conferinta internationala de dreptul concurentei
TRANSCRIPT
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- levy for the issuers not for the acquirers , as it was considered that
the issuers were free-riders.
- The commission considered that this was a restriction by object
(2007) 17 October
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Opinion of Wahl AG: the consequences - that conduct constitutesa restriction by object. Agreements that have potential effects
of infringing competition
Conclusions:
Court has restated and clarified the concept of restriction by object
Limited to conduct that can be presumed to have a negative impact on
competition
Restriction by object is determined by reference to the nature of the
conduct.
Context does not mean effects, it means just looking at the economic
context.
2) Dr. Nagy - Allianz case (mainly)
Anti-competitive by object
Fundamental global conceptUS: per se rule of reason
EU and MSs: object effect
Utmost relevance
Competition law has only few clear-cut rules (automatic
condemnation, safe harbors).
Competition authorities focus on hardcore agreements
The highest fines are imposed in hardcore cases
- Box approach An agreement that is anticompetitive by nature,
irrespective of the circumstances. Automatic condemnation (with
the exception of the Art. 101(3) TFEU). Even a rudimentary lawyer
should see that a certain agreement is anti-competitive.
- US antitrust law always or almost always that agreement should
be anticompetitive
Allianz case:
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Perverted case that entail perverse judgments
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- Insurance brokers are your guys who help you choose the best
insurance company. BUT they are paid from the banks fee.
Biased? Even more: the insurance brokers were receiving bonuses
for suggesting Allianz.
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If you sell a lot of Allianz products you will get a certain hourly fee,but if you repair with Allianz products you will receive more
reparation shop.
- The court from Hungary said that this is anticompetitive by object
(automatic prohibited irrespective of anything was the usual
judgment) - it said you also had to analyze the effects (but
partially).
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In the competition law effects-analysis is the principle and
automatic condemnation is the exception. Allianz puts this upside
down.
- What is anticompetitive by nature?
3) David / Aplicarea art. 101 si 102 din TFUE
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s-a invocat deseori cazuistica UE in fata instantelor noastre si
inainte de 2007
- Consiliul Concurentei delegarea de la Comisie.
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Instantele tind sa considere ca piata romaneasca este o piatasemnificativa 1 a UE si ca va putea afecta comertul intra-
comunitar. Participantii uneori chiar sunt parte a unor grupuri
international, iar materiile prime erau aduse si in alte MS
- Au existat si situatii inverse cand s-a considerat ca un judet e o
piata prea mica/nesemnificativa ca sa se ia in considerare
competenta art. 101 si 102
- Dreptul la aparare drepturile partilor trebuie respectate la
standardele de proba din dr. Penal. Standard de exercitare si de
protectie a lui este foarte ridicat.- Trebuie sa demonstrezi dincolo de orice indoiala rezonabila ca o
crestere simultana de preturi intr-o perioada anume nu era ceva
anti-concurential
- Prezumtia de nevinovatie trebuie sa functioneze si aceasta
prezumtie e importanta oricum in raport cu TFUE, orice indoiala
trebuind sa fie interepretata in favoarea intreprinderii respective
1A 7-a piata comerciala din UE
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- Prezumtia la partciparea intelegerilor orizontale daca un
participant nu s-a distantat public de la acele intelegeri atunci
prezumtia functioneaza impotriva lui
- In ce masura durata excesiva a procedurilor in fata CCR poate
afecta dreptul la aparare (faza de ancheta). Durata mai mare de 5ani a investigatiei care nu se finalizase inca , avand in vedere si
proprotiile cazului instanta a obligat CCR sa se pronunte in 6 luni
- Restrictionarea concurentei prin obiect instantele nu considera
ca trebuie sa demontrezi efectele pentru a demonstra existenta
faptei per se. Instantele par a nu fi legate de ceea ce spune CCR
(care aplica conceptele aproape mecanic). Fixarile de pret
element foarte grav.
- Intelgerile cu multiple parti
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Abuzul de pozitie dominant jurisrpudenta putin in Romania
gravitate medie sau mare a faptelor. Dificultatea instatelor de a
proba faptele. Forteaza instantele sa apeleze la expertiza
(economica, tehnica, etc). Expertiza este saraca in aceasta
materie in Romania though.
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Stabilirea amenzilor : CApel Bucuresti Instantele ar trebui sa se
uite si la modalitatea de stabilire a amenzilor in UE, nu doar pe
teritoriul tarii.
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1) Peter Wehlan (University of Leeds) - Cartel criminalization and
regulation 1/2003: avoiding potential problems
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Cartel law enforcement is generally not punished by
imprisonment. Should it be? OECD competition committee did
not suggest that in the EU
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UK, Sweden, Denmark introduced imprisonment sanctions- The literature has ignored the issue how Regulation 1/2003 has
influenced the problem of cartels at a national level. Is it actually a
negative impact? Yes, because it might relate to art. 103 TFUE
and thus render economical evidence not usable.
- How we could avoid this negative impact. IF a states criminals
sanctions regarding cartels are only applicable to individuals2
2Rule applicable to undertakers or individuals? distinction
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then the Regulation does not have ta superseding power over this
matter. (interpretare stricto sensu)
- But if we make an interpretation lato sensu it is very hard to
escape the effects of Regulation 1
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Article 101 if we look at the type of law involved does not refer tothe invalidity of an agreement
- Regulation 1/2003 detailed the powers of the Commission,
clarify what is the power of the EU and of the MS regarding the
competition law, decentralization. Different problematic articles
from the regulation.
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Art. 3 (1) Do you have to enforceEU competition law when you
enforce national competition law?
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The UK did not want evidence to be shown when dealing with
these issues. Connection between 101 and 103 TFUE
- There are cartels that we want to protect though
- Art. 11(6) power of the commission to withdraw a case from an
NCA in case the Regulation is applicable nationally in each MS,
which it is
2) Anna Gerbrandy (Faculty of Utrecht) - Establishing truth and
economic proof
- In competition and regulatory law de factor more ewauel.
Economic assesments as part of decision. Sometimes: criminal
law context. But it is still de iure unequal.
- Sometimes, when the court steps in, the administrative body/ the
agency has already issued an opinion very different from the
other litigations (civil ones for example)
- theories of truth (correspondence, coherence narrative). Courts
starting point: truth as a regulative idea. Correspondence
primarily, coherence secondary!
- In Romania the Courts look also for the substantive truth
- Economic proof related to the economy and using an economic
method.
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- The court reviews looks at the proof (facts), looks at the law and
at the mixed questions of law and fact (assessment). Full review
of the proof!3
- Economic proof relates to complex facts (e.g. what is the
economic market, entailing the concepts of the substitution ofdemand and supply), the relevant models and theories. Models
and theories are facts?
- Economic proof and standard of review the administrative
agency has a margin of appreciation when reviewing the facts
and law
- Merger control: prospective evidence
- How to review expert evidence when you have 2 experts saying
2 completely different things. It becomes an almost procedural
review which takes us further and further away from the truth
3) Almasan The arbitrability of articles 101 and 102 TFEU
- the disputes in the field of competition are arbitrable. Most times in
stake are problems regarding property issues.
3In civil law if both of the parties say that the coat is red, when actually the coat is
green it has to agree with them. In administrative law - it cannot! It has to say that
it is green.