7_alin_gheorghe_gavrilescu

7/31/2019 7_ALIN_GHEORGHE_GAVRILESCU

1/30

Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 3/2010

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 3/2010

109

ASPECTE TEORETICE I DE

PRACTIC JUDICIAR PRIVIND

OBLIGAIA DE NTREINEREDINTRE PRINI I COPIL N

REGLEMENTAREA CODULUI

FAMILIEI I A NOULUI COD CIVIL

Dr. Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCU - Lectoruniversitar

Catedra de Drept

Facultatea de tiine Juridice i LitereUniversitatea Constantin Brncui din

Trgu-Jiu

Abstract: Regarded in its finality, that ofassuring the material conditions to fulfill the child'sgrowth, education and professional training liabilities,parent's obligation to support him represents one ofthe specific duties that give a form to the judicialinstitution of parental care. Specific requirement ofchildren support by parents or adopter is that the state

of need of the minor is determined by the particularsituation in which it is found, being placed in a periodof training following a school and is preparing for aprofession or occupation, which prevent him fromachieving income from work even if according to thelaw he would be able to work. Until otherwiseprovided, the minor is supposed to be in need, unlikethe major creditor of the support obligation, which,contrary to evidence, it is assumed not being in need,considering that, with capacity for work, he has meansof support.

Keywords: obligation, child, parent's, debtor,

creditor

I. Obligaia de ntreinere dintreprini i copil n reglementarea Coduluifamiliei

1.1. Noiuni introductive.Reglementare

Privit n finalitatea ei, aceea de aasigura condiiile materiale pentru ndeplinirea

THEORETICAL AND JUDICIAL

PRACTICE ASPECTS REGARDING

THE SUPPORTING OBLIGATIONBETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILD IN

THE REGULATION OF THE FAMILY

CODE AND THE NEW CIVIL CODE

PhD Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCU University Lecturer

Law Chair

Faculty of Juridical Sciences and LettersConstantin Brncui University of Trgu-

Jiu

Abstract: Regarded in its finality, that ofassuring the material conditions to fulfill the child'sgrowth, education and professional trainingliabilities, parent's obligation to support himrepresents one of the specific duties that give a formto the judicial institution of parental care. Specificrequirement of children support by parents or

adopter is that the state of need of the minor isdetermined by the particular situation in which it isfound, being placed in a period of training followinga school and is preparing for a profession oroccupation, which prevent him from achievingincome from work even if according to the law hewould be able to work. Until otherwise provided, theminor is supposed to be in need, unlike the majorcreditor of the support obligation, which, contrary toevidence, it is assumed not being in need, consideringthat, with capacity for work, he has means of support.

Keywords: obligation, child, parent's, debtor,

creditor

I. The Supporting Obligationbetween Parents and Child in theRegulation of the Family Code

1.1. Introductory Notions.Regulation

Regarded in its ending, the one toprovide the material conditions needed in


2/30



110

sarcinilor de cretere, educare i pregtireprofesional a copilului, obligaia prinilor dea-l ntreine reprezint una din ndatoririlespecifice care dau coninut instituiei juridice a

ocrotirii printeti.Obligaia prinilor de a ntreinecopilul i are izvorul n art. 86 alin. 1 Codulfamiliei care arat c obligaia de ntreinereexist ntre prini i copii, ns, datoritaspectelor specifice pe care aceast obligaiele prezint atunci cnd copiii sunt minorilegiuitorul se refer la ea i n capitolul I dinTitlul III privitor la ocrotirea minorului,stabilind n art. 107 Codul familiei c minoruleste ntreinut de prinii si.

1.2. Debitorii i creditorii obligaieiDebitori ai obligaiei de ntreinere

sunt prinii, indiferent dac sunt dincstorie, din afara cstoriei sau din adopie.n cazul copilului din cstorie obligaia dentreinere a acestuia revine ambilor prini,chiar dac sunt desprii n fapt1, iar n cazulcelui din afara cstoriei aceasta cade numain sarcina printelui fa de care copilul i-astabilit filiaia2. n situaia n care copilul este

adoptat drepturile i obligaiile printeti trecla adoptator. Acest efect al adopiei rezult din

prevederile art. 51 alin. 1 din Legea nr.273/2004 care stabilesc c adoptatorul are fade copilul adoptat drepturile i ndatoririle

printelui firesc fa de copilul su. nconsecin, n cazul adopiei, printele firescnu mai datoreaz ntreinere copilului adoptat,debitor al ntreinerii fiind adoptatorul.Excepie face situaia n care copilul esteadoptat de ctre soul printelui firesc. ntr-unatare caz, art. 51 alin. 2 din lege prevede cdrepturile i ndatoririle printeti se exercitde ctre adoptatori de ctre printele firesc,ambii avnd, aadar, calitatea de debitori aiobligaiei de ntreinere. n cazul n careadopia nceteaz ca urmare a declarriinulitii acesteia, art. 59 alin. 2 din lege aratc dac instana nu decide instituirea tuteleisau a altor msuri de protecie special acopilului, n condiiile legii, drepturile i

ndatoririle printeti sunt redobndite de ctre

order to accomplish the tasks to raise, educateand professionally train the child, the parentsobligation to support him or her represents oneof the specific duties that define the juridical

institution of the parental protection.The parents obligation to support theirchild has its source in art. 86, paragraph 1 ofFamily Code that shows that the supportingobligation exists between parents and children,

but, due to the specific aspects this obligationpresents when the children are minor, thelegislator also refers to it in chapter I of Title IIregarding the minors protection, establishingin art. 107 of Family Code that the minor issupported by his or her parents.

1.2. Debtors and Creditors of theObligation

The debtors of the supportingobligation are the parents, even if they are fromthe marriage, outside the marriage or fromadoption. In case of the child from the marriage,his or her supporting obligation belongs to bothof the parents, even if they are actuallyseparated57, and in case of the one outside themarriage, the obligation belongs only to the

parent who has established a filiation with thechild58. If the child is adopted, the parentalrights and obligations belong to the adopter.This effect of the adoption results from thestipulations of art. 51, paragraph 1 of Law no.273/2004 that establish that the adopter has forthe adopted child the natural parents rights andduties for his or her child. As a consequence, incase of adoption, the natural parent does nothave to support anymore the adopted child, theadopter being the debtor of the support. Theexception is represented by the situation whenthe child is adopted by the husband of thenatural parent. In such a case, art. 51, paragraph2 of the law stipulates that the parental rightsand duties are exerted by the adopter and by thenatural parent, both of them having thus thequality of debtors of the supporting obligation.If the adoption stops as a consequence ofdeclaring its nullity, art. 59, paragraph 2 of thelaw shows that, if the court does not decide the

institution of the guardianship or of other


3/30



111

prinii fireti, care redevin debitori aiobligaiei de ntreinere iar adoptatorul nu mai

poate fi obligat s plteasc adoptatuluintreinere ct timp este minor.

Printele sau, dup caz, adoptatorul,are calitatea de debitor al obligaiei dentreinere i n situaia n care a fost deczutdin drepturile printeti (art. 110 Codulfamiliei prevede c decderea din drepturile

printeti de nu scutete pe printe dendatorirea de a ntreine copilul), precum i ncazul n care a fost pus sub interdicie3.

Dei obligaia legal de ntreineredintre prini i copii are caracter reciproc, nmajoritatea cazurilor creditor al acestei

obligaii este copilul minor fa de care existdrepturile i ndatoririle printeti, ntructacesta se afl n imposibilitatea de a realizavenituri din munc i nu are, de regul, nicialte mijloace materiale pentru a-i asigura celenecesare existenei. n ipoteza n care copilular avea bunuri nsemnate sau ar realizavenituri din munc, el ar putea avea icalitatea de debitor al obligaiei de ntreineredac printele su s-ar afla n nevoie din cauzaincapacitii de a muncii.

Copilul minor are dreptul la ntreinereindiferent c este din cstorie, din afaracstoriei sau din adopie.

1.3. Condiiile de existen aleobligaiei de ntreinere

Prin excepie de la regula generalinstituit n art. 86 alin. 2 Codul familiei, aceeac este ndreptit la ntreinere numai cel aflatn stare de nevoie determinat de incapacitateade a munci, legiuitorul a stabilit n art. 86 alin.3 Codul familiei c descendentul, ct timp esteminor, are drept la ntreinere, oricare ar fi

pricina nevoii n care se afl. Aadar, nreglementarea Codului familiei, specificobligaiei de ntreinere a copilului de ctre

prini sau adoptator este faptul c starea denevoie a minorului este determinat de situaiaspecial n care acesta se gsete, el aflndu-sentr-o perioad de formare ntruct urmeaz ocoal i se pregtete pentru o profesie sau

meserie, situaie care l mpiedic s realizeze

measures of special protection of the child, inthe law conditions, the parental rights andduties are regained by the natural parents who

become again debtors of the supporting

obligation and the adopter cannot be forcedanymore to pay for the support of the adoptedchild as long as he is minor.

The parent or, depending on the case,the adopter is also the debtor of the supportingobligation if he was declined from his parentalrights (art. 110 of Family Code stipulates thatthe decline from the parental rights does notrelease the parent from the obligation to supportthe child), and also if he was put underinterdiction59.

Even if the legal supporting obligationbetween parents and child has a mutual feature,in most of the cases, the creditor of thisobligation is the minor child for whom there arethe parental rights and duties whereas he or shecannot achieve incomes from work and doesnot usually have any other material means to

provide the things necessary for the existence.If the child has significant goods or achievesincomes from work, he could also be the debtorof the supporting obligation if his parent is

needy because of his inability to work.The minor child has the right to be

supported even if he is from the marriage,outside the marriage or from adoption.

1.3. Conditions of Existence of theSupporting Obligation

By an exception from the general ruleinstituted in art. 86, paragraph 2 of FamilyCode, the only one who has the right to besupported is the one in need determined by theinability to work, the legislator established inart. 86, paragraph 3 of Family Code that thedescendant, as long as he is minor, has the rightto be supported, whatever is the cause of hisneed. Therefore, in the regulation of the FamilyCode, specific to the childs supportingobligation by the parents or by the adopter is thefact that the minors need status is determined

by his special situation, being in a trainingperiod whereas he goes to a certain school and

he prepares for a profession or a job, a situation


4/30



112

venituri din munc chiar dac, potrivit legii, aravea capacitatea de a munci. n raport de

prevederile art. 86 alin. 3 Codul familiei ndoctrin s-a artat c singura condiie ce trebuie

ndeplinit pentru ca minorul s fie ndreptitla ntreinere este starea de nevoie care esteprezumat juris tantum pe toat durataminoritii4. Aadar, pn la proba contrarminorul este presupus c se afl n nevoie, spredeosebire de creditorul major al obligaiei dentreinere care, pn la proba contrar, este

presupus c nu se afl n nevoie, considerndu-se c, avnd capacitate de munc, el aremijloace s se ntrein.

Legiuitorul a instituit n art. 107 alin. 2

Codul familiei obligaia prinilor de a asiguracondiiile necesare pentru creterea, educarea,nvtura i pregtirea sa profesional i nsituaia n care minorul ar avea un venit propriudar care nu ar fi ndestultor. n practica

judiciar s-a decis c printele nu poate fiabsolvit de plata unei pensii de ntreinere chiardac coala asigur copilului echipamentul,cazarea i hrana pe timpul ct frecventeazcursurile ntruct cheltuielile legate de cretereai educarea unui copil sunt mult mai complexei au caracter permanent, astfel nct nu se

poate considera c ele sunt acoperite prin unelecontribuii voluntare sporadice ale printelui5.

Dac minorul nu se afl n nevoientruct realizeaz venituri proprii el nu estendreptit s pretind ntreinere de la priniisi6. n acest sens, n practica judiciar s-a decisc minorul ncadrat, care se poate ntreine dinvenitul su din munc, nu se afl n nevoie inu are drept la ntreinere n raporturile cu

prinii si7.ntruct dispoziiile art. 86 alin. 3

Codul familiei prevd c minorul estendreptit la ntreinere oricare ar fi pricinanevoii n care se afl, s-ar putea considera ciminorul care a mplinit vrsta prevzut de lege

pentru a se putea ncadra n munc dar nu oface i nici nu urmeaz o form de nvmntsau de calificare profesional este ndreptit lantreinere din partea prinilor si. n doctrins-a exprimat ns opinia c descendentul minor

care refuzi s se instruiasc urmnd o form

that does not let him to achieve incomes fromwork even if, according to the law, he would beable to work. Reported to the stipulations of art.86, paragraph 3 of Family Code in the doctrine

it was shown that the only condition that has tobe accomplished for the minor to have the rightto support is the need status that is juris tantum

presumed during the entire minority60.Therefore, until the contrary evidence, theminor is supposed to be in need, unlike themajor creditor of the supporting obligation who,until the contrary evidence, is supposed not to

be in need, considering that, having the abilityto work, he has means to support himself.

The legislator instituted in art. 107,

paragraph 2 of Family Code the parentsobligation to provide the conditions needed inorder to raise, educate, teach and professionally

prepare the child and for the situation when theminor has his own income but this is notenough. In the judicial practice, it was decidedthat the parent cannot be absolved from the

payment of a supporting alimony even if theschool provides to the child the equipment, theaccommodation and the food during the classeswhereas the expenditures related to a childs

raise and education are much more complexand they have a permanent feature so that wecannot consider them as being covered by somevoluntary sporadic contributions of the

parent61.If the minor is not in need whereas he

achieves his own incomes, he has not the rightto demand support from his parents62. In thissense, in the judicial practice it was decided thatthe framed minor who can support oneself fromhis income from work is not in need and doesnot have any right to be supported by his

parents63.Whereas the stipulations of art. 86,

paragraph 3 of Family Code forecast that theminor has the right to be supported, whatever isthe cause of his need, we may also consider thatthe minor who has reached the age stipulated bythe law in order to be framed in work, but hedoes not and he does not go to a certain schoolor a type of professional qualification either has

the right to be supported by his parents. But, in


5/30



113

de nvmnt, i s munceasc n cazul n careare vrsta pentru aceasta, sau are chiar ocomportare antisocial, ca tendine devagabondaj etc. ar trebui s piard dreptul la

ntreinere din partea prinilor si, cuposibilitatea de a cere ntreinere n condiiiledreptului comun, urmnd ca dreptul su lantreinere s renasc dac revine i i continu

pregtirea colar sau urmeaz o form decalificare8.

O problem care a determinatexprimarea mai multor opinii n literatura despecialitate a fost aceea de a ti dac prinii auobligaia de a ntreine minorul n situaia ncare acesta nu realizeaz venituri dar dispune

de bunuri proprii care ar putea fi vndutepentru a i se asigura ntreinerea. Astfel, uniiautori9 au susinut c dac minorul nurealizeaz venituri el se afl n nevoie chiarin cazul n care ar avea anumite bunuri. nsusinerea acestei opinii se arat c, n raport dedispoziiile art. 107 alin. 1 i 2 Codul familieicare stabilesc c minorul este ntreinut de

prinii si iar dac acesta nu are veniturindestultoare prinii sunt datori s i asigurecondiiile necesare pentru creterea, educarea i

pregtirea sa profesional, nevoia copiluluitrebuie apreciat numai n funcie de veniturileacestuia nu i de bunurile din patrimoniul su.De asemenea, n argumentarea acestei opinii sesusine c dac s-ar ngdui printelui s vnd

bunurile copilului n scopul ntreinerii sale arnsemna ca, pe de o parte, s i se recunoascacestuia, n mod indirect, un drept cu privire la

bunurile copilului ceea ce ar contraveniprincipiului independenei patrimoniale dintreprinte i copil reglementat de art. 106 Codulfamiliei, iar pe de alt parte, s-i poatndeplini obligaia de cretere a copilului care irevine din ocrotirea printeasc pe seama

bunurilor minorului, ceea ce nu poate fiacceptat. ntr-o alt opinie s-a artat c nipoteza n care minorul nu realizeaz venituridar are bunuri prin a cror valorificare s-ar

putea procura cele necesare traiului, se vorfolosi pentru ntreinerea sa acele bunuri10. Caargument n susinerea acestei opinii se invoc

prevederile art. 127 alin. 2 Codul familiei care

the doctrine, it was expressed the opinionaccording to which the minor descendant whorefuses to be educated by a type of educationand to work, if he is old enough, or even who

has an antisocial behaviour, such as vagrancytrends etc. should lose the right to be supportedby his parents, having the possibility to demandsupport in the conditions of the common law,and his right to be supported will be born againif he recovers and continues his school trainingor if he goes to a type of qualification64.

A problem that determined theexpression of several opinions in the specialtyliterature was the one of knowing if the parentshave the obligation to support the minor if he

does not achieve incomes, but he has his owngoods that could be sold in order to provide hissupport. Therefore, some authors65 havesupported that, if the minor does not achieveincomes, he is in need even if he as certaingoods. In supporting this opinion, it is shownthat, reported to the stipulations of art. 107,

paragraph 1 and 2 of Family Code that establishthat the minor is supported by his parents and ifthey do not have enough incomes, the parentshave to provide him the conditions necessary in

order to raise, educate and professionally trainhim, the childs need must be appreciated onlydepending on his incomes, not on the goods ofhis patrimony. Also, by motivating this opinion,we may state that, if the parent is allowed to sellthe childs goods in order to support him, itmeans, on one hand, to acknowledge hisindirect right regarding the childs goods, factthat would contradict the principle of the

patrimonial independence between parent andchild regulated by art. 106 of Family Code, andon the other hand, to be able to accomplish hisobligation to raise the child that belongs to himfrom the parental protection based on theminors goods, a situation that cannot beaccepted. In another opinion, it was shown that,if the minor does not achieve incomes, but hehas goods by whose capitalization we could

provide the things necessary for the living, wemay use those goods in order to support him66.As an argument in supporting this opinion, we

invoke the stipulations of art. 127, paragraph 2


6/30



114

arat c n cazul minorului pus sub tutelcheltuielile necesare pentru ntreinereaacestuia i administrarea bunurilor sale seacoper din veniturile acestuia, prevederi care,

potrivit art. 105 alin. 3 Codul familiei auaplicabilitate i n cazul minorului aflat subocrotire printeasc. Conform unui alt punct devedere cruia ne altur, se susine c ambeleopinii prezentate anterior dau o rezolvare mult

prea rigid problemei (n sensul c potrivitprimei opinii vnzarea bunurilor minoruluipentru asigurarea ntreinerii sale nu esteadmis iar conform celei de-a doua opiniintreinerea minorului urmeaz a fi acoperitdin valoarea bunurilor sale i numai dac nu

are bunuri va fi ndreptit s pretindntreinere de la prinii si) ignorndu-se faptulc raportarea nevoii copilului minor lamijloacele materiale ale prinilor trebuie s sefac n aa fel nct s se realizeze un echilibruntre nivelul lor de trai. Aadar, instanele

judectoreti urmeaz s fac o analiz elastica jocului celor dou variabile: nevoia minoruluii mijloacele prinilor astfel nct nivelul devia al prinilor i al copilului s fieaproximativ acelai, fiind inechitabil ca

minorul care are un anumit patrimoniu,eventual o avere considerabil, s primeascntreinere de la prinii si care nu ar avea altevenituri dect cele din munca prestat, dupcum la fel de injust i de neacceptat ar fi s senstrineze de ctre prini bunurile copiluluidac acestea ar fi nensemnate n raport cumijloacele prinilor11.

n cazul n care printele nu realizeazvenituri se ridic ntrebarea dac acesta va fisau nu exonerat de plata pensiei de ntreinere.Codul familiei nu reglementeaz expres aceast

problem astfel c rspunsul a fost dat de ctrepractica judiciar care a fcut distincie ntresituaia n care lipsa veniturilor se datoreazunor motive obiective i cea n care debitorulnu realizeaz venituri datorit propriei culpe. n

primul caz, cnd debitorul obligaiei, deicapabil de munc nu realizeaz venituridatorit unor motive obiective cum sunt stareade boal sau efectuarea serviciului militar12,

urmarea unei faculti la cursuri de zi13

,

of Family Code that shows that, in case of theminor under guardianship, the expendituresneeded in order to support him and toadministrate his goods are covered by his

incomes , stipulations that, according to art.105, paragraph 3 of the Family Code haveapplicability also for the minor placed under

parental protection. According to anotherviewpoint, it is stated that both the opinions

previously presented give a very rigid solutionto this problem (meaning that, according to thefirst opinion, selling the minors goods in orderto provide his support is not admitted and,according to the second opinion, the minorssupport is to be covered by the value of his

goods and only if he has no goods he will havethe right to be supported by his parents)ignoring the fact that the report of the minorchilds need to the parents material meansmust be done so that their living standardswould be balanced. Therefore, the judicialcourts are to make an elastic analysis of thegame of the two variables: the minors need andthe parents means so that the parents and thechilds living standards would beapproximately the same, being inequitable for

the minor who has a certain patrimony, maybeeven a significant fortune, to be supported byhis parents who have no other incomes than theones coming from the performed work and itwould be also unfair and unacceptable toalienate the childs goods from the parents ifthose goods were insignificant in relation to the

parents means67.If the parent does not achieve incomes,

there appears the question whether it isexonerated from the payment of the supportingalimony. The Family Code does not expresslyregulate this problem so that the answer wasgiven by the judicial practice that made adistinction between the situation when the lackof incomes occurs due to certain objectivereasons and the one when the debtor does notachieve incomes due to his own guilt. In thefirst case, when the debtor of the obligation,even if he is able to work, does not achieveincomes due to certain objective reasons such

as the illness or the accomplishment of the


7/30



115

executarea unei pedepse privative de libertate,cu excepia situaiei cnd pedeapsa a fostaplicat pentru infraciunea de abandon defamilie14, acesta urmeaz a fi exonerat de plata

pensiei de ntreinere. n cazul n care printelesau adoptatorul debitor al obligaiei dentreinere, dei apt de munc, nu realizeazvenituri ntruct refuz s munceasc, ori i s-adesfcut contractul din munc pentru absenenemotivate, deci prin aplicarea unei sanciunidin motive ce i sunt imputabile, el nu va fiexonerat de obligaia legal de ntreinere. naceste situaii s-a decis c obligarea debitoruluila plata pensiei de ntreinere urmeaz a sedispune n raport de venitul minim pe

economia naional15. De asemenea, venitulminim realizat pe economia naional a fostavut n vedere de ctre instanele judectoretii n lipsa altor criterii de stabilire a

posibilitilor materiale de care dispunedebitorul16 (de exemplu dac la dosar nu exist

probe din care s rezulte c acesta realizeazvenituri mai mari). Aceast soluie a instanelor

judectoreti, dei n deplin concordan cumaxima jurisconsultului francez Loysel quifait l`enfant doit le nourrir17, pare s adauge la

lege ceea ce nu poate fi acceptat. n cazul ncare debitorul, dei apt de munc i avnd

posibilitatea s munceasc, nu realizeazvenituri din munci nu are nici alte surse devenit care s aib caracter de continuitate ori

bunuri care ar putea fi valorificate pentru aputea presta ntreinerea, ar trebui s sereglementeze expres c el continu s fieobligat la a presta ntreinere copilului,ntinderea acesteia urmnd s fie stabilit deinstana de judecat n funcie de nivelul de traial debitorului i avndu-se n vedere venitulminim stabilit pe economia naional.

Dac mijloacele materiale ale prinilornu sunt ndestultoare, la ntreinerea minorului

pot fi obligai bunicii, att materni ct ipaterni, acetia fiind n subsidiar inuideopotriv s acorde ntreinere nepotului lor18.Obligaia de ntreinere poate fi pus n sarcina

bunicilor numai dac prinii fireti sauadoptivi nu dispun de mijloace materiale sau

acestea sunt insuficiente din motive

military service68, going to the daily classes of afaculty69, executive a freedom privative

punishment, except when the punishment wasapplied for the offence of abandoning the

family70

, he is to be exonerated from thepayment of the supporting alimony. If theparent or the adopter who is the debtor of thesupporting obligation, even if he is able towork, does not achieve incomes whereas herefuses to work, or his work contract wascancelled because of truancies, so by applying asanction because of certain reasons that cannot

be attributed to him, he will not be exoneratedfrom the legal supporting obligation. In thesesituations, it was decided that the debtors

obligation to pay the supporting alimony is tobe disposed reported to the minimum incomeon the national economy71. Also, the minimumincome on the national economy wasconsidered by the judicial courts and in theabsence of other criteria of establishing thedebtors material possibilities72 (for example, ifthere are no evidences in the file to prove thefact that he achieves bigger incomes). Thissolution of the judicial courts, even if it totallyagrees to the French lawyers maxim qui fait

l`enfant doit le nourrir73, seems to add to thelaw something that cannot be accepted. If thedebtor, even if he is able to work and he has the

possibility to work, does not achieve incomesfrom work and he has no other sources ofincome that could have a continuity feature orgoods that could be capitalized in order to

perform the support, we should regulateexpressly that he continues to be forced to

perform the childs support, its extent beingestablished by the judicial court depending onthe debtors living standards and consideringthe minimum established income on thenational economy.

If the parents material means are notenough, both the maternal and paternalgrandparents may be forced to support theminor, because they are subsidiarily kept tosupport their grandson74. The supportingobligation may belong to the grandparents onlyif the natural or adoptive parents do not have

material means or if they are not enough


8/30



116

independente de voina lor, nu i atunci cndprinii, dei capabili de munc, nu realizeazvenituri ntruct nu sunt ncadrai n munc19, inumai dac bunicii au posibiliti materiale de

a o duce la ndeplinire20

.n cazul n care prinii sau persoanelecare au, potrivit legii, obligaia de ntreinere acopilului nu pot asigura, din motiveindependente de voina lor, satisfacereanevoilor minime de locuin, hran,mbrcminte i educaie ale copilului, art. 45alin. 2 din Legea nr. 272/2004 prevedeobligaia statului ca, prin autoritile publicecompetente, s asigure acestora sprijincorespunztor sub form de prestaii

financiare, prestaii n natur, precum i subform de servicii, n condiiile legii. Priniisunt obligai, conform art. 45 alin. 3 din lege,s solicite autoritilor competente acordareaalocaiilor, indemnizaiilor, prestaiilor n banisau n naturi a altor faciliti prevzute delege pentru copii sau pentru familiile de copii.

1.4. Obiectul obligaiei dentreinere a copilului de ctre prini

ntreinerea minorului de ctre prinii

si are un obiect complex presupunndacoperirea tuturor cheltuielilor pe care leimplic realizarea dreptului copilului de a

beneficia de un nivel de trai care s permitdezvoltarea sa fizic, mental, spiritual,moral sau social reglementat de art. 44 alin.1 din Legea nr. 272/2004. Corelativ acestuidrept al copilului prinilor (sau, dup caz,altor reprezentani legali) le revine n primulrnd responsabilitatea prevzut de art. 44alin. 2 din lege, de a asigura, n limita

posibilitilor, cele mai bune condiii de vianecesare creterii i dezvoltrii copiilor;

prinii sunt obligai s le asigure copiilorlocuin, precum i condiiile necesare pentrucretere, educare, nvtur i pregtirea

profesional. n consecin, obligaia dentreinere a copilului minor de ctre priniisi are ca finalitate asigurarea mijloacelormateriale necesare acoperirii cheltuielilorlegate de hran, mbrcminte, locuin,

ngrijirea sntii, satisfacerea nevoilor social

because of certain reasons that do not dependon their will, not also when the parents, even ifthey are able to work, do not achieve incomeswhereas they are not framed in work75, and

only if the grandparents have the materialpossibilities for accomplishing this obligation76.If the parents or the persons who have,

according to the law, the obligation to supportthe child cannot provide, because of certainreasons that do not depend on their will, thesatisfaction of the childs minimum needs oflodgement, food, clothes and education, art. 45,

paragraph 2 of Law no. 272/2004 stipulates thestate obligation to provide them, by thecompetent public authorities, the corresponding

support as financial performances, in kind andalso as services, in the law conditions. The

parents are forced, according to art. 45,paragraph 3 of the law to demand to thecompetent authorities to grant them alimonies,allowances, performances in money or in kindand other facilities stipulated by the law forchildren or for the families with children.

1.4. The Object of the ParentsObligation to Support the Child

The minors support accomplished byhis parents has a complex object, supposing thecover of all the expenditures implied by theaccomplishment of the childs right to benefitfrom a living standard that could allow his

physical, mental, spiritual, moral or socialdevelopment regulated by art. 44, paragraph 1of Law no. 272/2004. Correlatively to thischilds right, the parents (or, depending on thecase, the other legal representatives) have in thefirst place the responsibility stipulated by art.44, paragraph 2 of the law, to provide, in thelimit of their possibilities, the best livingconditions needed by the children in order togrow up and to develop; the parents are forcedto provide to their children lodgement, and alsothe conditions needed by the children in orderto grow up, to be educated, taught and

professionally trained. As a consequence, theparents obligation to support their minor childhas as an ending the providing of the material

means needed in order to cover the


9/30



117

culturale ale copilului precum i a oricror altecheltuieli pe care le reclam creterea,educarea, nvtura i pregtirea profesionala acestuia.

1.5. Caracterul in solidum alobligaiei de ntreinere a copilului de ctreprini

Obligaia de ntreinere a copilului dectre prini este o obligaie in solidum acetiafiind obligai n comun la ntreinere, fiecarecontribuind proporional cu mijloacele sale21.Fiecare printe poate fi urmrit pentru ntreagantreinere. Printele care ndeplinete integralobligaia are aciune n regres mpotriva

celuilalt printe pentru partea ce i revine lantreinere.

1.6. Data de la care se datoreazntreinerea

n Codul familiei nu exist prevederireferitoare la data de la care se datoreazntreinerea. n tcerea legii, practica judiciara consacrat regula c pensia de ntreinere sedatoreaz de la data nregistrrii cererii dechemare n judecat, prezumndu-se c dac

nu a cerut ntreinere, creditorul nu s-a aflat nnevoie22 pe aceast perioad ntruct dac i-arfi fost necesar nimic nu l mpiedica ssesizeze de ndat instana judectoreasc.Aceast prezumie poate fi nlturat n cazuln care reclamantul va face dovada cntrzierea introducerii aciunii nu i esteimputabil lui ci debitorului23. Tot practica

judiciar a decis c n cazul n care prinii nusunt divorai iar locuina copilului sestabilete la unul dintre acetia, pensia dentreinere urmeaz a se fixa din momentul ncare s-a luat aceast msur i nu de la dataintroducerii aciunii deoarece pn la aceadat este de presupus c ambii prini aucontribuit la ntreinerea copilului24. Dac prinrspunsul dat la interogatoriul luat n instan

prtul a fost de acord s contribuie lantreinerea minorului de la data despririi nfapt a soilor, ntreinerea trebuie acordat dela aceast dat25.

Dac se desface cstoria pensia de

expenditures related to food, clothes,lodgement, health care, satisfying the childssocial-cultural needs and also any otherexpenditures demanded by the childs raise,

education, instruction and professional training.

1.5. The in solidum Feature of theParents Obligation to Support the Child

The parents obligation to support thechild is an in solidum obligation because theyare commonly forced to support him, each onecontributing proportionally to his means77.Each parent can be followed for the entiresupport. The parent who accomplishes thewhole obligation has a regressing action against

the other parent for the part that belongs to himat the support.

1.6. The Date since the Support isOwed

In Family Code, there are nostipulations referring to the date since thesupport is owed. In the law silence, the judicial

practice has consecrated the rule according towhich the supporting alimony is demandedsince the registration of the petition that calls in

judgement, presuming that, if he did notdemand support, the creditor was not needy78during this time whereas if he needed it,nothing could stop him from announcingimmediately the judicial court. This

presumption may be removed if the plaintiffproves that the delay of introducing the actioncannot be attributed to him, but to the debtor79.The judicial practice also decided that, if the

parents are not divorced and the childslodgement is established at one of them, thesupporting alimony is to be established sincethis measure was taken, not since introducingthe action because until that date we supposethat both of the parents have contributed to thechilds support80. If, by the answer given to theinterrogatory in the court, the defendant agreedto contribute to the minors support since theactual separation of the husbands, the supportmust be granted since this date81.

If the marriage is annulled, the

supporting alimony will be granted since the


10/30



118

ntreinere se va acorda de la data pronunriihotrrii de divor rmase definitive26 iar nude la data introducerii aciunii de divor cumau decis unele instane27, ntruct, aa cum s-a

artat n literatura juridic, pe durataprocesului de divor instana de judecat poatelua, n temeiul art. 6132 C. pr. civ., msurivremelnice, prin ordonan preediniali cu

privire la obligaia de ntreinere28.n cazul copilului din afara cstoriei,

dac pensia de ntreinere a fost cerut odatcu aciunea n stabilirea paternitii aceastatrebuie acordat de la data introduceriiaciunii29.

1.7. Executarea obligaiei dentreinere

1.7.1. Precizri privind executareaobligaiei de ntreinere n general

n conformitate cu prevederile art. 93alin. 1 Codul familiei obligaia de ntreinerese execut n natur sau prin plata unei pensiin bani. n alineatul 2 al aceluiai articollegiuitorul arat c felul i modalitile deexecutare se stabilesc de ctre instana de

judecat, n raport de mprejurri.

Executarea n natur a obligaiei dentreinere se face prin asigurarea celornecesare traiului, inclusiv prin acoperireacheltuielilor privind educaia, nvtura i

pregtirea profesional a creditorului minoriar executarea prin plata unei pensii n bani

presupune prestarea unei sume de banicreditorului la termenele fixate de instana

judectoreasc. Dei prevederile Coduluifamiliei se refer expres numai la aceste doumodaliti de executare a obligaiei dentreinere n doctrin s-a artat c aceasta

poate fi executat parte n natur, parte nbani30.

1.7.2. Executarea voluntar antreinerii

n cazul vieii comune a prinilor cucopilul ntreinerea acestuia se nfptuietevoluntar i n cele mai multe situaii seexecut n natur. Copilul beneficiaz dentreinere prin faptul convieuirii cu prinii

si, care, exercitnd ocrotirea printeasc, i

date of pronouncing the definitive divorcedecision82, not since the date of introducing thedivorce action, like certain courts havedecided83, whereas, as it was shown in the

juridical literature, during the divorce process,the judicial court may take temporary measures,based on art. 6132 C. Civil process, bypresidential ordinance, related to the supportingobligation84.

In case of the child outside themarriage, if the supporting alimony wasdemanded at the same time as the action ofestablishing the paternity, it must be grantedsince the date of introducing the action85.

1.7. Execution of the SupportingObligation

1.7.1. Specifications regarding the

Execution of the Supporting Obligation in

General

According to the stipulations of art. 93,paragraph 1 of Family Code the supportingobligation is executed in kind or by payingalimony. In paragraph 2 of the same article, thelegislator shows that the way and the means ofexecution are established by the judicial court,

in a circumstances report.The execution in kind of the supporting

obligation is accomplished by providing thethings necessary for living, inclusively bycovering the expenditures related to the minorcreditors education, instruction and

professional training and the execution bypaying alimony supposes the performance of acertain money amount to the creditor at theterms established by the judicial court. Even ifthe stipulations of the Family Code referexpressly only to these two means of executingthe supporting obligation in the doctrine it wasshown that this may be executed partially inkind, partially in money86.

1.7.2. Voluntary Execution of the

Support

In case of the common life of theparents and the child, his support is voluntarilyaccomplished and most of the times it isexecuted in kind. The child benefits from

support by living with his parents who, by


11/30



119

asigur zilnic toate cele necesare existeneingrijind de sntatea i dezvoltarea lui fizic,de educarea, nvtura i pregtirea lui

profesional. Prinii se vor putea nvoii cu

privire la ntreinerea datorat copilului.Aceast posibilitate a prinilor rezult dinprevederile art. 107 alin. 3 Codul familiei carearat c n caz de nenelegere, ntindereaobligaiei de ntreinere datorat de priniminorului, felul i modalitile executrii

precum i contribuia fiecruia dintre prinise vor stabili de ctre instana judectoreasc,cu ascultarea autoritii tutelare.

1.7.3. Executarea ntreinerii stabilitprin hotrre judectoreasc

1.7.3.1. Cazuri n care ntreinerea sestabilete prin hotrre judectoreasc. Dacn timpul convieuirii fireti a prinilor icopilului ntreinerea nu este prestat benevolsau dac lipsete comunitatea de via dintre

prini i copil ntruct relaiile dintre prinisunt compromise, acetia fiind separai n faptsau divorai, obligaia de ntreinere acopilului mbrac forma unei pensiialimentare. Aceeai este situaia i n cazuldeclarrii nulitii cstoriei sau stabilirii

filiaiei copilului din afara cstoriei. n toateaceste cazuri n care ntreinerea minoruluiformeaz obiect de litigiu, aceasta se stabiletede ctre instana judectoreasc.

1.7.3.2. Sesizarea instanei. Pn lavrsta de14 ani copilul i exercit dreptul lantreinere mpotriva unuia dintre prini princellalt printe, sau mpotriva ambilor prini

prin reprezentantul su legal, iar dupmplinirea acestei vrste dreptul la ntreinerese exercit de ctre minorul cu capacitaterestrns de exerciiu cu ncuviinarea

prealabil a printelui sau reprezentantuluilegal. Dac printele n ngrijirea cruia se aflcopilul nu sesizeaz instana de judecat

pentru realizarea dreptului acestuia lantreinere n practica judiciar s-a decis cautoritatea tutelar are calitatea procesual dea introduce aciunea pentru obligarea celuilalt

printe la plata pensiei de ntreinere pentrucopil31. De asemenea, tot practica judiciar a

statuat c i procurorul poate exercita o

exerting the parental protection, provide himevery day the things necessary for his existence,taking care of his health, physical development,education, instruction and professional training.

The parents can make an agreement regardingthe support they owe to the child. Thispossibility of the parents results from thestipulations of art. 107, paragraph 3 of FamilyCode that shows that, if there is anydisagreement, the extent of the parentssupporting obligation for the child, the way andthe means of the execution and also thecontribution of each parent will be established

by the judicial court, by listening to theguardian authority.

1.7.3. Execution of the Supportestablished by Judicial Decision

1.7.3.1. Cases when the support isestablished by judicial decision. If, during the

parents and the childs natural cohabitation, thesupport is not voluntarily performed or if theliving community between parents and child isabsent whereas the relationships between the

parents are compromised, because they areactually separated or divorced, the childssupporting obligation is similar to alimony. The

situation is the same when the marriage isdeclared as null or when establishing thefiliation of the child outside the marriage. In allthese cases where the minors supportrepresents a litigation object, this is established

by the judicial court.1.7.3.2. Announcing the court. Until the

age of 14, the child exerts his right to besupported against a parent by the other one, oragainst both of the parents by his legalrepresentative, and after reaching this age, theright to be supported is exerted by the minorwith a restraint ability of exertion with the prioragreement of the parent or of the legalrepresentative. If the parent who is responsiblefor the child does not announce the judicialcourt regarding the achievement of his right to

be supported, in the judicial practice it wasdecided that the guardian authority has the legalstanding quality of introducing the action inorder to force the other parent to pay the childs

supporting alimony87

. Also, the judicial practice


12/30



120

asemenea aciune32.Dac se desface cstoria, art. 42 alin.

3 Codul familiei prevede c instanajudectoreasc va stabili contribuia fiecrui

printe la cheltuielile de cretere, educare,nvturi pregtire profesional a copiilor.Instana are obligaia de a se pronuna cu

privire la fixarea contribuiei la ntreinere aprinilor chiar dac nu s-a cerut. Prevederileart. 42 alin. 3 Codul familiei sunt aplicabile in cazul rencredinrii copilului, al declarriinulitii cstoriei (art. 24 alin. 2 Codulfamiliei) i al stabilirii filiaiei copilului dinafara cstoriei fa de ambii prini (art. 65Codul familiei).

1.7.3.3. Instana competent. Aciuneapentru obligarea printelui la plata pensiei dentreinere se poate soluiona att de ctreinstana de la domiciliul prtului, aplicndu-se regula general stabilit de art. 5 C. pr. civ.,ct i de ctre instana de la domiciliulreclamantului, fiind aplicabile prevederile art.10 pct. 7 C. pr. civ. potrivit crora n cererilefcute de ascendeni sau descendeni pentru

pensie de ntreinere, este competent, n afarde instana de la domiciliul prtului, i

instana domiciliului reclamantului. Aadar,reclamantul are posibilitatea s aleag ntredou instane deopotriv competente (art. 12C. pr. civ.). Sub aspect material competenaaparine judectoriei (art. 1 pct. 1 C. pr. civ.).

n cazul n care pensia de ntreinere sesolicit odat cu desfacerea cstoriei instanacompetent se determin potrivit art. 607 C.

pr. civ. n temeiul cruia cererea de divor estede competena judectoriei n circumscripiacreia se afl cel din urm domiciliu comun alsoilor. Dac soii nu au avut domiciliu comunsau dac nici unul dintre soi nu mai locuieten circumscripia judectoriei n care se aflcel din urm domiciliu comun, judectoriacompetent este aceea n circumscripia creiai are domiciliul prtul iar cnd prtul nuare domiciliul n ar, este competent

judectoria n circumscripia creia i aredomiciliul reclamantul.

Dac ntreinerea este solicitat n

procesul de stabilire a paternitii copilului din

stated that the prosecutor may exert such anaction, too88.

If the marriage is annulled, art. 42,paragraph 3 of Family Code stipulates that the

judicial court will establish each parentscontribution to the expenditures for thechildrens raise, education, instruction and

professional training. The court has topronounce regarding the establishment of theparents contribution to the support, even if itwas not required. The stipulations of art. 42,

paragraph 3 of Family Code are applicable alsoin case of re-entrusting the child, of declaringthe annulment of the marriage (art. 24,

paragraph 2 of Family Code) and of

establishing the filiation of the child outside themarriage in relation to both of the parents (art.65 of Family Code).

1.7.3.3. Competent court. The action forforcing the parent to pay the supportingalimony may be solved both by the court of thedefendants residence, by applying the generalrule established by art. 5 Civil ProceedingsCode, and by the court of the plaintiffsresidence, by applying the stipulations of art. 10

point 7 of Civil Proceedings Code according to

which in the petitions made by the ascendantsor the descendants for the supporting alimony,it is competent, beside the court of thedefendants residence, also the court of the

plaintiffs residence. Therefore, the plaintiffmay choose between two courts equallycompetent (art. 12 of Civil Proceedings Code).From the material viewpoint, the competence

belongs to the court of justice (art. 1 point 1 ofCivil Proceedings Code).

If the supporting alimony is demandedat the same time with the marriage annulment,the competent court is determined according toart. 607 of Civil Proceedings Code basin onwhich the divorce petition is framed in thecompetence of the court of justice in whosecircumscription there is the last commonlodgement of the husbands. If the husbands hadno common lodgement or if none of thehusbands lives in the circumscription of thecourt of justice where there is the last common

lodgement, the competent court of justice is the


13/30



121

afara cstoriei este competent s se pronuneasupra cererii de ntreinere instana caresoluioneaz aciunea n stabilirea paternitii,adic, din punct de vedere material este

competent judectoria (art. 1 C. pr. civ.) iar dinpunct de vedere teritorial sunt aplicabile regulilenscrise n art. 5 C. pr. civ. fiind competentinstana de la domiciliul prtului iar dac

prtul are domiciliul n strintate sau nu aredomiciliu cunoscut este competent instanareedinei sale din ar, i dac nici reedinaacestuia nu este cunoscut, competena aparineinstanei domiciliului sau reedineireclamantului. Dispoziiile art. 5 C. pr. civ. suntaplicabile i n cazul n care se stabilete pensia

e ntreinere o dat cu desfiinarea cstoriei,fiind, de asemenea, sub aspect material,competent judectoria (art. 1 C. pr. civ.).

1.7.3.4. ntinderea obligaiei dentreinere datorate de prini copiilor minori.n general, cuantumul ntreinerii se determin

pe baza criteriilor prevzute de art. 94 alin. 1Codul familiei care stabilete regula cntreinerea este datorat potrivit cu nevoilecelui care o cere i cu mijloacele celui careurmeaz a o plti. n cazul n care creditor al

obligaiei de ntreinere este copilul ntindereantreinerii datorate acestuia de ctre printesau adoptator se determin de ctre instanavndu-se n vedere criteriile stabilite de art.94 alin. 3 Codul familiei, respectiv pn la o

ptrime din ctigul din munc pentru uncopil, o treime pentru doi copii i o jumtate

pentru trei sau mai muli copii. Aadar, dac,n general, ntinderea ntreinerii se stabileten funcie de nevoia creditorului i n raport cumijloacele debitorului, n situaia n care

printele sau adoptatorul datoreaz ntreinerecopilului ntinderea acesteia urmeaz a sedetermina n funcie de starea de nevoie aminorului i de posibilitile de plat aledebitorului analizate n funcie de ctigul sudin munc, legea instituind anumite plafoanemaxime pn la care se poate stabili pensia dentreinere, innd seama de numrul de copiice urmeaz a beneficia de acest drept,indiferent dac acetia sunt rezultai din

aceeai cstorie, din cstorii diferite, din

one in whose circumscription there is thedefendants lodgement and when the defendantdoes not live in the country, the competentcourt of justice is the one in whose

circumscription there is the plaintiffslodgement.If the support is required in the process

of establishing the paternity of the child outsidethe marriage, the court competent to pronounceregarding the supporting demand is the one thatsolves the action of establishing the paternity,namely, from the material viewpoint, the courtof justice is competent (art. 1 of CivilProceedings Code) and from the territorialviewpoint, we may apply the rules registered in

art. 5 of Civil Proceedings Code, beingcompetent the court of the defendantsresidence and if the defendant lives abroad or ifhis residence is not known, the competent courtis the one of his residence in the country and ifhis residence is not known either, thecompetence belongs to the court of the

plaintiffs residence. The stipulations of art. 5 ofCivil Proceedings Code are also applicable ifwe establish the supporting alimony at the sametime with the marriage annulment, the court of

justice being also competent, from the materialviewpoint (art. 1 of Civil Proceedings Code).

1.7.3.4. The extent of the parentssupporting obligation for the minor children.Generally, the supporting quantum isdetermined based on the criteria stipulated byart. 94, paragraph 1 of Family Code thatestablishes the rule according to which thesupport is owed according to the needs of theone who demands it and to the means of theone who is to pay it. If the child is the creditorof the supporting obligation, the extent of thesupport owed him by the parent or by theadopter is determined by the court, consideringthe criteria established by art. 94, paragraph 3 ofFamily Code, respectively until a quarter of thework earnings for a child, a third for twochildren and a half for three or several children.Therefore, if, in general, the extent of thesupport is established depending on thecreditors need and in report to the debtors

means, in the situation when the parent or the


14/30



122

adopie33sau din afara cstoriei34.Cuantumului pensiei de ntreinere

datorate copilului trebuie orientat spremaximul plafonului fixat de legiuitor atunci

cnd debitorul obligaiei de ntreinere nu arei alte sarcini familiale deosebite35. Astfel,dac printele sau adoptatorul datoreazntreinere la trei sau mai muli copiicuantumul acesteia poate fi egal cu jumtatedin ctigul su, ntinderea i durata acesteiaurmnd a fi stabilite de ctre instan pentrufiecare copil n parte36. Dac pe lng cei treisau mai muli copii debitorul mai are nntreinere i un fost so ntinderea pensieidatorate fiecrui copil va fi mai mic ntruct,

potrivit art. 41 alin. 3 ntreinerea datoratfostului so poate fi stabilit pn la o treimedin venitul net din munc al celui obligat la

plata ei i mpreun cu ntreinerea datoratcopiilor nu poate depi jumtate din venitulnet din munc al debitorului.

n reglementare din Codul familieilegiuitorul a fixat un plafon maxim dinctigul din munc datorat ca pensie dentreinere copilului fr a preciza ce senelege printr-un asemenea ctig. n tcerea

legii instanele judectoreti au decis cntinderea ntreinerii trebuie stabilit inndcont de toate veniturile debitorului care aucaracter de continuitate, adic att retribuia

propriu-zis ct i sporul de vechime,indemnizaia de conducere sau alt venit

permanent nu i de cele care au caracterntmpltor37 cele pentru ore suplimentare,indemnizaiile de deplasare, de transferare, deconcediere i n general sumele care nu aucaracter permanent cum sunt i salariilecompensatorii n cazul disponibilizriidebitorului pensiei38. De asemenea, instaneleau artat c sporul cuvenit angajailor carelucreaz n condiii deosebite de munc nu seia n considerare la calculul pensiei dentreinere39.

ntruct dispoziiile art. 94 alin. 3Codul familiei se refer expres la ctigul dinmunc al printelui sau adoptatorului se pune

problema dac mijloacele materiale n funcie

de care se determin ntinderea obligaiei de

adopter owes support to the child, its extent is tobe determined depending on the minors needand on the debtors possibilities to pay that areanalysed depending on his work earnings, the

law instituting certain maximum limits untilwhich we may establish the supportingalimony, considering the number of childrenthat are to benefit from this right, even if theycome from the same marriage, from differentmarriages, from adoption89or from outside themarriage90.

The quantum of the supporting alimonyowed to the child must be directed towards themaximum of the limit established by thelegislator when the debtor of the supporting

obligation has no other special family tasks91.Thus, if the parent or the adopter has to supportthree or more children, the supporting quantummay be equal to half of his earnings, and itsextent and time are to be established by thecourt for each child separately92. If, beside thethree or several children, the debtor also has tosupport an ex-husband, the extent of thealimony owed to each child will be smallerwhereas, according to art. 41, paragraph 3 thesupport owed to the ex-husband may be

established until a third of the work net incomeof the one who is forced to pay it and togetherwith the support owed to the children, it cannotcross half of the debtors work net income.

In the regulation of the Family Code,the legislator established a maximum limit ofthe work earnings owed as a supportingalimony without specifying what weunderstand by such earnings. In the law silence,the judicial courts have decided that the extentof the support must be established byconsidering all the incomes of the debtor thathave a continuity feature, namely both the

proper retribution and the seniority rise, theleading allowance or any other permanentincome, but not the ones having an accidentalfeature93 the ones for the overtime, thedisplacement allowances, the transferring ones,the firing ones and generally the amounts thatdo not have a permanent feature, such as thecompensatory wages if the debtor of the

alimony is fired94

. Also, the courts have shown


15/30



123

ntreinere a copilului sunt limitate numai lavenitul din munc al debitorului sau urmeaza se aplica i n cazul ntreinerii minorului

principiul general reglementat de art. 94 alin.

1 Codul familiei astfel nct, n funcie demijloacele debitorului ntreinerii, cuantumulntreinerii s poate trece peste limitele

prevzute de art. 94 alin. 3 Codul familiei.ntr-o opinie s-a artat c i n cazul

obligaiei de ntreinere a prinilor fa decopiii lor minori cuantumul ntreinerii sestabilete n raport cu totalitatea mijloacelor

patrimoniale ale printelui respectiv iar dacacesta nu are alte venituri, dect ctigul dinmunc, plafonul maxim este acela artat de

art. 94 alin. 3 Codul familiei40.ntr-o alt opinie se consider c din

punct de vedere juridic este imposibilaplicarea n aceeai ipotez att areglementrilor speciale (art. 94 alin. 3 Codulfamiliei) ct i a reglementrilor generale (art.94 alin. 1 Codul familiei), reglementrilegenerale fiind folosite doar pentru a compliniaspectele lacunare ale reglementrilor specialei nu pentru a le nltura sau a le dubla,deoarece generalia lex specialibus non

derogatispecialia generalibus derogant. Sesusine n aceeai opinie c termenulctiguri este folosit de legiuitor n art. 94alin. 3 Codul familiei n sensul de venituriobinute din alte surse dect cele din munciar termenul munc n sensul de venituri dinmunc, considerndu-se c, fa de folosireaalternativa celor doi termeni n acest text delege, n ipoteza n care printele realizeazvenituri din ambele categorii, pensia dentreinere va fi calculat numai n raport cuunul dintre cele dou elemente, fiind excluscumularea lor. Cu alte cuvinte, spre deosebirede dreptul comun, pentru stabilirea acesteiobligaii nu vor fi folosite toate mijloacelemateriale ale debitorului, ci numai un elemental acestora, adic fie numai veniturile dinmunc, fie numai veniturile din alte surse. Deasemenea, se mai arat c, atta vreme ctobligaia de ntreinere ar fi raportat exclusivla veniturile din munc, lipsa acestora ar

face ca printele s fie considerat c nu

that the rise belonging to the employeesworking in special work conditions is notconsidered when calculating the supportingalimony95.

Whereas the stipulations of art. 94,paragraph 3 of Family Code refer expressly tothe parent or adopters work earnings, we mayask if the material means depending on whichwe determine the extent of the childssupporting obligation are limited only to thedebtors work income or are to be applied alsoin case of supporting the minor, the general

principle regulated by art. 94, paragraph 1 ofFamily Code so that, depending on the meansof the supporting debtor, the supporting

quantum may cross the limits stipulated by art.94, paragraph 3 of Family Code.

In a certain opinion, it was shown thatalso in case of the parents supportingobligation for their minor children, thesupporting quantum is established in report tothe totality of the respective parents

patrimonial means and if he has no incomesthan the work earnings, the maximum limit isthe one shown by art. 94, paragraph 3 of FamilyCode96.

In another opinion, it is considered that,from the juridical viewpoint, it is impossible toapply in the same hypothesis both the specialregulations (art. 94, paragraph 3 of Family Code)and the general regulations (art. 94, paragraph 1of Family Code), the general regulations beingused only in order to complement the incompleteaspects of the special regulations and not toremove or double them, because generalia lex

specialibus non derogat and specialiageneralibus derogant. The same opinion statesthat the earnings term is used by the legislatorin art. 94, paragraph 3 of Family Code meaningincomes obtained from other sources than thework ones and the work term meaning workincomes, considering that, comparing to thealternative use of the two terms in this law text, ifthe parent achieves both of the types of incomes,the supporting alimony will be calculated onlyreported to one of the two elements, excludingtheir accrual. In other words, unlike the common

law, in order to establish this obligation we will


16/30



124

dispune de mijloacele necesare pentruobligarea la ntreinerea copilului, astfel cdispoziiile art. 94 alin. 3 Codul familiei,anihileaz, n acest caz, dreptul copilului de a

fi ntreinut, fiind contrare principiului nscrisn art. 49 alin. 1 din Constituia Romnieirepublicat, conform cruia copiii i tinerii se

bucur de un regim special de protecie nrealizarea drepturilor lor, motiv pentru care sesugereaz ca, de lege ferenda, legiuitorul sabroge prevederile art. 94 alin. 3 Codulfamiliei i s supun obligaia de ntreinere acopilului de ctre printe principiului stipulatde art. 94 alin.1 Codul familiei41.

Asupra problemei n discuie s-a

pronunat i Curtea Constituional atuncicnd a respins, n dou rnduri, excepia deneconstituionalitate a dispoziiilor art. 94 alin.3 Codul familiei invocat n raport de art. 49alin. 1 din Constituie, artnd, ntre altele, cart. 94 alin. 3 Codul familiei nu instituie niciointerdicie formal n ceea ce priveteraportarea pensiei de ntreinere i la altevenituri dect cele din munc. Dimpotriv,stabilirea pensiei de ntreinere se poate face nfuncie de orice venituri ale debitorului n

temeiul prevederilor art. 94 alin. 1 i 2 Codulfamiliei potrivit crora ntreinerea estedatorat potrivit cu nevoia celui care o cere icu mijloacele celui ce urmeaz a o plti iarinstana judectoreasc va putea mri saumicora obligaia de ntreinere sau hotrncetarea ei, dup cum se schimb mijloacelecelui care d ntreinerea sau nevoia celui careo primete. n cazul n care debitorulobligaiei realizeaz i alte categorii devenituri, nu vor opera limitele instituite prinalin. 3 al art. 94 Codul familiei care i vorgsi aplicare exclusiv n cazul n care pensiade ntreinere este stabilit prin raportarenumai la ctigul din munc al acestuia,instana fiind suveran n a determinacuantumul acesteia n funcie de situaia defapt42.

n ceea ce ne privete considerm cdispoziiile art. 94 alin. 3 Codul familiei serefer la veniturile pe care debitorul le

realizeaz exclusiv din munca sa, nu i la

not use all the debtors material means, but onlyan element of theirs, namely either only the workincomes, or only the incomes from othersources. Also, it is shown that, as long as the

supporting obligation is reported exclusively tothe work incomes, their absence makes theparent to be considered as he does not have themeans needed in order to be forced to supportthe child, so that the stipulations of art. 94,

paragraph 3 of Family Code annihilates in thiscase the childs right to be supported, beingcontrary to the principle registered in art. 49,

paragraph 1 in the republished RomanianConstitution according to which the children andthe young people enjoy a special protection

system in accomplishing their rights, reason forwhich it is suggested, de lege ferenda, for thelegislator to abrogate the stipulations of art. 94,

paragraph 3 of Family Code and to submit toeparents obligation to support the child to theprinciple stipulated by art. 94, paragraph 1 ofFamily Code97.

Regarding the discussed problem, theConstitutional Court pronounced when itrejected twice the non-constitutionalityexception of the stipulations of art. 94,

paragraph 3 of Family Code invoked in reportto art. 49, paragraph 1 of the Constitution,showing, among other things, that art. 94,

paragraph 3 of Family Code institutes noformal interdiction related to the report of thesupporting alimonies to other incomes than thework ones. On the contrary, the establishmentof the supporting alimony can be madedepending on any incomes of the debtor basedon the stipulations of art. 94, paragraph 1 and 2of Family Code according to which thesupport is owed proportionally to the need ofthe one who demands it and to the means of theone who will pay it and the judicial court will

be able to increase or decrease the supportingobligation or to decide its cessation, dependingon the change of the means of the one whogives the support or the need of the one whoreceives it. If the debtor of the obligationaccomplishes other income categories, thelimits instituted by paragraph 3 of art. 94 of

Family Code will not operate, limits that will be


17/30



125

veniturile provenite din alte surse, ntructdac ar fi avut n vedere i alte posibilitimateriale ale acestuia n afara ctigului dinmunc legiuitorul ar fi prevzut aceasta n

mod expres folosind formularea mijloacelecelui ce urmeaz a o plti pe care o utilizeazatunci cnd stabilete n art. 94 alin. 1 Codulfamiliei regula general n funcie de care sedetermin ntinderea ntreinerii. Faptul clegiuitorul a avut n vedere exclusivctigurile pe care printele sau adoptatorul leobine fiind ncadrat n munc rezult i din

prevederile art. 41 alin. 3 teza final Codulfamiliei care arat c ntreinerea datoratfostului so mpreun cu ntreinerea datorat

copiilor nu va putea depi jumtate dinvenitul net din munc al celui obligat la plata.Aceasta nu nseamn ns c ntindereantreinerii trebuie determinat numai n raportde venitul din munc al debitorului obligaiei,ci instana trebuie s stabileasc pensia dentreinere n raport de nevoile reale alecopilului pe care trebuie s le coreleze cumijloacele prinilor, innd seama, dacnevoile minorului impun aceasta i de altesurse de venit ale printelui sau adoptatorului

obligat la ntreinere.1.7.3.5. Modificarea ntinderii

ntreinerii. Hotrrea judectoreasc avnd caobiect stabilirea pensiei de ntreinere esteexceptat de la principiul autoritii de lucru

judecat. ntinderea ntreinerii datorate deprini copilului va putea fi mrit saumicorat, conform art. 94 alin. 2 Codulfamiliei, dac se schimb mijloacele celui cared ntreinerea sau nevoia celui care o

primete. Pentru modificarea cuantumuluintreinerii nu este necesar s se schimbe attmijloacele debitorului ct i nevoiacreditorului, fiind suficient s intervinmodificri n ceea ce privete unul dintre celedou elemente n funcie de care ntreinerease stabilete43. n practica judiciar s-a decisc naterea unui nou copil constituie omprejurare de natur a influena asupramijloacelor de trai ale celui care d ntreinereavnd drept consecin modificarea plafonului

pensiei de ntreinere44

. De asemenea, n

applied exclusively if the supporting alimony isestablished by reporting only to his workearnings, the court being sovereign indetermining its quantum depending on the

actual situation98

.Regarding us, we consider that thestipulations of art. 94, paragraph 3 of FamilyCode refer to the incomes the debtor achievesexclusively by his work, not to the incomescoming from other sources whereas if heconsidered other material possibilities of his

beside the work earnings, the legislators wouldexpressly stipulate this by using the wordingthe means of the one who will pay it that heonly uses when establishing in art. 94,

paragraph 1 of Family Code the general ruledepending on which it is determined thesupporting extent. The fact that the legislatorconsidered exclusively the earnings the parentor the adopter obtains by being framed in workalso results from the stipulations of art. 41,

paragraph 3 of the final thesis of Family Codethat shows that the support owed to the ex-husband together with the support owed to thechildren will not be able to cross half of thework net income of the one forced to pay. This

does not mean that the supporting extent mustbe determined only in report to the workincome of the debtor of the obligation, but thecourt must establish the supporting alimony inreport to the childs real needs that he has tocorrelate to the parents means, considering ifthe minors needs impose that and alsoconsidering other income sources of the parentor of the adopter forced to support.

1.7.3.5. Changing the supportingextent. The judicial decision having as an objectthe establishment of the supporting alimony isexcerpted from the authority principle of a

judged object. The extent of the support owedto the child by the parents will be able to beincreased or decreased, according to art. 94,

paragraph 2 of Family Code, if the means of theone who gives the support or the need of theone who receives it changes. In order to changethe supporting quantum, it is not necessary tochange both the debtors means and the

creditors need, being enough to interfere


18/30



126

practic s-a stabilit c este ntemeiat cerereade majorare a cuantumului pensiei dentreinere formulat de copil prinreprezentantul su legal, atunci cnd situaia

material a debitorului s-a schimbatconsiderabil urmare a primirii unei importantesume de bani ca despgubire pentru unaccident de circulaie suferit de acesta45. Numprtim acest punct de vedere ntructsumele de bani ncasate cu titlu deindemnizaie de asigurare sau despgubire

pentru pagubele pricinuite persoanei suntdestinate s repare pagube exclusiv personale,s refac, dac mai este posibil, capacitatea demunc, sau s asigure existena persoanei care

nu mai este capabil de a muncii, astfel c nupot fi folosite pentru ntreinerea alteipersoane. Creditorul va putea cere majorareacuantumului ntreinerii dac nevoile acestuiaau crescut, chiar dac la data stabilirii pensieiaceasta era ndestultoare. Majorareacuantumului pensiei de ntreinere are loc dela data introducerii cererii, excepie fcndsituaia cnd ntrzierea introducerii cererii sedatoreaz culpei debitorului iar reducereaacesteia are loc de la data ivirii cauzei care a

justificat admiterea aciunii46.

1.8. ncetarea obligaiei dentreinere

Obligaia de ntreinere acordatminorului de ctre printe nceteaz prinajungerea acestuia la majorat, iar nainte demplinirea vrstei majoratului prin cstoriaminorului n condiiile legii. Dup mplinireavrstei majoratului copilul mai poate pretindentreinere doar dac i continu studiile47.Dreptul la ntreinere al copilului major carei continu studiile ntr-o form denvmnt organizat potrivit legii nu estereglementat de ctre Codul familiei. n tcerealegii, Plenul fostului Tribunal Suprem astatuat, prin decizie de ndrumare, c printeleeste obligat s dea ntreinere copilului devenitmajor, dac se afl n continuare de studii,

pn la terminarea acestora, fr a depivrsta de 25 de ani48. Dac datorit studiilor

pe care le frecventeaz copilul are posibilitatea

changes regarding one of the two elementsdepending on which the support isestablished99. In the judicial practice, it wasdecided that the birth of a new child consists a

circumstance able to have influence on theliving standards of the one who gives support,having as a consequence the change of thesupporting alimony limit100. Also, in the

practice it was established that it isaccomplished the demand of increasing thequantum of the supporting alimony formulated

by the child by means of his legal representativewhen the debtors material situation is changedsignificantly as a consequence of receiving animportant money amount as a compensation for

a traffic accident suffered by him101. We do notshare this viewpoint whereas the moneyamounts cashed as supporting or compensatingallowances for the damage caused to the personare meant to repair exclusively personaldamage, to recover, if it is possible, the workability or to provide the existence of the personwho is not able to work anymore, so that theycannot be used in order to support another

person. The creditor will be able to ask for theincrease of the supporting quantum if his needs

increase, even if when establishing the alimony,it was enough. The increase of the supportingallowance quantum occurs since the date ofintroducing the demand, except for the situationwhen the delay of introducing the demand is

because the debtors guilt and its reductionoccurs since the date of appearing the cause that

justified the admission of the action102.

1.8. Cessation of the SupportingObligation

The parents obligation to support theminor stops when he reaches his full age and

before reaching the full age by the minorsmarriage in the law conditions. After reachingthe full age, the child can ask for support only ifhe continues his studies103. The right to besupported of the major child who continues hisstudies in an education institution organizedaccording to the law is not regulated by theFamily Code. In the law silence, the Plenum of

the ex Supreme Court stated, by a guiding


19/30



127

s obin venituri, acesta nu este ndreptit lantreinere. ntr-o atare situaie se afl majorulcare urmeaz cursurile la forma de nvmntfr frecveni care nu este obligat s mearg

n fiecare zi la facultate49

.Copilul devenit major i aflat ncontinuare de studii trebuie s cear, printr-onou aciune, obligarea printelui la plata

pensiei de ntreinere, ntruct hotrrea princare printele a fost obligat la ntreinereacopilului minor i nceteaz efectele n modautomat la mplinirea de ctre acesta a vrstei de18 ani50.

n temeiul art. 94 alin. 2 Codul familiei,instana judectoreasc poate decide ncetarea

plii ntreinerii dac dispare nevoia creditoruluiobligaiei de ntreinere sau dac debitorul numai are mijloacele necesare pentru plata ei. n

practica judiciar s-a decis c poate fi sistatplata pensiei de ntreinere dac minorul s-ancadrat n munc realiznd venituri proprii dincare se poate ntreine51. De asemenea,instanele au hotrt sistarea plii pensiei dentreinere n cazul n care debitorul a devenitincapabil de munc astfel c nu mai realizeazvenituri nici pentru propria ntreinere sau se afl

la studii ori n curs de satisfacere a stagiuluimilitar sau de executare a unei pedepse privativede libertate, afar de cazul n care a fostcondamnat pentru infraciunea de abandon defamilie52.

Obligaia de a ntreine copilul mai poatenceta, atunci cnd debitor al acesteia este tatl,dac acesta tgduiete cu succes paternitateacopilului. ntruct admiterea aciunii n tgada

paternitii produce efecte retroactive dinmomentul naterii copilului n literatura juridics-a ridicat ntrebarea dac pensia de ntreinere

prestat anterior tgduirii paternitii de ctresoul sau fostul so al mamei este sau nu supusrestituirii, conturndu-se dou opinii. ntr-oopinie, pe care o acceptm, se arat c pensia dentreinere prestat anterior tgduirii paternitiieste supus restituirii invocndu-se ca temei

juridic plata nedatorat, dac restituirea se cerede la copil sau mbogirea fr just cauz dacse cere de la mama copilului ori de la cel care

avea obligaia de ntreinere53

. A doua opinie

decision, that the parent was forced to supportthe major child if he continues his studies, untilhe finishes them, without crossing the age of25104. If, because of the studies he attends, the

child has the possibility to obtain incomes, hehas no right to be supported. In such a situationis placed the major child who goes to the classesof an extramural educational institution and whois not forced to go to classes every day105.

The major child who continues hisstudies must ask, by a new action, his parent to

pay his supporting alimony whereas the decisionby means of which the parent was forced tosupport his minor child automatically stops itseffects when he reaches the age of 18106.

Based on art. 94, paragraph 2 of FamilyCode, the judicial court may decide the cessationof the supporting payment if the creditors needto be supported disappears or if the debtor has nomeans needed in order to pay it anymore. In the

judicial practice, it was decided that we couldcease the payment of the supporting alimony ifthe minor was framed in work and heaccomplished his own incomes by means ofwhich he could support himself107. Also, thecourts have decided to cease the payment of the

supporting alimony if the debtor has becomeunable to work so that he could not accomplishincomes for his own support either or if hestudied or if he satisfied his military stage or if heexecuted a freedom privative punishment, besidethe case when he was convicted for the offenceof abandoning the family108.

The obligationto support the child mayalso stop when its debtor is the father, if hesuccessfully denies the childs paternity.Whereas the admission of the action whendenying the paternity produces retroactiveeffects since the child is born, the juridicalliterature raised the question whether thesupporting alimony performed before themothers husband or ex-husband denied issubmitted to the restitution, outlining twoopinions. In an opinion accepted by us it isshown that the supporting alimony performed

before denying the paternity is submitted to therestitution, invoking as a juridical basis the non-

owed payment, if the restitution is demanded


20/30



128

susine c pensia de ntreinere prestat nu estesupus restituirii ntruct este vorba despre oobligaie cu prestare succesiv iar pn lanlturarea prezumiei de paternitate soul

mamei are obligaia legal de ntreinere54

.

II. Obligaia de ntreinere dintreprini i copil n sistemul noului Cod civil

2.1. ReglementareLa fel ca i n reglementarea din Codul

familiei legiuitorul se refer n noul Cod civil laobligaia prinilor de a ntreine copilul att nTitlul V Obligaia de ntreinere artnd n art.516 care reglementeaz subiectele obligaiei de

ntreinere c aceasta exist i ntre rudele nlinie dreapt inclusiv cele rezultate din adopie(art. 516 alin. 1 i 2 din noul Cod civil) ct i ncapitolul dedicat ocrotirii printeti, mai exact nart. 499 din noul Cod civil, stabilind n alineatul1 al acestui articol c tatl i mama sunt obligai,n solidar, s dea ntreinere copilului lor minor,asigurndu-i cele necesare traiului, precum ieducaia, nvtura i pregtirea sa profesional.

2.2. Condiii de existenPrevederile noului Cod civil consacr

regula c are drept la ntreinere cel care se afln nevoie, neputndu-se ntreine din munca saori din bunurile sale (art. 524). Condiia strii denevoie este reglementati n ceea ce l privete

pe minor pentru ca acesta s poat cerentreinere de la prinii si, numai c art. 525alin. 1 din noul Cod civil arat c minorul se afln nevoie dac nu se poate ntreine din muncasa chiar dac ar avea bunuri. Aceast prevederedin art. 525 alin. 1 din noul Cod civil reprezintun element de noutate n raport de dispoziiileCodului familiei avnd menirea de a pune captdisputelor doctrinare n legtur cu posibilitateavnzrii bunurilor minorilor cu scopul asigurriintreinerii acestuia. Numai n cazul n care

prinii n-ar putea presta ntreinerea fr a-iprimejdui propria lor existen, instana de tutelpoate ncuviina ca ntreinerea s se asigure prinvalorificarea bunurilor pe care acesta le are, cuexcepia celor de strict necesitate (525 alin. 2

din noul Cod civil).

from the child or the enrichment with no faircause if it is demanded from the childs motheror from the one who had the supportingobligation109. The second opinion states that the

performed supporting alimony is not submittedto the restitution whereas it is about an obligationwith successive performance and until removingthe paternity presumption, the mothers husbandhas the legal supporting obligation110.

II. The Supporting Obligationbetween Parents and Child in the System ofthe New Civil Code

2.1.RegulationLike in the regulation of the Family

Code, the legislator refers in the new Civil Codeto the parents obligation to support the child

both in Title V The Supporting Obligation,showing in art. 516 that regulates the subjects ofthe supporting obligation that it exists also

between the straight line relatives, including theones resulted from adoption (art. 516, paragraph1 and 2 of the new Civil Code) and in the chapterdedicated to the parental protection, morespecifically in art. 499 of the new Civil Code,

establishing in the first paragraph of this articlethat the father and the mother are solidarilyforced to support their minor child, providing thethings necessary for his living, and also for hiseducation, instruction and professional training.

2.2.Living ConditionsThe stipulations of the new Civil Code

consecrate the rule according to which the onewho has the right to be supported is the one inneed, being unable to support himself from hiswork or from his goods (art. 524). The conditionof the needy status is also regulated regarding theminor so that he could ask their parents forsupport, but art. 525, paragraph 1 of the newCivil Code shows that the minor is in need if heis not able to support himself from his work,even if he has goods. This stipulation of art. 525,

paragraph 1 of the new Civil Code represents anew element reported to the possibility of sellingthe minors goods in order to provide his

support. Only if the parents are not able to


21/30



129

Starea de nevoie a minorului poate fidovedit prin orice mijloc de prob (art. 528 dinnoul Cod civil ).

Le fel ca i prevederile Codului familiei

(art. 107 alin. 2), dispoziiile noului Cod civilreglementeaz obligaia prinilor de a-i asiguracopilului condiiile necesare pentru creterea,educarea i pregtirea sa profesional chiari nsituaia n care acesta ar avea un venit propriu,dar care nu este ndestultor.

Ca noutate, legiuitorul reglementeaz nnoul Cod civil alturi de condiia strii de nevoiei pe aceea ca persoana care solicit pensia dentreinere s fi avut un comportamentcorespunztor regulilor de convieuire social

fa de debitor pentru a putea pretinde ntreinerede la acesta. n acest sens art. 526 alin. 1 dinnoul Cod civil prevede c nu poate pretindentreinere acela care s-a fcut vinovat fa de celobligat la ntreinere de fapte grave, contrarelegii sau bunelor moravuri. ntruct prevederiletextului citat nu fac nicio distincie ele urmeaza se aplica i creditorului minor care cerentreinere de la prinii si. Legiuitorul nu aratnici mcar cu titlu de exemplu care sunt faptelede natur s-l decad pe creditor din dreptul la

ntreinere, limitndu-se doar s instituiecondiia ca acestea s fie grave, contrare legii i

bunelor moravuri. Rmne aadar ca instana detutel s decid dac, n raport de natura faptelorde care se face vinovat, creditorul obligaiei dentreinere pierde sau nu dreptul la ntreinere. nceea ce ne privete considerm c acesta poate

pierde dreptul la ntreinere n cazul comiteriifa de debitor a unor fapte de natur s atragnedemnitatea succesoral55 precum tentativa deomor sau alte fapte grave de violen fizic saumoral svrite cu intenie, precum i n cazulcomiterii unor fapte care, potrivit prevederilornoului Cod Civil justific desfacerea adopiei,respectiv a unor fapte penale pedepsite cu o

pedeaps privativ de libertate de cel puin 2 ani(art. 477 alin. 1).

Spre deosebire de Codul familiei, noulCod civil conine prevederi care stabilesc c

poate fi obligat la ntreinere numai cel care aremijloacele pentru a o plti sau are posibilitatea

de a dobndi aceste mijloace (art. 527 alin. 1).

support him without endangering their ownexistence, the guardian court may allow thesupport to be provided by the capitalization ofhis goods, except for the strictly necessary ones

(525, paragraph 2 of the new Civil Code).The minors needy status may be provedby any evidence means (art. 528 of the new CivilCode).

Like the stipulations of the Family Code(art. 107, paragraph 2), the stipulations of thenew Civil Code regulate the parents obligationto provide to the child the conditions needed inorder to raise, educate and professionally trainhim, even if he has his own income that is notenough.

As a new element, the legislator alsoregulates in the new Civil Code, next to thecondition of the needy status, the one when the

person that demands the supp

7_alin_gheorghe_gavrilescu

Documents