mg

6-zgbc mg krc btg 6. Cdt c oulruj olujct. o bkotcoudrg sg drdt bt mg ogbg-sdr gstg stumcgrgd drctlgtcbcc eccomb lgtgufuj oulrrccekjksgtg o tkdtgmklgoccjg. c pgotru dbgdstd vzom okc nuotdtg c lrcrg dbgstcc brc, dl scjctmco tkdt prkstcd tccogc lgjg mg dl tjbuct-k c dl dgzdt-k mup dj okstru knc-bgc mg oulrdrg==. ^gegrctkr jd pdjld mklogdsb, uoctdtg mg lsur ekjksct oLkjmkvd, bklpdrom-k bu uoctcjg mg lsur d Erdogc c Ctdjcgc, gegbtuom c

=1Cko Fulgoc, kp.bct., p. >=5.=4t. Ngrgbhgt,Dbtcvctdtgd jctgrdr d Gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco, Dlecjkhcg, p. 24.=>

Cko Bkikbdru,Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj c prcld bdrtg mg ldtgldtcb tcprct o Lkjmkvd// Mgjtd, or. >,>116, p. 68-63.=2Cncmgl.==C.Ncdou, O.Hkmk, kp. bct., p. 282-28=.


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uogjg lsurrc mg rcfkdrg sbrcd b pcbckruj Qdrciujuc b ou sg pktrcvgtg ocbc bupdjld mklogdsb mg dcbgd ocbc bu pcbckruj bgj vgbhc dj ^klcc (p.422), obrgmco-dt bul drg lsurd mg pdjl mklogdsb mrgdpt, bdrg sg dej osglodt pg ecgro vcstgrccd burcc mklogtc o Cgc Plkmgjuj pdjlgc mklogtc grd osglodt c pg

turouj ncsgrcbcc Re. Ocbkjdg mco Cdc o.d.\ c juom lsurd mgfgtujuc, mup bul s -ddrtdt ldc sus j-dl dtkbldt bu d ^klcc c d Qdrciujuc c mgbt d Qdrciujuc vcog ldclcb, cdr bu d ^klcc vcog tkbld, b gstg k lcouog bul s-d pzct otru k dr k l-sur dtt mg vgbhg, pktrcvcmu-sg bu lsurcjg juc Ugspgscdo lprdt, b d Qdrciujucvcog lrct dprkdpg bu mkdu mgfgtg ldc ldrg c mgbt dbgdstd c mg bt d ^k-lcc(p. 425)=7.

Gstg ogbgsdr s lgockol b jubrrcjg gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco suot ldou-djg mcmdbtcbg lgoctg pgotru bkjcjg vrglcc, c ou rgejgbt ocvgjuj suprgl dj tccogcmco Lkjmkvd. Ldtgrcdjuj mcmdbtcb prgzgotdt o ldoudjgjg sdjg grd prgvzut pgo-

tru bkjcjg mklogtc, gpcsbkpgtc c lostcrgtc. Gmctdrgd dbgstkr trgc ldoudjgot-uo scofur do, og mglkostrgdz b grdu mg prcl ogbgsctdtg pgotru bkjcjgtclpujuc. Mco dbgstg ldoudjg sg stumcd o Dbdmglcd mg jd Cdc, o bkjcjg lostc-rgtc c bgjg punjcbg. Qktrcvct rgjgtrcjkr bgrbgttkrujuc t. Ngrgbhgt, jd obgputujsgb. dj XX-jgd, o ncnjcktgbcjg lostcrcjkr mco Ndsdrdncd sg dejdu o stdrg nuo ldclujtg gxglpjdrg djg jubrrcjkr gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg, mdr ldc bu sgdl ldoudjgmg Fgkfrdecg=5. Wo ldoudj mg Fgkfrdecg, fsct o ium. Rkrkbd sg dejd o pksgscdcstkrcbujuc tgedo Bckndou=6.

Mco bdtgfkrcd jubrrcjkr tcprctg djg gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco edbg pdrtg c jub-

rdrgd Frdldtcbd mg jd ovturd eczcbcc. Dbgdst jubrdrg d dvut dosd mg d ec gmc-tdt o 4331 mg btrg uo frup mg bgrbgttkrc mg jd Dbdmglcd mg tccog d Lkjmkvgcmup ldousbrcsuj bg sg pstrgdz jd Ncnjcktgbd Dbdmglcgc mco @cgv=8. R-du ps-trdt po o prgzgot mku ldousbrcsg djg dbgstgc jubrrc, uouj sg dej jd NcnjcktgbdDbdmglcgc ^klog c dj mkcjgd jd Ncnjcktgbd Dbdmglcgc mco @cgv. Ldousbrcsuj mgjd @cgv eusgsg fsct o Ndsdrdncd c d ekst mkodt mg btrg prkegskruj Rglcodrujuc]gkjkfcb mco Bhccou G.Lchdcjgvcbc Dbdmglcgc ]gkjkfcbg mco @cgv, uomg sg pstrdo ncnjcktgb sun or. 674=3. c mdb pg bkpgrtd ldousbrcsujuc jubrrcc ou sg drdtdutkruj gc, o jutgrdturd ncnjckfrdecb rklogdsb s-du prkmus lujtg prkng bdrg

mkvgmgsb b dutkruj gc gstg gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg71

. Qg bkpgrt gstg comcbdtdouj4635 c b jubrdrgd d ekst trdmus mco jclnd ctdjcdo. Qgrckdmd dbtcvctcc bujturdjgdjg gpcsbkpujuc bkcobcmg bu douj dpdrccgc jubrrcc. D ekst trdmus c o ldrg pdrtg

=7t. Ngrgbhgt,Dbtcvctdtgd jctgrdr d Gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco, Dlecjkhcg, p.2>.=5Cncmgl.=6tgedo Bckndou, Bujturd rklogdsb o Ndsdrdncd sun stpocrgd rus, Gm. Gobcbjkpgmcb Fhgkr-fhg Dsdbhg, Bhccou, 433>, p. >=.=8Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj, Frdldtcbd mg jd ovturd eczcbcc, rgmdbtkr rgspkosdncj J.Q. Mgrfdbgvd, prged

mg D.J. Ndncc c .F. Jupdo, Gm. tccod, 4331, >45 p. =3t. Bckndou, kp.bct., p.>=.71D.C. Ndncc,Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj glcogot sdvdot c fomctkr lkjmkvgdo mg jd serctuj sgbkjujuc XUCCC//

Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj, Frdldtcbd mg jd ovturd eczcbcc, p.=.


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bklpjgtdt c dmdptdt jd bkomcccjg bkjcjkr mco Lkjmkvd mco dbgd vrglg muplkmgjuj c stcjuj ldoudjgjkr gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco.

Dbgdst jubrdrg otru bdrg sg buprcomg tkt bggd bg kluj vkcgtg d sbrc c dovd o bgrurc c prg plot, mco jubrurcjg bgjg ldc buoksbutg c ldc trgnuco-

bckdsg gstg mg edpt uo ldoudj mg tccog odturdjg dvom pdtru prc bu ldc lujtgbdpctkjg. Buprcomg okcuoc cobcpcgotg mco ldc lujtg mklgocc9 dstrkoklcg, fgk-frdecg, nktdocb, zkkjkfcg, dodtklcg, eczcb c bhclcg. Ldousbrcsuj obgpg bu uo bu-vot-odcotg Btrg bgtctkrcuj o bdrg dutkruj drdt b bgjbg ou drg cuncrg c mrd-fkstg dmob btrg pdtrcd sd, pgotru drd c plotuj c jclnd o bdrg s-d osbut,pbdtu gstg bdc bgj bg trgbg bcostgd prcocjkr sc, drdt b d ekst sbrcs pgotruekjksuj tcogrcjkr bdrc sg bjtkrgsb prg mruluj ovturcjkr74. Frdldtcbd mg jdovturd eczcbcc lprguo bu bgjgjdjtg jubrrc djg gpcsbkpujuc du iubdt uo rkj cl-pkrtdot o prkbgsuj mg bkostctucrg d jclndiujuc tccocecb rklogsb.

Mgsprg k djt jubrdrg bdrg ou s-d pstrdt, mdr gstg dtrcnuct gpcsbkpujuc Dlec-jkhcg og lrturcsgtg N. Q. Hdsmgu otr-uo drtcbkj cotctujdt Mco bklpuogrcjg juc Dlec-jkhcg, gpcsbkpuj Hktcoujuc o bdrg lgockod b Dlecjkhcg ldc jsdsg o ldousbrcs k cs-tkrcg d Lkjmkvgc, cotctujdt Ukrng c edptg sbrcs jd 467>, bdrg sg pstrd otr-k vrglg jdprktkcgrguj ^kmkstdt o coutuj Hktcoujuc, uomg d vzut-k prcotgjg lgu 7>. Qrcotrgsbrcgrcjg juc D.Hdsmgu, bgj bdrg s-d kbupdt mg bgrbgtdrgd vcgcc c d kpgrgc gpcsbkpujucDlecjkhcg, d ekst fsct uo erdflgot trdmus mg sbrcctkr mco Cstkrcd gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco,sbrcs o jclnd frgdb. Cstkrcd rcc Lkjmkvgc k lpdrtg o mku pgrckdmg, mg jd otglg-cgrgd gc po jd costdurdrgd mklcodcgc turbgtc. D mkud pgrckdm bom Rtdtuj Lkjmk-

vgogsb, pcgrzomu-c comgpgomgod, s-d trdosekrldt otr-k rgfcuog dtrodt mg ]urbcdpo jd bgd egrcbct c dtgptdt vrglg, os dsbuos prgvgmgrcc klujuc mup vkcd Dtkt-putgrocbujuc, bom urldcc oktrc sg vkr lotuc mg pgrckdmd orkncrcc sdjg, dmcb d codb-cuocc c oikscrcc pkjctcbg egrcbct dbgj cstkrcb bdrg vd diuofg s rgmgd vcdbuj okcc eccorc djQdtrcgc! Qkvgstcrgd juc ou vd suejd bu lhocrgd mgzomgimcc, bdrg er mg vkcg sg prgvgmgo pkvgstcrgd lgd bu tkdt brgmcod lgd o Qrkvcmgocg bdrg pgmgpsgtg c tktkmdt cdr-t72. Jubrdrgd gstg lprct o pdtru prc, ecgbdrg dvom btg trgc sdu pdtru bdpctkjg.Buprcosuj gstg urldt mg k gxpjcbdcg sburt mco pdrtgd dutkrujuc9 Bg d ekst dl sbrcsbul d ekst. Bg vd ec urldcc vkr sbrcg. c oulgjg rcc okdstrg vd rlog o vgocbd

dlcotcrg d tclpujuc. o bkotcoudrg urlgdz sgloturd juc Dlecjkhcg o jclnd frgdb cdouj 467>7=.Rbrccrcjg juc D.Hdsmgu edb trclctgrc c jd djtg jubrrc djg gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg

mgsprg bdrg ou s-d sbrcs o trgbut. Qrcotrg dbgstgd suot9 Bcog d ekst rgprgzgotdotujncsgrcbcc mco Lkjmkvd jd Rcokmuj mg jd Egrrdrd-Ejkrgod77c k Dmrgsdrg btrg lcrg-

74Dlecjkhcg Hktcocuj, kp. bct., p.5>-52.7>t.Ngrgbhgt,Dbtcvctdtgd jctgrdr d gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco, Dlecjkhcg, p. 22.72. , // , 2, 4387, . 4=>.7=

Cncmgl, .4=2.77Rg ldc oulgtg Rcokm uockocst (4=28-4=23). D ekst bkovkbdt mco coccdtcvd lprdtujuc Ckdo djUCCC-jgd Qdjgkjkfuj kegrcom uocrgd Ncsgrcbcjkr mg ^srct c mg Dpus o sbhclnuj diutkrujuc Dpusujucbrgtco lpktrcvd prgscuocjkr turbgtc. Jd >3 ldc 4=72 turbcc kbup Bkostdotcokpkjuj.


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occ ruc mg rct vgbhc, gxpjcbomu-jg rtbcrcjg okcc brgmcog. Dmrgsdrgd cogd mg edptuj bsbhcsldtcbcc ruc, mup bul rgjdtgdz D.Hdsmgu, mg trgc krc du obgrbdt s oeccogzg kgpdrhcg comgpgomgot o Lkjmkvd. Mcotrg dbgtcd s-d gvcmgocdt gpcsbkpuj jcpkvg-ogsb Dotcl, bdrg s-d dutkprkbjdldt drhcgpcsbkp dj Hktcoujuc c dj otrgfcc julc prd-

vksjdvocbg75.Ndzomu-sg pg prgsupuogrcjg juc O.Ckrfd, uocc bgrbgttkrc c dtrcnucg gpcs-bkpujuc mg Hktco uo ldousbrcs dokocl, cotctujdt D tkdt julgd bjtkrcg sdu o-tccodrg mg julg bg vgbhc c bg okud, dmcb cstkrcg mg tkdtg ploturcjg bg suotdbul tcutg jd = prc djg julcc mdtg o jclnd erdouzdsb mg dndtgjg C.Ngjgpkrt. R-du tjlbct pg jclnd rusdsbo Rdobt Qgtgrnurf jd jgt 4681 s-du sbks pg jclnd rk-logdsb jd jgt 4687 o Cdc76.

Ldoudjgjg gpcsbkpujuc Dlecjkhcg, sdu bgjuc ldc slgrct otrg drhcgrgc,mup bul kncoucd s sglogzg jubrrcjg sdjg, suot prclgjg brc mcmdbtcbg mco

Lkjmkvd, ndzdtg pg prcobcpcc pgmdfkfcbg, dvom bd okrl ldoudjgjg bgjkr ldcmcstcoc mdsbjc mco rcjg gurkpgog. Brcjg sdjg du dvut k bcrbujdcg jdrf o otrg-fuj drgdj dj rcjkr rklogtc, bkotrcnucom tktkmdt jd rspomcrgd cmgcjkr tccogcc jd ekrldrgd vkbdnujdrujuc tccocecb rklogsb.

Mgseccodrgd Gpcsbkpcgc mg HktcoRcofuruj brluctkr dj Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc, suerdfdo Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjd-

vcgc d ekst gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg. Kmdt bu djgfgrgd sd o euobcd mg gpcsbkp dj Hktc-oujuc, pgotru pdrkhccjg mco rdcdud rgspgbtcv d ekst brgdt k gpdrhcg dutkokl.Douj oeccorcc Gpcsbkpcgc Hktcoujuc pkdtg ec skbktct douj 4656, eccomb jd 41 cdou-

drcg 4658 gpcsbkpuj Dlecjkhcg c sbrcd mgid drhcldomrctujuc Jdvrgc Qgbgrs`d mco@cgv, Ykscld, mgsprg djdfgrgd c hcrktkocd sd bd gpcsbkp mg Hktco. Gpcsbkpcd Hktc-oujuc o bdmruj Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc d eccodt po o ujtclgjg juoc djg doujuc4653, bom rcjg rklogtc du ekst kbupdtg mg trupgjg rusgtc78o tclpuj rznk-cujuc rusk-turb mco 4658-466=73. o urld dbgstkr lprgiurrc pkjctcbg, LctrkpkjcdQrkcjdvcgc lprguo bu Gpcsbkpcd Hktuoujuc du ekst mgseccodtg. couturcjg Csldcj,^goc, Bhcjcd, Bgtdtgd Djn c ]cfhcod bdrg ebgdu pdrtg mco Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc duekst rgtrkbgmdtg Gpcsbkpcgc Hucjkr, rgfcuogd Nrcjgc d trgbut sun iurcsmcbcd Gpcs-bkpcgc Nuzujuc (Lctrkpkjcd Wofrkvjdhcgc), cdr coutuj gpdrhcgc Hktcoujuc d trgbut

sun knjmucrgd Gpcsbkpcgc mucjkr51

, dd mup bul d ekst c ldc odcotg mg oec-codrgd Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc.Dbgdst hktrrg d ekst judt mg btrg bgc mkc lctrkpkjcc, Fdvrccj Bdjcldbhc

dj Lkjmkvgc c Frcfkrg dj Wofrkvjdhcgc. o dbgjdc tclp d ekst trclcs k sbrcskdrg

75. , , p.4=2.76t. Ngrgbhgt,Dbtcvctdtgd jctgrdr d gpcsbkpujuc mg Hktco, Dlecjkhcg, p.22.78Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Ndsdrdncd, Dspgbtg mco cstkrcd ncsgrcbcc, p. 26.73Kecbcdj Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuco d gxcstdt po jd 41 cdoudrcg 4664, bom lctrkpkjctuj Lkjmkvgc douo-d prcotr-k sbrcskdrg pdstkrdj bjgruj c brgmcobckcc mco gpdrhccjg Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc mgsprg trgbg-

rgd jkr sun frcid muhknocbgdsb d gpdrhccjkr Lctrkpkjcgc Lkjmkvgc. Djt mdt kecbcdj dr ec >7 dprcjcg4662, bom prco sbrcskdrgd frdeujuc ^ulcdogv sg douod b dutkrctcjg rusgtc dbbgptdu mgseccod-rgd lctrkpkjcgc frgbgtc.51t. Ngrgbhgt, Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc..., p.8.


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btrg frdeuj ulcdogv, rgprgzgotdot dj uscgc o bgjg mku Qrcobcpdtg rklog, oprcvcod mgseccorcc Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc, bdrg ou dvgd ocbck rdcuog sun okudbkomubgrg pkjctcb54. o 4661 d ekst trclcs k mgjgfdcg mg bjgrcbc c nkcgrc mco dl-ngjg Qrcobcpdtg rklog jd Qgtgrsnurf bd s bgdr sprcicouj lprtgsgc Gbdtgrcod

d CC-d pgotru gjcngrdrgd rcjkr rklogtc mg sun iufuj ktkldo. o eruotgd dbgstgcskjcc d ekst lctrkpkjctuj Wofrkvjdhcgc Frcfkrg5>, cdr mco pdrtgd Lctrkpkjcgc Lkjmk-

vgc, gpcsbkpuj Cokbhgotcg dj Hucjkr52. o frdlktd lctrkpkjctujuc Lkjmkvgc FdvrccjBdjcldbhc, glcs jd 41 cdoudrcg 4664, sg drtd b couturcjg bdrg s-du skbktct d ecmcotru obgput mco hktdruj plotujuc c mco pstkrcd Lkjmkvgc, suot trgbutg sunpurtdrgd mg frci d gpcsbkpujuc Cokbhgotcg dj Hucjkr. c Gpdrhcd Hktcoujuc, bgs-du mdt prg brlucrgd Recocgc Rdjg, gpcsbkpuj mg ^muc, tkdtg bgjgjdjtg gpdrhccs ecg otru purtdrg mg frci d oulctujuc gpcbkp mg Huc, rdloom otru pdocbstdrg c dtuobc sg vd puog jd bgd mgsvrct nuo romucdj5=. o sbrcskdrgd

dmrgsdt bjgrujuc c brgmcobckcjkr mco couturcjg Nufgdbujuc prco bdrg jg dmubgd jdbuoktco trgbgrgd jkr sun frcid muhkvocbgdsb d gpcsbkpujuc mg Huc, lctrkpk-jctuj Fdvrccj dlcotgd c mg Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc, bul b gpdrhcd Hktcoujuc s-du mdtsun kbrlucrgd ercgc sdjg gpcsbkpujuc mg dmuc bhcr Mksctgc57. spuosuj frd-eujuc ^ulcdogv o vgmgrgd mgseccorcc Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc d vgoct dncd o dprc-jcg 4662, jd obgputuj dbgstuc do lkdrg Lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgc, Mdoccj. Dutkrctcjgrusgtc dprkndu mgseccodrgd lctrkpcjcgc frgbgtc c dbbgptdu jrfcrgd iurcsmcbcgcGpcsbkpcgc Hucjkr dsuprd couturcjkr ekstgjkr rdcdjg turbgtc. Bd urldrg, jd 21dprcjcg 4662, Lctrkpkjctuj Lkjmkvgc, Fdvrccj trclctg k oku bdrtg pdstkrdj gpcsbk-

pujuc mg Huc o bdrg drdt b c ml vkcg d svrc dbkjk tkdtg bgjg bg sg buvcodrhcgrcgc55.Qo o 4662 c omgpjcogd euobccjg c lctrkpkjctuj Qrkcjdvcgc Mdoccj, lr-

turcg og sgrvgtg bdrtgd mg hcrktkocg mco = cujcg 466>, glcs dcbc o seotd lctrk-pkjcg mco Csldcj uomg sg bcostgtg c sg przoucgtg hrdluj prgdbuvckdsgc Qdrds-bhgvd, pgotru prgktuj ]clktgc Lczuo`gvcbc, brucd c s-d mdt ncsgrcbd mco coutujturbgsb mco sdtuj Hkjl56. otkrs mco Ctdjcd, jd 7 mgbglnrcg 466>, gpcsbkpuj Dlec-jkhcg dj Hktcoujuc j hcrktkogtg o prgkt pgotru sdtuj Hjcokdcd pg ]gkmkscg Ymd-ogvcbc, o seotd okdstr gpcsbkpcg o Hktco o ncsgrcbd uomg gstg hrdluj seo-

tujuc c ldrgjuc Frcfkrg Nkfksjkv58

. Dbgdstd sg otlpjd mgkdrgbg bgrbgtommkbulgotgjg, mg mku krc coutuj dbgstgc gpdrhcc (d Hktcoujuc) sun bkomubgrgdgpcsbkpcjkr mg ^muc9 (o 46=3 Ldc 8 c 4664-4662) Cdbkv c Mksctgc, dmgsgd krc

54t. Ngrgbhgt, Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc..., p.8.5>o 466= lctrkpkjctuj Frcfkrg prclgtg o mdr mg jd bkldomdotuj trupgjkr rusgtc , fgogrdjuj Rdjt-bkv lkdtgjg Re. Mclctrcg Ndsdrdnkv bdrg du ekst dgzdtg o Bdtgmrdjd lctrkpkjctdo mco Nuburgtc,uomg sg pstrgdz po o prgzgot52Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , Gm. tccod, Bhccou, 4332, p. >53.5=t. Qjufdru, ]gkmkr Bdomu, Gpcsbkpcd Hucjkr c Ndsdrdncd ( 4728-43=3), Gm. QCL, Cdc >113, p. 25.57

Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , vkj. >, p. =65.55t. Qjufdru, ]gkmkr Bdomu, kp.bct., p. 25-26.56t. Ngrgbhgt, Mkbulgotg okc prcvctkdrg jd Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc, p. 31-34.58Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp.bct., p. 245-246.


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dlgstgbomu-sg c lctrkpkjctuj Lkjmkvgc. Rg otlpjd dtuobc bom bjgruj gc bgrgddiutkruj o bgjg ncsgrcbgtc c bom turbcc gvdbudu rdcdjgjg jkr, bul s-d pgtrgbut o4664 c 466=53.

Mup trgbgrgd gpdrhcgc Hktcoujuc o iurcsmcbcd bdokocb d Gpcsbkpcgc mg

^muc, gpcsbkpuj Mksctgc Hgrgsbu sglod dbtgjg bd gpcsbkp dj ^mucjkr cHktcoujuc. Bdrtgd mg hcrktkocg d prgktujuc Domrgc pgotru sdtuj Lkjkmkvd mco c-outuj Hktco, gjcngrdt jd >1 ldc 466= gstg sglodt dstegj9 Mksctgc, gpcsbkp ^m-uujuc c Hktcoujuc61. Bu dbgdst tctujdtur suot sglodtg c djtg dbtg mco pgrckdmdrgspgbtcv. Mdb sun stpocrgd ktkldo sctudcd pkpujdcgc mco Qrcobcpdtg grdekdrtg idjocb, o spgbcdj d bgjkr mco rdcdjg, pg ulgrcc ntcodcjkr d ekst purtdt cpkvdrd rznkdcgjkr rusk-turbg. o tclpuj rznkcujuc mco 4658-466=, drldtd rusd bkjgbtdt ouldc mg jd pkpujdcd mco Lkjmkvd pgstg 41 lcc tkog mg pcog, 21 lccbdpgtg mg vctg c bbd 2.7 lcj. pumurc mg eo. rdocc otrgcogdu er rgluogrdrg

stdcc pktdjg, pkmurc, rgpdrdu c bkostrucdu mrulurc. Jubrrcjg gegbtudtg mg btrgpkpujdcd mco Lkjmkvd pgotru ogbgsctcjg drldtgc rusg sg gstcldu jd suld mg =lcjckdog runjg rusgtc64.

Jd 41 cuocg 466= sg obhgcg pdbgd mcotrg ruc c turbc jd Bubcub-Bdcodrfc. R-d rgvgoct jd sctudcd pkjktcb dotgrckdr, prgvgmgrcjg pbcc eccom o mgedvkdrgd ru-cjkr. ]urbcc kbup mco oku bgtcjg trdosekrlomu-jg o rdcdjg, sg rgedbg c Lctrk-pkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc. Qdrkhccjg mco ekstd gpdrhcg d Hktcoujuc du ekst obdmrdtg o iurcs-mcbcd mcrgbt dlctrkpkjcgc. o sgptglnrcg 466=, bkomubtkr spcrctudj dj lctrk-pkjcgc frgbgtc d ekst djgs lctrkpkjctuj Ckdbhcl bdrg d pstkrct po jd serctuj

doujuc 4681. Oulgjg dbgstuc cgrdrh gstg otjoct o tkdtg dbtgjg glcsg mg Lctrk-pkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc mco dbgdst pgrckdm. Dvgd urltkdrgd tctujdtur9 Ckdbhcl, bulcjd juc Mulogzgu, Lctrkpkjct dj Qrkcjdvcgc, ]kldrkvujuc dj Hktcoujuc c otrgfgcstpocrc ubrdcog6>, mup bul vgmgl dpdrg c dmdksuj dj Hktcoujuc. Muplkdrtgd lctrkpkjctujuc Ckdbhcl, o dprcjcg 4684 gstg djgs lctrkpkjct dj QrkcjdvcgcBhcrcj. Oulgjg su jd egj gstg otjoct o lujtg dbtg mg hcrktkocg, psrom dmdksujdj Hktcoujuc62.

o 4686 sg obgpg uo oku rznkc rusk-turb. Bd djcdt dj ^uscgc o dbgst rz-nkc d pdrtcbcpdt c Dustrcd, bdrg o 4667, pusgsg stpocrg pg pdrtgd mg okrm d

Lkjmkvgc, oulcom-k Nubkvcod. o dbgst rznkc Dustrcd urlrgd sbkpuj bubgrcrcc cdogxrcc rdcdjgc Hktcoujuc, bggd bg s-d cotlpjdt o urltkruj do. Qo jd ser-ctuj doujuc 4634, sun kbupdcg dustrcdb sg dejd c drd^klogdsb, Lkjmkvder pdrtgd mg okrm c coutuj Hktcoujuc sg dejd sun dmlcocstrdcd lcjctdr rus6=.

Krfdoczdrgd dmlcocstrdtcv o ekstd rdcd d Hktcoujuc grd supus uouc fu-vgr-odtkr mco Fdjccd, cdr ldc dpkc dmlcocstrdtkrujuc mcstrcbtujuc Nubkvcogc bdrg

53t. Ngrgbhgt, Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc..., p. 7.61Bkost. O. ]klgsbu, kp. bct., p. >47->45.64

C.Kikf, C. drkv, Cstkrcd rklocjkr, Gm. Bdrtmcmdbt, Bhccou, >114, p. 44>-442.6>t. Ngrgbhgt, Mkbulgotg okc prcvctkdrg jd Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc, p. 34-32.62Cncmgl, p. 3=-37.6=Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , vkj. >, p. =62.


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sg dejd bu rggmcod jd Bgrouc67. Jd 48 kbtklnrcg 4668, prcotr-k mgbczcg d dutk-rctcjkr dustrcgbg, ncsgrcbd krtkmkx mco rdcdud Hktcoujuc trgbg sun brlucrgdgpcsbkpujuc mg Nubkvcod. ]ctujdturd drhcgrgcjkr grd mg gpcsbkp dj Nubkvcogc cHktcoujuc. Qktrcvct rgbkldomrcc fuvgroujuc mco Jglngrf o prcvcod brlucrcc

spcrctudjg d coctujuc Hktco, gpcsbkpcc trgnucdu s sg cotctujgzg bd dmlcocstrdtkr dj^dcdjgc Hktcoujuc o dedbgrc spcrctudjg65. D ekst oulct mco pdrtgd gpcsbkpujuc uoprktkpkp jd Hktco, prgktuj Jdzr Dzdbhcgvcbc. Dbgst prgkt btcfom uogjg lgrctged mg dmlcocstrdcd dudstrcdb d ekst otrct o euobcd mg prktkpkp dj Hktcoujucmg btrg Bkoscstkrcuj gpcsbkpdj dj Nubkvcogc. Rg prkbjdld pktrcvct uokr dbtg,mrgpt prktkpkp-ge sdu Kngrprktkpkp, dmcb brluctkr dj tuturkr prgkcjkr cprktkpkpcjkr mco coutuj Hktco. Qg prktkpkpuj kbkjujuc Qrut, prgktuj DrtglcgJglog j oulc vcbdr prktkpkpgsb66. Mdtkrct jcpsgc suprdvgfhgrcc mco pdrtgdgpcsbkpujuc, Dzdbhcgvcbc gegbtud k sgrcg mg lctucrc c dnuzurc pg sgdld prgkcjkr.

D ekst mgouodt mg ldc lujtg krc, mdr d rlds o euobcg po jd rgtrdfgrgd dutk-rctcjkr dustrcgbg. bkdjd mco Hktco eusgsg trdosekrldt o bkdj lcjctdr68.o cdoudrcg 463>, jd Cdc d ekst sglodt uo djt trdtdt mg pdbg otrg ^uscd c

]urbcd. Bkoekrl dbgjuc trdtdt, frdocd mcotrg bgjg mku rc grd sctudt pg ruj Ocs-tru. o pksgscd rucjkr cotrd c tgrctkrcuj mcotrg Nufuj mg Rum c Ocstru63. o url-tkruj do dutkrctcjg dustrcgbg prgmdu bgtdtgd Hktcoujuc turbcjkr. odcotg mg rgtrd-fgrg s-du bkjgbtdt mg jd pkpujdcg tkdtg ncrurcjg juom bu gc c djtg nuourc lkncjg.Du ekst prmdtg c ncsgrcbcjg mgpksgmomu-jg mg bjkpktg, vglcotg c djtg kmkdrgncsgrcbgtc81.

Qgotru Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc bdrg c-d rgobgput dbtcvctdtgd o tgrctkrccjgkbupdtg mg turbc, o 4632 d ekst djgs lctrkpkjctuj Qdrtgocg. Ekstuj lctrkpkjct Bhcrcjo tclpuj rznkcujuc sg stdncjcsg jd Munsdrc. Mgsprg dbgst lctrkpkjct sg dlco-tgtg o sbrcskdrgd drhcgpcsbkpujuc Cksce dj drlgocjkr btrg lctrkpkjctuj LksbkvgcQjdtko Jgvco, sbrcs jd 4= sgptglnrcg 463>. o dbgdst sbrcskdrg dutkruj rufd sc sg dbkrmg drhcgrgujuc Bhcrcj, dejdt jd Munsdrc k pgoscg pgotru otrgcogrg. Lctrk-pkjctuj Bhcrcj gstg oulct o sbrcskdrg prgksecoctuj mg Hktco c pgotru d sgoscnc-jczd sctudcd prgbdr d lctrkpkjctujuc, dutkruj sbrcd9 prgksecoctuj Bhcrcj trcgtg oMunsdrc, mubom bgjg ldc ldrc ogvkc c bgd ldc mg pjos srbcg, og-dvom l-

bdr mg lobdrg. Mdb sg vd osglod dbgstuc mco url 711 runjg o ecgbdrg dopgotru trdcuj juc, dpkc dbgstd mgstuj mg ncog vd ojturd ogvkcjg juc84.Lctrkpkjctuj Qdrtgocg dj Qrkcjdvcgc d bkomus ncsgrcbd mco rdcdjg po o

4815 bom d ekst djgs pgotru k pgrckdm sburt mg tclp jkbcctkr dj pdtrcdrhujucgbulgocb. o 4841 d ekst djgs bkomubtkr dj Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc, lctrkpkjctuj

67Qkbctdo Ugocdlco Nrjmgdou, kp.bct., // NK , or.2, 432>, p. 438->18.65Cncmgl, p. >1=.66Cko Fulgoc, kp.bct., p. >7=->75.68

Cncmgl, p. >75->76.63C. Kikf, C. drkv, kp. bct., p. 442.81Qkbctdo Ugocdlco Nrjmgdou, kp .bct., // NK , or. =, 432>, p. >37->33.84Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp. bct., p. 2=2-2==.


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Bdjcocb, o pgrckdmd 4842-48>4 lctrkpkjcd frgbgdsb mco tgrctkrcuj kbupdt mg tur-bc d ekst bkomus mg uo djt lctrkpkjct bu oulgjg Bdjcocb. Kmdt bu mgseccodrgd rd-cdjgjkr turbgtc, d Hktcoujuc c bgjg mco prcjg mg sum, Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc c-drgstros tgrctkrcuj mg dbtcvctdtg. o 4842 dbgdst gpdrhcg s-d djcpct jd Lctrkpkjcd

frgbk-nujfrgdsb d Rcjcstrgc. Lctrkpkjccc Qrkcjdvcgc sg cotctujdu9 Lctrkpkjct djRcjcstrgc c Nrcjgc c gxdrh dj tkt rluj Muorgc8>.o tclpuj rznkcujuc rusk-turb mco 48>8-48>3, trupgjg rusgtc dsgmcdz c

mcstruf bgtdtgd Nrcjgc. ]kdtg bgtcjg mco stofd Muorcc bu couturcjg jkr suot rg-stctuctg rcc ^klogtc. o urld dbgstgc mgbczcc, Lctrkpkjcd Qrkcjdvcgc sg mgsec-cogdz pgotru tktmgduod82.

o urld rznkcujuc rusk-turb mco 4815-484>, rcjg rklogtc suot mcooku kbupdtg mg trupgjg rusgtc. Jd >6 ldrtcg 4818 prcotr-uo ubdz dj drujuc btrgRe. Rcokm mco Qgtgrsnurf lctrkpkjctuj Fdvrccj Noujgsbu- Nkmkoc d ekst oulct gx-

drh dj Lkjmkvgc, Udjdhcgc c Ndsdrdncgc8=. Mup obhgcgrgd pbcc mg jd Nuburgtcmco 41 ldc 484>, tgrctkrcuj Lkjmkvgc mg rsrct mcotrg Qrut c Ocstru d ekst dogxdtjd ^uscd. lprguo bu trupgjg rusgtc sg rgtrdf o pdrtgd stof d Qrutujuc lctrk-pkjctuj, Fdvrccj bu sjuictkrcc sc, stdncjcomu-sg jd Bhccou. o dbgjdc do, odcotgdzRcokmujuc mco Qgtgrsnurf uo prkcgbt mg krfdoczdrg d vcgcc ncsgrcbgtc, bu prk-puogrgd bd o tgrtkrcuj dogxdt s sg oeccogzg k gpdrhcg oku. Mup prkpuogrgdlctrkpkjctujuc Fdvrccj Noujgsbu-Nkmkoc okud gpdrhcg trgnucd s ecg oulctgpdrhcd Bhccoujuc c d Hktcoujuc, cdt bul lktcvd dbgst jubru9 mgkdrgbg, Bhcc-ouj dvom o dbgdst rgfcuog k sctudcg bgotrdj d ekst mgstcodt bd sgmcu pgotru

fuvgrolotuj bcvcj, cdr o Hktco d ekst bomvd gpcsbkp kbrluctkr87

. Ldc prk-puogd bd o okud gpdrhcg s ecg cobjusg c tgrctkrccjg mcotrg Ocstru c Nuf (vgbhgdWbrdcod d Hdoujuc bdrg o trgbut ebgd pdrtg mco iurcsmcbcd ncsgrcbgdsb d Lctrk-pkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc), bu krdgjg ]crdspkj, Munsdrc c Kmgsd, prgbul c krdgjg Bhgr-sko, Kbgdbkv, Kvcmckpkj mco fungrocd Bhgrsko, lktcvom b dbkjk oulruj ru-cjkr grd rgmus o rdpkrt bu bgj dj lkjmkvgocjkr, frgbcjkr c nujfdrcjkr (mcp >= mgdoc dbgdst zko vd ec sbkds mg sun iurcsmcbcd gpdrhcgc mdtg). Qrkcgbtujlctrkpk-jctujuc Fdvrccj d ekst dprkndt. Jd >4 dufust 4842 prco ubdzuj lprdtujuc Djg`s-domr C sg oeccogdz gpdrhcd Bhccoujuc c d Hktcoujuc, lctrkpkjctuj Fdvrccj mgvg-

ocom prcluj gc drhcpstkr c gxdrh. Okud tctujdtur d lctrkpkjctujuc grd urltkd-rgd9 Fdvrccj, lctrkpkjctuj Bhccoujuc c Hktcoujuc c gxdrh85.]clp mg 441 doc ncsgrcbcjg mco coutuj Hktco du ekst sun brlucrgd mu-

hkvocbgdsb d gpdrhcgc Bhccoujuc, pstrom o tctujdtur c oulgjg vgbhcc gpcs-bkpcc d Hktcoujuc. Qktrcvct uokr mdtg mco 4846, coutuj Hktco grd ekrldt mco 8 kbk-jurc9 Ocstruj mg sus, Ocstruj mg iks, Bcuhuruj, Lcijkbuj, Qrutuj mg sus, Qrutuj mg iks,

8>Qkbctdo Nrjmgdo, Cstkrcd Lctrkpkjcgc Qrkcjdvcgc // NK , 4324, or. 3, p. =84-=32.82

Lcrbgd Qburdrcu, Cstkrcd NK , vkj. >, p. =6=.8=Cncmgl, p. =62-=6=.87Custco tgedo Ercldo, kp.bct., p. 446.85Mcou Qktdrgobu,Dogxdrgd Ndsdrdncgc jd Clpgrcuj rus, Gm. Qrut Cotgrodckodj, Bhccou, >115, p. >16->44.


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Fhcjkvuj c dbkvuj86. Jd obgputuj sgb. dj XX-jgd, krduj Hktco ou ldc dvgd eru-lusggd mg djtmdt9 pg tclpuj turbcjkr dekst uo erulks krd krcgotdj, bu pdjd-turc, nc, frmcoc0 tkdtg dbgstg gmcecbcc s-du mrldt, c lprguo bu rucc du o-vjct o krd gvrgcc mco Qkjkocd, bdrg j-du trdosekrldt otr-uo krd lurmdr c cosd-

junru88, lgockod Ydlecr Drnkrg o Mcbckodruj sufgkfrdecb dj Ndsdrdncgc, gmc-tdt o 431=.Jd 41 ldrtcg 43>2, o bdmruj ncsgrcbcc mco Ndsdrdncd sg rgedb mku gpdrhcc9

bgd d Bgtcc Djng-Csldcj, bu rggmcod o krduj Csldcj c Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc burggmcod o krduj Njc. Gpdrhcd Hktcoujuc buprcomgd iumggjg Njc, Rkrkbd cHktco. Qgotru rggmcod gpcsbkpdj d ekst djgs krduj Njc, mgkdrgbg sg dejd obgotruj gpdrhcgc, mg uomg pg bc egrdtg sg putgd edbg ldc ncog jgfturcjg mcotrgbhcrcdrhcg c bjgr. Bgj bdrg s-d kbupdt mg krfdoczdrgd okcc gpdrhcc d ekst Q. R. Gpcs-bkp Ucsdrcko dj Hktcoujuc (43>2-4327).

Rulldry

]hcs wkr` cs mgmcbdtgm tk thg ecrst @hktyo mckbgsg whcbh wds brgdtgm co thg

sgbkom hdje ke thg 48th bgotury ds d pdrt ke thg Frgg` drbhmckbgsg ke Qrkcjdvcd

whgo @hktyo bkuoty tkfgthgr wcth thg dobcgot ekrtrgss wgrg bkovgrtgm cotk thg

]ur`csh prkvcobg, Qdshdjy`. Co thg shkrt pgrckm ke cts gxcstgobg, thg ogwjy-ekrlgm

@hktyo mckbgsg wds rujgm ny thg kojy drbhpdstkr Hcs Frdbg Ncshkp Dlecjkhcig, whk

wds fcvgo thg tctjg "@hktyocuj". Mug tk hcs sbcgotcecb gomgdvkrs dom tgdbhcof dbtcvc-

tcgs, thg odlg ke thcs ncshkp cs bkoscmgrgm tk ng kog ke thg lkst clpkrtdot co thg

hcstkry ke thg ^kldocdo bujturg co thg sgbkom hdje ke thg 48th bgotury.

JCROCB Ckdo

86t. Ngrgbhgt, Gpcsbkpcd Hktcoujuc, p.41.88Ydlecr Drnkrg, Mcbckodruj fgkfrdecb dj Ndsdrdncgc, Euomdcd Bujturdj ^klo, Luzgul, Bhcc-ou, >114, p. 443.

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