controlul si identificarea falsurilor vinurilor.doc

8/15/2019 CONTROLUL SI IDENTIFICAREA FALSURILOR VINURILOR.doc

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CUPRINS

ARGUMENT………………………………………………………………………….3

CAPITOLUL I.4FRAUDE ŞI FALSIFICĂRI ……………………………………..4

CAPITOLUL IICOMPOZI IA CHIMICA A VINULUI…………………………5Ț

2.1 ACOOLII DIN VIN..............................................................................................................6

2.1.1 Alcoolii monohidroxilici....................................................................................................6

2.2 ACIZII DIN VIN.................................................................................................................13

2.3 ALDEHIDE DIN VIN......................................................................................................17

2.4 ESTEII DIN VIN.............................................................................................................17

2.! CO"#$%II AZOTA&I DIN VIN.......................................................................................17

2.6 CO"#$%II 'ENOLICI DIN VIN......................................................................................1(

2.7 LI#IDELE DIN VIN...........................................................................................................2)

2.* COLOIZII VIN$L$I..........................................................................................................2)

2.( E+TACT$L.....................................................................................................................2)

2.1) S$,STAN&ELE "INEALE DIN VIN.........................................................................21

2.11 CEN$%A...........................................................................................................................23

CAPITOLUL III.METODE DE ANALIZA............................................................24

1 D--rmin/r-/ /lcool0l0i din in.............................................................................................24

2 D--rmin/r-/ lic-rol0l0i din in..........................................................................................2!

3 D--rmin/r-/ c-n0ii.............................................................................................................2!

4 D--rmin/r-/ -xr/c0l0i -c o/l.........................................................................................2!

! D--rmin/r-/ c/r/c-riicilor crom/ic-...............................................................................27

BIBLIOGRAFIE........................................................................................................27ANE+E5555555555555555555555555555555.552(

2

ARGUMENT

n omni/8 iic0l0r/ coni0i- 0n -cor 9o/r- im:or/n /l /ric0l0rii8 9iind 0n/

din oc0:/;iil- r<-chi /l- :o:or0l0i romn8 -/ /i0rnd n-c-/r0l d- r00ri i in :-nr0

con0m0l in-rn8 d/r i cr-/r-/ 0nor m/ri di:oni=ili<;i :-nr0 -x:or.

n condi;iil- >n c/r- ;/r/ no/r< -- m-m=r0 c0 dr-:0ri d-:lin- >n $ni0n-/

E0ro:-/nn -n0l o=;in-rii d-

in0ri d- >n/l< c/li/-8 :rin /lori9ic/r-/ m/xim< / :o-n;i/l0l0i -co:-doclim/ic d- c/r-

di:0n- din =-l0.

C/ ;/r< / $ni0nii E0ro:-n-8 omni/8 >n :oliic/ / iicol<8 / r-=0i < ;in< -/m/ d-

-ndin;-l- -xi-n- l/ ni-l mondi/l c/@ lo=/li?/r-/8 -coloi?/r-/8 :romo/r-/ c/li<;ii i

li=-r/li?/r-/ com-r;0l0i mondi/l c0 r00ri8 /9id-8 in0ri i diil/-. lo=/li?/r-/ i

li=-r/li?/r-/ com-r;0l0i mondi/l c0 :rod0- iiBinicol- / ind0 n-c-i/-/ cr--rii 0n0i

-chili=r0 >nr- :rod0c;i- i con0m8 :-nr0 -i/r-/ 9orm<rii d- oc0ri n-/nd/=il-8 :rin

r-d0c-r-/ dr/ic< / 0:r/9-;-lor d- ii l/ ni-l mondi/l8 inrod0c-r-/ r-ric;iilor -hnoloic-

i o-noloic- >n :l/n/;i- i cr/m<.

Ecoloi?/r-/ / inrod0 n-c-i/-/ cr-<rii 0n0i -chili=r0 >nr- c/ni/-/ i c/li/-/

r-col-i8 :romond :rod0-l- -coloic- /0 =ioloic- c0 >n0iri d- n-con-/8 :ro-ni-

din /r-/l- ric d-limi/-8 0nd- /:lic/r-/ -c-n;-lor -hnoloic- din i- i cr/m< 0n

r-rici-8 c0 r-9-rir- :-ci/l< l/ 9oloir-/ >nr<<min-lor8 :-icid-lor i iri/;i-i >n

:l/n/;iil- iicol-8 /0 l/ limi/r-/ r/nd/m-n-lor >n m08 / 9oloirii -n?im-lor i l-0rilor -l-c;ion/-8 / lim:-?iorilor /0 /=ili?/orilor chimici8 :r-c0m i / cor-c;iilor chimic-

?/h<r8 /cidi/-8 /nin.

3

:ornind d- l/ cr/m- i :ini;-8 >n 9/?/ -l/=or<rii in0rilor i /:oi 0rm<rir-/ mic<rii

oc0rilor.

L/ l0:/ >m:ori/ in0rilor d- :ro/< c/li/- 0n rol im:or/n /r :0-/ /-/

d-0<orii /0ori?/;i8 coni0i;i >n comiii ?on/l-8 c/r- < --?- c/li/-/ in0rilor d- :-

:i/;<8 c0m:<r/- d- l/ m//?in-.

CAPITOLUL II

COMPOZIIA CHIMICĂ A VINULUI

Vin0l - coni0i- c/ 0n i-m :oli9/?ic d- 0=/n;-8 dinr- c/r- 0n-l- :roin din

r00ri8 i/r c-l- m/i m0l- - 9orm-/?< in im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic- i m/lol/cic-8

:r-c0m i >n im:0l :roc-0l0i d- >n-chir- / in0rilor. Com:o?i;i/ chimic< / in0l0i

c0:rind- :-- !)) 0=/n;- /oci/- >nrBo m/ni-r/ -xr-m d- com:l-xn /r- n-chim=/< /ci?ii@ /rric8 m/lic8 ciric8 l0cid-l-8 0=/n;-l-

min-r/l-8 -c.8 /l-l- - 9orm-/?< >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-8 /0 / /lor :roc--

9-rm-n/i- /lcoolii8 /ci?ii l/cic i 0ccinic8 -c.8 i/r /l-l- /:/r c/ 0rm/r- / r-/c;iilor c- /0

loc 9i- >nr- 0=/n;-l- >n /r- n<c>nd<8 9i- :- =/?/ c-lor -xi-n- --ri8 /c-/li.

To/- 0=/n;-l- 9iind 0= 9orm< oli< /0 9/c0 c/ in0l / 9i- conid-r/ o ol0;i-

hidro/lcoolic<8 c0 0n n0m<r 9o/r- m/r- d- com:on-n-8 c- - <-c >n di9-ri- <ri. S:r-

-x-m:l08 /lcoolii i l0cid-l- - /9l< 0= 9orm< d- mol-c0l-8 /ci?ii i <r0ril- /c-or/ 0=

9orm< d- ioni8 :ro-in-l-8 0m-l- --/l-8 0=/n;-l- m0cil/ino/- i :-cin-l- 0= 9orm<

d- m/cro-l-m-n- /0 :/ric0l- d- m/rim- coloid/l<.

n /n0mi- condi;ii8 0n-l- dinr- com:on-n- - :o :o n in i in9l0-n;/ :- c/r- o /0 /0:r/ c/li<;ii8

com:0ii chimici - r0:-/?< >n do0< m/ri c/-orii@

Com:0i chimici c- :r-?in< 0n rol --n;i/l >n /lc<0ir-/ in0l0i /lcooli8 /ci?ii8

com:0i 9-nolici8 /rom-l-8 0=/n;- /?o/-8 0=/n;- min-r/l-J

Com:0i chimici c0 rol -c0nd/r /ld-hid-8 --ri8 /c-/li8 9-nolii ol/ili8 i/min-8-n?im-8-c Co-/ D. V.8 #omoh/ci N.8 h-orhi;< ".8 1(*2.

!

2.! ACOOLII DIN VIN

Alcoolii 0n com:0ii chimici c-i m/i im:or/n;i din in8 c/r- r-?0l< >n :roc-0l d-

9-rm-n/;i- / m00l0i d- c<r- l-0ri Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.Alcoolii r-:r-?in< o cl/< d- com:0i or/nici c/r- con;in >n mol-c0l/ lor 0n/ /0

m/i m0l- r0:<ri hidroxil OH8 l-/- d- 0n r/dic/l hidroc/r=on/.

n 90nc;i- d- n/0r/ r/dic/l0l0i hidroc/r=on/8 /lcoolii :o 9i@ /0r/;i8 cnd r/dic/l0l

d-ri< d- l/ o hidroc/r=0r< /0r/<8 /ciclic< /0 ciclic<J n-/0r/;i8 cnd >n r/dic/l - <--

o d0=l< l-<0r<J /rom/ici8 r/dic/l0l con;in- 0n n0cl-0 /rom/ic.

CH 3 B CH 2 B OH /lcool /0r/ /lcool -ilic

CH 2 B CH B CH 2 B OH /lcool n-/0r/ /lcool /lilic C 6 H ! B CH 2 B CH 2 B OH /lcool /rom/ic /lcool 9-nil-ilic.

D0:< n0m<r0l r0:<rilor hidroxil din mol-c0l< - diin /lcoolii monohidroxilici /0

mono/lcooli8 c/8 d- -x-m:l08 -/nol0l i /lcoolii :olihidroxilici /0 :oli/lcooli. Ac-i/ din

0rm< :o 9i dioli8 rioli8 -c.r-:-ci /lcooli dihidroxilici8 c0m --8 d- -x-m:l08 -/ndiol0l.

CH 2 K OH B CH 2 B OH /lcool dihidroxilic licol /0 -/ndiol.

CH 2 OH B CHOH B CH 2 OH /lcool rihidroxilic lic-rol /0 :ro:/niol.

#- =/?/ d-:-nd-n;-i -m:-r/0rii d- 9i-r=-r- / /m--c0l0i d- /:< K /lcool -d--rmin< conc-nr/;i/ >n /lcool / in0rilor :rin m-od/ -=0liom-ric<.

2.!.! A"#$$"%% &$'$(%)*$+%"%#%

Alcoolii monohidroxilici 0n com:0i or/nici c- con;in >n mol-c0l/ lor o r0:/r-

hidroxil Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

2.1.1.1 Alcoolul etilic

Alcool0l -ilic /0 -/nol0l CH3 CH2 OH -- c-l m/i im:or/n /lcool din inJ

-- m/i 0or d-c /:/ d M )87*(3 i 9i-r=- l/ 7*837C. S- /m--c< c0 /:/ >n oric-

:ro:or;i-. Am--c0l 9orm/ din (!8!7 /lcool i 4843 /:< -- 0n /m--c /?-oro:ic /

c<r0i -m:-r/0r< d- 9i-r=-r- -- d- 7*81! C8 d-ci c0 )817 C m/i c<?0< d-c /lcool0l0i

:0r.

D/ori< /c-0i 9/: :rin diil/r- i chi/r r-diil/r- - ;in- 0n /lcool / c<r0i

conc-nr/;i- n0 :o/- d-:nd-:<r/r-/ /c-or/ :rin r-ci9ic/r- cond0c- l/ o=;in-r-/

6

ol0l0i r-ci9ic/. Alcool0l :0r8 n0mi i /lcool /=ol0 - o=;in- :rin -limin/r-/ l0i d- circ/

48! /:<.

Elimin/r-/ :o/- < - 9/c< :rin m/i m0l- :roc-d--. $n-l- dinr- -l- con/0 :rin

r//r-/ /m--c0l0i /?-oro:ic c0 0=/n;- c- - com=in< c0 /:/8 c/8 d- -x-m:l0 oxid0l d-

c/lci0 /0 d- c0:r0 /nhidr0. Al-l- - =/?-/?< :- 9orm/r-/ 0n0i /m--c /?-oro:ic -rn/r8

c/r- 0:0 diil<rii < d0c< l/ -:/r/r-/ /lcool0l0i -ilic. $n /9-l d- /m--c -- /lc<0i

din /lcool8 /:< i =-n?-n Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

T-or-ic8 l/ 9-rm-n/r-/ l0cid-lor d- c<r- l-0ri8 din 1)) ?/h/r0ri /r r-=0i <

r-?0l- !181 l /lcool -ilic i 4*8*( C) 2 . /nd/m-n0l :r/cic n0m/i d- 478 di9-r-n;/ 9iind

9oloi< d- c<r- l-0ri l/ 9orm/r-/ :rod0ilor -c0nd/ri /i 9-rm-n/;i-i.

Con;in00l >n /lcool /l in0l0i - -x:rim< >n Pl i >n r/d- /0 ol0m- l/ 1)) ol0m- d- in.

r/d0l /lcoolic /0 <ri/ in0l0i r-:r-?in< n0m<r0l d- liri d- /lcool :0r con;in0;i >n 1)) liri

in /0 n0m<r0l d- ol0m- /lcool :0r con;in0;i >n 1)) ml in. C-l- do0< ol0m- d- /lcool

:0r i in8 - m<o/r< l/ -m:-r/0r/ d- 2)QC.

Con9orm RL-ii i-i i in0l0iR /lcool0l -xi-n c/ //r- >n in ol0l r-/l8 coni0i-

<ri/ /lcoolic< do=ndi< /0 -9-ci< / in0l0i. Vin0ril- - c/r/c-ri?-/?n c/?0l in0rilor d0lci i l/ m00ril- /9l/- >nc< >n 9-rm-n/;i-.

T<ri/ o/l< / in0l0i -- d/< d- 0m/ <ri-i /lcoolic- do=ndi- i / :o-n;i/l-. L/

in0ril- -ci -/ -- -/l< c0 <ri/ do=ndi< Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

T<ri/ /lcoolic< / in0l0i >n/in- d- --n0/l-l- cor-c;ii d- ?/h<r /0 /lcool :o/r<

n0m-l- d- <ri/ /lcoolic< n/0r/l<. A l/ :<r/r-/ in0l0i c0 oc/?i/ di9-ri-lor r//m-n-

cl-ir-8 :/-0ri?/r-8 con;in00l l0i >n 1 -ilic c/d- :0;in c/ 0rm/r- / oxid<rii i --ri9ic<rii

/0 -/:or<rii. Sc<d-r-/ -- d- :n< l/ )82 .

2.1.1.2 Alcoolul metilicAlcool0l m-ilic8 d-n0mi i m-/nol CH 3 B OH8 c/r- n0 -- 0n :rod0 dir-c /l

9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic- J - 9orm-/?< >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i :rin d-m-il/r-/ :-cin-lor d- c<r-

-n?im-l- din r0:/ --r/?-lor.

n /r- :0r< - :r-?in< c/ 0n lichid 9<r< c0lo/r-8 c0 miro /-m<n<or c-l0i /l

/lcool0l0i -ilic. Ar- d-ni/-/ )87(1!. 'i-r=- l/ -m:-r/0r/ d- 6487C. E- oxic :-nr0 om

>n c/ni<;i d- ! B 1) ml8 i :roo/c< mo/r-/ >n c/ni<;i d- !) ml. Toxici/-/ / -- d/or/<

m-/=oli;ilor nc-.

7

Con;in00l in0l0i >n /lcool m-ilic -- di9-ri8 >n 90nc;i- d- i:0l d- in8 d- oi i

-hnoloi/ d- ini9ic/r-. Vin0ril- ;in0- din oi0ri d- hi=ri?i dir-c :rod0c<ori 0n m/i

=o/- >n /lcool m-ilic8 com:/r/i c0 in0ril- o=;in0- din oi0ri no=il-8 c/ 0rm/r- /

;in00l0i lor m/i m/r- >n 0=/n;- :-cic-. SB/ con// d- /-m-n-/8in0ril- o=;in0- :rin

-rmom/c-r/;i- /0 c0 1) B2) m/i :0;in m-/nol d-c c-l- o=;in0- :rin m/c-r/r- B

9-rm-n/r- .

n -n-r/l8 /lcool0l m-ilic -- conid-r/ c/ 0n com:on-n c/r- d-:r-ci/?< c/li/-/

in0l0i Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

2.1.1.3 Alcoolii superiori

S0n /lcooli monoxidroxilici c/r- /0 >n mol-c0l/ lor m/i m0l d- doi d- c/r=on. Dinr-

/lcoolii 0:-riori8 >n in0ri >nlnim m/i 9r-c-n@ i?o:ro:ilic8 i?o=0ilic8 /milic8 i?o/milic.Ei :roin >n in :- do0< c<i@ din /mino/ci?i8 :rinrB0n :roc- d- d-c/r=oxil/r- i

d-?/min/r-8 i din ?/h/r0ri >n im:0l 9-m-n/;i-i /lcoolic-. >n in0ri - <-c c/ni<;i mici

d- /lcooli 0:-riori )81!B )8!) Pl8 -i :/rici:< >m:r-0n< c0 /ci?ii l/ /lc<0ir-/ R=0ch-0l0iR

>n im:0l >n-chirii in0l0i8 >m=0n<<;ind im;ior >n0iril- ol9/coB 0/i- /l- /c-0i/

:rin /:/ri;i/ --rilor.

ALCOOLUL IZOPROPILIC

#r-?in< 0rm<o/r-/ ch-m< -n-r/l<@

OH

CH 3 C CH 3

H

Con;in00l in0rilor >n /lcool i?o=0ilic :o/- /G0n- :n< l/ 1)) B2!) mPl. E-

c/r/c-ri?/ d- 0n :0nc d- 9i-r=-r- d- *2C. n c/ni<;i mici in9l0-n;-/?< :o?ii >n0iril-

-n?ori/l- Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

ALCOOLUL IZOBUTILIC

Alcool0l i?o=0ilic /0 2 B m-il :ro:/nol B 1 :roin- din /lin<8 9ormnd0B- con9orm

ch-m-i -n-r/l-@

H 3 C H 3 C

CHCH NH 2 COOH UH 2 O CH CH 2 OH U NH 3 UCO 2

P P

H 3 C H 3 C

*

V/lin/ /lcool i?o=0ilic

Vin0ril- :r-?in< con;in00ri >n /lcool i?o=0ilic c0:rin >nr- 1)) B3)) mPl8

r-:r-?-nnd 3) B !) din c/ni/-/ o/l< d- /lcool 0:-rior8 :0nc0l d- 9i-r=-r- d- 1)7C.

Ar- 0n miro d-0l d- 9in i o n0/n;< d- ino?i/- 09ici-n d- :ron0n;/<.

ALCOOLUL IZOAMILIC

Alcool0l i?o/milic /0 2 m-il =0/nol B 4 /0 /lcool i?o/milic d- 9-rm-n/;i-8 :roin-

din d-r/d/r-/ -n?im/ic< / l-0cin-i8 i :r-?in< 0rm<o/r-/ r0c0r< chimic<@

CH 3

CH CH 2 OH CH −−

2

P

CH 3

Con;in00ril- norm/l- >n in0ri :o /G0n- :n< l/ 1)) B 3)) mPl. Ar- 0n miro

:<r0n?<or8 di:l<c0 i chi/r r<in in0l0i8 >nc 0n con;in0 ridic/ >n /c- /lcool n0

coni0i- 0n 9/cor d- c/li/- :-nr0 in. Ar- :0nc0l d- 9i-r=-r- d- 131C.

FENIL 2 ETANOLUL

'-nil 2 -/nol0l /0 /lcol0l 9-nil-ilic :roin- din /mino/cid0l 9-nil B/l/nin< con9orm

ch-m-i -n-r/l-@

C 6 H ! CH 2 CH COOH UH 2 O C 6 H ! CH 2 CH 2 OH UNH 3 UCO 2

NH 2

C-rc-<ril- /0 d-monr/ c<8 chi/r >n li:< d- il/l/nin<8 l-0ril- :rod0c o 0n /lcool

9-nil-ilic8 9<r< < d-:<-/c< 2) B 2! mPl. $n con;in0 m/i m/r- d- 3) mPl indic< :r-?-n;/

ini;i/l< / l/l/nin-i >n 0=r/ c/r- l/ rnd0l -i d-:ind- d- oi i :odori- i m/i d- /n0l d-

r-col<. Alcool0l 9-ni-ilic8 >n in0ri - <-- >n conc-nr/;ii d- 1)B7!mPl i /r- miro d-

9lori d- r/nd/9ir Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

TIROZOLUL

Tiro?ol0l /0 /0 /lcool0l : B hidroxi9-nil B -ilic :roin- din iro?in< i :r-?in<

0rm<o/r-/ 9orm0l< chimic<@

CH2OH

CH2

OH

(

Tiro?ol0l -- 0n coni0-n norm/l c/r- /:/r- >n in0ri >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i

/lcoolic-. Conc-nr/;i/ l0i -- >n m-di- 2! mPl i -- /:roxim/i /c--i/i / l/ in0ril-

/l=- c i l/ c-l- roii.

2.!.2 A"#$$"%% ,$"%(%)*$+%"%#%

n /c-/< c/-ori- inr< /lcoolii c/r- /0 >n mol-c0l/ lor m/i m0l- r0:<ri B OH. Din

/c-/< c/0?<8 n0 m/i :r-?in< miro0l :-ci9ic d- /lcool8 >nlni l/ /lcoolii monohidroxilici8

>n chim= -- m0l m/i -id-n d0lc-.

Alcoolii :olihidroxilici 9i-r= l/ -m:-r/0ri m/i ridic/- 9/;< d- /lcoolii

monohidroxilici8 d- /c--/ -i - -:/r< m/i r-0 /0 n0 :o 9i :rin im:l< diil/r-. #rinci:/lii

/lcooli :olihidroxilici 0n@ 283 B=0/ndiol8 i?o=0il-n licol8 lic-rol8 -ririol8 /r/=iol8

m/niol8 or=iol.

BUTANDIOLUL-23

,0/ndiol0l B 283 m/i -- c0noc0 i 0= n0m-l- d- 283 =0il-n licol i :r-?in<

0rm<o/r-/ 9orm0l< chimic<@

CH 3 CH CH CH 3

OH OH

,0il-n licol0l -- 0n diol8 /nd do0< r0:<ri B OH8 - <-- >n :ro:or;i- d- )82 B

183 Pl. E- :r-?-n n0m/i >n =<00ril- 9-rm-n/- 8 9iind conid-r/< o 0=/n;< -8 c/r-

9/c- d-o-=ir-/ >nr- o =<00r< 9-rm-n/<8 c0m -- in0l i 0n/ n-9-rm-n/<8c0m --

mi-l0l Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

IZOBUTILEN GLICOLUL

I?o=0il-n licol0l -- 0n :rod0 -c0nd/r /l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-8 c/r-

c/r/c-ri?-/?< =<00ril- 9-rm-n/-. S- >nln-- >n in0ri >n c/ni<;i m0l m/i mici8r/r-ori

/innd 3)) B 4)) mPl. #r-?in< 0rm<o/r-/ 9orm0l< chimic<@

OH

C CH 2

OH P

OH OH

GLICEROLUL

lic-rol0l CH 2 OH B CHOH B CH 2 OH8 -- 0n /lcool rihidroxilic. E- :rinci:/l0l

:rod0 -c0nd/r /l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-. S- 9orm-/?< l/ >nc-:00l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-8

:rin 9-rm-n/;i/ lic-ro B :ir0ic<8 :ro:or;i/ d- lic-rol din in 9iind d- /:roxim/i 1P1) din

:ro:or;i/ d- /lcool :rod0 :rin 9-rm-n/;i-. E- conid-r/< 0=/n;< -8 c/r- :ro=-/?<

1)

MEZOINOZITOLUL

"-?oino?iol0l -- 0n :oli/lcool ciclic8 9iind 0n0l din c-i o: i?om-ri /i ino?iol0l0i.

Ar- rol d- i/minn in :o/- /G0n- :n< l/ 7!6 mPl8 d/r :o/- nr0c :o/- 9i //c/ d- =/c-rii. #roin- din r00ri i -- con0m/ >n c-/

m/i m/r- :/r- d- l-0ri >n im:0l 9-rm/n/;i-i Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8

2))(.

MANITOLUL

"/niol0l -- 0n h-x//lcool8 i?om-r c0 or=iol0l8 0n monol0cid c/r- / 9o d-c-l/

din r00ri@

CH 2 OH

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

CH 2 OH

S- <-- /norm/l >n in8 :ro-nind >n 0rm/ d-9<0r<rii o/- / 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-

cnd 9r0c/?/ -- r/n9orm/< d- =/c-rii >n m/niol.

#o/- /in- con;in00ri c0:rin- >nr- 2)B3) Pl. C/ni<;i m/i m/ri 4)Pl8 conid-r/-

c/ /norm/l-8 /:/r >n in0ril- c/r- /0 09-ri i/ m/niic<.

Ar- 0 d0lc-B/crior8 c/r/c-riic. #r-?-n;/ / >n in8 9/c- c/ /c-/ / 9i- d-cl//.

SORBITOLUL

S- <-- >n r00ri >n :ro:or;ii 9o/r- r-d0-. L/ /:/ri;i/ l0i >n r00ri m/i conri=0i- i

0n-l- 9-rm-n/;ii =/c-ri-n-8 c/r- /l<0ri d- oi8 :rod0c i or=iol :rin r-d0c-r-/ l0co?-i.

Con;in00ri m/i m/ri )81 Pl - d/or-/?< /d<0<rii d- m0 :ro-ni d- l/ /l- 9r0c- c- con;in

m0l or=iol i8 d- /c--/8 l--/ >i limi-/?< l/ )81 Pl.Sor=iol0l -- 0n i?om-r /l m/niol0l0i i :r-?in< 0rm<o/r-/ r0c0r< chimic<@

12

CH 2 OH

H C OH

HO C H

HC OH

HC OH

CH 2 OH

2.2 ACIZII DIN VIN

n m00l d- r00ri -xi< 0n n0m<r im:or/n d- /ci?i 8 >m:<r;i;i >n do0< m/ri

c/-orii@ /ci?i min-r/li i /ci?i or/nici . Aci?ii min-r/li 0n8 >n -n-r/l8 0=/n;- /ri8 c0

con/n;< d- diocir- :-nr0 c/r- /c-i/ - <-c >n o/li/- n-0r/li?/;i 0= 9orm< d- /r0ri

n-0r- ioni?/-. Ac-- <r0ri :o 9i@ 0l9/;i8 clor0ri8 9o9/;i d- :o/i08c/lci08 m/n-?i0. n

r-/li/-8 coni0-n;ii r-:-cii - <-c 0= 9orm< c/ioni8 r-?0l/;i con9orm 0rm<o/r-lor

m-c/nim-@

W 2 SO 4 2W +

USO −2

4

WClW +

UCl−

W 3 #O 4 3W +

U#O −3

4

C/#O 4 C/ +2

USO −2

4

Aci?ii or/nici 0n com=in/;iil- >n c/r- - /9l< r0:- i: c/r=oxil BCOOH.

n m00l d- r00ri8 /ci?ii or/nici - >m:/r >n@ monoc/r=oxilici

i:oli=/?ici:olic/r=oxilici. Dinr- /ci?ii mo - m-;ion-/?< /ci?ii@ /l/c0ronic8

l0c0ronic8licolic8l0conic8 chinic8 c-oB2Bl0conic8 dic-oB28!Bl0conic.

Aci?ii :oli=/?ici /0 :olic/r=oxilici 0n r-:r-?-n/n;i >n r00ri d- /ci?ii@ /rric8

m/lic8ciric8 ox/lic8 90m<ri-8 m0cic Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

Aci?ii mono=/?ici :o -xi/ >n /r- li=-r<8 cnd r0:/ 9 c/r=oxil - /9l< c/ //r- BCOOH

/0 o/l Rl-/;iR8 cnd >n r0:/ 9 c/r=oxil H -- >nloc0i< c0 0n /l -l-m-n -x. B COOW.

13

Aci?ii :oli=/?ici - <-c >n m0 >n r-i <ri@ li=-r< c>nd o/- r0:-l- 90nc;ion/l-

c/r=oxil co-xi< c/ //r-J -mil-/< cnd o 90nc;iil- c/r=oxil 0n /li9ic/-J o/l l-/<

cnd o/- 90nc;iil- c/r=oxil 0n /li9ic/-.

Dinr- n0m-roii /ci?i or/nici din m0 c-/ m/i m/r- im:or/n;< o r-:r-?in< /ci?ii

/rric8 m/lic i ciric. m:r-0n<8 c-i r-i /ci?i r-:r-?in< :-- ()B(! din c/ni/-/ d- /ci?i

or/nici -xi-n;i >n m00l d- r00ri.

C-i r-i /ci?i - :r-?in< /9-l@

COOH COOH COOH

CHOH CH2 CH2

CHOH CHOH HO C COOH

COOH COOH CH2

COOH

Acid0l /rric Acid0l m/lic Acid0l ciric

2.2.! A#%)%/0/10 %'"%Acidi/-/ 90nc;iilor /cid- c/r=oxilic- BCOOH d- l/ /ci?ii li=-ri i :/r;i/l l-/;i

coni0i- /cidi/-/ m00l0i. Al<0ri d- l0cid-8 /cidi/-/ r-:r-?in< 0n :/r/m-r0 d-

com:o?i;i- c0 im:or/n;< d-o-=i< :-nr0 d-9inir-/ c/li<;ii m00l0i.Acidi/-/ m00l0i c/8

d- /l9-l8 i /c--/ / in0l0i8 - d--rmin< :rin ir/r- c0 hidroxid d- odi0 N/OH /0

hidroxid d- :o/i0 WOH8 d- /c--/ :o/r/ n0m-l- d- /cidi/- ir/=il<. E/ - -x:rim< >n

/cid 0l90ric8 >n /cid mili-chi/l-n;i. n m-di-8 /cidi/-/ m00rilor din :odoriil- romn-i

- i0-/?< >nr- 38!B68!Pl cnd -x:rim/r-/ - 9/c- >n /cid 0l90ric i >nr- !8! i 1) Pl cnd

- 9/c- >n /cid /rric.

2.2.2 A#%)%/0/10 /$/0"Acidi/-/ o/l< /0 ir/=il< - 9orm-/?< :rin >n0m/r-/ /cidi<;ii ol/il-8 :-ci9ic<

n0m/i in0l0i8 c0 /cidi/-/ 9ix<.

14

Acidi/-/ o/l< in9l0i-n;-/?< dir-c >n0iril- or/nol-:ic- /l- in0l0i. E/ r-:r-?in<

0n -l-m-n 90nd/m-n/l /l c/li<;ii in0l0i8 con-r/r-/ i c0lo/r-/ norm/l< / /c-0i/8

:r-c0m i c/r/c-r0l l/cid :l<c08 o n0/n;< d- :ro:-;im-.

L--/ i-i i in0l0iR :r--d- c/ /cidi/-/ o/l< < 9i- minim0m 3 4 l/ in0ril- /l=-8

ro?- i roii d- con0m c0r-n8 minim0m 4 Pl /l=- d- c/li/- 0:-rio/rnr- 4 B

! Pl >n H 2 S) 4 l/ c/li/- 0:-rio/r<.Vin0ril- /l=- c/r- :r-?in< o /cidi/- m/i ridic/< 0n

m/i :l<c0-8 d- in0ril- roii c/r- 0n m/i /:r-ci/- cnd 0n m/i :0;in /cidi/-/ d-:<--

6 Pl im:rim< /cr-/l<8 d0ri/-8 0 /0 d- 0:or/ d/c< - com=inn /r- li=-r<8 9i- 0= 9orm< d- /r0ri. Ac-i /ci?i :o 9i -:/r/;i

:rin /nr-n/r- c0 /:ori 0:r/>nc<l?i;i8 9iind n0mi;i /ci?i ol/ili.

#rinci:/l0l com:on-n /l /cidi<;ii ol/il- -- /cid0l /c-ic.n :ro:or;ii mici l/

9orm/r-/ /cidi<;ii ol/il- m/i :/rici:n diil/ >m:r-0n< c0 /ci?ii ol/ili.

ACIDUL FORMICAcid0l 9ormic H B COOH -- 0n /cid /li9/ic monoc/r=oxilic. :rin d-com:0n-r-/

l-0cin-i >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i. n in0ri - <-- >n c/ni<;i c- /G0n l/ !) mPl. #ro:or;ii

m/i m/ri - <-c >n c/r- /0 09-ri d- =o/l/ n0mi< 9-rm-n/;i/ :ro:ionic<. E- 0n /cid

or/nic 9o/r- :0-rnic d-o/r-c- l/ /c-l-/i conc-nr/;ii -li=-r-/?< d- 38! B 4 ori m/i m0l;i

ioni d- hidro-n d-c /cid0l /c-ic.

2.2.4 A#%)%/0/10 %+

Acidi/-/ 9ix< -- d/< d- 0=/n;-l- c0 r-/c;i- /cid<8 c/r- n0 :o 9i -:/r/- :rindiil/r-. E/ n0 - d--rmin< >n mod :r/cic dir-c8 ci - o=;in- :rin di9-r-n;/ dinr- /cidi/-/

o/l< i /cidi/-/ ol/il<.

#rinci:/lii /ci?i or/nici c/r- :/rici:< l/ 9orm/r-/ /cidi<;ii 9ix- 0n@ /ci?ii c/r-

:roin din r00ri8 /ci?ii c/r- :roin din 9-rm-n/;ii /cid0l 0ccinic8 /cid0l

l/cic8/cid0lcir/m/lic i /cid0l dim-illic-ric i c/r- :o :ro-ni /> din r00ri c i din

9-rm-n/;ii /cid0l /cid0l lic-ric8 /cid0l :ir0ic8 /cid0l liox/lic i /cid0l ox/lil/c-ic.

1!

2.2.5 A#%)%/0/10 *10"Acidi/-/ r-/l< m/i -- n0min /r- d- ioni d- hidro-n.

Conc-nr/;i/ d- ioni d- hidro-n -x:rim/< :rin /lo/r-/ :H -- d/< d- c/ni/-/ i

9-l0l 9i-c<r0i /cid din in8 r-:-ci d- r/d0l d- dioci-r- /l 9i-c<r0i /cid din in. E/ :o/- 9i

r-d/< c/ //r- /0 >n -x:r-i- -x:on-n;i/l<. D- -x-m:l08 conc-nr/;i/ d- )8))1 ioni r/mPl -

:o/- cri- i 1) 3−

8c/r- >n mod o=in0i - d< c/ /lo/r- lo/rimic< / conc-nr/;i-i l0/< c0

-mn chim=/ H+

M 1) 3−

8 /dic< :HM 3. nr- /cidi/-/ o/lnr- 28* i 38( >n 90nc;i- d- 9-l0l i c/ni/-/9i-c<r0i /cid din in i d- :ro:or;i/ >n c/r- -i 0n /0r/;i Ac-- /lori /l- :H B 0l0i

d--rmin< in0l < - o:0n< d-?ol<rii 0nor microor/nim-8 in9l0i-n;nd i >n0iril-

0/i- /l- in0rilor.

2.2.6 E1#/" /0&,$'

E9-c0l /m:on /l 0n0i in r-:r-?in< in-r;i/ :- c/r- o m/ni9-< :HB0l l/ chim=/r-/

/lorilor /l- /0nci cnd - modi9ic< /cidi/-/ d- ir/r- / in0l0i :rin dil0/r- /0 /d<0/r-

d- ol0;ii /lc/lin- /0 /cid-. E9-c0l /m:on -- :-ci9ic ol0;iilor c- con;in /ci?i l/=i8 :/r;i/l n-0r/li?/;i /0 / ol0;iilor c- con;in =/?- l/=-8 :/r;i/l n-0r/li?/-.

S- m-n;ion-/?< c< -9-c0l /m:on r-?0l< c/ o con-cin;< / 9/:0l0i c<8 :- d- o :/r-

/ci?ii l/=i >n ol0;i- dil0/< 0n 9o/r- :0;in dioci/;i i d-ci :0n >n li=-r/- o c/ni/- mic<

d- ioni d- hidro-n8i/r :- d- /l/ :/r- <r0ril- lor 9orm/- c0 =/?- /ri WOH8 N/OH8 0n

:r/cic- o/l dioci/-. "<rim-/ -9-c0l0i /m:on :o/- 9i r-d/< ci9ric 89i- :rin c/lc0l/r-/

-9-c0l0i /m:on8 9i- :rin d--rmin/r-/ c/:/ci<;ii d- /m:on/r-.

Co-9i-n0l /m:on - c/lc0l-/?< c0 -x:r-i/ d, P d:H8 >n c/r- , -- c/ni/-/ d-mililirii d- ol0;i- /l/c/lin< norm/l< /d<0/< l/ 0n lir0 d- in.C<r- :H M 48 co-9i-n0l

/m:on c/r/c-ri?-/?< =o<;i/ >n /ci?i or/nici li=-ri i com=in/;i /i in0l0i.

V/loril- :H cor-:0n?<o/r- c/:/ci<;ii /m:on m/xim- /ri/?< d- l/ 0n in l/ /l0l8

r-li-9nd0B- o0i c< l/ m/Gori/-/ in0rilor c-rc-/- -l- 0n i0/- >n G0r0l ci9r-i 4.L/

c0:/G-l- r-/li?/- din dioci-r-/ / do0< in0ri di9-ri- >n :ro:or;i- d- 1P18 >n im: c- /cidi/-/

ir/=il< r-:r-?in< m-di/ /rim-ic< / c-lor do0< /cidi<;i 8/lo/r-/ :H n0m/i coincid- c0

m-di/ /rim-ic< / :HBl0i in0rilor com:on-n-.

16

2.3 ALDEHIDE DIN VIN

Ald-hid-l- 0n com:0i or/nici c/r- con;in >n mol-c0l/ lor 0n/ /0 /0 m/i m0l-

r0:<ri c/r=onil l-/- d- 0n r/dic/l hidroc/r=on/ i d- 0n /om d- hidro-n.n in0ri -

<-c /ld-hid- /li9/ic- i /ld-hid- /rom/ic-. S0= 9orm< d- 0rm- - m/i >nln-c >n in@

/ld-hid-l- 0:-rio/r-8 /ld-hid- /rom/ic- i /ld-hid- din -ri/ 90r/no?-lor.

2.4 ESTERII DIN VIN

E-rii din in 0n d-ri/;i 90nc;ion/li /i /ci?ilor8 9om/;i :rin com=in/r-/ /ci?ilor

or/nici c0 /lcoolii 8>n :roc-0l d- --ri9ic/r-.-/c;i/ d- --ri9ic/r- -- r--ri=il< 8>n -n

in-r /nd loc hiroli?/ --r0l0i 9orm/.

ACETALUL DE ETIL CH 3 B COOC 2 H ! - >nln-- >n o/- in0ril-. In in

con;in00ri norm/l- - conid-r< c-l- :n< l/ 1!) mPl. L/ :ro:or;ii d- :-- 1!) mPl

/c-/l0l d- -il in9l0i-n;-/?< n-/i c/li/-/ in0l0i :rin /c-l c/r/c-r ol9/ci c-

X-mn/l-/?<R :-ricol0l o;-irii. #-nr0 -limin/r-/ -xc-0l0i d- /c-/l d- -il -xi< m/i m0l-

:roc-d--8 o/- =/?>nd0B- :- ol/ili/- l0i ridic/< :. 9. !7C. C-l m/i im:l0 :roc-d-0

-- >n / l</ in0l < c0r< >nrBo 0i;< 0=;ir- d- l/ o /n0mi< >n<l;im- :- o 0:r/9/;<

ori?on/l<8 c/r- >l -x:0n- >n /-r. S- 0l9i-/?< >n :r-/l/=il :-nr0 / 9i :ro-G/ >m:ori/

oxid<rii. Ac-/0l d- -il :r-?in< 0n miro :ic/n8 /-m<n<or c-l0i d- /rd-i i0-.

LACTALUL DE ETIL CH3 B CHOH B COOC 2 H ! >n c/ni<;i 9orm-/?< >n

im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic- c/ :rod0 -c0nd/r.#ro:or;ii m/i m/ri - 9orm-/?< >n im:0l

9-rm-n/;i-i m/lol/cic- i m/i c0 -/m< cnd in0ril- d-in -di0l >m=oln<irii d- X>n<crir-/

l/cic<R.

2.5 COMPUŞII AZOTAI DIN VIN

Com:0ii /?o/;i din in /0 o :ond-r- r-:r-?-n/i< >n com:o?i;i/ in0l0i i :0n

:ro=l-m- -hnoloic- d- condiion/r- i /=ili?/r- / in0rilor. S0=/;-l- /?o/- din in

:roin 9i- :rin :roc-0l d- m/c-r/r- :-lic0l/r< / m00l0i 89in :rin 9oloir-/ >nr<<min-lor

c0 /?o >n :l/n/;iil- iicol-.

Com:0ii /?o/;i :r-?in< im:or/n;< 89iind 0r/ d- hr/n< :-nr0 l-0ri >n im:0l

9-rm-n/;ii-i /lcolic- i :-nr0 =/c-riil- m/lol/cic- .

AMINOACIZII 0n coni0-n;i /?o/;i8 >n mol-c0l-l- do0< 90nc;ii chimic-

/n/oni-@ 0n/ =/?ic< BNH 2 i 0n/ c/r=oxilic BCOOH8 /m=-l- r-9/- :- /c-l/i /om

d- c/r=on Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

$nii /mino/ci?i din m0 - <-c >n :ro:or;ii -xr-m d- mici chi/r 1 mPl8 /l;ii

:r-?in< >n m0 con;in00ri m0l m/i m/ri@ :rolin/ 1)62 mPl8 lin/ 27( mPl8 /l/nin/ 72 mPl8

/cid0l /:/ric !7 mPl.

17

Im:or/n;/ /mino/ci?ilor din m08 0= r/:or o-noloic8 -- conid-r/=il<.D0:<

-:0i?/r-/ /?o0l0i /moni/c/l 8 l-0ril- r-c0r l/ 0nii /mino/ci?i :-nr0 n0ri;i/ lor /?o/<.

n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-8 :rin m-/=oli?/r-/ 0nor /mino/ci?i r-?0l< /lcooli

0:-riori8 :rinrB0n :roc- im0l/n d- d-c/r=oxil/r- i d-/imil/r- 8 r-/li?/ 0= /c;i0n-/

i-m-lor -n?im/ic- /l- l-0rilor. Ex-m:l0@ din l-0cin< r-?0l< /lcool0l i?o/milic8 din

/lin< - 9orm-/?< i?o=0/nol0l. D/c< >n m00ri :ro:or;iil- lo=/l- d- /mino/ci?i d-:<-c

9r-c-n 1Pl8>n in0ri8 im-di/ d0:< 9-rm-n/;i-8 con;in00ril- /c-or/ - i0-/?< >nr- !)i

1!)mPl. C>nd r/-r-/ in0l0i d- :- droGdi- i :rim0l :rioc >nr?i- - >nr-ir-/?<8 c/?0ri8

cr--ri 0=/n;i/l- /l- con;in00rilor >n /mino/ci?i8 :rin /0oli?/ l-0rilor mo/r-8 0=

/c;i0n-/ :ro:riilor -n?im- :ro-oliic-.S- conid-r< c< r-?0l/;i :rin /0oli?/ l-0rilor

r-:r-?in< 0n 9/cor :o?ii l/ in0ril- m/-ri- :rim< :-nr0 :0m/n-8 in9l0-n;nd =-n-9ic

>n0iril- d- :-rl/r- i :0m/r- l/ :rod0-l- 9ini-.

PROTEINELE SAU PROTEIDELE

S- <-c >n m0 0= 9orm< d- holo:ro-id- i h--ro:ro-id-.

n con;in00ri m/i ridic/-8 :ro-in-l-8 /l<0ri d- :oli:-:id-l- c0 mol-c0l/ m/r- 0n

im:lic/- >n :rod0c-r-/ 0l=0r<rii c0noc0< 0= n0m-l- d- c//r-/ c//r-/ :ro-ic<. Ac-

d-9-c /r- loc 0= /c;i0n-/ -m:-r/0rilor ridic/- i / /lcool0l0i8c/r- :rod0c d-n/0r/r-/

:/ric0l-lor coloid/l- :ro-ic- :rin d-ol//r-8 d0:< c/r- 0n co/0l/- i :r-ci:i/- >n

r-l/;i- c0 0nii c/ioni din in N/ + 8 C/ +2 .

PEPTIDELE ŞI POLIPEPTIDELE 0n coni0-n;i /?o/;i r-?0l/;i r-/c;ii d-

:olim-ri?/r- / /mino/ci?ilor8 c/r- - l-/< >nr- -i :rin :0n;i :oli:-:idic- /0 l-<0ri

/midic- Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

El- r-:r-?in< >n m-di- 6)B7! din /?o0l o/l /l m00l0i."// mol-c0l/r< /

/c-or/ - i0-/?< 0= 1)))). Cnd >n m0 li:-c <r0ril- d- /moni0 i /mino/ci?ii

/imil/=ili8 l-0ril-8 :rin i-m-l- lor -n?im/ic-8 :rod0c cind/r-/ /c-or/ >n /mino/ci?i :-

c/r- >i 9olo-c :-nr0 n0ri;i/ /?o/<. #oli:-:id-l- c0 m/< mol-c0l/r< m/r- i >n

con;in00ri ridic/- :o :rod0c- 0l=0r<ri >n.:rod0-l- inicol-.

A&%)1"1 0n r-:r-?-n/- d-@ /:/r/in<8 l0/min<8 cir0linnrB0n -n /0

/l0l.Ac-/mid/ CH 3 BCOBNH 2 im:rim< miro0l r-:in<or c0noc0 0= n0m-l- d- Ri?

o/r-ciR8 :r-?-n >n in0ril- /in- d- =o/l/ c0 /c-l/i n0m-.

1*

2.6 COMPUŞII FENOLICI DIN VIN

Com:0ii 9-nolici c0:rind8 :- ln< /ci?ii 9-nolici8 0=/n;-l- /n/n- i 0=/n;-l-

color/n-. Com:0ii 9-nolici :r-?in< o m/r- r-/cii/- i d/0 n/-r- >n in l/ n0m-ro/-

:roc-- d- oxid/r-8 cond-n/r-8:olim-ri?/r- i c/:olim-ri?/r-.

Com:0ii 9-nolici in9l0i-n;-/?< c0lo/r-/ i >n0iril- 0/i- /l- in0rilor /o/r-8

/rin-n;<8 d0ri/-/ in0l0i l/ 08i/r m/Gori/-/ /0 -9-c =/c-ricid i /niir/l.Com:0ii

9-nolici9ix-/?< oxi-n0l c/r- :<r0nd- >n in i :ro-G-/?< /9-l in0l d- oxid/r-.

Vin0ril- roii c/r- 0n c-l- m/i =o/- >n :oli9-noli - c/r/c-ri?-/?< :rinrBo :0-r-

/nioxid/n< 0:-rio/r< i/min-lor C i E.

ACIZII FENOLICI

n in - >nln-c do0< c/-orii d- /ci?i 9-nolici@ hidroxi=-n?oici /lic8/nilic8

irinic8 :roc/-chinic8 -niic8 c0/ric i hidroxicin/mici c0m/ric89-r0lic8 c/9-ric.

Aci?ii 9-nolici8 /l<0ri d- 9loon-8 :/rici:< l/ 9orm/r-/ c0lorii 8 d/r i l/ in/=ili/-/

/c--i/. L/ >nc-:08 >n m08 /ci?ii <-c >n c/ni/- m/r- i :rin /n/G/r-/ lor >n r-/c;ii d-

oxid/r- -n?im/ic< conri=0i- l/ =r0ni9ic/r-/ m00l0i. n 9/?/ d- :ro9-rm-n/r- / m00l0i8

/ci?ii 9-nolici 0n hidroli?/;i >n m/r- :/r-8 in0l con;in- c/ni<;i m0l m/i mici d- /ci?i

9-nolici.

S0=/n;-l- /n/n- d/0 -n?/;i/ d- /rin-n;<8 >n :-ci/l l/ in0ril- roii. C/ i

/lcoolilor i /ci?ilor8 li - /ri=0i- 0n im:or/n rol >n con-r/r-/ in0rilor8 d-o/r-c-8

0nind0B- c0 com:on-n/ :ro-ic< / -n?im-lor 8l- inhi=< /cii/-/. Ar- 0n rol im:or/n >n

X/=ili?/r-/R in0rilor 8conri=0ind l/ lim:-?ir-/ lor8 d/ori< /rcinii -l-cric- n-/i- :-

c/r- o /0 >n 9orm< :olim-ri?/<J :o 9orm/ c0 coloi?ii >nc<rc/;i c0 /rcin< :o?ii< -l/in/

i /l=00l d- o08 -c. .

S8/0'91"1 /0'0'/1 d/0 -n?/;i/ d- /rin-n;<8 >n :-ci/l l/ in0ril- roii. C/ i

/lcoolilor i /ci?ilor8 li - /ri=0i- 0n im:or/n rol >n con-r/r-/ in0rilor8d-o/r-c-8 0nind0B

- c0 com:on-n/ :ro-ic< / -n?im-lor8l- inhi=< /cii/-/.A0 rol im:or/n >n /=ili?/r-/Fin0rilor conri=0ind l/ lim:-?ir-/ lor 8d/ori< /rcinii -l-cric- n-/i- :- c/r- o /0 in

9orm< :olim-ri?/<J :o 9orm/ c0 coloi?ii >nc<rc/;i c0 /rcin< -l-cric< :o?ii< -l/in/ i

/l=00l d- o08 -c.

S8/0'91"1 #$"$*0'/1 0n 9orm/- din do0< r0:- d- com:0i 9l/on- i /noci/ni.

C0lo/r-/ in0rilor -- in9l0i-n;/n /l=-n

/0 /l=-n B =r0n. A0 /rcin< -l-cric< n-/i<8 i /0 :ro:ri--;i =/c-ricid-.

1(

A'/$#%0'%% 0n h--ro?id- color/- >n ro0 /0 /l=/r0. Ei d/0 c0lo/r-/ in0riilor

ro?- i roii. n 90nc;i- d- n0m<r0l l0cid-lor din mol-c0l/ lor8 /noci/nii 0n@

monol0co?idici /0 dil0co?idici.

Anoci/nii monol0co?idici o-nin/ 0n :-ci9ici in0rilor roii o=;in0- din r00rii

d- Vii Vini9-r/8 :- cnd dil0co?i?i m/lin/ 0n c/r/c-riici hi=ri?ilor dir-c

:rod0c<ori Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

2.7 LIPIDELE DIN VIN

Li:id-l- din m0 0n r-:r-?-n/- d- li:id- n-0r-8 9o9oli:id-. D-i 0n :r-?-n;i >n

con;in00ri mici8 /c-i coni0-n;i -x-rci/ o in9l0-n;< -mni9ic/i< /0:r/ com:on-n-i

/rom/ic- / in0l0i .S- m-n;ion-/?< c< licoli:id-l- - coni0i->n 9r/;i0n-/ :r-domin/n<8

0rm/< d- li:id-l- n-0r- i /:oi d- 9o9oli:id-. Dinr- /ci?ii r/i 8 m/i im:or/n;i 0n

:r-?-n;i >n com:on-n/ li:idic< /ci?ii@ :/lmiic8 linol-ic8 :-l/ronic8 miriic i linol-nic.

n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i- m00l0i lim:-d-8 :rin m-/=olim0l l-0rilor8 - /ci?i r/i c0

C2BC1) i/r >n c/?0l m00rilor n-d-=0r=/- - 9orm-/?< /ci?i r/i c0 l/n;0l l0n C16BC1* .

2. COLOIZII VINULUI

Coloi?ii in0l0i :o /:<r-/ din m/i m0l- 0r- c0m /r 9i@ din coloi?ii m00l0i8din

coloi?ii c-d/;i d- l-0ri >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic-89-rm-n/;i-i m/lol/cic-8 din c-i

r-?0l/;i >n 0rm/ m-n;in-rii in0l0i :- d-:o?i. #ond-r-/ c-/ m/i m/r- o /0 coloi?ii c-d/;i d-

l-0ri.

Coloi?ii :r-?-n;i >n in0ri 0n >n m/r- :/r- :olim-ri /i l0cid-lor8 i d- l-0ri.

n in -xi< do0< c/-orii d- coloi?i@ coloi?ii lio9o=i hidro9o=i i lio9ili hidro9ili8

:rimii /0 r-:0li- 9/;< d- /:<8 c-il/l;i /0 /9ini/- /:nd-:<r/r-/ --r< / coloi?ilor :o/- in9l0i-n;/ 00l in0l0i >n -n n-/i.

#rin miGlo/c- -hnoloic- /d-c/- - :o >nd-:<r/ n0m/i /c-i coloi?i c/r-in9l0i-n;-/?< lim:idi/-/8 :<rnd :- c-i c/r- in9l0i-n;-/?< 9/or/=il c/li/-/ in0l0i.D-

/-m-n-/ :rin m-n;in-r-/ in0l0i :- d-:o?i8 >n /n0mi- condi;ii - :o/- m/ri con;in00l d-

coloi?i 0ili8 dinr- c/r- 0nii - :/r- c< /0 i -9-c /0:r/ /=ili<;ii c0lorii in0rilor roii

2.; E<TRACTUL

-l-m-n<ril- O. I. V. %i /nd/rd-l- n/;ion/l- 9olo-c :/r0 Y-xr/c -c o/l8

-xr/c n-r-d0c<or8 -xr/c r-d0 i r- d- -xr/c.

E+/*0#/" 81# /$/0" r-:r-?in< /n/m=l0l 00ror 0=/n;-lor din in c/r- n0 -ol/ili?-/?< >n /n0mi- condi;ii 9i?ic-8 ci r<mn 0= 9orm< d- r-?id00. Ac-/ - com:0n-

2)

din 0=/n;-l- :ro-ni- l0cid-8 /ci?i li=-ri n-ol/ili i <r0ril- lor8 0=/n;- /n/n-8

color/n- i <r0ri min-r/l- i din 0=/n;-l- n-ol/il- 9orm/- :rin lic-rol8 0nii /lcooli

0:-riori8 -c.. Exr/c0l -c o/l r-:r-?-n/ d- c/ni/-/ 00ror 0=/n;-lor n-ol/il- -

-x:rim< >n Pl.

E+/*0#/" '1*1)#/$* r-:r-?in< di9-r-n;/ dinr- /c0l -c o/l i con;in00l o/l d-

?/h/r0ri.

E+/*0#/" *1)8 r-:r-?in< di9-r-n;/ dinr- -xr/c0l -c o/l 0m/ 0rm<o/r-lor

com:on-n-@ con;in00l d- ?/h/r0ri c- d-:<-- 1.PlJ con;in00l d- 0l9/ d- :o/i08 c-

d-:<-- 1 PlJcon;in00l d- m/niol d/c< -xi<8 i con;in00l 00ror 0=/n;-lor chimic-

c/r- --n0/l /0 9o /d<0/- >n in /cid or=ic8 /cid /cor=ic8 <r0ri d- /moni08 -c..

R18/" )1 1+/*0#/ r-:r-?in< di9-r-n;/ dinr- -xr/c0l n-r-d0c<or i /cidi/-/ 9ix<

-x:rim/< >n /cid /rric.

Con;in00l d- -xr/c o/l /l in0rilor -- c0 m0l m/i mic d-c /l m00rilor8

d-o/r-c- >n im:0l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic- l0cid-l-8 >n c/ni/- d- circ/ 2)) Pl8 di:/r >n c-/

m/i m/r- :/r- /0 >n o/li/-.

Con;in00l in0l0i >n -xr/c -- 0n0l dinr- c-i m/i im:or/n;i :/r/m-ri d-

com:o?i;i- i >;i o9-r/ in9orm/;ii :r-;io/-@ :riind Xcor:0lR in0l0i8 coni-n;/ /.

L-il/;i/ romn-/c< :r--d- 0rm<o/r-l- con;in00ri minim- d- -xr/c -c

r-d0c<or@ :-nr0 in0ril- d- con0m c0r-n /l=- i ro?- 1! PlJ :-nr0 in0ril- d- con0m

c0r-n roii 16 PlJ :-nr0 in0ril- d- c/li/- 0:-rio/r< VS /l=- i ro?- 1* PlJ :-nr0 in0ri

d- c/li/- 0:-rio/r< VS roii 1(P1J :-nr0 in0ri d- c/li/- 0:-rio/r< c0 d-n0mir- d-

oriin-8/l=- i ro?- 1( Pl8 :-nr0 in0ril- DOC i 21 Pl :-nr0 in0ril- DOCCJ :-nr0

in0ril- d- c/li/- 0:-rio/r< c0 d-n0mir- d- oriin- roii 21 Pl :-nr0 in0ril- DOC i 23

Pl :-nr0 in0ril- DOCC.

n im:0l :<r<rii in0l0i -xr/c0l r-d0 -- /ri/=il. #i-rd-ril- :rin -/:or/r- d-

/lcool i d- /:< din in8 m/i /l- cnd /c-/ -- :<r/ >n =0o/i- d- l-mn8 cond0c l/ oo/r-c/r- cr--r- / -xr/c0l0i.

Com:/r/i c0 c-l- :<r/- >n /-8 l/ c-l- >m=0-li/- /ri/;i/ con;in00l0i d-

-xr/c - m/ni9-< >nrBo m<0r< m0l m/i r-d0<.

2.!= SUBSTANELE MINERALE DIN VIN

Al<0ri d- n0m-roi coni0i-n;i or//nici8 >n in0ri - <-c i 0=/n;- min-r/l-

:ro-ni- m/i c0 -/m< din r00ri oriin- -ndo-n<. S0=/n;-l- min-r/l- :o /-/ i o

oriin- -xo-n<8 /G0nnd >n in :- in-rm-di0l r//m-n-lor /:lic/- i;-i d- i- i /

21

m00l0i i din :r/90l :ro-ni d- :- r00riJ :rin corod/r-/ 0:r/9-;-lor c0 c/r- m00l inr<

>n con/c@ m/ini i 0il/G-8 r-ci:i-n- /nicoro?i.

S0=/n;-l- min-r/l- 0n n-c-/r- :-nr0 d-9<0r/r-/ 9-rm-n/;i-i inrnd >n

/lc<0ir-/ 0nor -n?im-J /l-l- /0 rol /0:r/ -chili=r0l0i oxido K r-d0c<or /l in0l0i. >n

c/ni<;i mici8 0n-l- m-/l- /i0r< o m/i =0n< lim:-?im- / in0l0i i con-r< /rom-l-8

conri=0ind >n /c-l/i im: l/ ridic/r-/ /lorii /lim-n/r- / in0l0i.

n in 0=/n;-l- min-r/l- - <-c :r-domin/ 0= 9orm< ioni?/< >n -chili=r0 c0

/l- com:on-n- /l- :rod00l0i.

n c-n0< -xi< do0< c/-orii d- 0=/n;- min-r/l-@ /nioni 0l9/8 cl0r0r<8 9lor0r<8

=rom0r<8 iod0rn in 0n d- )83 B )8!

Pl8 >n :ro:or;ii m/i ridic/- - <-- l/ - 9-rm-n/- :- =oin<. Ac- /nion8 :o/- :ori

c/ni/i :- :/rc0r0l 9orm<rii in0l0i8 d/ori< oxid<rii dioxid0l0i d- 0l9 /d<0/. L-il/;i/

limi-/?< con;in00l d- SO 2B :n< l/ )87 Pl. #-nr0 in0ril- d0lci 8 licoro/- >n / c<ror

-hnoloi- 0n-m n-oi;i < in-r-nim c0 c/ni<;i m/i m/ri d- S)28 l--/ /dmi- con;in00ri

d- SO4 :n< l/ 2 Pl.

A'%$'" #"$** CIB - >nln-- >n mod norm/l >n / in0l0i8 :n< l/ )81 B )83 Pl.

n in0ril- :ro-ni- din din /:ro:i-r-/ m<rii8 con;in00l >n CIB -- m/i m/r-. E- limi/ l/

0n con;in0 d- m/xim 1 Pl :-nr0 -xcl0d-r-/ r/<rii in0rilor c0 chim=<ori d- ioni. Clor0l

:o/- :ro-ni >n in i c/ 0rm/r- / /d<0<rii d- N/Cl l/ lim:-?ir-/ in0l0i c0 -l/in< /0

cl-i d- :-- Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

A'%$'" $80/ >PO 4−3 ) :roin- din r00ri i - <-- in0ri :n< l/ 1 Pl.

C/ni<;i m/i m/ri - >nln-c >n in0ril- c0 /d/o d- <r0ri d- /moni0. Anion0l 9o9/ :o/-

r-/c;ion/ c0 m-/l-l- r-l- >n -xc- 9ormnd com:0i r-0 ol0=ili8 c/r- :roo/c< 0l=0r/r-/

in0l0i.

A'%$'" "$** 'B Con;in00l <0 >n in0ri -- :n< l/ )8! B ! mPl. Limi/ l-/l<

-- d- ! mPl 9iind d<0n<or <n<<;ii.

'lor0ril- 0n 0=/n;- /ni-:ic- c- inhi=< d-?ol/r-/ microor/nim-lor.

A'%$'" *$&* ,r B - <-- 0= 9orm< d- 0rm- >n in. L--/ >l limi-/?< l/ 1

mPl 9iind 9o/r- oxic. >n in0ri :o/- /:<r-/ i :- - /ccid-n/l<8 /0nci cnd /cid0l

mono=rom/c-ic B/ 9oloi 9r/0d0lo c/ /ni-:ic.

P$/08% W U - <-- >n :ro:or;iil- c-l- m/i ridic/- dinr- c/ionii din in :n< l/2Pl8 :ro-nind din r00ri /0 d- l/ /:lic/r-/ di9-ri-lor r//m-n-.

22

n im:0l 9orm<rii i -ol0;i-i in0l0i8 con;in00l >n W c/d-8 :r-ci:ind 0= in9l0-n;/

/lcool0l0i i / -m:-r/0rilor c<?0-8 0= 9orm< =i/rr/ d- :o/i0.

S$)% >N0?@ - <-- >n :ro:or;ii m/i mici d-c clor0l. #o/- :ro-nii din r00ri8

i/r >n c/ni<;i m/i m/ri :roin- din /:lic/r-/ 0nor r//m-n- in-r?i- d- l--.

C0"#% C/2U din r00ri :roin- >n :ro:or;ii r-d0- *) 1!)mPl . N0 -- limi/

d- l--8 d/r r-=0i- :r--ni< >m=o<;ir-/ in0l0i >n c/lci0 8d-o/r-c- :o/- :rooc/ 0l=0r<ri.

#-nr0 / :r--ni >m=o<;ir-/ in0l0i >n c/lci08 in0l - r/-/?< c0 c/r=on/ d- c/lci0 C/C)3

Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.

M0'1%"2U >n in :o/- /G0n- :n< l/ 1!) mPl i :roin- din r00ri. N0

:roo/c< 0l=0r<ri8 n0 -- oxic8 :r-?in< c/li<;i ii-no /lim-n/r-.

F%1*" '-2U8 '-3U >n mod norm/l con;in00l in0rilor >n 9i-r -- 2 B 3 mPl l/ in0ril-

/l=- i ! B * mPl l/ in0ril- roii8 i -- d-n0mi 9i-r X9i?ioloicR. 'i-r0l X-hnoloicR8 c/r-

:roo/c< modi9ic<ri n-dori-8 :roin- din :r/90l d- :- r00ri8 din coro?i0n-/ /-lor

m-/lic- i 0il/G-lor i :o/- /G0n- l/ 6) mPl i >n m0. S<r0ril- 9-ro/- 0n ol0=il- i

:rin oxid/r- -l- r-c >n <r0ri 9-ric- r-0 ol0=il- c/r- d/0 c0 9o9or0l i :oli9-nolii com:0i

inol0=ili c- 0l=0r< in0l c//r-/ 9-ric<.

C,*" C0U 8 C0 2U - <-- >n :ro:or;ii m/i m/ri >n m0 ! B 6 m P l 8 >n in n0

d-:<-- )82 B )8 ! mPl8 d-o/r-c- - d-:0n- 0= 9orm< d- c0:r0 >n im:0l :roc-0l0i d-

9-rm-n/r-. #- c/l- -xo-n<con;in00l d- c0:r0 >n in :o/- /G0n- l/ ! B 6 mPl. SB/

con// c< l/ )86 B )87 mPl >n condi;ii r-d0c<o/r- in0ri 0l9i/-8 c0:r0l :rooc/<

0l=0r/r-/ n0mi< c//r- c0:ro/<.

C-il/l;i c/ioni din in@ /l0mini0 Al 3U8 ?inc Zn2U 8 m/n/n "n2U 8 A3U8

:l0m= #=2U8 :roin 9i- din con/c0l in0l0i c0 0il/G- i m-/lic- 9i- / /:lic<rii 0nor

r//m-n-. S0n oxic- :-nr0 or/nim8 l-il/;i/ limind0Bl- l/ /n0mi- limi-@ /l0mini0

m/xim * mPl8 ?inc m/xim 6 mPl8 m/n/n8 >nr- 1 B 1 ) mPl8 /r-ni0 m/xim )82 mPl8

:l0m=8 m/xim )82 mPl Co-/ D. V.8 Z<no/< V. C.8 Co-/ V. V.8 2))(.2.!! CENUŞA

C-n0/ r-:r-?in< /n/m=l0l :rod0-lor d- incin-r/r- r-?id00 / 0=/n;-i 0c/-

din in -xr/c8 incin-r/r- cond0< /9-l >nc >n r-?id00 < r<mn< o/li/-/ c/ionilor

m/i :0;in /moni08 0= 9orm< d- c/r=on/;i :r-c0m i /l- <r0ri min-r/l- /nhidr-. n im:0l

incin-r<rii c/ionii i /nionii /nor/nici n0 09-r< modi9ic<ri8 d-o/r-c- >n c-n0/ -i -

r-<-c c/ <r0ri min-r/l- /nhidr-. S0=/n;/ or/nic< :rin /rd-r- 9orm-/?< >n :rinci:/l

dioxid d- c/r=on i /:<. C) 2B0l r-/c;ion-/?< c/ionii /nor/nici8 -xi-n;i >n -xc- 9/;< d-/nionii or/nici i 9orm-/?< c/r=on/;ii.

23

-l-m-n<ril- O. I. V. i /nd/rd-l- n/;ion/l- limi-/?< -m:-r/0r/ d- /rd-r-

/ -xr/c0l0i l/ !2! C. C/lcin/r-/ :-- /c- ni-l d--rmin< d-com:0n-r-/ :/r;i/l< /

c/r=on/;ilor c0 9orm/r-/ oxi?ilor m-/l-lor i hidroxid d- c/r=on c/r-8 ol/ili?nd0B-8

c/0?-/?< c<d-r-/ r-0<;ii c-n0ii i o=;in-r-/ d- r-?0l/- -ron/-.

S:r- d-o-=ir- d- m00ri8 in0ril- 0n m/i <r/c- >n c-n0<8 d-o/r-c- >n im:0l i

d0:< -rmin/r-/ 9-rm-n/;i-i8 o :/r- din <r0ri :r-ci:in in.D/ori< :roc-0l0i d- m/c-r/r- in0ril- roii 0n m/i =o/- >n

c-n0< d-c c-l- /l=-.

D- r-0l<8 con;in00l in0l0i >n c-n0< r-:r-?in< /:roxim/i 1) din con;in00l d-

-xr/c n-r-d0c<or.

CAPITOLUL III.METODE DE ANALIZĂ

! D1/1*&%'0*10 0"#$$""% )%' %'

Alcool0l -- 0n0l din :rinci:/lii coni0i-n;i /i in0l0i. Conc-nr/;i/ in0l0i >n

/lcool - -x:rim< >n r/d- /lcoolic- /0 din ol0m-. Ac-// >n-/mn< c< 0n in d- 12

/lcool /r-8 d- 9/:8 12 ml /lcool :0r l/ 9i-c/r- 1)) ml cm in /0 12) ml /lcool l/ 1))) mlin 1 lir0. nr0c /lcool0l -- 0n coni0-n m/i :0;in /: :-nr0 r-/c;ii chimic-8 m-od-l-

d- d--rmin/r- c/r- - 9olo-c 9r-c-n >n l/=or/o/r-l- d- o-noloi- /0 l/ =/?< :ro:ri-<;il-

9i?ic- /l- /m--c0rilor d- /lcool -ilic c0 /:< >n di9-ri- conc-nr/;ii. S- c0noc m/i m0l-

m-od- 9i?ic- d- d--rmin/r- / /lcool0l0i din in0ri. n :r-?-n/ l0cr/r- - d-cri- m-od/

-=0liom-ric<.

M1/$)0 1"%$&1/*%#

S- =/?-/?< :- :rinci:i0l di9-r-n;-i dinr- -m:-r/0r/ d- 9i-r=-r- / /:-i i c-/ /in0l0i. L/ :r-i0n-/ d- 76) mm H8 /lcool0l -ilic 9i-r=- l/ 7*84 C8 i/r /:/ l/ 1)) C.

/m--c0l dinr- c-l- do0< 0=/n;- / 9i-r=- l/ -m:-r/0ri c0:rin- >nr- 7*84 C i 1))C.

C0 c r/d0l /lcoolic /l 0n0i in -- m/i m/r-8 c0 / i -m:-r/0r/ l0i d- 9i-r=-r-

/ 9i m/i /:ro:ri/< d- 7*84C i in-r. >nr0c in0l n0 -- 0n im:l0 /m--c d- /lcool i

/:<8 -l con;innd i /l;i coni0i-n;i c/@ /ci?i8 :oli9-noli8 :oli/lcooli8 0=/n;- min-r/l-8

?/h/r0ri -c.8 c/r- modi9ic< :0nc0l d- 9i-r=-r- /l /m--c0l0i /:< U /lcool8 l/ conr0c;i/

/:/r/0l0i B/ ;in0 -/m/ d- /c- /:-c8 9<cnd0B- cor-c;iil- n-c-/r-. L/ /c-/< m-od<- 9olo-- -=0liom-r0l.

24

2 D1/1*&%'0*10 "%#1*$""% )%' %'lic-rol0l -- 0n :rod0 -c0nd/r /l 9-rm-n/;i-i /lcoolic- / m00l0i. Con;in00l

in0rilor >n lic-rol8 c/ i >n /lcool8 -- c0 / m/i ridic/ c0 c m00l / 9o m/i =o/ >n

?/h<r. >n in0ril- norm/l- - <-c 6 B 12 lic-rol8 >n m-di-8 --n0/l-l- /d/o0ri

9r/0d0lo/- d- /lcool8 >n m0 /0 in0ri. D- /-m-n-/8 - :o di9-r-n;i/ in0ril- d0lci

n/0r/l- d- mi-l0ri c/r- n-:/rc0rnd 9-rm-n/;i/ /lcoolic<8 n0 con;in lic-rol. lic-rol0l

/r- o in9l0-n;< im:or/n< /0:r/ >n0irilor 0/i- /l- in0rilor8 im:rimnd0Bl- 9in-;- i

c/i9-l/r-.

P*%'#%,%" &1/$)1%

D--rmin/r-/ lic-rol0l0i c0 /cid :-riodic - =/?-/?< :- r-/c;i/ -n-r/l< /

:oli/lcoolilor c0 /c- oxid/n. lic-rol0l -- oxid/ :n< l/ m-/n/l i /cid 9ormic8 con9orm

r-/c;i-i d- m/i Go@

CH2OH - CHOH - CH2OH ? 2HI=4 2 HCHO ? HCOOH ? 2HI=3 ? H2=

3. D1/1*&%'0*10 #1'%%

C-n0/ in0l0i coni0i- r-?id00l o=;in0 :rin c/lcin/r-/ -xr/c0l0i -c /r< 0rm- d-

c/r=on. C-n0/ /0 0=/n;-l- min-r/l- din in -- coni0i< dinrBo -ri- d-

-l-m-n- /9l/- >nrBo :ond-r- m/i m/r- c/@ #8 S8 W8 N/8 C/8 Si8 '-8 "n8 i /l-l- >n :ro:or;i-

m/i mic< olio-l-m-n- c/@ '8 CI8 ,r8 I8 Al8 ,8 Ti8 =8 "o8 -c.

"<rim-/ con;in00l0i d- c-n0<8 /:-c0l /c--i/ i r-/c;i/ / m/i m0l /0 m/i :0;in/lc/lin< :o d/ indic/;ii /0:r/ d-:i<rii 0nor 9/li9ic<ri /:lic/- in0l0i.

P*%'#%,%" &1/$)1%

S- -/:or< o c/ni/- d- in :n< l/ -c i - c/lcin-/?< 0=/n;/ 0c/< c-/. !2! QC

:n< l/ m// con/n<.

C0"#"

m1Bm1)))

C-n0< M BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB M m1 B m 4) P1 2!

Vin0ril- /l=- con;in cc/. 2 P18 i/r c-l- roii >nr- 2 B 4 P1 c-n0<.

4 D1/1*&%'0*10 1+/*0#/"% 81# /$/0"Exr/c0l r-:r-?in< o/li/-/ 0=/n;-lor n-ol/il- din in8 c/r- - /9l< di?ol/-

/0 di:-r/- coloid/l. Ac-- 0=/n;- 0n d- n/0r< chimic< 9o/r- di9-ri< i /n0m-@ /ci?i

or/nici 9ici /rric8 m/lic8 0ccinic8 l/cic8 lic-rolJ i 283 =0il-nlicol8 ?/h/r0ri8 0=/n;-

/n/n- i color/n-8 0=/n;- /?o/-8 :-cic-8 0m- i m0cil/ii -c.

2!

D--rmin/r-/ -xr/c0l0i :r-?in< o im:or/n;< d-o-=i< :-nr0 c/r/c-ri?/r-/

in0rilor8 d-o/r-c- -xi< /n0mi- r-l/;ii >nr- m// -xr/c0l0i i con;in00l >n /lcool i >nr-

-xr/c i c-n0/ in0l0i. #- =/?/ -xr/c0l0i r-d0 - :o/- /:r-ci/ /0-nici/-/ in0rilor

:rin -id-n;i-r-/ 0nor o:-r/;ii ilici- /:lic/- in0rilor@ /d/o0l d- /lcool8 ?/h<r8 lic-rin/8

/ci?i8 /:< -c. -xr/c0l r-d0 /ri/?< >nr- 1! i 23 P 1 l/ in0ril- /l=- i 1* B 2* P 1 l/

in0ril- roii.

Dinr- c-l- r-i 9orm- d- -x:rim/r- /l- -xr/c0l0i8 /n/liic - d--rmin< n0m/i

-xr/c0l -c o/l8 c-l-l/l- do0< 9orm- 9iind d-d0- :rin c/lc0l.

$n-l- m-od- d- d--rmin/r- - =/?-/?< :- -/:or/r-/ in0l0i >n /n0mi- condi;ii@ l/

-m:-r/0r/ d- 7) C8 0= id :/r;i/l8 >n c0r-n d- /-r c/ld i 0c/ /0 -/:or/r- l/

-m:-r/0r/ d- 9i-r=-r- / /:-i. L/ /m=-l- m-od- r-?id00l o=;in0 - cn<r-- i -

r/:or-/?< l/ 0n lir0 d- in.

Al- m-od-8 ?i- indir-c- c/lc0l-/?< con;in00l >n -xr/c :- =/?/ r-l/;i-i dinr-

d-ni/-/ in0l0i8 d-ni/-/ diil/0l0i i d-ni/-/ in0l0i li:i d- /lcool -ilic. O m-od<

r/:id<8 >n< 0ili?/< :-nr0 d--rmin<ri ori-n/i-8 -- m-od/ r-9r/com-ric<8 /:lic/<

in0l0i d-?/lcooli?/.

-prin metoda refractometrică

S- d--rmin< c0 r-9r/com-r0l con;in00l d- 0=/n;< 0c/< / in0l0i d-?/lcooli?/

din c/r- - d-d0c- con;in00l d- -xr/c -c o/l.

S- m<o/r<8 c0 /G0or0l 0n0i =/lon d- 2! cm /0 !) cm 8 o c/ni/- -x/c< din

:rod00l 0:0 /n/li?-i in. A:oi - r-c- >nrBo c/:0l< d- :or;-l/n8 :rin :<l/r-/ =/lon0l0i

c0 /:< diil/n =/lon0l co/ c0 c/r- B/ m<0r/ :rod00l. Ad0c-r-/ l/ -mn / =/lon0l0i - 9/c-

c0 /:< diil/< i l/ -m:-r/0r/ ini;i/l< :- c/r- / /0Bo :rod00l8 d0:< c/r- con;in00l

=/lon0l0i - omo-ni?-/?<.

Din :ro=/ 9<r< com:on-n;i ol/ili - i/0 c0 o =/h-< 0=;ir- 0n/ /0 do0< :ic<0ri i

- l/< < c/d< :- :rim/ d- Go / r-9r/com-r0l0i8 9<r< < /in-m :rim/ c0 =/h-/J -

>nchid- /:oi r-:-d- c0 / do0/ :rimn0n-c/ i l0mino.

Indic/;iil- cii- l/ r-9r/com-r0 - conc-nr-/?< >n 90nc;i- d- -m:-r/0r/ l/ c/r- B/

9<c0 d--rmin/r-/.

n c/?0l r-9r/com-r-lor :r-<?0- c0 -rmo/8 d--rmin/r-/ - 9/c- l/ -m:-r/0r/

d- 2) C. S- i/ m-di/ /rim-ic< / r-i d--rmin<ri.

26

C0"#""

Con;in00l d- -xr/c -c o/l E M 1) [ . 0. P 18 >n c/r-@ . 0. r-:r-?in< con;in00l d-

0=/n;< 0c/<8 >n :roc-n-.

5. D1/1*&%'0*10 #0*0#/1*%8/%#%"$* #*$&0/%#1

Tr-=0i- < - l0cr-?- :- 0n in lim:-d- lim:-?i :rin c-nri90/r-8 d-=/r// d- c-/

m/i m/r- c/ni/- d- dioxid d- c/r=on -limin/r- :rin /i/r- 0= id.

Determinarea intensităţii colorante

In-ni/-/ color/n< r-:r-?in< 0m/ /=or=/n-lor cii- >n r/:or c0 /:/ diil/< l/

0rm<o/r-l- l0nimi d- 0nd<@ 42)8 !2) i 62) nm. S- -x:rim< c0 do0< ?-cim/l-.

#-nr0 in0ril- roii8 0= 0n milim-r0 d- :/rc0r o:ic8 in-ni/-/ color/n< I --

con-n;ion/l d/< :rin@I M A 42) U A !2) U A 62) x 1)

#-nr0 in0ril- ro?-8 0= 0n c-nim-r0 d- :/rc0r o:ic8 in-ni/-/ color/n< I --

d/< :rin 9orm0l/@

I M A 42) U A !2) U A 62)

Determinarea nuanţei sau tenta

-:r-?in< r/:or0l dinr- /=or=/n-l- cii- l/ 42) nm i !2) nm com:/r/i c0 /:/

diil//@B0= 1 mm :/rc0r o:ic :-nr0 in0ril- roiiJ

B0= 1 cm :/rc0r o:ic :-nr0 in0ril- ro?-.

T-n/8 -x:rim/< c0 do0< ?-cim/l-8 -- d/<8 con-n;ion/l8 :rin 9orm0l/@

T M A 42) P A !2)

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. ,AN$ C. i col/=.8 2)13B Ind0ri/ /lim-n/r< >nr- /d-<r i 9r/0d<8 Edi0r/ ASA,8

,0c0r-iJ

2. ,\D$C\ C.8 2))3B ,/?-l- =io-hnoloiilor inicol- 8 Edi0r/ Si-ch

3. COTEA D. V.8 1(*!B Tr// d- o-noloi-8 ol.I8 Vini9ic/;i/ i =iochimi/ in0l0i 8

Edi0r/ C-r-8 ,0c0r-iJ

27

A'1+1

C0*0#/1*%8/%#% )1 #$&,$%9%1 0"1 %'*%"$* *$%% ,*1 )%' ,$)$*%0 DEALU MARE

C*0&1"1 H0""1$$)

Soi0l

l c o o l O o l .

l i c - r o l P l

l i c - r o l

x 1 ) ) P A l c o o l

E x r / c

n - r - d 0 c < o r

P I

c o o l P E x r / c

C - n 0 3 < P l

E x r / c P

C - n 0 3 <

I

D ) 4 2 ) U D ) ! 2 ) T

D ) 4 2 ) P ! 2 )

C/=-rn-S/0inon

1284 1)83 1)8! 27 3862 283! *87) 181* )863

"-rlo 1287 1)82 1)81 26 38*! 2824 *861 18)7 )8!3

S]r/h 118( (8! 1)81 24 38(1 281* (8)* 18)! )86*

'--/c< N-/r< 1283 *81 *833 2482 48)1 1836 !861 )877 )86*

#ino noir 12 (8* 1)83 2384 48)! 2822 (84* )877 )86*

#ro:or;iil- d- 0=/n;- min-r/l- - /9l< >nr- * i 1) din -xr/c0l -c8 c--/ c-

r-:r-?in< o i0/;i- d-0l d- =0n<8 c0nocnd0B- 9/:0l c< :roc-n0l d- c-n0< id-/l r-=0i-

< 9i- d- /:roxim/i 1) din -xr/c0l n-r-d0c<or.#oli/lcool c0 rol im:or/n >n con9-rir-/ c/r/c-r0l0i d- c/i9-l/r- i 9in-;-8 lic-rol0l

- i0-/?< l/ o/- in0ril- >n :ro:or;ii d- :-- * P1.

2(

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