2. abundenta relativa a fp. cererea reciproca

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Page 1: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

2 $%81'(1 $�5(/$7,9 �$�)$&725,/25�'(�352'8& ,(��&(5(5($�5(&,352&

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YHQLWXOXL�QD LRQDO�úL�SHQWUX�EXQ VWDUHD�XQHL��QD LXQL�HVWH�XQDQLP�UHFXQRVFXW��PXQFD�FRQWULEXLQG�FX�FHO�SX LQ�����OD�FRVWXULOH�GH�SURGXF LH��SUDFWLF�vQ�WRDWH�LQGXVWULLOH3. $YDQWDMHOH� FRPSDUDWLYH� GH� FRVWXUL�� FDUH� GHWHUPLQ � GLYL]LXQHD� LQWHUQD LRQDO �eficiHQW � D� PXQFLL�� VH� ED]HD] � SH� GLIHUHQ HOH� GH� SURGXFWLYLWDWH� vQWUH� UL�� FDUH� OD�UkQGXO� ORU� VXQW� GHWHUPLQDWH� GH� GLIHUHQ HOH� GLQWUH� UL� vQ� SULYLQ D� WHKQRORJLLORU� GH�SURGXF LH�� 7RWXúL�� DSDU� GLIHUHQ H� UHODWLYH� GH� FRVWXUL�� FKLDU� vQWUH� UL� FH� DSOLF � vQ�SURGXF LH� DFHOHDúL� WHKQRORJLL�� $FHVWH� GLIHUHQ H� DSDU� FD� XUPDUH� D� HIHFWXOXL�veniturilor de scaU *��LQWHQVLW LL�úL�DEXQGHQ HL�GLIHULWH�D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�

2.1 9HQLWXULOH�GH�VFDU 9HQLWXULOH�GH�VFDU �VXQW�GHILQLWH�SHQWUX�DúD�QXPLWHOH�IXQF LL�GH�SURGXF LH�

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coUHVSXQG�vúL�PHQ LQ�IRUPD�QH�PRGLILFDW ��LQGLIHUHQW�GH�QLYHOXO�SURGXF LHL��DúD�FXP�VH�SUH]LQW � vQ� ILJXUD������0XOWLSOLFDUHD�FX�XQ� IDFWRU�� �!���D� WXWXURU� IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH� DUH� FD�HIHFW� FUHúWHUHD� GH� J� �� RUL� D� FDQWLW LL� SURGXVH�� J� ILLQG� R� IXQF LH�FUHVF WRDUH� GH� �� DGLF � GJ�G � !� ��� ÌQFOLQD LD� L]RFXDQWHORU� FRUHVSXQGH� UDWHL�margiQDOH� GH� VXEVWLWX LH� WHKQLF �� FDUH� H[SULP � UHOD LD� GLQWUH� SURGXFWLYLW LOH�PDUJLQDOH��'DF �VH�GLPLQXHD] �FDQWLWDWHD�GH�FDSLWDO�XWLOL]DW�� WUHEXLH�VSRULW � vQWU-o SURSRU LH� GDW � FDQWLWDWHD� GH� PXQF � XWLOL]DW �� SHQWUX� D� PHQ LQH� DFHODúL� QLYHO� DO�SURGXF LHL�� ÌQFOLQD LD� L]RFXDQWHL� OD� QLYHOXO� � HVWH� HJDO � FX� FHD� D� L]RFXDQWHL�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�Qivelului ini LDO�

'DF �L]RFXDQWD�LQL LDO �HVWH�

W0 = f (M0, C0) 2.1

atunci:

J� ��× W0� �I�� �× M0�� �× C0���FX�� �!�������J����� �!�� 2.2

În figura 2.1, de-D�OXQJXO�UD]HL�25�vQFOLQD LD�L]RFXDQWHORU�U PkQH�DFHHDúL�vQ�SXQFWHOH�0����4��FRQGL LH�vQGHSOLQLW �úL�GH�SXQFWHOH�DIODWH�SH�UD]D�25¶�

3ULQFLSDOD� SURSULHWDWH� D� IXQF LLORU� GH� SURGXF LH� RPRWHWLFH� HVWH� GDW � GH�forPD� OLQHDU �D� WUDLHFWRULHL� H[SDQVLXQLL�GH� VFDU ��7UDLHFWRULD�H[SDQVLXQLL�GH� VFDU �este locul geometric al punctelor asociate costurilor minime la diversele nivele de SURGXF LH�� LDU� FRVWXULOH� PLQLPH� VH� DIO � vQ� SXQFWHOH� XQGH� GUHDSWD� EXJHWXOXL� HVWH� 3 Van ArC (1990), P. Brenton, H. Scott, P. Sinclair (1997) * engl.:”returns to scale”.

Page 2: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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tanJHQW � OD� L]RFXDQWH�� ÌQFOLQD LD� OLQLHL� EXJHWXOXL� HVWH� GDW � GH� UDSRUWXO� GLQWUH�SUH XULOH�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��PXQF �úL�FDSLWDO���ÌQ�ILJXUD����� GDF �WDQJHQWHOH�OD�izocuante în punctele M,N,P,Q ar reprezenta linii ale bugetului, atunci raza OR ar fi tocmai traieFWRULD�H[SDQVLXQLL�GH�VFDU �

Figura 2.1��)XQF LD�GH�SURGXF LH�RPRWHWLF �vQ�FXOWXUD�JUkXOXL

Sursa : P. Zweifel, R.H.Heller, Internationaler Handel, pag. 100.

2�IXQF LH�GH�SURGXF LH�FX�YHQLWXUL�GH�VFDU �FRQVWDQWH�HVWH�XQ�FD]�VSHFLDO�DO�

IXQF LLORU�GH�SURGXF LH�RPRWHWLFH��'DF �R�IXQF LH�DUH�JUDGXO�U��DGLF �J��� ��� � r���úL�W0 = f (M0, C0���DWXQFL�

r · W0� �I��r·M0��

r·C0����'DF �U� ���úL�:0 = f (M0, C0), DWXQFL� �Â:0� �I�� Â00�� Â&0).

&RQVLGHUkQG� GRX � UDPXUL� vQ� FDGUXO� HFRQRPLHL� QD LRQDOH�� DPEHOH�caracteri]DWH�GH�YHQLWXUL�FRQVWDQWH�GH� VFDU � úL� LQWHQVLW L� LGHQWLFH�DOH� IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�� DWXQFL� IURQWLHUD� SRVLELOLW LORU� GH� SURGXF LH� VH� SUH]LQW � VXE� IRrma unei GUHSWH�úL�FRVWXULOH�GH�RSRUWXQLWDWH�SHQWUX�DPEHOH�EXQXUL�VXQW�FRQVWDQWH��'RX � UL�vQWUXQLQG�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�úL�DYkQG�IURQWLHUHOH�SRVLELOLW LORU�GH�SURGXF LH�SDUDOHOH��QX�DX� YUHXQ� VWLPXO� SHQWUX� VFKLPEXO� UHFLSURF� GH� P UIXUL�� GDU�� GDF � IURQWLHUHOH�UHVSHFWLYH�QX�VXQW�SDUDOHOH�� ULOH�WLQG�OD�VSHFLDOL]DUHD�H[WUHP ��vQVR LW �GH�VFKLPEXO�UHFLSURF�GH�P UIXUL�

'DF � vQ� FHO� SX LQ� XQD� GLQ� UDPXUL� VH� vQUHJLVWUHD] � YHQLWXUL� GH� VFDU �GHVFUHVF WRDUH�� DWXQFL� FRVWXULOH� GH� RSRUWXQLWDWH� vQ� SURGXF LD� DPEHORU� EXQXUL� VXnt FUHVF WRDUH��LDU�FXUED�SRVLELOLW LORU�GH�SURGXF LH�D� ULL�HVWH�FRQYH[ *��'DF �vQ�GRX �UL� IURQWLHUHOH� SRVLELOLW LORU� GH� SURGXF LH� VXQW� FRQYH[H�� H[LVW � SRVLELOLWDWHD�

RSWLPL] ULL�VWUXFWXULL�SURGXF LHL�SULQ�VSHFLDOL]DUH�úL�VFKLPE�UHFLpURF�GH�P UIXUL�

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Page 3: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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Un studiu efectuat pentru economia SUA4�vQ�DQLL�¶����XWLOL]kQG�IXQF LD�GH�SURGXF LH�&REE-DouglDV�HYLGHQ LD� YHQLWXUL� FUHVF WRDUH�GH� VFDU � SHQWUX� LQGXVWULLOH�DOLPHQWDU �úL�FKLPLF ��YHQLWXUL�GHVFUHVF WRDUH�SHQWUX�LQGXVWULLOH�DSDUDWHORU�HOHFWULFH�úL�GH�SLHO ULH�úL�YHQLWXUL�FRQVWDQWH�SHQWUX�UHVWXO�LQGXVWULLORU�

Alt studiu, consacrat economiei canadiene5� D� HYLGHQ LDW� OD� ��� UDPXUL�veQLWXUL� GH� VFDU � GHVFUHVF WRDUH� úL� OD� ��� UDPXUL� –� YHQLWXUL� FUHVF WRDUH�� XWLOL]kQG�penWUX� DQDOL] � FXUED� FRVWXULORU� XQLWDUH�� /D� DSURDSH� ���� GLQ� WRWDOXO� LQGXVWULLORU�DQDOL]DWH� vQ�SHULRDGD� UHVSHFWLY �YROXPXO�RSWLP�DO�SURGXF LHL�XQHL întreprinderi nu GHS úHD����GLQ�SURGXF LD�WRWDO �D�UDPXULL�úL�OD�QLFL�XQD�GLQ�LQGXVWULL�YROXPXO�RSWLP�DO� SURGXF LHL� XQHL� vQWUHSULQGHUL� QX� GHS úHD� ���� GLQ� SURGXF LD� vQWUHJLL� UDPXUL��pericolul moQRSROL] ULL�DS UkQG�SH�DWXQFL�UHGXV��

2.2 ,QWHQVLWDWHD�úL�DEXQGHQ D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH

2.2.1 ,QWHQVLWDWHD�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH

,QWHQVLWDWHD� IDFWRULORU� UHSUH]LQW � UDSRUWXO� GLQWUH� FDQWLW LOH� GH� IDFWRUL�

XWLOL]D L� SHQWUX� IDEULFDUHD� XQXL� EXQ�� 3RW� IL� UHDOL]DWH� FRPSDUD LL� DEVROXWH� vQWUH�FDQWLW LOH� IL]LFH� GH�PXQF � úL� FDSLWDO� � GRDU� GDF � DX� OD� ED] � R� XQLWDWH� GH�P VXU �coPXQ �� &RPSDUD LL� UHODWLYH� SRW� IL� HIHFWXDWH� FKLDU� úL� vQ� DEVHQ D� XQHL� DVWIHO� GH�XQLW L� GH� P VXU � FRPXQH�� 'H� H[HPSOX�� VH� SRDWH� DILUPD� F � SURGXF LD� GH� VWRI �QHFHVLW � Uelativ mai mult capital decât cea de vin*. În figura 2.2 sunt trasate L]RFXDQWHOH�SHQWUX�SURGXF LD�GH�YLQ� úL�GH� VWRI ��3XQFWHOH�40, Q1 � úL�42 corespund FRPELQD LLORU� PLQLPH� GH� FRVWXUL� DIHUHQWH� XQRU� SURGXF LL� GH� VWRI �� RUGRQDWH�FUHVF WRU�� DGLF � VLWXDWH� SH� WUaLHFWRULD�H[SDQVLXQLL�GH� VFDU �� LDU�50, R1 � úL�52 sunt SXQFWH�VLPLODUH�SHQWUX�SURGXF LD�GH�YLQ��5DSRUWXO�FDSLWDO���PXQF �HVWH�PDL�ULGLFDW�vQ�SURGXF LD�GH�VWRI �ID �GH�SURGXF LD�GH�YLQ��WUDLHFWRULD�H[SDQVLXQLL�GH�VFDU �OD�VWRI �ILLQG� PDL� vQFOLQDW � GHFkW� OD� YLQ�� 'DF � IXQF LLOH� GH� SURGXF LH� VXQW� RPotetice, WUDLHFWRULLOH�PHQ LRQDWH�VXQW�OiQHDUH��'DF �XQD�GLQWUH�IXQF LLOH�GH�SURGXF LH�QX�HVWH�RPRWHWLF ��LQWHQVLW LOH�IDFWoULORU�VH�SRW�PRGLILFD��FKLDU�GDF �UDSRUWXO�vQWUH�SUH XULOH�factorilor este constant. O asemenea modificare a intenVLW LORU� HVWH� FRQGL LRQDW �tehnologic.

3H� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� PRGLILFDUHD� LQWHQVLW LL� IDFWRULORU� VH� SRDWH� GDWRUD�VFKLPE ULL�UDSRUWXOXL�GLQWUH�SUH XULOH�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�

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Page 4: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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factoULORU� GH� SURGXF LH�� FX� DWkW� PDL� DFFHQWXDW � HVWH� FUHúWHUHD� FRVWXULORU� GH�oportunitate, iar curba posibiOLW LORU�GH�SURGXF LH�HVWH�PDL�EROWLW �

ÌQ� FD]XO� SDUWLFXODU� DO� IXQF LHL� GH� SURGXF LH� &REE-Douglas, fiind dat raporWXO�vQWUH�SUH XULOH�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��UDSRUWXO�H[SRQHQ LORU�IXQF LHL�LQGLF �tocmai intensitatea factorilor.

Figura 2����7UDLHFWRULLOH�H[SDQVLXQLL�GH�VFDU ��7(6��vQ�SURGXF LD�GH�VWRI �úL�GH�YLQ

)XQF LD�GH�SURGXF LH�&REE-Douglas este :

)� � �× M × C 2.3

( M = munca, C = capitalul ) Aplicând logaritmii, aceasta devine:

OQ�)� �OQ ���� OQ0��� OQ& 2.4

&RQGL LD�PLQLPL] ULL� FRVWXOXL� HVWH�FD� UDSRUWXO�SURGXFWLYLW LORU�PDUJLQDOH�SHQWUX�IDFWRUL�V �ILH�HJDO�FX�UDSRUWXO�SUH XULORU�IDFWRULORU��DGiF �

C

M

p

p

C/F

M/F =∂∂∂∂

2.5

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�)��0� � Â)�0 2.6

úL

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ital

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TES pentru vin

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Page 5: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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&HUFHW UL� SHQWUX� HFRQRPLD� DPHULFDQ 6� DX� HYLGHQ LDW� F � LQGXstria metalurJLF �HVWH�PDL� LQWHQVLY � vQ�PXQF �������GHFkW�FHD�D�FRQIHF LLORU� ��������� LDU�LQGXVWULD�FDXFLXFXOXL����������PDL�LQWHQVLY �GHFkW�FHD�DOiPHQWDU ����������

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,QIRUPD LLOH�FXSULQVH�vQ�IXQF LD�GH�SURGXF LH�VXQW�FXSULQVH�úL� vQ�GXDOD�VD��IXQF LD�FRVWXULORU��ILLQG�GDWH�DQXPLWH�UHVWULF LL��&X�DMXWRUXO�XQHL�DVHPHQHD�IXQF LL��V-DX�UHDOL]DW�FRPSDUD LL�vQWUH�GLIHULWH�LQGXVWULL9�GLQ��68$��5)*�úL�-DSRQLD�vQ�SULYLQ D�intHQVLW LL� IDFWRULORU�� 6-D� FRQVWDWDW� F � FHD�PDL� ULGLFDW � LQWHQVLWDWH� D�PXQFLL� R� DUH�LQGXVWULD�FRQVWUXF LLORU�GH�PDúLQL��LDU�FHD�PDL�PDUH�LQWHQVLWDWH�D�PDWHULLORU�SULPH��úL�D� FDSLWDOXOXL� R� SUH]LQW � FKLPLD��/D� SURGXFHUHD� DSDUDWHORU� GH� SUHFL]LH� LQWHQVLWDWHD�maWHULLORU�SULPH�DWkW�ID �GH�PXQF ��FkW�úL�ID �GH�FDSLWDO��HVWH�PDL�VF ]XW �GHFkW�OD�UHVWXO�LQGXVWULLORU��FX�PHQ LXQHD�F ��ID �GH�FDSLWDO��OD�DFHDVW �LQGXVWULH�LQWHQVLWDWHD�PDWHULLORU�SULPH�HVWH�GH�GRX �RUL�PDL�PLF �GHFkW�OD�FKLPLH��FRQVWUXF LL�GH�PDúLQL�úL�automobile.

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�LQWHQVLWDWHD� IDFWRULORU� úL� YHQLWXULOH� GH� VFDU ��� OD� QLYHO� GH� DU � DWHQ LD� FHUFHW ULL�úWLLQ LILFH� VH� vQGUHDSW � VSUH� vQ]HVWUDUHD� FX� IDFWRUL� GH� SURGXF LH�� PXQF �� FDSLWDO��resurse naturale etc.

3HQWUX�D�HYLGHQ LD�UROXO�vQ]HVWU ULL�XQHL� UL�FX�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH��IDFHP�DEVWUDF LH� GH� HIHFWXO� LQWHQVLW LL� IDFWRULORU� úL� DO� YHQLWXULORU� GH� VFDU � DVXSUD�SURGXF LHL� úL� VFKLPEXULORU� FRPHUFLDOH� DOH� ULL� UHVSHFWLYH�� &RQVLGHU P� DúDGDU�� F �SURGXF LD� VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SULQ� YHQLWXUL� FRQVWDQWH� GH� VFDU �� F � LQWHQVLWDWHD�

6 op.cLW��SDJ�������+LOGHEUDQG�úL�/LX��������� *�LHIWLQLUHD�XQXL�IDFWRU�DWUDJH�GXS �VLQH�FUHúWHUHD�LQWHQVLW LL�DFHOXL�IDFWRU� 7 Zweifel (1978). 8 Ray (1982). 9 Conrad (1989).

Page 6: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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2.3 Modelul Heckscher-Ohlin Modelul Heckscher-2KOLQ�� DPSO � FRQVWUXF LH� WHRUHWLF � SULYLQG� FRPHU XO�

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)LHFDUH� DU �H[SRUW �SURGXVHOH� LQWHQVLYH� vQ�IDFWRULL�FX�FDUH�HVWH�DEXQGHQW�vQ]HVWUDW �úL�LPSRUW �SURGXVHOH�LQWHQVLYH�vQ�IDFWRULL�FX�FDUH�HVWH�vQ�PDL�PLF �P VXU �vQ]HVWUDW �

&RPHU XO� LQWHUQD LRQDO� QH� UHVWULF LRQDW� HJDOL]HD] � YHQLWXULOH� UHDOH� DOH�facWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�OD�QLYHO�PRQGLDO�

Teorema Stolper-6DPXHOVRQ�� SRWULYLW� F UHLD� FRPHU XO� LQWHUQD LRQDO�conduFH�OD�FUHúWHUHD�YHQLWXOXL�IDFWRULORU�DEXQGHQ L��úL�VF GHUHD�YHQLWXOXL�IDFWRULORU�rari.

Teorema luL� 5\EF]\QVNL�� SRWULYLW� F UHLD�� ILLQG� GDW� XQ� DQXPLW� UDSRUW� GH�VFKLPE��FUHúWHUHD�vQ]HVWU ULL�XQHL� UL�FX�XQ�DQXPLW�IDFWRU�GH�SURGXF LH�DUH�FD�HIHFW�VSRULUHD�SURGXF LHL�P UILL�LQWHQVLYH�vQ�DFHO�IDFWRU�úL�VF GHUHD�SURGXF LHL�P UIXULORU�LQWHQVLYH�vQ�FHLODO L�Iactori.

0RGHOXO� SRUQHúWH� GH� OD� YDULDQWD� VLPSO � FX� GRX � UL�� GRX �P UIXUL�� GRL�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH��&UHúWHUHD�QXP UXOXL�GH�GLPHQVLXQL��QHFHVDU �SHQWUX�YHULILF UL�HPSLULFH��FUHHD] �SUREOHPH�

)DFWRULL� GH� SURGXF LH� VXQW� RPRJHQL�� DGLF � GH� DFHHDúL� FDOLWDWH� vQ� WRDW �luPHD��VXQW�vQ�FDQWLW L�OLPLWDWH�vQ�ILHFDUH� DU �úL�VXQW�PRELOL�vQWUH�LQGXVWULL�vQ�FDGUXO�ILHF UHL� UL�

)XQF LLOH� GH� SURGXF LH�� SULQ� LSRWH] � GH� WLS� QHRFODVLF�� VXQW� DFHOHDúL� vQ�înWUHDJD�OXPH��LDU�EXQXULOH�QX�SUH]LQW �LQYHUVLXQL�DOH�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�

&HUHUHD� HVWH� RPRWHWLF �� vQ� VHQVXO� F � SURSRU LD� vQ� FDUH� VXQW� FRQVXPDWH�buQXULOH� SH� SODQ�PRQGLDO� GHSLQGH� GRDU� GH� SUH XUL�� QX� úL� GH� YHQLWXUL�� VDX� JXVWXUL��AstIHO��GDF �FRPHU XO�LQWHUQD LRQDO�DU�HJDOL]D�SUH XULOH�P UIXULORU�SH�SODQ�PRQGLDO��DWXQFL�R� DU �DU�GH LQH�vQ�FRQVXPXO�PRQGLDO�OD�WRDWH�EXQXULOH�úL�VHUYLFLLOH��R�SRQGHUH�HJDO �FX�FHD�GH LQXW �vQ�YHQLWXO�PRQGLDO�

6SHFLDOL]DUHD� LQWHUQD LRQDO �D� ULORU� vQ�SURGXF LH�HVWH� LQFRPSOHW ��$OWIHO��SUH XULOH� IDFWRULORU� GH� SURGXF LH� QX� V-ar putea egaliza ca efect al schimburilor LQWHUQD LRQDOH�

Page 7: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

��������$EXQGHQ D�UHODWLY �D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��&HUHUHD�UHFLSURF

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Unele dintre aceste premise restrictive sunt abandonate de unele teoreme GLQ�PRGHO��XUP ULQG�R�PDL�ILGHO �GHVFULHUH�D�UHDOLW LL�

&RQGL LD� QHFHVDU � úL� VXILFLHQW � SHQWUX� D� MXVWLILFD� HFRQRPLF� VFKLPEXO� GH�P UIXUL�GLQWUH�GRX � UL��HVWH�FD�SUH XULOH�UHODWLYH�DOH�P UIXULORU�V �GLIHUH�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX � UL��&RQVLGHUkQG�SUHIHULQ HOH�GH�FRQVXP�úL�IXQF LLOH�GH�SURGXF LH�LGHQWLFH�vQ�DFHVWH� UL�� SUH XULOH� UHODWLYH� DOH� P UIXULORU� GLIHU �� GDF � úL� FRVWXULOH� ORU� GH�oportuniWDWH� GLIHU �� $FHDVW � VLWXD LH� VH� UHDOL]HD] �� DWXQFL� FkQG� VXQW� vQGHSOLQLWH�FRQFRPLWHQW�GRX �FRQGL LL�

• LQWHQVLW LOH�IDFWRULORU�GLIHU �vQWUH�LQGXVWULL� • vQ]HVWUDUHD�FX�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH�GLIHU �vQWUH� UL� 3ULPD� WHRUHP � GLQ� PRGHOXO� +HFNVFKHU-2KOLQ� DILUP � F �� ILLQG� GDWH�

premiselH� DPLQWLWH� PDL� VXV�� ULOH� VH� VSHFLDOL]HD] � vQ� SURGXFHUHD� úL� H[SRUWXO�P UIXULORU� LQWHQVLYH� vQ� IDFWRULL�DEXQGHQ L�� LPSRUWkQG� vQ� VFKLPE��P UIXUL� LQWHQVLYH�vQ�IDFWRULL�UDUL�SHQWUX�DFHVWH� UL�

ÌQ� JHQHUDO�� FRPHU XO� VH� ED]HD] � SH� GLIHUHQ HOH� GLQWUH� UL� SULYLQG abunGHQ D�IDcWRULORU�úL�UHGXFH�SULQFLSDOHOH�HIHFWH�DOH�DFHVWRU�GLIHUHQ H�

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2.3.1 ÌQ]HVWUDUHD� ULORU�FX�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH

'DF �vQWU-R� DU �FDSLWDOXO�DU�IL�QHOLPLWDW��SURGXF LD�DFHVWHLD�DU�GHSLQGH��FD��

în modelul lui Ricardo, numai de FHULQ D� úL� GH� GLVSRQLELOLW LOH� GH� PXQF ��EconoPLD�DU�SURGXFH��JUkX�úL�VWUXQJXUL���FD�vQ�ILJXUD������GH-a lungul dreptei MM', FDUH�H[SULP �UHVWULF LD�IDFWRUXOXL�PXQF �

'DF �HFRQRPLD�DU�GLVSXQH�GH�FDQWLW L�QHOLPLWDWH�GH�PXQF ��SURGXF LD�DU�depinde doar de QHFHVDUXO� úL� GLVSRQLELOXO� GH� FDSLWDO�� úL� HFRQRPLD� DU� SURGXFH�P UIXULOH�PHQ LRQDWH�GH-D�OXQJXO�GUHSWHL�&&��FDUH�UHSUH]LQW �UHVWULF LD�FDSLWDOXOXL�

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'DF �DU� IL� OLPLWDW � GRDU�PXQFD�� SUH XO� UHODWLY� DO�JUkXOXL� DU� IL�PDL� ULGLFDW�GHFkW�vQ�VLWXD LD�vQ�FDUH�DU�IL�OLPLWDW�GRDU�FDSLWDOXO�

$FHDVW �DILUPD LH�HVWH�HFKLYDOHQW �FX�XUP WRDUHD��GDF �SUH XO�UHODWLY�V-ar stabili GRDU�SRWULYLW�FRQ LQXWXOXL�GH�PXQF ��FDSLWDOXO�ILLQG�JUDWXLW���XQHL�XQLW L�IL]LFH�GH�JUkX�L-ar FRUHVSXQGH�R�FDQWLWDWH�PDL�PDUH�GH�VWUXQJXUL��GHFkW�vQ�VLWXD LD�vQ�FDUH�SUH XO�PHQ LRQDW�V-DU� VWDELOL� SRWULYLW� FRQ LQXWXOXL� GH� FDSLWDO� �PXQFD� ILLQG� JUDWXLW ��� $GLF �� FRQ LQXWXO� GH�munF �DO�XQHL�XQLW L�IL]LFH�GH�JUkX�HVWH�HJDO�FX�FHO�DO� �XQLW L�VWUXQJXUL��LDU�FRQ LQXWXO�GH�FDSLWDO�DO�XQHL�XQLW L�IL]LFH�GH�JUkX�HVWH�HJDO�FX�FHO�DO� �XQLW L�VWUXQJXUL�� �fiind mai mare

Page 8: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

����������������������������������7HRULL�úL�PRGHOH�SULYLQG�UHOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��������

decât ��'HFL�� OD�VWUXQJXUL�FRQ LQXWXO�UHODWLY�GH�FDSLWDO�HVWH�PDL�ULGLFDW�GHFkW�FRQ LQXWXO�UHODWLY� GH� PXQF �� LDU� OD� JUkX� LQYHUV�� FRQ LQXWXO� UHODWLY� GH� PXQF � HVWH� PDL� ULGLFDW� GHFkW�FRQ LQXWXO�UHODWLY�GH�FDSLWDO��&RQFUHW��FRQVLGHUkQG�UDSRUWXO�PXQF ���FDSLWal la grâu egal cu unitatea, atunci acest raport la strunguri va fi egal cu �� .

Figura 2����2IHUWH�IL[H�GH�IDFWRUL�úL�VWUXFWXUD�SURGXF LHL

'DF � LQHP�VHDPD�GH�DPEHOH�UHVWULF LL��FRQVWDW P�F �GRDU�vn aria OMQC’

H[LVW � SRVLELOLW L� UHDOH� GH� SURGXF LH�� LDU� SXQFWXO� 4� UHSUH]LQW � SURGXF LD�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�RFXS ULL�FRPSOHWH�D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��ÌQ�DFHVW�SXQFW�SUH XO�UHODWLY� DO� JUkXOXL� HVWH� GDW� GH� FRQGL LLOH� FHUHULL�� UHVSHFWLY� GH� SDQWD� FXUEHL� GH�izoutLOLWDWH��FHD�PDL�vQDOW ��FH�WUHFH�SULQ�DFHVW�SXQFW�

ÌQWUXFkW� vQ� 4� SDQWD� UHVWULF LHL� 00� HVWH� PDL� PDUH� GHFkW� D� &&�� SXWHP�afirPD� F � JUkXO� HVWH� PDL� LQWHQVLY� vQ� PXQF � GHFkW� VWUXQJXULOH�� FDUH� VXQW� PDL�intensive în capital.

)LLQG� GDWH� LQWHQVLW LOH� IDFWRULORU�� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� DFHúWLD� VXQW� SH�deSOLQ� XWLOL]D L�� R� FUHúWHUH� D� RIHUWHL� XQXL� IDFWRU� GH� SURGXF LH� DUH� GUHSW� FRQVHFLQ �sporiUHD�SURGXF LHL�P UILL�LQWHQVLYH�vQ�DFHO�IDFWRU�úL�UHGXFHUHD�SURGXF LHL�FHOHLODOWH��$FHDVW �VLWXD LH��FXQRVFXW �FD�teorema lui Rybczynski��HVWH�GHVFULV �vQ�ILJXUD�����

În figura 2.4 este evident cum, în urma sporirii disponibilului de capital al HFRQRPLHL��FDQWLWDWHD�GH�PXQF �U PkQkQG�FRQVWDQW ��SURGXF LD�GH�VWUXQJXUL�FUHúWH��iar cea de grâu scade.

În industria 1 o unitate de produs�QHFHVLW �D1�PXQF �úL�E1 FDSLWDO��DVWIHO�F �volumele utilizate sunt:

M1 = a1 × X1��úL�&1 = b1 × X1 2.10 a,b

În cea de-D�GRXD�LQGXVWULH��UHOD LLOH�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�VXQW�

M2 = a2 × X2��úL�&2 = b2 × X2 2.11a,b

'DF �VXQW�XWLOL]DWH�FRPSOHW�GLVSRQLELOLW LOH�GH�IDFWRUL��0�&���DWXQFL�

M = M1 + M2 = a1 × X1 + a2 × X2 2.12

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Page 9: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

��������$EXQGHQ D�UHODWLY �D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��&HUHUHD�UHFLSURF

C = C1 + C2 = b1 × X1 + b2 × X2 2.13

Figura 2.4: Teorema lui Rybczinsky

6ROX LLOH�DFHVWRU�HFXD LL�SHQWUX�;2 sunt:

X2 = M/a2 - (a1/a2) × X1 2.14

X2 = C/b2 - (b1/b2) × X1 2.15

'DF ��D1/a2) > (b1/b2���UHVWULF LD�SXV �GH�PXQF �HVWH�PDL�DEUXSW ��DúD�FXP�VH�SUH]LQW �vQ�ILJXUD�����úL��E2/a2) > (b1/a1). Dar b2/a2, notat cu k2, este raportul între FDQWLW LOH�GH�FDSLWDO�úL�PXQF �QHFHVDUH�SURGXFHULL�XQHL�XQLW L�GH�SURGXV�vQ�UDPXUD�2, iar k1 este cel coresSXQ] WRU�UDPXULL���

5H]XOW � F � LQGXVWULD� �� �VWUXQJXUL�� HVWH� PDL� LQWHQVLY � vQ� FDSLWDO� GHFkW� ��(grâu).

6ROX LLOH�HFXD LLORU��������úL��������VXQW�XUP WRDUHOH�

X1 = (b2×M - a2 × C) / (a1 × b2 - a2 × b1) 2.16

X2 = (a1 ×C - b1 × M) / (a1 × b2 - a2 × b1) 2.17

ÌQWUXFkW�QXPLWRUXO�HVWH�SR]LWLY��UH]XOW �F �R�FUHúWHUH�D�OXL�&��vQ�FRQGL LL�GH�RFXSDUH�GHSOLQ ��FUHúWH�SURGXF LD�OXL�;2�úL�R�UHGXFH�SH�FHD�D�OXL�;1��vQ�FRQFRUGDQ �cu teorema lui Rybczynski.

'LIHUHQ D� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL� SULYLQG� vQ]HVWUDUHD� FX� IDFWori se FRQFUHWL]HD] � vQ� FXUEH� GLIHULWH� GH� WUDQVIRUPDUH�� 3UHPLVD� WHKQRORJLLORU� LGHQWLFH� VH�UHIOHFW �LQ�SDQWHOH�LGHQWLFH�DOH�UHVWULF LLORU�IDFWRULORU��$FHDVW �VLWXD LH�HVWH�GHVFULV �vQ� ILJXUD� ���� XQGH�� SHQWUX� DUD� ,� FXUED� SRVLELOLW LORU� GH� SURGXF LH� HVWH�&4M, iar SHQWUX� DUD�,,�FXUED�SRVLELOLW LORU�GH�SURGXF LH�HVWH�&40��ÌQ� DUD�,�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�HVWH�GDW�GH�SDQWD�GUHSWHL�&4��UHVWULF LD�IDFWRUXOXL�FDSLWDO���LDU�vQ� DUD�,,��GH�SDQWD�OXL�04��UHVWULF LD�IDFWRUXOXL�PXQF ��

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Page 10: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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ModificaUHD� SUH XOXL� UHODWLY� DO� XQHL� P UIL� DWUDJH� R� PRGLILFDUH� vQ� DFHODúL� VHQV� D�SUH XOXL� UHOaWLY� DO� IDFWRUXOXL� LQWHQVLY� SHQWUX� DFHD� PDUI �� GHILQLW� SULQ� UDSRUWDUHD�venitului respectivului factor la venitul celuilalt factor. În figura 2.4 punctul Q se DVRFLD] �XWLOL] ULL�FRPSOHWH�D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��FkQG�DWkW�UDWD�VDODULXOXL��FkW�úL�YHQLWXO� FDSLWDOXOXL� DX�YDORUL� SR]LWLYH��'DF �XQXO�GLQ� IDFWRUL� DU� IL� VXE�XWLOL]DW�� L-ar VF GHD�YHQLWXO� �úL�SUH XO� UHODWLY�� OD�]HUR� LDU�SUH XO� UHODWLY al celuilalt ar tinde spre LQILQLW��3UH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�SRDWH�YDULD��DYkQG�FD�OLPLWH�SDQWHOH�OXL�00�úL�&&�DGLF �UHVWULF LLOH�SXVH��GH�IDFWRULL�GH�SURGXF LH��2ULFXP��SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�LQ�FRQGL LLOH� RFXS ULL� FRPSOHWH� D� IDFWRULORU�� VH� YD� DIOD� vQWUH� OLPLWHOH� PHQ LRQDWH��'HVFULHUHD� DFHVWRU� HFXD LL� HVWH� UHDOL]DW � vQ� ILJXUD� ����� XQGH�� SH� DEVFLV � VH� UHG �SUH XO� UHODWLY� DO� XQHL� P UIL� �JUkX��� LDU� SH� RUGRQDW � SUH XO� UHODWLY� DO� IDFWRUXOXL�intensiv (munca) pentru acea marI �

&kQG�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�HVWH�GDW�GH�SDQWD�UHVWULF LHL�FDSLWDOXOXL��23���R�SDUWH� GLQ� UHVXUVHOH� GH�PXQF � VXQW�QH� IRORVLWH�� UDWD� VDODULXOXL� HVWH� ]HUR� úL� SUH XO�relativ al muncii este zero.

&kQG�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�HVWH�GDW�GH�SDQWD�UHVWULF LHL�PXQFLL��23���R�parte din caSLWDO�U PkQH�QH�IRORVLW�úL�YHQLWXO�V X�HVWH�]HUR��UHVSHFWLY�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�PXQFLL�HVWH�LQILQLW��&kQG�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�VH�DIO �vQWUH�DFHVWH�GRX �H[WUHPH��SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�PXQFLL�HVWH�SR]LWLY�úL�FUHúWH�FX�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL��&kQG�SUH XO�rHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL�FUHúWH�GH�OD�231 la OP2��SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�PXQFLL�FUHúWH�GH�OD�2:1 la OW2.

ÌQ�FRQGL LL�GH�HFKLOLEUX��SH�WHUPHQ�OXQJ��SUH XULOH�VXQW�HJDOH�FX�FRVWXULOH��FDUH�VXQW�HJDOH�FX�UHPXQHUDUHD�IDFWRULORU�SH�XQLWDWHD�GH�SURGXV��DGLF �

p1 = w × a1 + r × b1����úL����S2 = w × a2 + r × b2 2.38 , 2.19

unde p1, p2 VXQW� SUH XULOH� FHORU� GRX �P UIXUL��Z� HVWH� UDWD� VDODULLORU�� LDU� U�HVWH�YHQLWXO�FDSLWDOXOXL��6ROX LLOH�FHORU�GRX �HFXD Li simultane sunt:

w = (b2 × p1 - b1 × p2) / (a1 × b2 - a2 × b1) 2.20

r = (a1 × p2 - a2 × p1) / (a1 × b2 - a2 × b1) 2.21

Numitorul (pe care-O� YRP� QRWD� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� FX� 1�� HVWH� SR]LWLY� GDF �industria 2 este mai LQWHQVLY �vQ�FDSLWDO�GHFkW�LQGXVWULD����(FXD LLOH��������úL��������pot fi re scrise într-R�IRUP �FRQYHQDELO ��DVWIHO�

w = (b2×p2/N)/(p1/p2 – b1/b2) 2.22

r = (a2×p2/N)/(a1/a2 – p1/p2) 2.23

Page 11: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

��������$EXQGHQ D�UHODWLY �D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��&HUHUHD�UHFLSURF

Figura 2����3UH XULOH�IDFWRULORU�úL�DOH�P UIurilor

Întrucât b1/b2 < p1/p2 < a1/a2����Z��U�!����úL

w/r = (b2/a2) × (p1/p2 - b1/b2) / (a1/a2 - p1/p2) 2.24

UH]XOW �F �R�PRGLILFDUH�D� OXL�S1/p2� LPSOLF �R�PRGLILFDUH�GH�DFHODúL�VHQV�D�lui w/r.

&XUED�GLQ�ILJXUD�����DSOLFDW �DPEHORU� UL�SDUWLFLSDQWH� OD�VFKLPEXUL�DUDW �F �� GDF � SUH XO� UHODWLY� DO� XQXL� IDFWRU� �PXQFD�� HVWH� PDL� VF ]XW� vQ� XQD� GLQ� UL� vQ�abVHQ D� VFKLPEXULORU� H[WHUQH�� DWXQFL� úL� SUH XO� UHODWLY� DO� P UILL� LQWHQVLYH� LQ� DFHO�IDFWRU��JUkX��WUHEXLH�V �ILH�PDL�VF ]XW��úL� DUD�YD�H[SRUWD�PDUID�UHVSHFWLY �

2� DU � H[SRUW � PDUID� DO� F UHL� SUH � UHODWLY� HVWH� PDL� PLF� LQ� FRQGL LL� GH�autarKLH��&D�XUPDUH�D�H[SRUWXOXL�vL�FUHúWH�SUH XO�UHODWLY�úL��vQ�FRQVHFLQ ��YD�FUHúWH�úL�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�IDFWRUXOXL�LQWHQVLY�SHQWUX�DFHD�PDUI ��6LWXD LD�RSXV �FDUDFWHUL]HD] �FHDODOW �PDUI �úL��UHVSHFWLY��FHO ODOW�IDFWRU�GH�SURGXF LH�

$FHDVWD� HVWH� WHRUHPD� IRUPXODW � úL� GHPRQVWUDW � GH� :ROIJDQJ� 6WROSHU� úL�PaXO�6DPXHOVRQ��2�FRQVHFLQ �D�DFHVWHL�WHRUHPH�HVWH�DFHHD�F ��VFKLPEXULOH�H[WHUQH�YRU�VSRUL�SRQGHUHD�PXQFLL�vQ�YHQLWXO�UHDO�vQ� DUD�vQ]HVWUDW �DEXQGHQW�FX�DFHVW�IDFWRU��úL�YRU�UHGXFH�SRQGHUHD�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�D�FDSLWDOXOXL��HIHFWXO�RSXV�vQUHJLVWUkQGX-se vQ� DUD�PDL�DEXQGHQW�vQ]HVWUDW �FX�FDSLWDO��$VWIHO�VSXV��vQ� DUD�FX�PXQF �DEXQGHQW �YD�FUHúWH�VDODULXO�UHDO�úL�YD�VF GHD�YHQLWXO�UHDO�DO�FDSLWDOXOXL�� LDU�vQ� DUD�FX�FDSLWDO�DEXQGHQW�YD�FUHúWH�YHQLWXO�UHDO�DO�FDSLWDOXOXL�úL�YD�VF GHD�VDODULXO�UHDO��FD�XUPDUH�D�SDUWLFLS ULL�OD�VFKLPEXUL�

Din rHOD LLOH� ������� úL� ������� SRW� IL� GHGXVH� VDODULXO� UHDO� úL� YHQLWXO� UHDO� DO�capitalului, exprimate în bunul intensiv în capital:

w/p2 = b2/N × (p1/p2 - b1/b2) 2.25

r/p2 = a2/N × (a1/a2 - p1/p2) 2.26

3UHXO�UHODWLY�DO�P

XQFLL

3UH XO�UHODWLY�DO�JUkXOXL O P' P1

P2 P''

W2

W1

Page 12: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

����������������������������������7HRULL�úL�PRGHOH�SULYLQG�UHOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��������

Este evident�F �R�FUHúWHUH�D�SUH XOXL�UHODWLY�DO�EXQXOXL�FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�GH�PXQF ��S1/p2��VSRUHúWH�VDODULXO�UHDO�úL�UHGXFH�YHQLWXO�UHDO�DO�FDSLWDOXOXL��DPEHOH�H[SULPDWH�vQ�EXQXO�FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�GH�FDSLWDO�

&RQFOX]LD�HVWH�DFHHDúL� úL�GDF �FHOH�GRX �P ULPL� VH�H[SULP � vQ�EXQXO�FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�GH�PXQF ��3HQWUX�DFHDVWD�vPS U LP�UHOD LLOH��������úL��������OD�S1:

w/p1 = (b2/N) × (p2/p1) × (p1/p2 - b1/b2) =

= b2/N ×[1 - (b1/b2) × (p2/p1)] 2.27

r/p1 = (a2/N) ×(p2/p1) × (a1/a2 - p1/p2) = a2/N) ×[(a1/a2) × (p2/p1) - 1] 2.28

(VWH� HYLGHQW� F � VDODULXO� UHDO� H[SULPDW� vQ� SURGXVXO� UDPXULL� �� �FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�GH�PXQF ��VH�PRGLILF �vQ�DFHODúL�VHQV��LDU�YHQLWXO�UHDO�DO�FDSLWDOXOXL�vQ�VHQV�RSXV��FX�SUH XO�UHODWLY�DO�EXQXOXL�GLQ�UDPXUD 1 (inversul lui p2/p1).

3H� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� VH� REVHUY � F � HJDOLWDWHD� vQWUH� UL� D� SUH XOXL� UHODWLY� DO�P UIXULORU� FRQGXFH�� SRWULYLW� UHOD LLORU� ������� -� �������� OD� HJDOLWDWHD� vQWUH� UL� D�salariLORU�UHDOH�úL�D�YHQLWXULORU�FDSLWDOXOXL�vQ�H[SUHVLH�UeDO �

Aceasta este chiar teorema HJDOL] ULL�SUH XOXL�IDFWRULORU��FDUH�DILUP � 'DF � V-DU� IDFH� DEVWUDF LH� GH� EDULHUHOH� FRPHUFLDOH� úL� GH� FRVWXULOH� GH�

WUDQVSRUW�GLQWUH�GRX � UL�FDUH�XWLOL]HD] �DFHOHDúL�WHKQRORJLL��FRPHU XO�UHFLSURF�DU�conduce la egalitatea între cele dou � UL�vQ�SULYLQ D�SUe XULORU�IDFWRULORU�

2.3.3 ([WHQVLL�úL�YHULILFDUHD�HPSLULF �D�PRGHOXOXL

(i) Modelul Heckscher - Ohlin poate fi extins prin luarea în considerare a

PDL�PXOWRU� UL��P UIXUL�úL���VDX�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH� 'DF �LQWURGXFHP�vQ�PRGHO�R�D�WUHLD� DU ��YRP�FRQVWDWD�F � DUD�FX�FHO�PDL�

ULGLFDW�VWRF�GH�FDSLWDO�SH�OXFU WRU�YD�H[SRUWD�PDUID�FX�FRQ LQXW�PDL�vQDOW�GH�FDSLWDO��LDU� DUD�FX�FHO�PDL�PLF�VWRF�GH�FDSLWDO�SH�OXFU WRU�YD�H[SRUWD�PDUID�FX��FRQ LQXW�PDL�ULGLFDW�GH�PXQF ��'DU�QX�SXWHP�IDFH�SUHGLF LL cu privire la structura schimburilor celei de-D� WUHLD� UL�� GDF � QX� GLVSXQHP� GH� LQIRUPD LL� VXSOLPHQWDUH�� SULYLQG�FRQGL LLOH�FHUHULL�úL�DOH�RIHUWHL��7RDWH�FHOH��� UL�YRU�SURGXFH�OD�vQWUHDJD�FDSDFLWDWH��iar strucWXUD�SURGXF LHL�YD�IL�FODU �

Singurul element de nedeterminare va fi structura schimburilor celei de-a WUHLD� UL�

'DF � LQWURGXFHP� vQ�PRGHO� R� D� WUHLD�PDUI �� VWUXFWXUD� SURGXF LHL� HVWH� QH�GHWHUPLQDW ��ÌQ�JHQHUDO��FkQG�QXP UXO�P UIXULORU�GHS úHúWH�QXP UXO�IDFWRULORU��QX�SXWHP� SUHFL]D� VWUXFWXUD� SURGXF LHL� GLQ� ILHFDUH� DU � úL� QLFL� VWUXFWXUD� VFKLPEXULORU��7RWXúL� VH� SRW� IDFH� DSUHFLHUL� XWLOH� FX� SULYLUH� OD� FRQ LQXWXO� PHGLX� GH� IDFWRUL� DO�schimEXULORU� ULL��LDU�WHorema Stolper -�6DPXHOVRQ�vúL�S VWUHD] �YDOLGLWDWHD�

'DF �vQ�PRGHO�VH�LQWURGXFH�DO�WUHLOHD�factor �GDU�VXQW�GRDU�GRX �P UIXUL���PRGHOXO� QX� PDL� DUH� VROX LL� GHWHUPLQDQWH�� DGLF � ILLQG� SUHD� SX LQH� P UIXUL�� QX� VH�SRDWH� FDOFXOD� SUH XO� IDFWRULORU� GH� SURGXF LH�� úL� QLFL� QX� VH� SRDWH� SUHFL]D� FDUH� HVWH�IDFWRUXO�UHODWLY�DEXQGHQW�GLQ�ILHFDUH� aU �

Modelul Heckscher -�2KOLQ�SRDWH�IL�H[WLQV�RULFkW�GH�PXOW��FX�FRQGL LD�FD�QXP UXO� DULORU�V �ILH�HJDO�FX�DO�P UIXULORU�úL�DO�IDFWRULORU��)LHFDUH� DU �DUH�XQ�SXQFW�GH� RFXSDUH� GHSOLQ � vQ� FDUH� SURGXFH� R� FROHF LH� GH� P UIXUL� XQLF� GHWHUPLQDW �� vQ�IXQF LH�GH�vQ]HVWUDUHD�VD�FX�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH��SUH XULOH�IDFWRULORU�GLIHU �vQWUH� UL�úL�FRPHU XO�UHFLSURF�DUH�HIHFWH�SUHYL]LELOH�DVXSUD�DFHVWRU�SUH XUL�

Page 13: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

��������$EXQGHQ D�UHODWLY �D�IDFWRULORU�GH�SURGXF LH��&HUHUHD�UHFLSURF

O extensie a modelului Heckscher-2KOLQ�R�RIHU �9DQHN10, astfel:

A = (aij) 2.29

XQGH�$�HVWH�PDWULFHD�S WUDW �D�FRHILFLHQ LORU�WHKQRORJLFL�Dij , cu indicele "i" SHQWUX�IDFWRUL��LDU��M��SHQWUX�P UIXUL�

0DWULFHD� FRHILFLHQ LORU� WHKQRORJLFL� vQPXO LW � FX� YHFWRUXO� EXQXULORU� �;���SHUPLWH� GHWHUPLQDUHD� FHUHULL� WRWDOH� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� IDFWRU� �9��� FDUH�� vQ� FRQGL LL� GH�echilLEUX�WUHEXLH�V �ILH�HJDO �FX�RIHUWD�GH�IDFWRUL��UHIOHFWkQG�vQ]HVWUDUHD�FX�IDFWRUL�D�XQHL� UL�

V = A × X, V' = (M C), X' = (X1 X2) 2.30

sau, altfel exprimat:

X = A-1 × V 2.31

úL��HFKLYDOHQW�SH�SODQ�PRQdial:

X W = A-1 × V W 2.32

&RPHU XO� LQWHUQD LRQDO� HJDOL]kQG� SUH XULOH� UHODWLYH� DOH� P UIXULORU� úL�consiGHUkQG�IXQF LL�DOH�FHUHULL�LGHQWLFH�vQWUH� UL��ILHFDUH� DU �YD�FRQVXPD�FHOH�GRX �buQXUL�vQ�DFHHDúL�SURSRU LH��&RQVXPXO�FHORU�GRX �EXQXUL�GLQWU-R� DU ��YHFWRUXO�&���YD� IL� GDW� GH� SURGXVXO� vQWUH� SRQGHUHD� DFHVWHL� UL� vQ� FKHOWXLHOLOH� PRQGLDOH� �V�� úL�SURGXF LD�PRQGLDO ��YHFWorul X W):

C = s × X W 2.33

ÌQ� FRQGL LLOH� HFKLOLEUXOXL� VFKLPEXULORU�� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� DU � cheltuiala treEXLH� V � ILH� HJDO � FX� SURGXVXO� QD LRQDO� EUXW�� FDUH� DUH� SRQGHUHD� �V�� vQ� SURGXVXO�monGLDO� EUXW�� &RPHU XO� QHW� �7�� DO� XQHL� UL� HVWH� GLIHUHQ D� GLQWUH� SURGXF LD� úL�consumul acesteia:

T = X - C = A-1 × V - s × A-1 × V W = A-1 ( V - s × V W) 2.34

úL�

A × T = V - s × V W 2.35

XQGH��$�î�7��H[SULP �IDFWRULL�vQFRUSRUD L�vQ�H[SRUWXULOH�QHWH��2� DU �HVWH�GHILQLW �GUHSW�DEXQGHQW�vQ]HVWUDW �FX�FDSLWDO��GDF �SRQGHUHD�FDSLWDOXOXL�DFHVWHL� UL�în capitalul mondial este mai mare decât ponderea ei în produsul mondial (s).

Teorema Heckscher - Ohlin -�9DQHN��+29��DILUP �F �vQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��DUD�YD�H[SRUWD�VHUYLFLLOH�IXUQL]DWH�GH�IDFWRULL�HL�DEXQGHQ L��úL�YD�LPSRUWD�VHUYLFLLOH�IDFWRULORU� UDUL�� 7HRUHPD� +29� FRQVW � GLQWU-uQ� VLVWHP� GH� UHOD LL� OLQHDUH� vQWUH�exportuULOH�QHWH�DOH�XQHL� UL� úL�GLIHUHQ D�GLQWUH� UHVXUVHOH�HL� HIHFWLYH�GH� IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH��9��úL�FDQWLWDWHD�GH�IDFWRUL�FDUH�DU�UHYHQL� ULL��GDF �SH�SODQ�QD LRQDO�HL�DU�IL�GLVWULEXL L�vQ�DFHHDúL�SURSRU LH�FD�úL�SH�Slan mondial (s × VW).

$FHDVW � VSHFLILFDUH� D� WHRULHL� vQ]HVWU ULL� FX� IDFWRUL� D� VWDW� OD� ED]D� D�numeroaVH� VWXGLL� HPSLULFH� SULYLQG� IOX[XULOH� FRPHU XOXL� LQWHUQD LRQDO�� FH� SRW� IL�încadrate în trei grupe:

• 6WXGLL�DVXSUD�FRQ LQXWXOXL�GH�IDFWRUL��FDUH�SRUQHVF�GH�OD�Hxportul net �7��úL�LQWHQVLW LOH�IDFWRULORU��$���SHQWUX�D�GHVSULQGH�FRQFOX]LL�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�DEXQGHQ D�ORU���9�- s × V W).

10 Vanek (1968).

Page 14: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

����������������������������������7HRULL�úL�PRGHOH�SULYLQG�UHOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��������

• $QDOL]H�GH�UHJUHVLH�vQWUH�P UIXUL��SHQWUX�R� DU �GDW ��IRORVLQG�7�úL�$��SHQWUX�D�GHGXFH�DEXQGHQ D�IDFWRULORU�

• Analize de regresie întUH� UL��XWLOL]kQG�GDWH�DVXSUD�FRPHU XOXL�úL�vQ]HVWU ULL�FX�IDFWRUL��SHQWUX�D�RE LQH�LQWHQVLW LOH�IDFWRUilor.

�LL��ÌQFHUF UL�GH�YHULILFDUH�HPSLULF � 3ULPD� vQFHUFDUH�GH�YHULILFDUH� HPSLULF � D�PRGHOXOXL�+HFNVFKHU� - Ohlin a

IRVW� vQWUHSULQV � GH�:�� /HRQWLHI�� Srin-XQ� VWXGLX� DVXSUD� FRQ LQXWXOXL� GH� IDFWRUL� DO�exSRUWXOXL�úL�LPSRUWXOXL�68$��$�FDOFXODW�YROXPHOH�GH�PXQF �úL�GH�FDSLWDO�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�D�SURGXFH�H[SRUWXUL�DPHULFDQH�vQ�YDORDUH�GH���PLOLRQ�GRODUL�úL�FHOH�QHFHVDUH�SURGXF LHL�vQ�YDORDUH�WRW�GH���PLOLRQ�GRODri, care concura importul american în anul ������ &RQVLGHUkQG� F � 68$� DU� IL� R� DU � FX� FDSLWDO� DEXQGHQW�� SRWULYLW� PRGHOXOXL�Heckscher -� 2KOLQ� DU� IL� IRVW� GH� DúWHSWDW� FD� SURGXF LD� GH� H[SRUW� D� DFHVWHL� UL� V �pre]LQWH�XQ�FRQ LQXW�GH�FDSLWDO�PDL�ULGLFDW�GHFkW�SURGXF LD�FH�FRQFXUD�LPSRUWXO��ÌQ�urPD� FHUFHW ULL� ED]DWH� SH� DQDOL]D� LQSXW� -� RXWSXW�� /HRQWLHI� D� FRQVWDWDW� F � UDSRUWXO�caSLWDO���PXQF �HUD�PDL�VF ]XW�vQ�SURGXF LD�GH�H[SRUW���������GRODUL���RP-an), decât în cea care concura importul (13.700 dolari / om-an). O cUHúWHUH�D�H[SRUWXOXL�GH���PLOLRQ�GH�GRODUL��HFKLOLEUDW �GH�R�FUHúWHUH�HJDO �D�LPSRUWXOXL��DU�IL�GLPLQXDW�FHUHUHD�GH�FDSLWDO�FX����PLL�GRODUL�SH�DQ�úL�DU�IL�VSRULW-R�SH�FHD�GH�PXQF �FX���OXFU WRUL�SH�an11.

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11 Wassiliy W.Leontief (1956). 12 Robert E. Baldwin (1971) 13�/HDPHU�úL�Bowen (1981).

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'HúL� FHUFHW ULOH� vQ� DFHVW� GRPHQLX� QX� V-DX� vQFKHLDW�� VH� SRDWH� DILUPD� F �"paUDGR[XO� OXL�/HRQWLHI��VH�GDWRUHD] ��SUREDELO��RPLVLXQLL�GLQ�FDOFXOH�D�UHVXUVHORU�naWXUDOH�úL�D�FDSLWDOXOXL�XPDQ�

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2�DOW �PHWRG �GH�YHULILFDUH�D�PRGHOXOXL�+HFNVFKHU-Ohlin s-a concretizat în investigarea relD LHL�GLQWUH�H[SRUWXO�QHW�OD�R�DQXPLW �PDUI �SHQWUX�GLYHUVH� UL��úL�vQ]HVWUDUHD� FX� IDFWRUL� D� DFHVWRUD�� YDULDELOHOH� H[SOLFDWLYH� ILLQG� H[SRUWXO� QHW� úL�înzesWUDUHD�FX�IDFWRUL��LDU�YDULDELOD�H[SOLFDW �-�LQWHQVLW LOH�IDFWRULORU�

&HUFHWDUHD� vQWUHSULQV � vQ�DFHVt sens18� DVXSUD�XQXL�HúDQWLRQ�GH����GH� UL��HYLGHQ LD] � IDSWXO� F � vQ]HVWUDUHD� XQRU� UL� FX� PXQF � vQ� GRPHQLXO� SURIHVLRQDO� úL�tehQLF� VH� FRUHOHD] � SR]LWLY� FX� DYDQWDMH� vQ� H[SRUWXO� P UIXULORU� DJULFROH� GLQ� ]RQD�

14 Seiji Naya (1967). 15 Jaroslav Vanek (1959). 16 Donald Keesing (1966). 17�:��%UDQVRQ�úL�1��0RQR\LRV�������� 18 Edward E. Leamer (1984).

Page 16: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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19�%DODVVD�úL�%DXZHQV�������� 20 Mihail Manoilescu (1931), Cf. Aurel Iancu (1983).

Page 17: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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2.4.1 Cererea într-R�HFRQRPLH�vQFKLV

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• FHUHUHD�SHQWUX�ILHFDUH�SURGXV�V �ILH�HJDO �FX�RIHUWD�DFHstuia; • V �QX�H[LVWH�YUHXQ�VWLPXOHQW�QLFL�SHQWUX�SURGXF WRUL��QLFL�SHQWUX�

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o economie cu doaU�GRX �P UIXUL��DYHP�GH-D�IDFH�FX�XQ�VLQJXU�SUH �UHODWLY�SHQWUX�P UIXUL�� 3� �SUH XO� OXL� <� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� ;��� YHQLWXO�� ,�� HVWH� YDORDUHD� SURGXVXOXL�QD LRQDO��

I = Xof + PYof , (of�DUDW �F �HVWH�YRUED�GH�FDQWLW L�RIHULWH���6LVWHPXO�FHUHULL�va fi reprezentat astfel:

Xcer = [ P, I ] 2.36

Ycer = [ P, I ] 2.37

I = Xof + PYof 2.38

unde cer�DUDW �F �HVWH�YRUED�GH�FDQWLW L�FHUXWH� ÌQWUXFkW� vQ� DFHVW� PRGHO� vQWUHJXO� YHQLW� WUHEXLH� FKHOWXLW�� DGLF � SURGXF LD�

treEXLH�XWLOL]DW ��FHOH�GRX �HFXD LL�VXQW�LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH��9HQLWXO�FDUH�QX�V-a cheltuit pentru X, trebuie cheltuit pentru Y.

Într-R�HFRQRPLH�vQFKLV

Xcer = Xof ��úL�<cer = Yof 2.39 , 2.40.

Aceste�HFXD LL�VH�DGDXJ �OD�VLVWHPXO�FH�UHIOHFW �HFKLOLEUXO�JHQHUDO�DO�RIHUWHL�XQHL�HFRQRPLL�FX�vQ]HVWU UL�IL[H�GH�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH��WHKQRORJLL�GDWH�úL�FRQGL LL�GDWH�SHQWUX�SLD D�IDFWRULORU�

X = X(CX, MX) 2.41

Y = Y(CY, MY) 2.42

Page 18: 2. Abundenta Relativa a FP. Cererea Reciproca

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C = CX + CY 2.43

M = MX + MY 2.44

s = XM = PYM 2.45 , 2.46

r = XC = PYC 2.47 , 2.48

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'LQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� IRUPDO�� SUHIHULQ HOH� LQGLYLGXDOH� SRW� IL� DJUHJDWH� úL�utiOL]DWH� SHQWUX� D� UHSUH]HQWD� EXQ VWDUHD� úL� FHUHUHD� DJUHJDW �� FX� XrP WRDUHOH�FRQGL LL21:

• ILHFDUH�SHUVRDQ �DUH�XQ�VLVWHP�GH�SUHIHULQ H�FODU�GHILQLW��vQ�FD]XO�D�doX �P UIXUL��DFHVW�OXFUX�SRDWH�IL�UHSUH]HQWDW�SULQWU-R�PXO LPH�GH�FXUEH�GH�LQGLIHUHQ �FDUH�QX�VH�LQWHUVHFWHD] �

• SUH XULOH�P UIXULORU�VXQW�DFHOHDúL�SHQWUX�WR L�FRQVXPDWorii. 'H�DVHPHQHD��WUHEXLH�vQGHSOLQLWH�GRX �GLQ�XUP WRDUHOH�WUHL�FRQGL LL� • WR L�FRQVXPDWRULL�DX�JXVWXUL�LGHQWLFH� • WR L�FRQVXPDWRULL�DX�IXQF LL�GH�XWLOLWDWH�RPRWHWLFH� • distribuirea veniturilor între consumatori este ne modifiFDW � &RQGL LLOH� FHUHULL� VH� GHVFULX�SULQ� FXUEHOH� VRFLDOH� GH� LQGLIHUHQ ��3XQFWHOH�

VLWXDWH� SH� R� FXUE � GH� LQGLIHUHQ � LOXVWUHD] � DFHODúL� QLYHO� GH� XWLOLWDWH�� vQ� WLPS� FH�punctele aflate deasupra acesteia corespund unui nivel superior, iar cele aflate sub FXUE �-�XQXL�QLYHO�LQIHULRU�GH�XWLOLWDWH��$FHDVW �UHSUH]HQWDUH�SRDWH�IL�FRPSDUDW �FX�FHD� D� XQXL� PXQWH� GH� EXQXUL�� LOXVWUDW� SH� KDUW � FX� DMXWRUXO� FXUEHORU� GH� QLYHO� �GH�indiIHUHQ �� VDX� L]RXWLOLWDWH��� $VWIHO�� vQ� ILJXUa 2.6, curba U1� DUDW � XQ� QLYHO� GH�XWLOLWDWH�VXSHULRU�ID �GH�80.

21 Samuelson, 1956, p. 11.

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Figura 2����&XUEH�GH�LQGLIHUHQ

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figura 2.8. ÌQ� DEVHQ D� VFKLPburilor externe, echilibrul economiei este realizat în

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