fish furunculosis 1952–1966

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Fish Furunculosis 1952ndash1966Roger Lee Herman aa Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Eastern Fish DiseaseLaboratory Kearneysville West Virginia 25430 USAVersion of record first published 09 Jan 2011

To cite this article Roger Lee Herman (1968) Fish Furunculosis 1952ndash1966 Transactions of theAmerican Fisheries Society 973 221-230

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TRANSACTIONS of the

AMERICAN

FISHERIES SOCIETY VOLUME 97

NUMBER 3

Fish Furunculosis

1952-1966

ROGER LEE HERMAN

Bureau o Sport Fisheries and lbullildlie Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory Kearneysville West Virginia 25430

ABSTRACT

A review is made of the furunculosis literature based on a bibliography of papers published from 1952-1966 It is noted that furunculosis is still a serious problem Rapid diagnostic procedures have been developed New therapeutic drugs have been introduced for treatment of sulfa resistant strains of A salmonicidm Genetic resistance to and oral immunization against furunculosis show promise but require further study

INTRODUCTION

Furunculosis was first described over 70

years ago from hatchery trout in Germany As of today the agent of furunculosis Aeromonas salmonicida has been found in most salmonid hatcheries and in many wild populations Despite considerable knowledge of control it continues to be a major problem

More reports have been written about this disease than any other infection in fish This paper attempts to assemble the results of research and observations reported during the 15 years since McCraws excellent review (1952)

ETIOLOGICAL AGENT

CLASSIFICATION--In the 7th Edition of the

Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriol- ogy (1957) the causative organism of furunculosis was placed in the genus Aeromonas This was in concurrence with the opinion of Griffin Snieszko and Friddle (1953a) which was the first attempt to characterize the agent adequately for proper classification The description of the organisms was based on re- suits of tests performed on 10 isolates from various parts of the United States

Ewing Hugh and Johnson (1961) reported on biochemical studies of 21 isolates

The results agreed with and extended the characterization made by Griffin et al (1953a) Ewing and his co-workers compared A salmonicida to several related forms and

concluded that it differed sufficiently to be considered a distinct species and that while it did not exactly fit the requirements of the genus Aeromonas it should be retained there

Eddy (1960 1962) also noted the lack of conformity to the original requirements of the genus Aeromonas but still considered the furunculosis agent to belong in this genus Smith (1963) disagreed She conducted biochemical tests on a large number of isolates of various aeromonad organisms and subjected the results to computer analysis The analysis indicated that the furunculosis agent differed from the genus Aeromonas in several characteristics One characteristic which at-

tracted Smiths attention was the production of gas

Most authors have listed A salmonicida

as producing gas from glucose but not producing 2 3-butanediol (Griffin et al 1953a Eddy 1960 12 Ewing et al 1961) Both of these are characteristics of the genus Aeromonas Smith (1963) quantitated the amount of gas formed and found a definitely smaller amount with cultures of A salmonicida

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222 ROGER LEE HERMAN

TABLE 1--Status of ]urunculosis in several countries

Country Status Source

Australia Unreported Snieszko 1967 pets comm Austria Reported Fijan 1967 pers comm Bulgaria Reported Kabaivanski et al 1954 Canada Isolated from wild fish Rabb and McDermott 1961 Czechoslovakia Reported Dyk 1953 Denmark Wide spread Christensen et al 1963 England Common in salmon kelts Smith 1962 Finland Probably present Ojala 1963 France Enzootlc S olacroup 1963 Germany Rare---recently imported Liebmann 1963 Hungary Unreported Fijan 1967 pers comm Ireland Present in salmon Hewbulltson 1962 Italy Enzootic Ghittino 1963 New Zealand Unreported Snieszko 1967 pets comm Poland Sporadic Kocylowski 1963 Rumania Unreported Fiian 1967 pers comm Scotland Common in salmon kelts Smith 1962 Sweden Spread since 1951 Ljungberg 1963 Switzerland Unreported since 1958 Matthey 1963 USA Prevalent Post 1965 USSR Unreported Bauer and Uspenskaya 1959 Ukraine Reported Fijan 1967 pets comm Wales Common in salmon Smith 1962 Yugoslavia Reported Fijan 1967 pets comm

than with other aeromonads She believed this

quantitative difference was as important as qualitative difference for classifying this organism

On the basis of the computer analysis and the quantitative difference in gas production Smith (1963) suggested that a new genus Necromonas be established in the family Pseudomonadaceae and that the furunculosis organisms be named Necromonas salmonicida (pigmented strain) and N achromogenes (non-pigmented)

PIGMENT PRODUCTION---Production of a

brown pigment by A salmonicida has been variously reported through the years Griffin et al (1953b) demonstrated the effect of several variables on production of the characteristic pigment They found that a prime prerequisite for pigment is the presence of tyrosine or phenylalanine The confusion as to whether or not A salmonicida produced a pigment probably arose from the use of different culture media and incubation condi-

tions Griffin et al (1953b) also found that other pigments were produced by this bacterium when the amino acidswere varied

SERObullOGY--Kadsson (1962a) studied the hemolysin of A salmonicida and reported that it was thermolabile and inactivated by formalin He used the antigentic properties of the hemolysin as a basis of comparison and found no serological difference between the 6 strains used These 6 strains did not

cross react with strains of Aeromonas from

humans However serological studies (Karls- son 1964) using precipitin agglutination and double diffusion precipitin tests exhibited some common thermolabile antigens between A salmonicida and Aeromonas from humans

NUTRITION--OLeary Panos and Helz (1956) simplified the medium described by Griffin et al (1953a) by determining which components were actually required for growth of the bacterium Their studies suggested that amino acids containing sulfur are essential for growth of A salmonicida They also concluded that while adenine was not

essential the improved growth produced was sufficient to warrant its inclusion in growth media

VIABILITY IN WATER--Past work has indicated that A salmonicida survived less than

i week in water (McCraw 1952) Smith (1962) inoculated an artificial rock bottom stream and reisolated organisms after almost 3 weeks The bacteria survived longest in the quieter portions of the stream

OCCURRENCE

Switzerland and Germany have eliminated furunculosis through strict regulation and inspection (Matthey 1963 Liebmann 1963) but they must be constantly on guard to prevent reintroduction (Liebmann 1963) Australia and New Zealand have avoided the

disease by simply not importing new fish or

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FISH FURUNCULOSIS 223

eggs The Scandinavian countries have not been so fortunate Furunculosis spread throughout Sweden in a period of 10 years (Ljungberg 1963) Table 1 briefly sum- marizes the status of furunculosis in most of

the salmonid producing countries of the world

In the United States and much of Europe furunculosis is primarily a problem in hatcheries However there is also a considerable problem with the disease in Atlantic salmon returning to rivers in the British Isles Smith (1962) reviewed the problem of furunculosis in salmon keks She found that the incidence

of furunculosis in kelts varied from year to year However the variation did not cor- relate with high water temperature as expected but she found an apparent correlation between disease incidence and the rainfall in November

and December A higher rainfall had occurred prior to the lower incidence of infection She suggested that this was a result of the dead fish being washed downstream more rapidly by the increased discharge Such increased discharge would also reduce the density of the bacterial population to which the incoming salmon were exposed

Smith (1962) took particular note of the fewer and less severe external lesions on fish captured late in the year She expected the lesions to be present in the winter (chronic disease) and absent in the summer (acute disease) The data showed just the opposite There was no explanation offered for this or for the fact that most of the dead kelts ex- amined were males She states that because of unknown variables speculation would be unwise However one might speculate that the summer conditions were sufficiently favor- able for the salmon that chronic rather than

acute disease occurred Lowering tempera- tures would cause a regression of the disease from a chronic to a latent state with concur- rent healing of lesions in the fall and winter

SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES

The list of species known to be susceptible to infection by 4 salmonicida has increased during the past 15 years (Table 2) The broad spectrum of this pathogen is clearly demonstrated by its ability to infect not only

TABLE 2--Fish species reported since 1951 as susceptible to Aeromonas salmonicida

Class Agnatha Family Petromyzontidae

Ichthyomyzon castaneus

Class Osteichthyes Family Salmorddae

Coregonus pollan Oncorhynchus kibullutch O tshawytscha

FaRfly Cyprinidae

Family Serranidae Roccubull mississippiensis

Family Anoplopomatidae Anoplopoma fimbria

Hall 1963

Vickers and McClean 1961 Shapovalov and Taft 1954 Wood 1959

Shechmeister et al 1962

Bowen 1965 pets comm

Klontz 1967 pets comm

representatives of several major families of Osteichthyes but representatives of Agnatha (Table 2 Hall 1963) Although the infection of the lampreys occurred under aquarium conditions it indicates the possibility that almost any fish species can serve as a reservoir of infection and stresses the magnitude of the problem of eradicating this disease

Axelrod (1962) included furunculosis as a disease of aquarium fishes stating that it occurred often in large aquaria of dealers He did not however mention individual species

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Kingsbury (1961) found a correlation between outbreaks of furunculosis and low oxygen levels in the early morning hours In several hatcheries suffering heavy losses from furunculosis he found that the water supplies or ponds had heavy algae growths which reduced the oxygen during the night to less than 5 ppm The installation of aeration equipment and the maintenance of oxygen levels near 6 ppm greatly reduced the incidence and severity of furunculosis

PATHOLOGY

BLOOD PICTURE--A remarkable fact in the

pathology of furunculosis has been the apparent lack of leukocytic response to the bacteria This phenomenon was investigated by Klontz Yasutake and Ross (1966) They experimented with artificially infected rainbow trout and began observations 8 hours after injection They found that there was a leukocyte response but that it was suppressed within 56 hours Further investigation demonstrated a saline-soluble extract of 4

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salmonicida which was leukocytolytic and produced the same changes in the kidney as did actual infections The effect on the blood

cells extended beyond the immediate area of the inoculation They also observed a complete loss of hematopoietic activity in the kidney between 48 and 56 hours post-injection At this time hematopoietic tissue of the spleen appeared to be inactive In the liver lympho- cytopoiesis which had increased was declin- ing The saline extract destroyed the inflammatory response permitting the bacteria to multiply and produce a lethal bacteremia

Shechmeister Watson Cole and Jackson (1962) reported an increased susceptibility of goldfish to furunculosis after the fish were subjected to X-irradiation Such radiation is known to reduce inflammatory response in other animals and is most likely an additive to the leukocytolytic substance produced by A salmonicida

Klontz and co-workers (1966) found no ap- preciable difference in erythrocyte number hematocrit or hemoglobin of infected and normal rainbow trout agreeing with the information reviewed by McCraw (1952) However Klontz et al (1966) did find a considerable decrease in the white cell num-

bers coincident with their histological findings of hematopoietic tissue destruction

Schumacher Hamilton and Lontin (1956) recorded faster sedimentation rates with blood from furunculosis infected brook trout This

should be reinvestigated McCraw (1952) cited studies which indicated no effect by furunculosis infection on blood proteins Faster sedimentation rates usually indicate a decrease in blood proteins (decreased vis- cosity)

DISEASE rORMS---McCraw (1952) listed two forms of furunculosis infections--acute and subacute The acute form was charac-

terized by a sudden increase in mortality and few external symptoms the subacute form was characterized by furuncle formation

Amlacher (1961) distinguished a third form intestinal furunculosis and listed the

symptoms as inflammation of the intestine and anal inversion

I have observed brown and brook trout populations with very low attritions from furun-

culosis Intestinal inflammation and hemor-

rhage at the base of the fins (particularly the pectorals) were the only apparent lesions These observations support Amlachers sug- gestion of three forms of the disease I would suggest that the forms of furunculosis in a population could perhaps be better desig- nated as follows

Acute--sudden increase of mortality with few or no external lesions

Subacute--more gradual increase of mortality with the formation of furuncles

Chronic--low more or less constant mortality with intestinal inflammation and variable hemorrhage

Latent--no mortality--no symptoms but bacterium can be isolated

Unusual symptoms of furunculosis have been observed in chinook salmon at the

Salmon Cultural Laboratory Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Longview Washington (Burrows pers comm 1966) The first symptoms to appear were aneurysms on the gills followed by hemorrhages at the base of the fins Furuncules were not observed

RESISTANCE

One method of preventing disease is to develop a population which is resistant to the disease Wolf (1954) presented a paper in which he briefly discussed the advantages and status of disease-resistance breeding of animals The paper lists 11 host factors important in disease resistance and which are

genetically controlled He reported a program designed to develop furunculosis and ulcer disease resistant brook and brown trout

Ehlinger (1964) continued this program with excellent results and reported that some strains are developed to the point of trying them in problem hatcheries He presented data from two such tests In one hatchery despite medication the loss of the usual stock amounted to 855 over a 6-month period compared to 188 loss of the resistant strain without medication A second hatchery lost 145 of its own stock in one month (with medication) against 064 of the resistant strain (without medication) Ehlinger (1964) pointed out that it was difficult to compare

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these different sized strains density and numbers nevertheless the resuks were en- couraging This program has progressed to the point that selection for other desirable characteristics (growth color etc) can be started

Snieszko Dunbar and Bullock (1959) found in agreement with Wolf (1954) that brook trout show a considerable variation in

susceptibility to ulcer disease and furunculosis Variation is necessary for any selective breed- inc program They also noted an apparent correlation of growth rate to degree of resistance The slower growing fish appeared more resistant

While selective breeding is an effective way to control some diseases of fishes (Snieszko and Hoffman 1963) it cannot be relied on alone Snieszko (1964) recounted the occurrence of an acute outbreak of furunculosis

in presumed resistant brook trout when the water temperature was raised from 13 to 18 C Apparently these fish were asymptomatic carriers requiring only an adverse environ- ment to produce clinical disease

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND IMMUNITY

Active and passive immunization are very important means of preventing disease in man and domestic animals This field is not

well developed in fish culture McCraws (1952) review indicated that the use of an oral formalin-killed whole-cell vaccine was unreliable Snieszko (1954) suggested the use of an oral vaccine be reinvestigated using a live non-pathogenic mutant of 4 salmonicida such as has been induced in special broth culture

Vaccination with live bacteria has not

been completely explored as yet but the use of formalin-killed bacteria (previously chloroform-killed bacteria were used McCraw 1952) has received considerable attention (Reddecliff 1960 Krantz Reddecliff and Heist 1963 1964a 1964b Spence Fryer and Pilcher 1965)

The injection of formalin-killed cells with a mineral oil adjuvant produced reasonably high and persistent titers of agglutinating antibodies against 4 salmonicida (Redde- cliff 1960 Krantz et al 1963) A single

injection of the antigen with adjuvant produced maximum titers in brown and brook trout after 3 months at 11 C (Krantz et al 1963) Antibody was detectable for 24 months in fish injected with the antigen with adjuvant but was undetectable after 3 months in fish injected with the antigen only (Krantz et al 1963)

Krantz et al (1964b) compared the agglutination response of trout to 4 salmonicida from oral vaccination with live bacteria Duffs chloroform-killed cells and injection of formalin-killed cells with adjuvant The oral vaccines produced very poor response

Spence et al (1965) attempted to immunize coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by oral administration of formalin-killed cells with no results Passive immunization of coho salmon

with injections of sera from rainbow trout immunized against 4 salmonicida was successful but such a method is impractical for hatchery use

A recent development may make it practi- cal to give an oral vaccine Klontz (1966) reported the discovery of a potent endotoxin produced by 4 salmonicida which has anti- genic properties He prepared a toxoid which can confer some protection against furunculosis by 4 to 5 weeks postinjection Oral administration to brook trout generated specific antibodies (demonstrable by immuno- fluorescence) in 34 days

DIAGNOSIS

The diagnosis of fish furunculosis has been made quick and simple during the past 15 years Griffins (1952b) introduction of the paraphenylenediamine test reduced the time for presumptive diagnosis to about 24 hours Rabb Cornick and McDermott (1964) reported the use of chick antisera in slide agglutination They called this a presumptive diagnosis test but their data indicated it to be a definitive test Slide agglutination is used as a definitive test at the Eastern Fish

Disease Laboratory This simple test elimi- nates the necessity of running a series of metabolic tests and gives results in minutes instead of days The introduction of com- mercially available Furunculosis Agar com- parable to Leetown Medium 4 and TSA

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with possibly better pigment production further eases the burden on field personnel (Bullock 1962) The Furunculosis Agar has however one disadvantage Under certain conditions not completely understood crystals of tyrosine will form on the agar and can be confused with bacterial colonies This crystal formation does not impair the usefulness of the agar as long as one is aware of it (Bullock and Ross 1964)

The increasing reports of furunculosis re- fractory to the use of sulfonamides led Snieszko and Bullock (1957a) to investigate field methods to quickly and efficiently deter- mine the drug sensitivity of A salmonicida They developed and recommended a single disc agar slant method using either Trypticase Soy Agar or Furunculosis Medium This per- mitted not only the determination of drug sensitivity but also the production of the brown pigment presumptive for A salmonicida A strain of A lique]aciens producing pigment has been reported (Ross 1962)

CHEMOTHERAPY

SULrONaMn)ES---McCraw (1952) listed sulfamerazine as the best drug for treatment of furunculosis This drug has been used ex- tensively with good results but resistant strains of A salmonicida are becoming an increasing problem (Snieszko 1954 Snieszko and Bul- lock 1957a) In addition to the occurrence of sulfa-resistant strains of bacteria toxicity has occurred with at least two sulfa drugs Johnson and Brice (1953) reported that 5 g coho salmon suffered a heavy mortality in water of 95-145 C after being fed sulfamerazine for 2 weeks at 6 or 12 g of sulfa 100 lb of fish A similar mortality was not observed in larger fish in warmer water Sulfamethazine was implicated in an acute mortality of chinook salmon (8 C) after a single dose of 10 g100 lb of fish (Wood Yasutake and Johnson 1957) The authors suspected that the mortality was from an inaccurate amount of drug (too much) in the feed or incomplete mixing

Sulfamerazine may also produce a condition in fish similar to that of humans suffering from sulfa toxicity Wood Yasutake and Snieszko (1955) described the occurrence of

sterility and kidney damage in brook trout fed sulfamerazine prophylactically for 2 years (enzootic furunculosis) Failure of these fish to spawn brought them to the attention of the personnel at the Eastern Fish Disease Lab- oratory A gross examination revealed no abnormalities but histological examination showed extensive kidney damage similar to that of mammals with sulfa poisoning

Experiments were set up and it was demonstrated that the same type kidney damage could be induced within 34 weeks by feeding 8 g of sulfamerazine100 lb of fish either twice weekly or for a full week each month This is a strong argument against feeding sulfamerazine prophylactically

In Denmark however prophylactic treatments are given without reported adverse effects (Rasmussen 1964) The prophylactic treatment consisted of 200 mg of sulfamera- zinekg fish daily for 3 or 4 days every 2 weeks Control of outbreaks was achieved

with 200 mgkgday for 5 out of 6 days Deufel (1963) recommended the combina-

tions of 10 g sulfamerazine and 3 g sul- faguanidine100 kg of fishday for 8 days

Ghittino (1963) listed the use of 24 g sulfamerazine plus 8 g of sulfaguanidine100 kg fishday for 3 days then 12 g sulfamerazine plus 8 g of sulfaguanidine for an additional 7 days or 16-18 g of sulfamido- dimethyl-pyrimidine100 kg fishday for 8- 10 days

Ljungberg (1963) stated that sulfamerazine (150-200 mgkgday--10-14 days) was used in Sweden

ANTI13IOTICs--Snieszko Griffin and Frid- die (1952) first reported the use of antibiotics to control furunculosis In vitro tests showed

A salmonicida to be sensitive to oxytetracycline chlortetracycline and chloramphenicol but no in vivo benefit was found with chlor-

tetracycline This was apparently a result of the chlortetracycline being taken up and bound in the liver (Snieszko 1959)

While Snieszko et al (1952) reported chlortetracycline to be ineffective in the treatment of furunculosis Grassl (1957) demonstrated much better survival of 2-year-old brook trout fed a low level of chlortetracycline Pellets containing 01 g of chlortetracycline

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lb were fed for about 2 months to fish before they were spawned The percentage survival after several months was 57 for the medicated

group and only 21 for the control group The egg hatch of the medicated fish was about twice that of the non-medicated group

One path of furunculosis infection is through the gut It is possible that Grassls results were from the suppression of pathogenic bacteria in the gut before they passed the gut wall Snieszko (1959) considered the population to have latent furunculosis

Fifty mgkg fishday was determined to be the minimum effective oral dosage of either oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol (Snieszko et al 1952) However the authors recommended 75 mgkg be used to insure the maximum number of fish received a thera-

peutic dose These workers also found it desirable to replace oxytetracycline with chloramphenicol during the last 4 to 5 days This improved recovery and reduced the possibility of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains

Snieszko and Bullock (1957a) recommended the use of either oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol (25-30 g100 lb fishday) chloramphenico was somewhat better when sulfa resistant strains were encountered

Ghittino (1963) in addition to sulfa therapy included chloramphenicol as a recommended control of furunculosis He suggested 6-8 g100 kg fishday for 5-6 days

In Poland chloramphenicol and thiophenicol were used in the control of furunculosis

(Kocylowski 1963) Leaman (1965) injected 1 ml of a 15

solution of chloramphenicol into Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (weighing 15 lb) that were being held for 4gg stripping There was some mortality but furunculosis did not occur

In vitro studies by Havelka and Volf (1966) revealed chloramphenicol to be the best of several antibiotics--all of which were better than a sulfonamide and Furantoin

NITROFURANS---The information that nitrofurans do not seem to induce resistant strains

of bacteria as readily as do antibiotics and sulfonamides prompted Post (1959) to investigate several of these drugs In vitro tests were performed against A salmonicida

with Furoxone (furazolidone NF-180) Fur- acine Furadantin NF-67 NF-23 and NF-86 Furoxone produced the greatest inhibition with NF-86 NF-67 Furacin and Furadantin producing less inhibition in that order NF-23 giving no inhibition Two brook trout force- fed 500 mgkgday for 15 days exhibited no ill effects A single brook trout fed 1000 mg kgday for 10 days also showed no ill effects

Post (1959) treated an infection of A salmonicida artificially induced in brook trout with 100 mg of Furoxonekg fishday for 14 days There was no recurrence of the disease but no non-medicated controls were

carried Post and Keiss (1962) force fed rainbow and brown trout as much as 500

mg furazolidonekg fishday for 14 days with no ill effects Again only 2 fish were used for each dose rate Efficacy studies indicated that a dos4 rate of from 10 to 75 mg furazolidonekg fishday would control the disease but the disease recurred with dose rates below 75 mgkg The 75 mgkg rate appeared to actually effect a cure (complete elimination of detectable bacteria from the

population) (Post and Keiss 1962) These authors reported that some field personnel had observed toxicity symptoms in brown trout being treated for furunculosis with Furoxone There was no apparent common factor in these cases

Post (1962) reported the successful use of furazolidone (25 mgkgday) on cutthroat trout (2 cases) and rainbow trout (1 case) naturally infected with furunculosis After some discussion the author recommended that furunculosis be treated with furazolidone

at the rate of 25 mgkgday for a minimum of 20 days and that the treatment be combined with disinfection of all equipment

Deufel (1964) reported excellent results from the use of Furoxone at the rate of 100

mgkgday in one laboratory and two hatchery trials He felt that control was achieved in 5 to 10 days

Aynard (1965) reported better results with Furoxone than with chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol gave only a temporary reduction in mortality while Furoxone gave a more prolonged reduction It should however be noted that the antibiotic was admin-

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istered during the summer months and the nitrofuran in September when the water temperature was dropping The drop in water temperature coincided with a decrease in the mortality of the controls

Havelka and Volf (1966) found salmonicida to be only slightly sensitive to Furantoin

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AMLACHER E 1961 Taschenbuch der Fisch- krankheiten Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena 286p

AXELRO0 H R 1962 Diseases of Fishesszlig TFH Publ Inc NJ 32 p

AYNARO H 1965 Rapport sur lemploi du Furoxone La Pisciculture Franbullaise No 2-2 e Trimestre 24-26

BAUER O N ANOA V USPENSKAYA 1959 New curative methods in the control of fish diseasesszlig (Novye lechebnye sredstva borby s zabole- vaniyami ryb) Proc Conf on Fish Diseases 19-25szlig (Transszlig from Russian OTS 61-31058)

BERGEYS MANUAL OF DETERMINATIVE BACTERIOLOGY 1957 7th Edition 190 192

BRuNNrR G 1961 Uber ein seuchenhaftes Au- ftreten der Viruskrankheit INuL und der Furunkulose bei importierten Regenbogenforel- len Allg Fisch-Ztg 86(22) 694-695

BULLOCKszlig G L 1961 A schematic outline for the presumptive identification of bacterial diseases of fish Prog Fish-Cultszlig 23(4) 147-

1962 A new medium for isolation and

presumptive identification of bull4eromonas sal monicida Prog Fish-Cult 24(4) 184

1964 Pseudomonadales as fish pathogens Der Indust Microbiol 5 101-108

ANbullA J Ross 1964 Crystal formation in furunculosis agar Prog Fish-Cultszlig 26(1) 25-26

CHRISTENSEN N 0 M JENSEN AND C J RASMUS- SEN 1963 Fish diseases in Denmark Bull Off Int Epiz 50() 21-29

DALGAARD-MIKKELSEN Sv AND C J RASMUSSEN 1964szlig Restkoncentrationer af sulfamerazin i 9rreder efter furunkulosebehandling Nord Vet Med 16 473-479

DEUrEL J 1963 Zur Bekbullimpfung der Furunku- lose in der Forellenzucht Der Fischwirt 13(5) 143 145szlig

szlig 1964 Weirere Medikamente zur Bekbullimp- lung der Furunkulose in der Forellenzucht Allg Fisch Ztg 89(15) 456

DYK V 1953 Vice pbullSe vodam ohrobullenbullm furunkulosou Ceskoslov Rybarstvf 3 40bull$1

EcoNoMoN P 1960 Furunculosis in northern pike Trans Amer Fish Soc 89(2) 240- 241

EDDY B P 1960 Cephalotrichous fermentative gram negative bacteria the genus bull4eromonas J Appl Bact 23(2) 216-249szlig

szlig 1962 Further studies on bull4eromonas I Additional strains and supplementary biochemical testsszlig J Appl Bact 25(2) 137-146

Indicates references included for completeness of references but not cited in the text

EHLINGœR NF 1964 Selective breeding of trout for resistance to furunculosis NY Fish Game J 11(2) 78-90

EWING W R HucH ANO J G JOHNSON 1961 Studies on the bull4eromonas groupszlig Pub Health Serv Comm Disease Center Atlanta Ga 37 p

FaYER J L ANOJ F CONRAO 1965 Some observations on furunculosis in adult Pacific salmon and steelhead troutszlig Prog Fish-Cultszlig 27(2) 99-100

GHITTbullNO P 1963 Les maladies des poissons en Iralie Bullszlig Off Int Epiz 50() 59-87

GRASSL E F 1957 Possible value of continuous feeding of medicated dry diets to prevent and control pathogens in hatchery-reared trout Prog Fish-Cult 19(2) 85-88

GmrriN P J 1952a Some factors influencing pigment production in Bacterium salmonicida Bact Proc 53

- 1952b A rapid presumptive test for furunculosis in fishszlig Prog Fish-Cultszlig 14(2) 74-75

1954szlig Nature of bacteria pathogenic to fisibull Trans Amer Fish Soc 83 241-253szlig

-- S F SNIESZgO ANbull) S B FaioOLr 1953a A more comprehensive description of Bacterium salmonicida Trans Amer Fishszlig Soc 82 129bull 138szlig

szlig 1953b Pigment formation by Bacterium salmonicida J Bact 65 65259szlig

-- 1953c A new adjuvant in the diagnosis of fish furunculosis caused by Bacterium salmonicida Vet Med 48 280-282

HALL J D 1963 An ecological study of the chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard in the Manistee River Michiganszlig PhDszlig Thesis Univ Michigan Ann Arborszlig 106 p

HAvrLKA J AND S IVASKA 1954 Zvlbulltni pripad onemocneni hlavatek furunkuldzou Sbornik CSAZV Rada B 17(2-3) 307-313

AND F VOLbull 1966 Citlivost bull4eromonas salmonicida na antibiotika Spofadazin a Furantoin Buletin Vbullir Vodfiany 3 1-4szlig

HIWETSON A 1962 Furunculosis in salmon kelts Nature 194 312szlig

JOHNSON H E ANO R F BRICE 1953 Mortality of silver salmon from treatments with sulfamerazine Prog Fish-Cultszlig 15 31-32szlig

KAbullAbullVANSIbullI JA H SLAVZOV D SAVOV ANO ST STANOE 1954szlig Crevna forma nov furunkuloza po pstrvite u has Izvestija Mikrobiol Inst Blg Akad na nankite 5 267-275

KARLSSON K A 1962a Udersokningar av bull4ero toohas salmonicida hemolysinet Nordszlig Vet Med Sect H No 6 5 p

-- 1962b Studies on the haemolysin of bull4eromonas salmonicida Nordszlig Vet Med 14 Suppl 2

szlig 1964 SerologischeStudienvonbull4eromonas salmonicida Zent Bakter Para Infekt und Hygiene 1 Orig 194 73-80

KINbullSbullURY O R 1961szlig A possible control of furunculosis Prog Fish-Cultszlig 23(3) 136-137szlig

KLONTZ gW 1966 Immunopathology In Prog- ress in Sport Fishery Research 1965 11-12szlig Resource Publ 17 Bur Sport Fishszlig Wildl

WM T Y^SUTAKE AND A JOHN Rossszlig 1966 Bacterial diseases of the Salmonidac in the Western United States Pathogenesis of

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Furunculosis in rainbow troutszlig Amen J Vet Res 27(120) 1455-1460

KOCYLOWSKI B 1963 Etat actuel des maladies des poissons Organisation de linspection des poissons et de leurs produits de consommation en Pologne Bull Off Int Epiz 50() 89-109

KRANTZ G E J M REDDECLIFF AND C E HEIST 1963 Development of antibodies against bull4eromonas salmonicida in trout J Immun 91(6) 757-760szlig

1964a Immune response of trout to bull4bullromonas salmonicida Part I Development of agglutinating antibodies and protective immunity Prog Fish-Cultszlig 26(1) 3-10

1964b Immune response of trout to bull4bullromonas salmonicida Part II Evaluation of feeding techniques Prog Fish-Cultszlig 26(2) 659

LAbullGE J AND O LJUNGRERG 1962 Utbredningen av furunkulos hos risk i Sverige under ampren 1951-1960 Nord Vet-Med 14 177-191

LEAMAN A C 1965 Control of furunculosis in impounded adult salmonszlig Nature 208(5017) 1344

LIEBMANN H 1963 The study of diseases of fish and the organization of their control in Western Germany Bull Off Int Epiz 50() 5-20

LJubullGRERG O 1962 Furunkulosens betydelse fSr uppfSdningaresultatet i laxodlingar Nord Vet Med 14 suppl 2

szlig 1963 Report on fish diseases and inspection of fish products in Swedenszlig Bull Off Int Epiz 50() 111-120

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MATTItEY a 1963 Rapport sun lee maladies des poissons en Suisse Bull Off Int Epiz 50() 121 126

McCaAw B M 1952 Furunculosis of fish US Fish and Wildl Serv Spec Sci Rep Fish 84 87 p

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OLEARY W M C PANOS AND G E HELZ 1956 Studies on the nutrition of Bacterium salmonicida J Bact 72(5) 67376

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RASMUSSEN C J 1964 Furunkulose hos dam0r- reder Nordszlig Vet 16 462472

REDDECLIFF J M 1960 Immune response of trout to bull4eromonas salmonicida MSc Thesis Pennszlig State Univszlig 107 p

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RUCKEa R R B J EARn ANbull) E J ORbull)Abull 1954 Infectious diseases of Pacific salmon Transszlig Amen Fishszlig Soc 83 297-312

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ScbulluRERT RHW 1961 [bullber diebiochemischen Merkmale yon 4eromonas salmonicida Zent Bakter Parasit Infekt und Hygiene 1 Orig 183 485-494

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SHECHMEISTER I L LJ WATSON V W Cons AND L L JACI(SON 1962 The effect of X- irradiation of goldfish I The effect of X- irradiation on survival and susceptibility of the goldfish Carassius aurtttus t(bull infection by Aeromonas salmonicida and Gyrodactylus spp Radiation Res 16(1) 89-97szlig

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SPENCE K D J L FaYEa AbullD K S PiLCibullEa 1965 Active and passive immunization of certain salmonid fishes against bull4eromonas salmonicida Can J Microbiol 11 397-405

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WoLf K AbullD S F SbullIESZKO 1964 Uses of antibiotics and other antimicrobials in therapy of diseases of fishes Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 597 603

WOLf L E 1954 Development of disease-resistant strains of fish Trans Amer Fish Soc 83(1953) 342-349

WooD E M W T YASUTAKE AND H E JOItNSON 1957 Acute sulfamethazine toxicity in young salmon Prog Fish-Cult 19 64-67

W T YASUTAKE AbullI) S F SbullIESZKO 1955 Sulfonamide toxicity in brook trout Trans Amer Fish Soc 84 155-160

Wool) J W 1959 Ichthyophthiriasis and furunculosis in adult Pacific salmon Prog Fish-Cult 21(4) 171

-- 1961 Two diseases new to adult Pacific saimon Res Briefs Fish Comm Oregon 76

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TRANSACTIONS of the

AMERICAN

FISHERIES SOCIETY VOLUME 97

NUMBER 3

Fish Furunculosis

1952-1966

ROGER LEE HERMAN

Bureau o Sport Fisheries and lbullildlie Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory Kearneysville West Virginia 25430

ABSTRACT

A review is made of the furunculosis literature based on a bibliography of papers published from 1952-1966 It is noted that furunculosis is still a serious problem Rapid diagnostic procedures have been developed New therapeutic drugs have been introduced for treatment of sulfa resistant strains of A salmonicidm Genetic resistance to and oral immunization against furunculosis show promise but require further study

INTRODUCTION

Furunculosis was first described over 70

years ago from hatchery trout in Germany As of today the agent of furunculosis Aeromonas salmonicida has been found in most salmonid hatcheries and in many wild populations Despite considerable knowledge of control it continues to be a major problem

More reports have been written about this disease than any other infection in fish This paper attempts to assemble the results of research and observations reported during the 15 years since McCraws excellent review (1952)

ETIOLOGICAL AGENT

CLASSIFICATION--In the 7th Edition of the

Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriol- ogy (1957) the causative organism of furunculosis was placed in the genus Aeromonas This was in concurrence with the opinion of Griffin Snieszko and Friddle (1953a) which was the first attempt to characterize the agent adequately for proper classification The description of the organisms was based on re- suits of tests performed on 10 isolates from various parts of the United States

Ewing Hugh and Johnson (1961) reported on biochemical studies of 21 isolates

The results agreed with and extended the characterization made by Griffin et al (1953a) Ewing and his co-workers compared A salmonicida to several related forms and

concluded that it differed sufficiently to be considered a distinct species and that while it did not exactly fit the requirements of the genus Aeromonas it should be retained there

Eddy (1960 1962) also noted the lack of conformity to the original requirements of the genus Aeromonas but still considered the furunculosis agent to belong in this genus Smith (1963) disagreed She conducted biochemical tests on a large number of isolates of various aeromonad organisms and subjected the results to computer analysis The analysis indicated that the furunculosis agent differed from the genus Aeromonas in several characteristics One characteristic which at-

tracted Smiths attention was the production of gas

Most authors have listed A salmonicida

as producing gas from glucose but not producing 2 3-butanediol (Griffin et al 1953a Eddy 1960 12 Ewing et al 1961) Both of these are characteristics of the genus Aeromonas Smith (1963) quantitated the amount of gas formed and found a definitely smaller amount with cultures of A salmonicida

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OCCURRENCE



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SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES







FaRfly Cyprinidae



Hall 1963









PATHOLOGY



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RESISTANCE




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DIAGNOSIS



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CHEMOTHERAPY














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BIBLIOGRAPHY












































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OCCURRENCE



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SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES







FaRfly Cyprinidae



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PATHOLOGY



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RESISTANCE




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DIAGNOSIS



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CHEMOTHERAPY














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BIBLIOGRAPHY












































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SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES







FaRfly Cyprinidae



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PATHOLOGY



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RESISTANCE




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DIAGNOSIS



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CHEMOTHERAPY














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RESISTANCE




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DIAGNOSIS



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CHEMOTHERAPY














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DIAGNOSIS



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fish furunculosis 1952–1966

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