2. come along. curs practic de limba engleza, 2004

7/29/2019 2. Come Along. Curs Practic de Limba Engleza, 2004

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UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

RODICA TEFAN RUXANDRA VASILESCUSANDA MARCOCI ELENA BELDEA

Curs practic de limba englez nivel mediu

EDITURA FUNDAIEIROMNIA DE MINEBucureti, 2004

COME ALONGCOME ALONG

Universitatea SPIRU HARET


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Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a RomnieiCome along: curs practic de limba englez/ tefan Rodica,

Vasilescu Ruxandra, Marcoci Sanda, Beldea Elena.

Bucureti: Editura FundaieiRomnia de Mine, 2004228 p.; 23,5 cm.ISBN 973-582-903-7

I. tefan, RodicaII. Vasilescu, Ruxandra

III. Marcoci, Sanda

IV. Beldea, Elena

811.111

Cursul se adreseaz studenilor de la facultile cu profil economic

Editura FundaieiRomnia de Mine, 2004

Redactor: Janeta LUPU

Tehnoredactor: Jeanina DRGAN

Coli tipar: 14,25; Format: 16/70 x 100

Editura i Tipografia FundaieiRomnia de MineSplaiul Independenei nr. 313, Bucureti, Sector 6,

O.P. 83, Tel./Fax: 410.43.80 www.spiruharet.roe-mail: [email protected]



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CUVNT NAINTE

n contextul actual n care procesele economice i culturale tind spre

globalizare, cunoaterea unei limbi strine de circulaie internaional, a limbii

engleze n special, reprezint nu doar un avantaj, ci o necesitate pentru o

bun integrare profesionali social.

Ne-am propus n acest scop s oferim studenilor notri (cursuri de zi,

cu frecven redus de la facultile economice, dar i de la celelalte

specialiti nefilologice) un Curs practic de limba englez, pe care l-am

gnditi realizat ca pe un instrument de lucru utilinnd cont de cerinele i

ateptrile lor.

Dat fiind aceast larg diversitate tematic, textele i exerciiile au

fost special adaptate preocuprilor studenilor, combinnd elemente ale limbii

engleze generale cu acelea specifice limbajelor specializate. Ele se adreseaz

studenilor care au studiat limba englez n liceu dobndind un bagaj de

cunotine gramaticale i lexicale de nivel mediu.

Dorim s exprimm mulumiri asist. univ. Despina Chirimbu pentru

citirea atent a manuscrisului, pe marginea cruia a fcut observaii

pertinente i sugestii preioase, precum i prep. Mihaela Pricope pentru

ntocmirea glosarului.

Autoarele



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C O N T E N T S

UNIT 1ENGLISH, MY LOVE (Rodica tefan) .

Grammar: (a) General revision

(b) Tag questions, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions

UNIT 2SAYING HELLO! (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ..

Grammar: (a) Possessives; Personal and reflexive pronouns

(b) The Article; Some/Any

UNIT 3COMPANIES (Sanda Marcoci) .

Grammar: (a) Present tenses

(b) Conjunction structures

UNIT 4GOING TO COLLEGE (Rodica tefan)

Grammar: (a) Past simple and present perfect

(b) Comparison of adjectives; Irregular adjectives and adverbs

UNIT 5

GETTING IN TOUCH (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ...Grammar: (a) Modal verbs

STOP AND CHECK

UNIT 6LOOKING AHEAD (Rodica tefan) .

Grammar: (a) Future; Prefixes and suffixes

7

22

39

55

73

88

98



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UNIT 7INTERESTS AND HOBBIES (Sanda Marcoci)

Grammar: (a) Past perfect; Gerunds

(b) Subjunctive

UNIT 8GOING PLACES (Ruxandra Vasilescu)

Grammar: (a) Sequence of tenses

(b) Direct and indirect speech

UNIT 9LETS GO SHOPPING! (Elena Beldea)

Grammar: (a) Expressing quantity

(b) Passive voice

UNIT 10MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS (Sanda Marcoci) .

Grammar: (a) Conditional

(b) Phrasal verbs; Adjectival phrase

STOP AND CHECK

LISTA ABREVIERILOR

GLOSSARY ..

116

139

156

171

192

213

214



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UNIT 1

ENGLISH, MY LOVE

SECTION A

LEAD-IN

Here are some words from English which are used in Romanian. Put them incolumns under these headings: business, politics, technology, sports,

entertainmentand various.There are five words in each column.

READING

1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box below:

1. Although she was speaking English, her. was so strong wecould hardly understand what she was saying.

2. I went to a lawyer but when he started using all the legal .. I gotcompletely lost.

3. Young people use a lot of... . For instance, they could say copperinstead of policeman.

dealer mouse pullover fan leader rating

poster VIP second-hand lobby hit softwarejogging western broker CD player weekend

offside summit manager single skateboard meeting

penalty rugby job fast-food laser show chip



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4. She never studied English but she managed to it byliving in America for a couple of years.

5. Even though the language is basically the same, there are several.. . In the south some of the words and structures are differentfrom those in the north.

6. English is Andrews first language. In other words, its his .Andrew is an English native speaker.

7. TURBO PASCAL and JAWA are two computer .8. A person who speaks two languages fluently is.

2. Read each text quickly and find out who:

1. uses English for work. 4. studies in English.2. uses English as an official language. 5. speaks English as a mother tongue.3. enjoys studying English. 6. obviously doesnt like English.Im Angela Maria Gutierrez from Cartagena in Colombia. I love listening to

English pop music which is a great way of learning new words and everydayexpressions! It is six years since I started to learn English and still, my biggest

problem is pronunciation. My dad is a businessman and he uses English all thetime. He speaks it fluently. He managed to pick it up while he was working in theStates. He wants me to speak it well enough so that I can join his company. Idrather work in public relations.

Im Faryal Ahmed and Im from Pakistan. Ive been studying businessadministration in Nottingham for the past two years. I felt really homesick to beginwith because Id never been away from home. Ive got fairly used to it but I stillmiss my parents. They brought me up to speak English and I was sent to anEnglish-speaking school. When I got there though, I still had a few problems with

peoples accents and the slang that lots of other students used. Some of thelecturers were hard to understand at first and then there were lots of business jargon

to pick up too.

pick up jargon mother tongue slang

dialects bilingual languages accent



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*Im Gerhard Richter from Frankfurt am Main in Germany. Im a consultant in alarge software company. I need English because lots of materials are written in itand I travel a lot. Next month Im going to visit Egypt. I hope Ill be able to makemyself understood. Ive found it is often easier to speak English to other foreigners

than to the native speakers! One American colleague doesnt speak slowly enoughfor me to understand him. It is useful to know English but one thing I dont like isthe way English expressions have been incorporated into other languages.

*

Im Abedayo Omere from Nigeria and Im a railway engineer. English is theofficial language because there are so many different languages and dialectsspoken in Nigeria. I have to travel all round the country and often English is theonly way to communicate. It is a pity because it used to be the colonial language.However, if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political

problems. So we will just have to put up with it!

*

Good day! My names Nick Andreotti. Im sixteen years old and I come from

Sydney in Australia. Im second generation Italian. My parents came over about 20years ago. Im bilingual because we still speak Italian at home. Dad speaks much

better English than Mum. Sometimes her mistakes are really embarrassing and heraccent is so strong that some people cant understand her. Im still studying but Ialways spend my spare time out in the tennis court. Ive won a few localtournaments and Id really like to turn professional.

*

Hi! My name is Yvonne Binoche and I come from Montral, which is the French-speaking part of Canada. Im a sales manager in a big department store. I deal withforeign customers, so most of the time I have to use English. In Canada everythingis supposed to be bilingual but I dont like the way English seems to be takingover. We had a real fight here, you know, to keep hold of our French past andidentity.

(adapted from 3rd

Dimension,Longman)



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3. What are the countries where English is spoken as:

native language? official language? international language?Which language in the world is spoken by most people?How many people are English native speakers?Which language might become the language of the future?

4. Decide whether the following statements are true () or false ().

1. Nicks parents were born in Australia.2. Nicks mother doesnt speak English as well as his father.3. Faryal still feels homesick.4. Faryals problems with English werent too serious.5. Gerhard likes everything about English.6. Yvonne is ashamed of her French origin.7. Angela hasnt decided about her future career.8. Abedayo accepts that English was probably the best choice for his country.LANGUAGE WORK

VWork in pairs and talk about your answers to the following questions:

Have you ever spoken English with a native speaker? Where can you read English journals/ magazines/ books outside the classroom

in your town? How often do you listen to English on the radio or watch films on TV?

Have you ever written in English (to a pen-friend)? Have you ever been to an English-speaking country?

In pairs ask each other questions to find out the missing information in the

following:

1. My partner has been learning English for .years.2. In English he/ she is the best at



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(grammar/ vocabulary/ speaking/ writing/ reading/ listening/ pronunciation)3. In English he/ she is not the best at .. because .. .4. He/ She finds . most difficult to learn.5. He/ She thinks is most important for him/ her in learning

English.

GRAMMAR FOCUS1. Match sentences A-O taken from the text above with the constructions 1-15.

A Ive been studyingbusiness administration in Nottingham for the past twoyears.

B He managed to pick it up while he was working in the States.

C ifwe had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused politicalproblems.

D Im still studying but IE My parents came over about 20 years ago.F he uses English all the time.G I love listening to English pop musicH He managed to pick it upI Ive won a few local tournaments.

J My biggestproblem is pronunciation.K I hope Ill be able to make myself understood.L Dad speaks English much better than Mum.M Id never been away from home before.N I was sent to an English-speaking school.O Next month Im going to visit Egypt.

1 present perfect 9 superlative

2 past perfect 10 past continuous3 past 11 verb + infinitive

4 verb + gerund 12 comparative

5 future 13 going to future

6 present 14 present perfect continuous

7 third conditional 15 present continuous8 passive



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When do we use the auxiliary verbs be, have, will? Complete the tense charts. Usethe verb wait for the active and mend for the passive.

ACTIVE Simple Continuous

PresentPast He was waiting

Future We will wait

Present perfect

Past perfect

Future perfect They will have been waiting

PASSIVE Simple ContinuousPresent It is writen

Past It was being mended

Future

Present perfect

Past perfect

Future perfect

Remember!

Usebe with verb + ingto

make continuous verb forms

Youre listening to my explanation.

They were admiring the landscape.

Ivebeen studying history for two years.

Usebe with the past participle

(-ed, V3) to make thepassive

voice

Paperis made of wood.

The first books were printedin Germany.

The househad been built before 1900.The fax will be sent tomorrow morning.

Usehave with the past

participle to makeperfectverb

forms

Hehas workedin several countries.

They were upset because theyhad missedthe plane.

By the end of the year, hell have movedhouse.

Use willwith short infinitive

to makefuture forms

We will know the results tomorrow.

At this time next Sunday she will be flying to London.



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SECTION B

LEAD-IN

Look at these statements about English and decide if you agree with them. Work in

pairs and compare your answers.

You can learn a language outside the classroom. You should always use the dictionary if you dont understand a word. Dont worry about making mistakes; its more important to make yourselfunderstood. Learning about grammar is very useful. Listening, especially to native speakers, is the most difficult skill to develop.READING

Q: Alice, how many languages do you speak and which ones are they?

A: Well, I can speak two languages besides English: French and Spanish.Q: Quite interesting! How did you learn them?

A: You see, I had to learn French when I was in school. And Spanish I chose to

learn later, I thought it would be, you know, useful to learn it.

Q: What was the most difficult aspect of learning it?

A: Well, I was very embarrassed when we had to speak French in front of the rest

of the class, you know - the terrible pronunciations and things. Also, I think

listening comprehension was very difficult because it was always so fast

Q: Oh, yes. A common complaint. Now, what is the most useful thing to do?A: I think the grammatical system is the most useful.

Q: Have you had the opportunity to use it since then?

A: Actually, I work in a software company. As a sales manager, I have to deal

with our Canadian suppliers.

Q: Thats wonderful! Do you find it difficult to understand them?

A: Certainly! Their accent is quite strong but in the end I manage it.

(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)



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VOCABULARY

1. Look at the dictionary entry of the wordcompany. Match the sentences a-h

with a definition.

company ('kmpni) n,[C] pl.-nies 1. A number of people gathered together;

assembly. 2. The fact of being with smb.; companionship. 3. A guest or guests.

4. A business enterprise. 5. The members of an enterprise not specifically

mentioned in the enterprises title. Abbrev: Co., co. 6. A group of actors. 7. A

small unit of troops. 8. The officers and crew on a ship. keep company to

accompany (smb.), especially for the sake of companionship part company to

go different ways after being together; to cease associating.

a The company marched all day long.b Robert enjoys his uncles company.c Unfortunately, he has got into bad company lately.d The company is going to produce childrens toys.e A new play is being staged by the company.f What a surprise! We were not expecting company.

g The company had been sailing for weeks before they reached theirdestination.

h Warner & Co. are well known among the film distributors.

2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase given:

1 I succeeded in my job through hard .

a) work b) labour c) effort2 Mark works for a/an . engineering company.

a) main b) leading c) outgoing

3 Im thinking to change my job because there are few of promotion.

a) prospects b) opportunities c) chances

4 Its not a very interesting work, but at least its a .. job.

a) continuous b) firm c) steady

5 In our company I am afraid there is very little to work hard.

a) advantage b) gain c) motivation



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LANGUAGE WORK

1. Ask questions to the words underlined. Remember that the particle goes to the

end of the sentence.

Example: I work for a computer company.

1 I am thinking about my next holiday.2 He is waiting for his sister.3 We worked with an important researcher.4 They were talking to our major customer.5 I am interested in their new project.6 She is proud of her children.

2. Make questions withyou from the sentences:

Example:

I come from Wales. (Where?)

a I speak two languages (How many?)b I live in a house near the centre of the town. (Where?)c Im wearing jeans and a T-shirt. (What?)d I was born in Edinburgh in 1981. (Where? When?)e Im studying English because Id like to travel. (Why?)f Ive been to France and Canada. (Which countries?)g I have one brother. (How many?)h Ive been studying English for seven years. (How long?)i Ill be 20 years old in November. (How old?)

j Ive got 10 in my pocket. (How much?)k I went to the seaside last summer. (Where?)l Im going to visit my grandparents next holiday. (Whom?)3. Make questions about the subject, and the object in each, as shown in the

example.

Example: Ann likes her new colleagues.Who likes her new colleagues? (Ann)

Who does Ann like? (her new colleagues)

Where do you comefrom?

Who do you workfor?



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5. Contradict sentences a-j by giving the right information.

Example: Water boils at 75 C.

a My father has got ten brothers and sisters.b I live in the desert.c Were learning Portuguese.d I had an elephant when I was young.e Its snowing today.f We went to New Zealand last year.g The Pope comes from Italy.h

Well get to work by helicopter next year.i Tourists visit Antarctica.j Fish can fly.6. Match a question in columnA with an answer from columnB.

A B

1 What does your sister look like? a. To get promoted.

2 Whats your aunt like? b. Shes fine, thanks.3 Hows your mother? c. It means good-looking.4 Whereabouts do you live? d. Its mine.5 How do you spell your name? e. Its a quarter past ten.6 What does handsome mean? f. Poetry.7 What did you do that for? g. Go down and take the first right.8 Whose file is this? h. Ill have some coffee.9 What sort of literature do you like? i. How do you do?

10 What kind of car have you got? j. Its the third of October.

11 What time is it? k. A sports one.12 What is the date? l. Shes generous and caring.13 How do you do? m. M-O-R-R-I-S-O-N14 How do I get to the station? n. Near Central Park.15 Theres some coffee and tea. Which

do you prefer?o. Shes tall, slim, with dark hair.

No, it doesnt boil at 75 C!It boils at 100 C.



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h) Catherine left on a trip to Rome last summer, .?i) Lets have one more look at this plan, ..?

j) Im not too intruding, I hope, ..?k) People sometimes overreact in stressing situations, ..?l) You arent too enthusiastic about my idea, .?m) There are lots of students wishing to learn foreign languages, ?

Remember!

You form questions in the following ways:

Yes/No questions With the auxiliary verb be, have, will

Are you coming with us to the library?

Have you even been to Italy?

Willyou come back later?

With the modal verb can, may, mustCanyou understand this rule?

May I sit down?

Must I do this exercise?

With the auxiliary do followed by short infinitive when the verb has noauxiliary

Doyou look up every new word you come across?

The answer is generally short, containing just the personal pronoun and theauxiliary verb.

Have you got some paper? Do you like going out?

Yes,Ihave./ No, Ihavent. Yes, Ido./ No, Idont.

Wh questions

With the question words what, who, which, how, when, where, why, howmany, how much, how long, to ask about the object of the sentence. They are

followed by the auxiliary or the modal verb.

What did you study last year?

I studiedEconomics. ( Economics = object)

With the question words who, what to ask about the subject of the sentence.They are not followed by the auxiliary do.



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What gives you most information, the papers or the radio?

Thepapersgive me most information. (Thepapers = subject)

The word order is:

Questionword Auxiliary/Modal Subject Verb Object, adjective,adverbial, etc. Short answers

Is the seat taken? No, it isntHas Robert written the report yet? No, he hasnt.Will it be fine tomorrow? No, it wont.

Can we leave now? Sure you can.Does his father run a company? Yes, he does.

did ou arrive in Berlin? Yesterday.Why are they behaving like that? I dont know.What have ou decided to do now? Ill see.

Who wrote this fax? She did.

Tag questions

They turn a statement into a question, containing just the auxiliary verb and the

personal pronoun, accordingly.

If the statement is affirmative, you use a negative tag.Marion lives in Birmingham, doesnt she? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.

If the statement is negative, you use an affirmative tag.They dont accept credit cards, do they?

Yes. (They dont accept)/ No. (They accept)

To ask for real information, you use a rising intonation on the tag.To show you expect agreement, you use a falling intonation on the tag.Lets have some fun!

Questions and riddles

1 Where does August come before July?2 Who invented the five-day week?3 What did the big telephone say to the little telephone?4 Why was the strawberry so sad?5 What did one wall say to the other?



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Answers: 1) In the dictionary. 2) Robinson Crusoe he had all his work done by

Friday! 3) You are too young to be engaged. 4) Because its mother and father

were in a jam. 5) Meet you at the corner.

CHECKLIST

1.Name: i) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a mother tongue.ii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a second official language.

iii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a foreign language.2. Give two synonyms for the noun BUSINESS.3. DO, BE, HAVE, WILL are auxiliaries placed first in an interrogative sentence.Give examples of such interrogative sentences.

4. What intonation do you use in a TAG QUESTION i) to ask for information ?ii) to show you expect agreement?5. What is the WORD ORDER in an English i) affirmative sentence?

ii) interrogative sentence?



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Albu: Its nice to meet you, Mr. Black. Youve come a very long way on

this trip, so I hope things are going well. Welcome to Bucharest!

NOTE: We use different expressions to greet people. Study the table below:

INTRODUCINGSOMEONE

RESPONDING TO ANINTRODUCTION

INTRODUCINGYOURSELF

Id like to introduce youto Dr. Johnson (formal)

May I introduce you toMrs. Samson (formal)

Mr. Brown, this is Ms.Attkinson (formal/

informal)

Id like you to meetStephen Cox. (formal)

Have you met Dan?(informal)

Sue, this is Mike. (informal)

How do you do? (formal)Pleased to meet you.

(formal)

Nice to meet you. (formal/informal)

Let me introduce myself.(formal)

Allow me to introducemyself. (formal)

May I introduce myself?(formal)

How do you do?(formal)

Hi, Im Christine.(informal)

GREETING SOMEONE RESPONDING TO GREETING

Hello! Its good to see you. (formal)Hi! How are you? (formal)Hi, how are things? (informal)

Not bad, thank you. What about you? (formal)Fine, thanks. And you? (informal)

Ms. Rotaru, who is organizing Mr. Tanakas stay at central office, is greetinghim and explaining his programme. Read the dialogue and put the verbs in

brackets in the correct form:

Ms. Rotaru: Hello, Mr. Tanaka. Welcome back to Spiro Chemicals. Its nice to

see you again.

Mr. Tanaka: Hello, Ms Rotaru. Im delighted to be back.

Ms. Rotaru: (have) you a good trip?



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Mr. Tanaka: Yes, it (be) long, but it (be) fine, thanks.

Ms. Rotaru: How many hours is it from Tokyo?

Mr. Tanaka: I (come not) from Tokyo. I (come) from Singapore. I (leave)

Tokyo six days ago. I (have) appointments in Hong Kong andSingapore on the way.

Ms. Rotaru: I see. But its still a long flight. You must be exhausted. When

(get) you in?

Mr. Tanaka: Last night at half past eight.

Ms. Rotaru: So (have) you a good nights sleep?

Mr. Tanaka: Yes, I (sleep) very well, thanks.

LANGUAGE WORK

ROLE-PLAY

Work in groups of three. Take turns role-playing parts A, B and C below.

Part A Part B Part C

You are Mr. Blake. You

had a good time with Byesterday, and you arelooking forward tomeeting C.

You are Mr. Rosu.

Introduce C to A, andact as the host. Youhave made reserva-tions for lunch.

You are Mr. Voicu.

Welcome A toBucharest and askquestions about Astrip.

1. Introduce the following people to each other:

a. NAME Dr. Malkovitch Mr. Simu

POSITION Human Resources Manager Training ManagerCOMPANY Delta Enterprises Caf de Colombia

b. NAME Ms. Shields Mrs. ComanPOSITION Purchasing Officer Sales ManagerCOMPANY TEXACO PECO



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2. Complete the dialogue, using the phrases from the box:

Im sorry to hear that Unfortunately I certainly will

How are you How do you do May I introduce you toPleased to meet you Id like to keep in touch Im afraid

... nice to meet you I really have to go Fine, thanks

Id like you to meet How do you do

Brown: Oh, hi, Bob! ________________________ today?

Goldberg: ________________________________Charles. ______________

our Vice-President, Elisabeth Powers. Elisabeth, ______________

Charles Brown from Sumitomo Company Ltd.

Powers: _________________________________, Mr. Brown.Brown: ___________________________, Ms. Powers.

Powers: Bob tells me that you would like to see our plant while you are in

New York, wouldnt you?

Brown: Thats very kind of you. _____________________, my schedule is

booked up all next week.

Powers: _________________________. Well, _________________ I may

be in London next month.

Brown: I see. Please give me a call then.

Powers: _________________.

Brown: It was _________________________.

Powers: _________________________, too.

Brown: ___________________. May I have your business phone number?

Powers: Of course. Here is my business card.

Brown: Thank you. And here is mine. Now, __________________. Good

bye.

Powers: Good bye.



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GRAMMAR FOCUS

POSSESSIVES PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSYou use a possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) or a

possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) to show that something

belongs to someone:

e.g. I like your suit. It fits better than mine. (mine = my suit)

Yours is a nicer colour, though. (yours = your suit)

Where did Jane buy hers? (hers = her suit)

We usually get ours in Marks & Spencer (ours = our suits)

Theirs are very good quality, arent they? (theirs = their suits)

You use an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) as the directobject of a verb:

e.g. Her teacher wants her to study science at university.My cousin has invited us to his place on Sunday.

or as the indirect object of a verb:

e.g. The President gave him a medal for bravery.Did John tell you the answer?

or after a preposition:

e.g. Can Jane look after it for me this afternoon?He wont lend his car to them any more.

You use a reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,yourselves, themselves) to talk about the same person or thing as the subject:

e.g. I told myself not to be so silly.Frank has hurt himself.



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and when you want to emphasize that one person, and no other, does something:

e.g. And did you build the whole house by yourself?

Yes, we had to do it by ourselves because we didnt have enough money topay a builder.

in some special phrases:

e.g. Does she live by herself? - No, her sister lives with her.Enjoy yourself at the dance tonight!

Help yourself to some more cake!

Make sure those children behave themselves and dont make too much

noise.

Remember!

Personal

pronoun

Object

pronoun

Possessive

pronoun

Possessive

adjective

Reflexive pronoun

I me mine my myself

you you yours your yourself

he him his his himself

she her hers her herself

it it - its itself

we us ours our ourselves

you you yours your yourselves

they them theirs their themselves

1. Use thepossessive pronoun instead of thepossessive adjective:

a. He is one of my friends. b. Is this one of your little schemes? c. She playedone of her old records. d. Thats one of our favourite topics. e. Here, John, meetone of your admirers. f. He took a fancy to one of my cousins. g. Some of theircomputers got out of order. h. I gave him one of my CDs. i. Was it one of herapplications? j. Do you have one of my copies?



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2. Choose the right pronoun:a. Were much stronger than (they/them) at football.

b. Just between you and (me/I), its (him/he) Im afraid of, not (she/her).c. Let (we/us) all go for a walk except (she/her), since (she/her) is tired.d. I know youre bigger than (I, me), in fact youre bigger than (we/us) both,

but were not afraid of you.

e. Youre as tall as (I/me), so you can easily ride my bike, but youre muchfatter than either (I/me) or my brother, so we cant lend you a sports jacket.

f. Do you think (he/him) is stronger than (I/me)?g. How can you talk to a woman such as (she/her)?h. Its only (we/us), (I/me) and my girl-friend Maisie!i. Help (I/me) carry (she/her), (she/her) has fainted.

3. Insert the missing possessives:

a. This doesnt look like .......... book; it must be ..........

b. Tell him not to forget ......... tickets; she mustnt forget ....... either.c. Tell me, isnt that ... girl-friend Mary over here? Oh, no, she was .... lastweek, but ... dog doesnt like me!.

d. It was very good chocolate, but Ive eaten up .....; can you give me a littlepiece of ...?

e. They have two of ......... houses in this street, and the house on the corner isalso ...

f. I see that he has lost ... pencil; perhaps you can lend him ....

g. My cake ........ is a very bad one, whats ......... like? (all persons).h. You can take ........ and give me .........i. John has come to see me; ........ father and ...... were school mates.

j. Weve taken ......... share, has she taken .......... ?

" Translate into English:

a. Mie i mamei mele nu ne plac foarte tare dulciurile. b. Mai e mult de ateptat

pn la cin. c. Spune c e tot att de nalt ca el. d. Ei ne-au convins s trecemde la ZAPP la ORANGE. e. Dac a fi n locul ei, a face cerere s obin acest

post. f. I-am explicat cum stau lucrurile cum m-am priceput mai bine. g. Cu eieti nedrept, nu cu mine. h. Odihnete-te puin; te ateapt o cltorie lung.i. Maina se ndrepta direct spre ei. j. Ia prea multe asupra lui. k. Sper ca tot ceam vorbit s rmn ntre noi. l. Au ceva bani asupra lor? m. Cineva ca tine artrebui s dicteze moda (to set the fashion). n. Uite-te i tu n jur, toate locurilesunt ocupate!



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SECTION B

LEAD-IN

What country would you like to live in? Why? Where would you like to live: an apartment in the city center, a house in the

suburbs, a house in the country? Do you like to socialize a lot or prefer your intimacy?READING

HOUSES & FLATS

Estate Agents

LOCATION Suburbs

PRICE $ 55,000

BEDROOMS 1 large

2 small

RECEPTION ROOMS A living room with space for a table and a diningroom

NURSERY Regular

BATHROOM With bathtub

KITCHEN Large

PANTRY Adequate

GARDEN Small

GARAGE For two cars

SHOPS 5 minutes away

TIME TO GET TO

THE CENTER 30 minutes

DESCRIPTION Semi-detached house in a leafy suburb. Quiet

residential street close to schools and park. Best of

both worlds.



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Estate Agent: Would this house suit you. Mr. Windfield?

Mr. Windfield: Well, Im not sure. You see, I have a big family: besides

myself and my wife, we have three kids, and it is also my

mother-in-law ... I think my kids would like to have their

grand-mother nearby to take care of them, while theirMom and Dad are out, working.

Estate Agent: Then, I think it is exactly what you need.

Mr. Windfield: Oh, I dont know ... Maybe one more bedroom ... But what

about guests? My cousins and my wifes sister and brother

are usually checking in every Christmas! Ill definitely

need more bedrooms!

Estate Agent: O.K. Dont worry! Well find something else.

THE AVERAGE BRITISH FAMILY

The average British family lives in a semi-detached house with a garden in thesouth of England. They own their house, which is situated in the suburbs of a largetown. The house has three bedrooms. On average they have two children and a pet.The family drives a two-year-old Ford Cortina.He works in the office of an engineering company for 40 hours a week and earns200 per week. He starts at 9:00 in the morning and finishes at 5:30 in the evening.He goes to work by car, which takes him 20 minutes. He doesnt particularly likehis job, but there are chances of promotion.She works in a service industry for three days a week and earns 95. She workslocally and goes there by bus. She quite likes her job as it gets her out of the house,she meets people, and it is close to the childrens school.The children go to a state school which is a few miles from home. A special buscomes to pick them up every day. They are at school from 9:00 to 3:30.The most popular evening entertainment is watching television or video, which theaverage person does for two and a half hours a day. After that, the next most

popular activity is visiting friends, going to the cinema or a restaurant, or going tothe pub. The most popular hobby is gardening and the most popular sports arefishing, football and tennis.

(from Headway Intermediate, OUP)



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Compare the British family with the average family from Romania. Think

of the following: house/jobs/hours of work/school/transport/entertainment.

LANGUAGE WORK

ROLE-PLAY:

Work in pairs. Prepare a dialogue together, then act it out.Student A is lettinghis apartment in a central position. He asks for a high rent and yet he has solidarguments and is optimistic about letting. Student B would like to rent anapartment in a central position, but the supply is rather generous, so he is difficultto persuade.

What does knowing a new word mean? It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:

a) what words it is usually associated with;

b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics;

c) how it is pronounced.

Try to learn new words not in isolation but in phrases. Write down adjectives together with nouns they are often associated with and

vice versa (e.g. royal family; rich vocabulary).

Write down verbs with the structure and nouns associated with them (e.g. toadd to our knowledge of the subject; to express an opinion).

Write down nouns in phrases (e.g. in contact with; a train set; shades ofopinion).

Write down words with their prepositions (e.g. at a high level; thanks to yourhelp).

Note any grammatical characteristics of the words you are studying. Forexample, note when a verb is irregular and when a noun is uncountable or is

only used in the plural. Make a note of any special pronunciation problem with the words youre

learning.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Work in pairs or groups. Put in missing articles and make any other changes

necessary to make complete sentences.

A note from Helen to Maggie, January 16.



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Mr. Briggs from restaurant supplies shop phoned. Said he cant deliver fridge

and cooker until this afternoon. Ive got to go to the butchers. Can you stay in

restaurant, let restaurant supplies man in and wait by phone? Have taken

booking for Saturday. Its in reservation book.

Remember!

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Usage Examples

a before a consonant or a semivowel

an before a vowel or mute h

a man a hata watch a university a European

an apple an eggan uncle an islandan hour

The indefinite article is used:

with singular nouns when mentioned

for the first time

I live ina nice flat.

She hasa daughter.

with singular nouns which represent a

class of things

A fridge is a very useful thing in our homes

A child needs love

after the verb to be:

- with man, woman, child, etc.

- to express nationality, profession

Dont shout at him! Hes onlya child.

I ama Romanian. He isan architect.

(but He is elected director temporary position)

in expressions of price, speed, ratio

(a/an = per)

15pa kilo 65 kman hour six timesa day

11,000a month

with certain numbers a dozen a hundred a thousand

1 kilo = one anda half kilosora kilo anda half

(but halfa kilo)

in some expressions andexclamationsIts apity.Itsashame.

Whata nice man! Such a long way!



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with some proper names:

names and surnames

continents, countries, regions

islands, mountains, lakes

cities, towns, streets, parks

Uncle David Mr Norfolk

Asia North America Canada Central Europe

Madagascar Everest Lake Ontario

London Venice Regent Street Hyde Park

before noun + numbers chapter 5 page 123 room 476 bus 19 gate 5

1. Which is the correct, (a) or(b)?

a. Julie goes to (a) church (b) the church every Sunday.

b. Go straight ahead to (a) church (b) the church, then turn left.

c. Im a bit upset. Lees in (a) hospital, (b) the hospital. Hes quite ill.

d. My sister works at (a) hospital, (b) the hospital. Shes a nurse.

e. In Britain, children go to (a) school (b) the school from nine oclock untilfour oclock every day.

f. My wife is away on business in (a) Far East (b) the Far East.

g. The highest mountain in (a) the Himalayas (b) Himalayas is (a) Mount

Everest (b) the Mount Everest.

h. Shes travelling in (a) the Europe (b) Europe and (a) Middle East (b) theMiddle East.

i. (a) Spaghetti (b) The spaghetti you ate yesterday was for todays dinner.j. I like (a) spaghetti (b) the spaghetti.

2. Fill in the blanks witha oran where necessary.a) My neighbour is .. photographer.

b) Theyll pay him .. thousand .. week. Its .. enormous salary, but he is.. managing director after all.

c) I have .. hour and .. half for lunch.d)

.. friend of mine is expecting a baby. If its .. girl shes going to be calledEtheldreda. What .. name to give . girl!

e) The lamp is broken. Do you have .. screwdriver?3. In each pair of sentences, fill in one blank withthe, and the other blank with &

(no article).

1 A I am not motivated by _____ money.B When are you going to pay back _____ money I lent you?

2 A The scientist could not work out _____ age of fossils.



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B We never refuse to give someone a job on the basis of _____ age.3 A _____ mistakes you have made cost us a great deal of money.

B Don't worry. Everybody makes _____ mistakes.4 A This book will give you _____ information you need.

B CD-ROMs can store large quantities of _____ information.5 A _____ visitors must be accompanied at all times.

B _____ visitors are on a fact-finding mission from Brazil.6 A _____ Japanese imports are currently at very high levels.

B It is very difficult to sell to _____ Japanese.

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

Regular nouns Irregular nouns

- you make the plural by adding-s to the singular noun: day -

days, price - prices

- you add -es to a noun ending

in -s, -ss, -sh, -z, -x, -ch, -tch: bus

buses (or: busses), buzz - buzzes,

fox - foxes, wish - wishes, church

- churches, match - matches

you add -es to nouns ending in -o: tomato - tomatoes, potato -

potatoes (but: radio - radios,

photo - photos, piano pianos)

- you change nouns ending in a consonant + -y toconsonant + -ies: party - parties, baby - babies, story

stories)

(but: you add -s to a noun ending in vowel + -y: boy -

boys, donkey - donkeys, storey storeys)

- the nouns: calf, half, knife, life, loaf, shelf, thief,

wife, wolf, scarf, hoofchange -for -fe into -ves in the

plural: life - lives, knife - knives, leaf - leaves

(but: roof - roofs, cliff cliffs, handkerchief handkerchiefs)

4.Rewrite the sentences, making the words in brackets plural:

Example:

Television and newspapers are the mass (medium) of advertising.Television and newspapers are the mass media of advertising.

1. He wished to place certain (memorandum) before the committee.2. The (mouse) were caught by the neighbour's cat.3. Piano (solo) will be played by Ian Smith.4. He arranged that his books should contain detailed (appendix).5. Due to heavy snowfall, (bus) are late.6. University faculties expect to receive completed (thesis) by the beginning of June.

7. The (thief) broke into the shop but were caught by the (passer-by).



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8. The ships were unloading their (cargo) on to the (wharf).9. He agreed that these were strange (phenomenon).10. Many people think that (parent-in-law) should not live alongside the young couple.

5. Which of the nouns below are followed by a singular verb and which are

followed by a plural verb?

police, news, people, politics, clothes, pyjamas, economics, trousers, glasses,scissors, mathematics, goods, savings, premises.

6. There are three countable nouns in this list. Which are they? (The rest are all

uncountable):

book knowledgebread love

cream progressgold weather

jam workoil accommodationsnow cupboardwind Englishwood equipmentadvice furniture

football match homeworkfun luggagehelp musictravel rubbishhealth trafficinformation

7. Fill in the blanks with some orany:

Note that some is typically used in affirmative sentences, while any is typicallyused in interrogative sentences, conditional clauses and sentences with a negated

verb or containing words of the type: never, neither, nor, hardly, seldom; adjectiveslike reluctant, hard, difficult or other adjectives with too; verbs like to prevent, todeny, to fail.Some can replace any in interrogative and negative sentences or conditional

clauses when the basic meaning is assertive or when one makes an offer or an

invitation.



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Any can be used in affirmative sentences, but with a change of meaning:

a. If he gives ........ trouble, we will call his parents.b. I have hardly ............ doubt that he did it.c. If you would lend me .......... money I should buy myself a dictionary.d. I had ........... pills recommended to me the other day.e. If you find us ....... chairs, well sit on the terrace.f. They failed to turn up at ....... meeting.g. ......... of the sketches are very good.h. He has scarcely .... friends in this town.i. Are you sure you dont want me to make ......... coffee?

j. She denied that she had sold ............ CDs to him.k. Would you like ............ more salmon?l. If you have ......... doubts, ask for further explanations.m. May we have ........... entertainment, too?

8.Put ina/an, some, any ora lot ofonly where necessary.a. Peter and Alison havent got ______ children.

b. ______ children would be ____ problem for them at the moment as theyhave ________ work to do and they dont have _____ money.

c. Unfortunately they dont have _______ interesting hobbies either. I think

one of them should have _____ hobby.d. Their lives consist entirely of ______ work. _____ people live like that.e. They arent even interested in ______ travel. Sad, isnt it?

9. Supply some, (a) little, (a) few, much, many:Note that much and many are typically used in interrogative and negative

sentences, while in affirmative sentences they may form part of the subject come

aftertoo orvery:

a. As she was still hungry, she asked for ....... more ham and eggs.b. Last year I spent the New Years Eve at the seaside; there were ..........

people on the beach.c. Are there .......... lions at the Zoo?d. Have ..... cake!e. Did you have ........ difficulties in translating the text?

f. The tea is too sour, you have put too .......... lemon in it.



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g. There are ........ letters for you today.8. ............. Europeans spend their holidays in Brasil.h. There are ........... fine shops in this street.i. His lectures provide ........... opportunities for discussion.

j. Theres very .......... accommodation near the colleges.k. Very ......... ideas get farther than their inventors.Words of Wisdom

Comment on the following:

Home is where the heart is. There is no place like home. East, west, home is best.Lets learn a new word!

bungalow a bungalow was originally the house of a European in India, whichusually had only one storey. It would have a veranda all around it and a thatchedroof to protect the people who lived there from the hot sun. Today, many houses inBritain also have only one storey, and these are known as bungalows.My grandmother has moved to a bungalow, because she finds it difficult to get up

and down the stairs.

CHECKLIST

1. Introduce: i) your cousin to a friend of yours.ii) your boss to a foreign business partner.iii) yourself to a new teacher.

2. Use in contexts the following: i) How do you do?ii) What do you do?iii) How are you?

3. What do you use in front of a noun: a possessive adjective or a possessivepronoun?4. Which of these nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article and why?butter, news, pity, John.

5. Name ten nouns having an irregular plural form.



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UNIT 3

C O M P A N I E S

SECTION A

LEAD-IN

What is a company?What do companies deal with?What companies do you know?Are they success companies or bankrupt companies?What does the success of a company consist in?

READING

A SUCCESS LIFE STORY IN BUSINESSA wartime bomb is exploding in front of Guido Borghis electric-appliance shop inMilan. That means that his 40 years of hard work are wiped out. Borghi is tellinghis three sons, We have to go back to being hired workmen. I am too old to startall over again.

Today at Comerio, some 30 miles north of Milan, stand the headquarters of themulti-million-pound Borghi complex, Italys largest refrigerator manufacturer.Giovanni Borghi keeps everything going with his own boundless energy. Heworks together with his sons. They are making now hot plates, water heatersand electric irons as well as cookers. From now on there is nowhere for theBorghis to go but up. By day Giovanni and his sons run the business and makedeliveries, at night they take products apart to find ways of improving them.They now have more than 4,000 employees. They cooperate with theircustomers. With the Italian standard of living constantly rising, a mass marketis developing for their refrigerators and all their other household and industrial



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products. To mass-produce successfully at the right price, to cut costs, Borghismake new investments of most of their fortune. The output rises constantly.Day by day they prove to be more efficient.

Despite the success of their business, the Borghis live a simple life. All they

earn is put back into the business, either to develop new products and new

factories or to improve the employees welfare. Giovannis greatest pride and

joy is the six-storeyed ultra-modern home built on the factory premises for

450 apprentices between 16 and 21. A luxury apartment block in appearance,

the hostel has dormitories, study and game rooms, an assembly hall where

films are shown, and athletics facilities together with many other company

facilities for employees. Giovanni Borghi always plays to win, whether in his

business or in his other undertakings. His favourite remark to his younger

employees is: Every one of you can become like me. The important thing isnever to treat success like a comfortable armchair.

(based on Indro Montanelli,Italys Biggest Enterprises)

LANGUAGE WORK

1. Why are the Borghis ruined? Do they really go bankrupt?2.

Where are their companys headquarters?3. What do they manufacture and what do they expand their products to?

4. Why are their products efficient? What contributes to the efficiency of theirproducts?

5. Which is the key of Giovannis success in business?1. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the text:

The Borghis have to everything because a bomb is exploding in front oftheir shop. The companys are at Comerio. They are making refrigerators,

cookers, electric irons, washing-machines . They put back into the business all

they because they want to new and new and to improve their

employees . The companys between 16 and 21 live in beautiful and

well-equipped . Giovannis success key is to work ceaselessly and not to treat

like a comfortable .



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2. Italian is the adjective from the proper noun of country Italy. Give the

adjectives from these nouns:

Portugal RomaniaHungary ThailandBelgium HollandSwitzerland VietnamIceland MexicoFrance ChileWales Pakistan

3.Fill in the gaps in the following sentences:Example: Juan comes from Spain. He is a Spaniard and he speaks Spanish.

a. Birgit comes from Denmark. She is a . and she speaks b. Zafer comes from Turkey. He is a .. and he speaks .c. Michael comes from Greece. He is a .. and he speaks .d. Anita comes from Sweden. She is a ... and she speaks .e. Eleanor comes from Scotland. She is a .. and she speaks

f. Shuhei comes from Japan. He is a .. and he speaks .g. Iris comes from Finland. She is a ... and she speaks

4. Mr. Scott, a companys manager, is offering a 15,000 interest-free loan. An

interest-free loan is a loan that is free of interest. Use similar compound adjectives

to express the following ideas:

a. a job that consumes a lot of time ..b. an event forgotten for a long time c. a flower that smells sweet d. a suit made by a tailor ..e. a plane that flies high ...f. goods that are free of tax ..g. a child who is seven years old ..



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5. Look at the words in the box, which have certain similarities in meaning. Put

each word into its appropriate sentence:

trade job business profession vocation

practise living craft industry commerce

1. He qualified as an economist in 1995, and set up a good ..... in London.2. After leaving school, he. in a solicitors office.3. I like my son to take over the . when I retire.4. Nursing is not just a job; it is a .., calling for much

self-sacrifice and devotion.

5. She earns her ... by telling fortunes at the seaside.6. The ancient . of weaving has been carried on

in these islands for centuries.

7. My uncle Joshua has worked in the local Chamber of .since he graduated from Oxford.

8. Our mark is a circle with the letters G L inside it.9. There are a lot of Scotsmen in the medical ..10.Its a dirty, smoky city, as there is a lot of heavy .. on the outskirts.6. Read the following text about BICC and make the company profile:

BICC is a large multinational with about forty thousand employees world-wide anda turnover of approximately three billion pound. The groups main activities areconstruction and manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions.Balfour Beatty is Britains leading construction company with a turnover ofaround $ 1,700 m. The company is famous for its work constructing motorways,

buildings and of course, the channel tunnel.Another division is BICC Cables. They are the largest manufacturer of fibreoptic cables in Europe and they now own the Italian company Ceat Cavil,CelCat in Portugal; part of CGC in Spain and KVC in the former East Germany.BICC Cables is expanding fast in Asia too and it has a turnover of $ 1,103 m.

Make also a profile of each division of the multinational company BICC.



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7. Fill in the spaces using the words below:

divided into retail subsidiary manufactures

division employs

ICL is a . of Fujitsu, which is a an 82% shareholder in the parent company.The company . a total of 12,000 people. ICL group consist of twenty-nineautonomous companies. Each company has its own Managing Director. The groupis . three divisions. The first is Industry Systems. This division produces

business solutions (software) for ICIs customers. The second is Technology,which computers and components. The third . is Services, which sellscomputer services, like maintenance and training. ICL operates in six different

target markets: . - thats shops, supermarkets and so on; financial services;local and central government; healthcare; manufacturing; travel and transport.

1. What is a holding or parent company?2. What is a subsidiary?3. What is a division?4. What does the group consist of?5. What is a company made up of?6. Where do the companies of a group operate in?7. What is a target market?

8. Ask questions about the building and the facilities of a company, using the

words below and beginning with:

Is the building ? There is a/an There are .

Is there a/an .? Are there ..? Are they any .?There isnt a/an. There arent any. There are no

modern separate rooms for smokersstaff restaurant large car parkfacilities for disabled staff near a railway stationlifts bus stop nearbynoisy crcheair conditioning system sport or recreational facilities

cold in winter nice to work in



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Practice: Make comments in your own words about each of the qualities of acompany building and about its facilities.

9. Study the organization of a company:

Human

resources

Production Marketing Finance

Training Production Marketing Buying

or

Purchasing

Personnel Packaging After-Sales Customer

Account

Wagesand

Salaries

Distributionor

Dispatch

Researchand

Development

FinancialServices

Quality Advertising Maintenance

Now read attentively the definitions below and specify which department:1. puts the products in boxes and crates?2. places ads in magazines?3. pays the staff?4. purchases supplies?5. sells the products to customers?6. plans how to sell new products?7. services the machines and equipment?8. arranges courses for the staff?9. recruits new employees?10. manufactures the products?11. invoices customers?12. looks after customers problems and complaints?13. dispatches the products and sends them to customers?14. organises control systems to prevent mistakes?

15. deals with taxation, investment and cash management?



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GRAMMAR FOCUS

PRESENT TENSESRead the following paragraph about the company Marks & Spencer:

Marks & Spencer, the British food and clothes company, is the most famousBritish shop in the world. At the moment, there are M & S shops in Britain, andother shops in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and EasternEurope. Currently, they are building a large new store in Paris on the Rue de Rivoli.In North America, the company owns Brooke Brothers and there are about fifty storesin Canada. More and more people, from Hong Kong to Lisbon, are buying theirclothes and food from M & S. The clothes vary from country to country. Fooddepartments sell typically British food: tea, cakes, biscuits etc., and shops in Paris

are very popular at lunchtime as they sell sandwiches.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE1. Use simple present tense in the following sentences, to show permanentactivities:

Example: M & S sells food and clothes.Does M & S sell food and clothes? It does not/doesnt sell food

and clothes.

1. Steve, an engineer, works for an oil company.2. Monika, a journalist, writes for an Italian newspaper.3. Louisa, an airhostess, travels all over the world with an American airline.4. Juan, a businessman from Madrid, exports Spanish antiques, an unusual job.5. Mikis, and Yiannis, architects, design houses in Athens.2. Simple present tense is also used with time adverbials to express frequent,habitual, actions.

Example: Steve, to watch television, every dayDoes Steve watch television every day?

1. They, to drink coffee, every morning;2. You, to cook Chinese food, on Sundays;3. We, to visit friends, at the weekend;4. She, to go to work, daily;



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5. They, to visit a foreign country, every summer;6. Steve, to run to his office, every day.

3. The adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often ) are often usedwith simple

present tense. Their place is either between subject and predicate or after the verbto be.

Example: I, an umbrella, carry, often;I often carry an umbrella.He, late, always, is.He is always late.

1. The English, breakfast, at, speak, seldom;

2. He, never, to be, in, interested, conferences;3. They, punctual, their, morning, in, the, at, normally, be, offices;4. Generally, she, own, her, forget, age;5. We, play, sometimes, Sunday, morning, on, tennis.

4. Simple present is also used in Time Clauses to express the future afterwhen,before, till, until, as soon as, immediately, by the moment

Model: When you come, Ill be ready.

1. These gates will remain shut until the train ....(pass).2. By the time he .. (get back) from his business trip, his

wife will have cleaned the house.3. It is said that one Englishman will not speak to another till they ..

(be introduced).

4. Ill ring you up whenever I ... (have) time.5. As soon as she .... (learn) to type, Ill get her a job.

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE1. We use present continuous tense to express a temporary action, to indicate atemporary behaviour and an action which annoys the speaker.

Example: She is not writing now, she is speaking on the phone.



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1. I usually teach literature, but .. (teach) grammar this year.2. Why (be) so upset? Whats the matter with you?3. You .. (be) very unrealistic, life is not such.4. She .. (always, talk) on the phone when I come to see her.5. He .. (continually, lose) his glasses and (ask) me to look for them.

2. Usepresent continuous tense to describe personal fixed plans and appointmentsin the near future:

1. I .. (fly) to Paris on Friday.2. They .. (have dinner) with the sales team tonight.3. .. you .. (do) anything this evening? No, Im not.

4. We .. (have breakfast) at 7.00 tomorrow because Tom doesnt want to missthe early train.

5. Where .. you (go) at the weekend? Dont you want to pay me a visit?

3. Usesimple present orpresent continuous:

1. I . (hear) music. It .. (sound) fine.2. I .. (think) he is a good man.3. You .. (hear) from your daughter?4. I .. (think) of his parents. How are they now?5. You .. (be) rude today!6. You cant see the manager now, he .. (to have) an interview.7. He .. (usually, speak) so quickly. I .. (not understand) what he .. (say) now.8. You .. (enjoy) yourself or you .. (like) to leave now?9. I .. (enjoy) myself very much. I .. (want) to stay to the end.

10. .. (come) with me for a walk? ..(mind) if I bring my dog?

" Translate into English:

Ce-i determin pe oameni s munceasc? Pare evident c oamenii muncescnumai pentru a se hrni i a se mbrca. Dar exist ci de a-i determina smunceasc pentru mai mult dect att. Dar mai muli bani i mai multe beneficii nu



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duc automat la o productivitate crescut. Primul lor efect este s ncurajeze oameniis rmn n slujb, nu s produc mai mult sau s fie fericii.

Managerii se gndesc s dea oamenilor slujbe potrivite talentelorindividuale. n cazul banilor ca stimulent, oamenii muncesc pentru ei pn la un

punct - s-i satisfac concepiile personale de via bun. Exist teoreticieni carepretind c banii i beneficiile sunt stimulente negative, absena lor i face peoameni nefericii, dar prezena lor nu-i face mai productivi. Aceiai teoreticienispun c banii conteaz doar mpreun cu performana individual. Pentru a stimulaangajaii, multe companii i atrag n procesul de luare a deciziilor, aa nct ei s-i

poat raporta elurile personale la cele ale companiei. n multe cazuri sugestiilesalariailor sunt aplicate de ctre patroni cu succes.

Remember!

The following verbs cannot be used in the continuous aspect. Some of these verbscan be used in the continuous aspect with different meanings:

VERBS VERBS WITH DIFFERENT

MEANINGS IN THE

CONTINUOUS ASPECT

EXAMPLE

Verbs of senses whenthey show an invo-

luntary action: to see, to

hear, to smell, to taste,

to feel, to sound, to look;

Verbs of senses: to smell, totaste, to feel, when they

express a voluntary action;

The verb to see = to visit, the

verb to hear = to hear from (to

have news from somebody);

Im feeling the material tosee if it is real silk.

Im seeing my family on

Sunday.

Are you hearing from your

sister?

Verbs of mental activity:

to think, to understand,

to believe, to expect, to

remember, to suppose;

The verb to thinkwhen it doesntexpress ideas but recollections;

The verb to expect = to wait

for;

Im thinking about mysummer holidays.

Im expecting a present from

Santa Claus.

Verbs of feeling: to

like, to dislike, to love,

to hate, to loathe, to

mind;

The verbs to like, to love, to

enjoy when they dont express

permanent states but a short

period of time;

Im loving/enjoying this

party.

Im liking school better

now.



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Verbs expressing will:

to want, to wish, to

refuse, to prefer;

Verbs of possession: to

have, to belong to, to

own, to possess, to con-

tain, to hold, to consist

of;

The verb to have in different

expressions.

Dont disturb him! Hes

having lunch.

Other verbs: to matter,

to depend upon, to

deserve, to resemble

To be The verb to be when it ex-

presses a temporary beha-

viour.

I cant understand why you

are being so rude today!

Lets have fun!

Its the first day at university.Lecturer: Whats your nationality?Student: Its difficult to say.

Lecturer: What do you mean?

Student: Well, you see, my father is Polish, my mother Hungarian, and I wasborn on a Russian ship, in Romanian waters, under the Turkish flag.



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SECTION B

LEAD-IN

Do you believe in good luck or in hard work? Which are the qualities of a hard-working person? Do you think that work is always rewarded? Why? Why not? Give examples from your personal experience.READING

NOTHING TO SELL AND NOTHING TO BUY

Patricia: They say that everyone lives by selling something. Im sure this is true.Jeffrey: So am I. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge

and priests by selling spiritual comfort.Patricia: I think the value of material goods may be measured in terms of money,

but its extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services whichpeople perform for us.

Jeffrey: So do I. There are times when we willingly give everything we own to

save our lives, but we bear a grudge against doctors as we have to paythem. I dont agree with grudge-bearing persons.

Patricia: Neither do I. I neither like that kind of persons, nor want to meet them. The

conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same

way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.

Jeffrey: Yes, youre right! But what about tramps? They seem to be the only

exception to this general rule. I dont mean beggars, who almost sell

themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by.

Patricia: I dont like them either. But real tramps are not beggars.Jeffrey: Yes, they only seek independence. They deliberately choose to lead the

life they lead and are fully aware of the consequences.

Patricia: Then why do we often speak with contempt of? I think there are a lot of

people who cant honestly admit they feel a little envious of their simple

way of life.

Jeffrey: So do I, youre right!

(based on Alexander,Developing Skills, Longman)



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What do teachers and priests sell? How do we measure the values of material goods? Are skills paid for in the same way as goods are?LANGUAGE WORK

1. Speak about ways of earning ones living through hard work and ways of

earning ones living through other ways. Explain the difference among these

verbs, all of them including the idea to make money: to earn, to gain, to get,to win, to cash, to economize, to invest, to save, to speculate, to transact.

2. Make two columns: employed and unemployed. Which of the following words

and phrases have to belong to each column: dismiss, fire, hire, promote,resign, retire, suspend, sack, kick out, strike, employment, industrious, fail,

profit, inactive, on the dole, out of work, scrupulous, idle, serious, thorough,indolent, make someone redundant?

GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Read these ads about used cars sale. Then useso is andneither:

Audi Quattro2000, blue,5-door, radio,excellentcondition, taxeduntil December.

4,725

Renault Megane2001, automatic,red, 5-door,sunroof, CD player,taxed untilSeptember.

6,525

Porsche GT31996, red,4-door,sunroof, excellentcondition. 4,875

Hyunday Accent2000, dark blue,4-door, CD player,air bag, ABS

brakes, excellentcondition.

8,125

Example: The Audi is a 2000 model. So is the Hyunday.

1. The Audi is in excellent condition.2. The Hyunday is blue.3. The Porsche isnt taxed.4. The Renault isnt a 5-door model.

5. The Porsche is red.



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2. Read these ads about Job vacancies. Then write sentences usingso do/does orneither do/does

A B C DSecretary/PAwith goodshorthand/PCskills and fluentFrench requiredfor Sales Manageron internationalcompany. The jobinvolves traveland a lot oforganizationwork. Excellentsalary, modernoffices inVictoria, fiveweeks holiday.Ring Susan Gill01-636-0239.

Legal PersonalAssistant, 8800

pound. Busysolicitors office inWest End. Goodshorthand/PC andlegal experienceessential. Excellentworking conditions,5 weeks holiday.Please contactMr. J. Banks.Tel. 01-629-9923.

Audio Secretary foroverseas Dept. of CityBank. Previous

banking experience,spoken and writtenFrench essential.Some travel involved.Salary negotiable.Excellent workingconditions.5 weeks holiday.TelephoneMichael Hill01-453-9785.

Secretary (Audio),8,000 pound,required for FashionCompany withoffices in Mayfair.

No previousexperience infashion necessary.The job involvestravel in UK.Current drivinglicence essential. Ifyou have good PCand audio skillsand an ability toorganize, contactJane Weathers01-34-7111. Weoffer 4 weeksholiday andluncheon vouchers.

Example: Job A requires French. So does Job C.Job A doesnt offer flexible working hours. Neither do Jobs B and C

1. Job A requires good shorthand.2. Job C doesnt state the salary.3. Job A offers 5 weeks holiday.4. Job B requires previous experience.5. Job A doesnt offer luncheon vouchers.6. Job B offers excellent working conditions.7. Job A doesnt require a driving licence.

8. Job D requires ability to organize.



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3. Translate into English:

Jeffrey: Nu merg la petreceri prea des.Patricia: Nici eu. Ursc ncperile aglomerate.

Jeffrey: i eu. Nu sunt un amator de petreceri, ntr-adevr.Patricia: Nici eu. Nu m pricep la conversaie.Jeffrey: Nici eu. Sunt un gen de persoan linitit.Patricia: i eu. Locuiesc singur ntr-o garsonier.Jeffrey: i eu. i nu am muli prieteni.Patricia: Nici eu. i vreau foarte mult un prieten bun, ntr-adevr.Jeffrey: Oh, i eu.

Remember!

Conjunctions Structures

The conjunctions either, neither, nor and so express emphatic alternatives inaddition to remarks.

REMEMBER EXAMPLE

When a negative verb is repeated with anew subject, either may be placed at the

end of the sentence.

He doesnt go. She doesnt go.He doesnt go and she doesnt go either.

This can be more clearly expressed by

using neither/nor + auxiliary verb in the

affirmative + subject.

He doesnt go.Neitherdoes she.

He doesnt go and nordoes she.

The same construction can be expressed in

the affirmative withso.

He goes andso does she.

Lets have fun!

Story

This is a story about the well-known millionaire, John D. Rockefeller and istold by a friend of his. This friend said that though Rockefeller gave away millions,Rockefeller himself was very mean about small sums of money.



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One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for thecheapest room they had. Rockefeller said What is the price of the room?.The manager told him. And which floor is it on?. Again the manager toldhim. Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myselfand only need a small room. The manager said, That room is the smallestand cheapest we have, and added, But why do you choose a poor roomlike that? When your son stays here he always has our most expensiveroom; yours is our cheapest. Yes, said Rockefeller, but his father is awealthy man; mine isnt.

CHECKLIST

1. Comment on the following statement: Never treat success like a comfortable chair.

2. State the difference between wages andsalaries.3. Choose the correct verb form: i) The Prime Minister meets/is meeting the

foreign delegation at 10 a.m.ii) I meet/am meeting my friends every Saturday.

4. What important information should a job vacancy ad contain?5. What is a holding company?



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UNIT 4

GOING TO COLLEGE

SECTION A

LEAD-IN

V In groups discuss the following questions:

Do you think that the number of students should be greater? Do you think education should be free? Are there advantages in a private educational system? Is a diploma necessary to get well-paid jobs? What other ways are there to get qualifications?

Complete these sentences with a word or expression to do with education fromthe box below:

1 Margaret had left school and was anxious to go to to studyarchitecture.

2 The .. are preparing their first exams.3 Joan attends the business courses regularly, so she is a ..

student.4 When he finished the law studies, Christian was awarded a .

to become a lawyer.



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LANGUAGE WORK

Complete the chart. Then compare the educational system in UK or the USA with

the educational system in our country.

UK USA RomaniaCourses

Degrees

Admission

Tuition fees

Concerns

Write a paragraph describing some of the main differences .1. In pairs decide whether the following statements aretrue ()orfalse ().

1 Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years.2 Students are only accepted based on entrance examinations.3 The grant received by students is being paid back at present.4 High schools and colleges are not attended by many Americans.5 Education is considered vital to the American ideal.6 Not so many people think that the quality of education is a problem that

must be addressed.2. Do you know what the following abbreviations stand for?

BSc, PhD, VIP, CD, GMT, MA, Washington, D.C., SOS, IT, p.m., e.g., i.e.Can you add some more?

VOCABULARY

Clippings are some words normally used in an abbreviated form in informalsituations.

exam (examination) lab (laboratory) fridge (refrigerator)

TV ortelly (television) board (blackboard) rep (representative)



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phone (telephone) fax (facsimile) memo (memorandum)ad/advert (advertisement)

You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, youll pass / do well in yourexam. If you skip seminars, youll probably fail / do badlyin the exam. Therefore,

before an exam its a good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, yougraduate from university youre a graduate.

1.Look up the following terms specific to the US education system:sophomore freshman junior senior

2. Here are some words related to education and training. Put them in columns

under these headings: degrees, subjects, education institutions, teachers

3. Correct the following sentences:

1 I cant come out. Im studying. Im passing an examination tomorrow.2 Congratulations! I hear you succeeded your exam!3 Shes a professor in a high school.4 He left university and now hes an economist.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Put in the prepositions in, at oron.1 Nick was so bored, he had nothing to do ____ the weekend.2 Derek went swimming ____ Sunday morning and _____ the evening he

played bridge.3 I took my annual holiday in August, but I had a few days off ____

Christmas as well.

4 I was born ____ 1954.

statistics professor college economics

bachelor master university accounting

tutor postgraduate lecturer geography

high school international business doctor

polytechnics reader



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5 I was born ____26 March 1954.6 The house was built ____ the eighteenth century.7 Angela got up very early ____ the morning to set out on her trip and she

arrived in Brighton quite late ____ night.

2. Write an appropriate question for these answers.Example: How old were you when you started school?

1 .I went to two schools.

2 .

The first was a junior school, the second was a high school.

3 No, I didnt. I wasnt quite happy at school.

4

I took A levels when I was 17.

5

Yes, I did. I went to Oxford University

6

Sociology7 .

I studied there for four years.

8 ..I graduated in 1977.

SIMPLE PAST3. Put the verbs in the correct tense and fill in the spaces. All the verbs areirregular.

Infinitive Simple past Past participle

write letters wrote a memo written your resignation

a mistake a decision noise

care a photograph a chance

a report a magazine through thehandbook

an ice-cream a new CD tickets

I was six years old.



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a lecture a present your opinion

attention the rent taxes

out for lunch on holiday on a trip

a car carefully someone crazy

three languages up slowly

the class to rain work early

someone off the point someone later

your best business with homework

the bell someone up back later

fast a company a campaign

your job a bet your temper

4. Put eitherfor orsince with these time expressions.

a . a long timeb . six daysc . my last birthdayd . the end of the holidayse . agesf . I came to Englandg . the last few daysh . the day I met you PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECTBefore 1990 the grant was paid back, but since then a system of loans has beenintroduced.

When was the grant paid back?

How long has a system of loans been introduced?

Past Simple 1990 Present Perfect now



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Compare the following sentences.a Hes livedin the countryside for seven years. (He still lives there.)

He lived in the countryside for seven years. (Now he lives somewhereelse.)

b The companyproducedgramophones.(It cant produce any more.)The companyhas producedsoftware. (It can produce some more.)

c Have you seen Tom anywhere this morning? (Its still morning.)Didyousee Tom this morning? (Its afternoon or evening.)

SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT5. Write the questions usingpresent perfect orpast simple. Look at the answers

first.Example: How long / Sarah / live / in France?

How long has Sarah lived in France? Since 1990

1 When / be the last time / you / have / a holiday?.. Last year.

2 How long / you / know / Doris?.. Two years.3 How long / Daniel / be / a student?

... Since last year.4 What time / you / finish work?

At 6.00 p.m.5 How long / you / write / your report last night?

6 When / Chris / leave / for the airport?

.

All evening.

Ten minutes ago.7 When / Norman / take / these photos?.. Last summer.

6. In the dialogue below, put the verbs into the simple past or the present perfect,

as shown in the example.

A:Could I have a word about your trip to Warsaw?

B: Certainly. Is everything all right?



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A: Yes. Your tickets 1)have arrived(arrive) and theyre with my secretary. And I2) ...(just/have) a fax from the hotel confirming your reservation.

B: Thank you. What about money?

A: I 3) ... (already/order) some zloty for you. I 4)... (ring) the bank yesterday, and theyll have them tomorrow.But theres a problem with your Eurocheque book. I 5) . (ask)them to send one a week ago, but it 6) (not/arrive) yet.

B: Thats all right. I 7) . (never/need) a Eurocheque before. Inormally use a credit card.

A: Really? Are you sure you can do that?

B: I think so. Certainly when I 8) . (go) to Austria last SeptemberI 9) . (take) my Visa card and my MasterCard, and I 10) (not/have) any problems. But Ill check about Poland. 11). (you/ever/be) there?

A: No, but Ill have a word with Jennifer Cooper in Marketing. She 12) (be) there a couple of times, so I expect she would know.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?

7. Underline the correct form of the verb. Remember that some verbs cannot be

used in the continuous aspect.

Example: I didnt realize that you and David were friends. How longhave you known/been knowing him?

1. Peter is a natural salesman. He has sold/has been selling eight insurance

policies since the beginning of the week.

2. The French visitorhas arrived/been arrivingat the airport for half an hour! Youhave to leave immediately to pick him up.

3. We have waited/have been waiting for Helen for one hour. I guess she wontcome at all.

4. This report is a nightmare. I have written/have been writingit for two weeks, andit is still not finished.



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5. Ive stayed/been stayingin a hotel for a week, but I hope to find anapartment of my own.

6. I wonder how Jim is getting on. I havent heard/been hearing from him fornearly a month.

7. Marion has had/been havingthis car for eight years, but I think it wontneed tobe repaired too soon.

8. Complete the questions and answer about George Thomsons life using PastSimple and Present Perfect. p. 56

1949 born in Manchester1960 starts Garibaldi Grammar School, meets his best friend Harry

1965 moves to London1967 sales representative for Fancy Clothes Manufacturer1971 marries Sophie, a French librarian1972 moves to France, teaches English1975 his son Thomas born, returns to England1976 gets a job as sales representative for WH Smith bookshops1980 his daughter Clementine born, moves to detached house in Cambridge1987 UK Manager for Cambridge Publishers1989 made redundant

1992 meets Harry again, offered a job as Marketing Director with Harryscompany St Jeromes Publishers1994 St Jeromes Publishers goes bankrupt1995 starts market stall selling clothes2002(now)

still selling clothes at Portobello market

1. Whichschool did he go to?Garibaldi Grammar School.

2. How long ... Harry?Since ..... .

3. How .... to Sophie?For thirty-one years.

4. What .. in France?He...English.



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5. When . to England?

After .. born.

6. How many times .... as sales representative?. in his life.

7. Where ... to after Clementine was born?A house in Cambridge.

8. How .. clothes?Since .. .

9. . George a successful career?No, he hasnt, because

9. Complete the sentences by matching a line from A with a line from B.

A B

1. Although these clothes are expensive a) in spite of his age.2. Though the results are encouraging b) they are bought by a lot of people.3. Despite the lack of resources c) though he had no qualifications.4. He would walk for hours d) the company did not go bankrupt.5.

He got the job e) they do not get the best marks.

6. Although they learn more f) they are not enough for real success.Remember!

Past tense vs. present perfectPresent perfect indefinite time Past simple definite time

How long have you prepared

2. come along. curs practic de limba engleza, 2004

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