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ENGLEZA PENTRU JURISTI

PART 1: THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM

1.The Inns and Outs

Who does what?

Test your knowledge:Answers: 1-D; 2-G; 3-F; 4-A; 5-C; 6-H; 7-; !-"; #-$; 1%-&

Lawyers Face the Free Market Test

'o()*ul)ry +te,s:deregulation (.)nge

cot!e""ecti#e /+n)n(+)lly e//+(+entcontrained l+,+teda"eguarded 0rote(tedare $ound )re o*l+ged$arriter )o()t 0led)ntancillar% su*ord+n)te se(ond)ry&uridiction 0utere ud+(+)r)e'(ertie (o,0eten(eLegal )*$ud*an ) )rl+),ent)ry Co,,+ss+oner w.o +nest+g)tes (o,0l)+nts )g)+nstgoern,ent de0)rt,entLa% )$er#er o*ser)tor 0ro/)n nes0e(+)l+st

con#e%ancing (es+une

C)tegor+es: 1-C; 2-$; 3-D; 4-A; 5-C

'o()*ul)ry se)r(.:"inanciall% e""icient (ost-e//e(t+eto +or, -a a la+%er. to 0r)(t+(e +n t.e leg)l 0ro/ess+onretricted (onstr)+ned(rotected s)/egu)rded(leading in court )do()(yt/e rig/t to a((ear in court a an ad#ocate t.e r+g.t o/ )ud+en(ete(0le#el (ert+/+()teto gi#e0to grant to +ssue(ertinent rele)ntuali"ied or uita$le "or o*et/ing 0ro/ess+on)lto ,ee( ret)+na (eron +/o act a an inter*ediar% in t/e $u%ing and elling o" (ro(ert% est)te)genta (eron +/o act a an inter*ediar% $et+een t/e general (u$lic and t/e Stoc,E'c/ange sto(k*roker

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to /andle to de)l w+t.to get rid o" to )*ol+s.a Parlia*entar% 2o**iioner +/o in#etigate co*(laint againt go#ern*entde(art*ent or large organiation ,*uds,)nto ree'a*ine +nest+g)tela+ or rule intended to (rotect o*eone or o*et/ing "ro* $eing /ar*ed ur+sd+(t+onac,no+ledged el+g+*le /or )00o+nt,ent(ecial ,ill or ,no+ledge acuired $% training3 tud% or (ractice 0r)(t+(e-o*eone +/o i. not a *e*$er o" t/e (ro"eion non-l)wyerto *a,e -o*et/ing. di""icult $% (lacing o$tacle in t/e +a% to .+nder

Crown Prosecutors, an Example of Change

De/+n+t+ons:a 2ro+n Proecutor ) 0rose(utor o/ t.e oy)l ser+(eto (roecute to +n+t+)te )nd (ondu(t leg)l 0ro(eed+ngs) ) d) +n ude()t): 8)ry 9.+te.ouse su((ess/ully 0rose(uted t.e ed+tor o/ t.e news0)0er* ) re0reent) )(u)re) ) )(u): 8r 9ood*y )lw)ys de/ends .e neer 0rose(utes(roecutor )(u)tor 0ro(uror4lo+er5 court (ourts o/ ust+(e o/ ,+nor +,0ort)n(erig/t o" audience r+g.ts o/ 0r)(t+(e +n t.e (ourta olicitor

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Lord Jutice lord +s t.e t+tle used +n /ront o/ t.e n),e o/ udge *+s.o0s

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only expenses t.)t )r+se +n t.e (ourse o/ t.e+r %ud"c"al dut+es 8)g+str)tes .)ndle )llsummaryo//en(es )s well )s so,e e"ther way o//en(es w.ere t.e de/end)nt 0re/ers )casew+t.out )%ury T.ey )lso de(+de w.+(. ()ses s.ould *e re/erred to t.e .+g.er courtsdur+ng w.)t +s ter,ed comm"ttal0ro(eed+ngs

Pol"ce Powers

'o()*ul)ry +te,s:o""ence del+(t +n/r)(t+uneto re(eal ) )*rog) ) reo()$urglar% s0)rgere"inger(rint ),0rent)*uggling (ontr)*)nd)+arrant ,)nd)t de )rest)re*anlaug/ter o,or 0r+n +,0rudent)rec,le nes)*u+t/ar* )t),)re 0r+,edu+rec/arge )((us)t+one#idence s),0le

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T/e Judg*ent to 0rose(ute to /+ne t.e de/end)nt to /+nd /or t.e 0l)+nt+// to senten(et.e )((used to )w)rd (o,0ens)t+onsT/e A((eal to reerse ) de(+s+on to u)s. ) (on+(t+on to order ) new tr+)l tosu*st+tute )n )ltern)t+e erd+(t

T.e r+g.t ter,+nology:(roecuted suedaccued 0l)+nt+//t/e (lainti"" t.e )((useda+arded /i* da*age senten(ed .+, tore#ere /i con#iction su*st+tuted )n )ltern)t+e erd+(t(lainti"" de/end)nt

Tr"'unals

Tr)nsl)t+on:1 n t.e /+/t+es ) )rl+),ent)ry Co,,+sss+on drew u0 ) re0ort on t.e syste, o/ tr+*un)ls2 Dur+ng t.e n+net+es t.e &uro0e)n Court *e(),e ,ore )nd ,ore +,0ort)nt3 A lot o/ ud+(+)l re/or,s were ()rr+ed out +n t.e l)st /+/teen ye)rs4 nly +n "une 1##% t.e goern,ent took ) ote on ten A(ts )s reg)rds edu()t+on5 t@s /or t.e /+rst t+,e t.)t t.+s l)ndlord sued t.e ten)nt )t l)w6 He .)sn@t re(e+ed *ut t.e rent /or ) ,ont. t.+s ye)r )nd +t@s )lre)dy (to*er7 T.e .e)r+ng .)s *een l)st+ng /or t.ree .ours T.e .e)r+ng .)s *een on /or t.ree .ours! T.e (oun(+l w)s (re)ted on t.e *)s+s o/ t.e re0ort o/ t.e Co,,+ss+on# T.e 0u*l+( +gnored t.e e=+sten(e o/ t.e )du()t+e (oun(+ls dur+ng t.e+r (re)t+on

4. The Job Market

What(s )"ght For *ou?

'o()*ul)ry +te,s:litigation 6 l+t+g+u 0ro(es ude()t)liaion leg)tur)(ractice *+rou

'o()*ul)ry se)r(.:A conilia to )d+(e2autat seekedPro#ocare (.)llenge7olu* de *unca olu,e o/ work8i(oni$il ))+l)*leInol#a$ilitate +nsolen(yAd*initrator &udiciar )d,+n+str)t+e re(e+er8re(t (enal (r+,+n)l l)wE'(erienta 60r)(t+(e2onilier "ical t)= (onsult)nt9or*atie te),

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2once(ut 6 (on(e+edA*eliorat en.)n(edAr$itra& l+t+g)t+onRetea nationala 6 n)t+onw+de networkGa*a larga 6 w+de r)ngePertinent 6 (o,0etentA e#alua 6 to )ssetStagiar 6 tr)+nee )rt+(led

De/+n+t+ons:Sc/e*e 0roe(t2areer ad#ance*ent 60ro,ot+onAociate (artner )not.er sol+(+tor work+ng +n t.e s),e *us+nessAd*initrati#e recei#er leg)l )d,+n+str)tor; )d,+n+str)tor ud+(+)rInol#enc% t.e st)te o/ ) 0erson or org)n+s)t+on t.)t does not .)e enoug. ,oney to0)y t.e+r de*tsRe+ard 6 re(o,0ens) r)s0l)t)

2or(orate ta' 6 t)=es 0)+d *y (or0or)t+onsonu 6 )n e=tr) su, o/ ,oney )s ) rew)rd /or work well done; 0r+,)Article 6 t.e 0er+od o/ *e+ng ) tr)+nee; st)g+)tur)A((licant 6 ) 0erson w.o w)nts to get ) o*

+pply"ng for a !o'

A Curr+(ulu, '+t)e: 1-D; 2-C; 3-G; 4-A; 5-&; 6-F; 7-$

PART T;): LEGAL 2)N2EPTS

1. The Common Law

&ef"n"t"ons

T/e co**on la+ t.e gener)l leg)l syste,Juridiction 6ur+sd+(t+e; t.e 0ower t.)t ) (ourt o/ l)w or so,eone +n )ut.or+ty .)s to()rry out leg)l udge,ents or en/or(e l)w

Euit% 6 ) e(.+t)te dre0t)te; * ur+s0rudent) *))t) 0e lege) nes(r+s) dre0tul )nt+o)l;t.e 0r+n(+0le used +n l)w w.+(. )llows ) /)+n udge,ent to *e ,)de +n ) ()se w.ere t.ee=+st+ng l)ws do not 0ro+de ) re)son)*le )nswer to t.e 0ro*le,Statute 6 )(t leg+sl)t+; lege )do0t)te de 0)rl),entStatute $oo, (od 0en)l; (ulegere de leg+ ot)t) de 0)rl),entTo ato*i

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Tenure -o" land. +n t.e leg)l r+g.t to l+e +n ) 0)l)(e or use l)nd or *u+ld+ngs /or )0er+od o/ t+,eTenant in c/ie" >or,)n no*le,en g+en t.e+r l)nd *y t.e k+ng w.o 0res+ded t.e/eud)l (ourtsTenant (.r+)sSel"!ee,ing ego(entr+( ego+st +nteres)tPatri*onial rig/t 0)tr+,on+u ,osten+re )ereJudicati#e ud+(+)lA itting +s )n o(()s+on w.en )n o//+(+)l *ody su(. )s ) l)w (ourt .)s ) ,eet+ng;reun+une sed+nt)Re#enue en+t9or"eiture 0+erdereA*erce )

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Pleading 0ledo)r+e)nerou d+//+(ult )nd un0le)s)nt; oneros +,0o)r)tor

2. !u"ty

E/u"ty and the Common Law

'o()*ul)ry se)r(.:Not t/e a*e no ,ore t.)nAt t/e $eginning or+g+n)llyTo o$tain to )(u+reRe*ed% 0 t/e act o" *a,ing rig/t 6 to redreA (eron (art% to a court action l+t+g)ntSati"action rel+e/A court order telling a (eron t/at /e *ut "ul"il /i o$ligation under a contract +nun(t+on

To $e #ictoriou 0 to ta,e (recedence to 0re)+lTo reit to de/y2o*(licated +ntr+()teTo re(lace to su0ersedeTo *a,e la+ ud+()tureA (eron a((l%ing "or redre againt anot/er (eron in a la+ uit 0l)+nt+//Pure 0 i*(le +dleTo count on rely onE#iction ee(t,entA con#e%ance o" land gi#ing "ull (oeion to a (eron "or a "i'ed (eriod le)seAgree*ent 0 (ro*ie (oen)ntRe(oni$le in la+ l+)*leNon!re(ect o" an agree*ent *re)(.

De/+n+t+ons:An in&unction ) ud+(+)l order restr)+n+ng ) 0erson /ro, )n )(t or (o,0ell+ng redress to)n +nured 0)rtyT/e ="ountain o" &utice= t.e su0re,e ust+(e=2on"lict or #ariance= d+s)gree,entt/e 2ourt o" 2/ancer% t.e su0re,e oy)l (ourt o/ ust+(ea tenant ) 0erson w.o rents l)nd or 0ro0erty /ro, ) l)ndlordeuit% n)tur)l ust+(e

Tr)nsl)t+on:1 8odern l)w +s (o,0le= )s (o,0)red to eu+ty2 &u+ty +s 0)rt o/ t.e (o,,on l)w3 T.e $r+t+s. leg)l syste, +s t.e *est +n t.e world4 ?)wyers 0l)y )n +,0ort)nt 0)rt +n (onte,0or)ry so(+ety5 n t.e 8+ddle Ages t.e k+ng )s t.e /ount)+n o/ ust+(e )(ted w)s ery o/ten )s *ot.

t.e udge )nd t.e ud+(+)ry6 n 1!75 t.e &ngl+s. "ud+(+)ry (.)nged )nd (o,,on +nun(t+ons were )*ol+s.ed

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7 n )r+s t.e )ngry l)ndlord )nd t.e ten)nt t.)t doesn@t 0)y .+s rent )re ty0+()l l+t+g)nts+n t.e (ourt o/ l)w

! loe l)w es0e(+)lly (o,,er(+)l l)w# Conte,0or)ry l)w students )re t.e /uture l)wyers )nd we ()ll u0on t.e, to study t.e

use o/ t.e )rt+(le +n &ngl+s.

3. The #o$tr"ne of %re$edent and Case Law

The )ules of Precedent

'o()*ul)ry +te,s:Practice tate*ent ) st)te,ent ,)de +n t.e (ourse o/ tr+)ls; no leg)l st)te,entAd*onitor% -ad*onition. w)rn+ng re*uke; do)n) )d,onest)reOb"ter d"$ta

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4. Statute Law

.tr"kes0 The Pos"t"on at Common Law and .tatute

'o()*ul)ry +te,s:Go!lo+ gre) (u +n(et+n+re) r+t,ulu+ de lu(ru;or,!to!rule gre) )0one)To +it//old 6 ) ret+ne9all due + se (uen+ )-+ reen+Re(udiator% ) re0ud+) ) res0+ngeTo detract ) s()de) ) d+,+nu)Recoure re(urgereNotice )tent+on)re )ert+)reReciion )*rog)re )nul)re

Redundanc% (on(ed+ere redu(ere de 0erson)lTo accrue ) se )(u,ul)2onceion (on(es+e

T.e o()*ul)ry o/ +ndustr+)l )(t+on:

1-G; 2-?; 3-"; 4-I; 5-; 6-$; 7-&; !-D; #->; 1%-8; 11-A; 12-C; 13-H; 14-F; 15-"

?)ngu)ge Fo(us: ?+nk+ng 9ords:8ar *ut8e "a(t +n /)(t2u toate ca t.oug.Aa cu* )sMai *ult in (lu6 ,oreoerTotui .oweerAlt"el *ut only t.)tLa "el )ny ,ore t.)n8eoarece s+n(e8in aceata cau au nu w.et.er or notIn ti*( ce dur+ngAa incat +n t.)tIn acet co( .ere

ineintele +ndeed

Tr)nsl)t+on:1 As 8r K took 0)rt +n ) go-slow str+ke 1%L o/ t.+s ,ont. w)ge w+ll *e w+t..eld2 Alt.oug. t.e workers 0re(eded t.e str+ke *y ) not+(e t.ey )re l+)*le o/ *re)(. o/

(ontr)(t3 8oreoer (o,,on l)w en.)n(es t.e +lleg)l (.)r)(ter o/ t.e str+kes

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4 n /)(t +t +s d+//+(ult to st)te )ssert t.)t t.e st)te )do0ts ) neutr)l st)nd reg)rd+ng+ndustr+)l )(t+ons +n +ts )tt+tude tow)rd str+kes

5 &en lesser /or,s o/ +ndustr+)l )(t+on su(. )s work-to-rule or go-slow )re 0un+s.ed*y l)w

6 T.e str+kers t.)t g+e ) not+(e s+,0ly w)nt to *re)k t.e (ontr)(t try+ng to kee0 t.e(ontr)(t )l+e )s long )s t.e e,0loyer does not e=er(+se .+s r+g.t o/ res(+ss+on

7 / )n e,0loyee t.+nks .e +s t.e +(t+, o/ un/)+r d+s,+ss)l w.et.er or not .e took 0)rt +n) str+ke .e ()n o/ (ourse )sk /or ) ud+(+)l de(+s+on

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