7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

1/94

1. BASIC PHRASES / FRASI SEMPLICI

Buon giornobwon zhor-noHello / Goodmorning/afternoon

Buona sera

bwoh-nah seh-rahGood evening

Buona notte

bwoh-nah noht-tehGood night

CiaochowHi / Hello / Bye (informal)

Arrivederciah-ree-vuh-dehr-cheeGoodbye

ArrivederLaah-ree-vuh-dehr-lahGoodbye (formal)

A pi tardiah pyoo tar-deeSee you later

A presto / A dopoah press-toh / ah doh-pohSee you soon

A domaniah doh-mahn-eeSee you tomorrow

Per favore / Per piacerepehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-cheh-rehPlease

Grazie (mille)graht-zee-eh (mee-leh)Thank you (very much)

Pregopreh-gohYou're Welcome

Mi dispiacemee dee-spyah-chehSorry

Scusi / Scusaskoo-zee / skoo-zahExcuse me (formal /informal)

Andiamo!on-dee-ah-moLet's go!

Come sta? / Come stai?koh-meh stah / koh-meh styHow are you? (formal /informal)

Sto bene.stoh beh-nehI am fine / well.

Non c' male.nohn cheh mah-lehNot bad.

Abbastanza bene.ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-nehPretty good.

Cos cos.koh-zee koh-zeeSo so.

S / Nosee / nohYes / No

Come si chiama?koh-meh see kee-ah-mahWhat's your name? (formal)

Come ti chiami?koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee

What's your name?(informal)

Mi chiamo...mee kee-ah-moMy name is...

Piacere / Molto lieto.pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-tohlee-eh-tohPleased / Nice to meet you.

Signore, Signora, Signorinaseen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ahMister, Misses, Miss

Di dov'?dee doh-veh

Where are you from? (formal)

Di dove sei?dee doh-veh seh-eeWhere are you from?

(informal)

Sono di...soh-noh dee

I am from...

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itphrases.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itphrases1.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_basicphrases.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

2/94

Quanti anni ha?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ahHow old are you? (formal)

Quanti anni hai?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-eeHow old are you?(informal)

Ho venti anni.oh vehn-tee ahn-neeI am 20 years old.

Parla italiano?par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-noDo you speak Italian? (formal)

Parli inglese?par-lee een-gleh-zehDo you speak English?(informal)

Parlo italiano. / Nonparlo inglese.par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-no / non par-loeen-gleh-zehI speak Italian. / Idon't speak English.

Capisce? / Capisci?kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee

Do you understand? (formal /informal)

[Non] capisco.[non] kah-pees-koh

I [don't] understand.

Non so. / Lo so.non soh / low soh

I don't know. / I know.

Pu aiutarmi? / Puoiaiutarmi?pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee ah-yoo-tar-meeCan you help me? (formal /informal)

Certamente / D'accordo.cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-kohr-dohSure / OK.

Come?koh-meh?What? / Pardon me?

Desidera? / Desideri?

deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-reeMay I help you? (formal /informal)

Come si dice "house" in italiano?

koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ah-nohHow do you say "house" in Italian?

Dov' / Dove sono...?doh-veh / doh-veh soh-nohWhere is / Where are... ?

Ecco / Eccoli...eh-koh / eh-koh-leeHere is / Here are...

C' / Ci sono...cheh / chee soh-nohThere is / There are...

Cosa c'?koh-zah chehWhat's the matter? / What'swrong?

Non importa. / Di niente./ Di nulla.

nohn eem-por-tah / deenee-ehn-teh / dee noo-lahIt doesn't matter.

Non m'importa.

nohn meem-por-tahI don't care.

Non ti preoccupare.nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-rehDon't worry. (informal)

Ho dimenticato.oh dee-men-tee-kah-tohI forgot.

Devo andareadesso.deh-voh ahn-dah-rehah-des-sohI have to go now.

Ho fame. / Ho sete.

oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh

Ho freddo. / Ho caldo.

oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh

Mi annoio.

mee ahn-noh-ee-oh

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

3/94

I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty. I'm cold. / I'm hot. I'm bored.

Salute!sah-loo-teh

Bless you!

Congratulazioni!kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-neeCongratulations!

Benvenuti!behn-veh-noo-tee

Welcome!

Buona fortuna!bwoh-nah for-too-nahGood luck!

Tocca a me! / Tocca a te!tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah ah tehIt's my turn! / It's your turn!(informal)

Ti amo.tee ah-mohI love you. (informal)

pazzo! / Sei pazzo!eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh

You're crazy! (formal /informal)

Sta zitto! / Stai zitto!stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-tohBe quiet / Shut up! (formal/ informal)

Va bene!vah beh-nehOK!

Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of sayingthings. This is because there is more than one meaning to"you" in Italian (as well as in many other languages.) Theinformal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives,animals or children. The formal you is used when talking tosomeone you just met, do not know well, or someone forwhom you would like to show respect (a professor, for

example.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking tomore than one person.

Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you aretalking to a woman, use pazza and zitta. If you are talking tomore than one person (all men, or a group of men andwomen), use pazzi and zitti. If you are talking to more thanone person (all women), use pazze and zitte.

2. PRONUNCIATION / LA PRONUNCIA

Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation shouldbe easy. Most words are pronounced exactly like they arespelled. There are only seven pure vowels, but severaldiphthongs and triphthongs. The English samples given arenot pronounced exactly as in Italian because English vowelstend to be diphthongized (there's an extra yuh or wuh afterthe actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel andnot the diphthong when pronouncing Italian.

Italian Vowels English Pronunciation

[i] vita ee as in meet

[e] vedi ay as in bait

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_pronunciation.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

4/94

[] era eh as in bet[a] cane ah as in father

[u] uva oo as in boot

[o] sole oh as in boat

[] modo aw as in lawSemi-Vowels

[w] quando, uomo wuh as in won

[j] piano, ieri, piove yuh as in yes

In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e] and [];

while the letter o is used to represent both [o] and []. If thevowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is always closed [e]

and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open []and

[]. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, ofcourse, but this is the standard rule. Italian semi-vowels arealways written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. Ifanother vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai, ei,oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates atriphthong.

Italian consonant + vowel combinations

c + a, o, u, he,hi

k amica, amico, amicheah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh

c + ia, io, iu, e, i ch bacio, celebre, cinemabah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-mah

g + a, o, u, he,hi

g gara, gusto, spaghetti gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee

g + ia, io, iu, e, i dj Giotto, gelato, magicodjoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh

sc + a, o, u, he,hi

sk scala, scuola, scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah

sc + ia, io, iu, e,i

sh sciarpa, sciupato, scemoshar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

The consonant h is always silent. Double consonants mustbe pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohn-noh) ispronounced differently from il nono (eel noh-noh).

Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stressfalls on the last syllable, the vowel is written with an accentmark (la citt). However, it is also possible for the stress tofall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_pronunciation2.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

5/94

the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person pluralverb conjugations.

3. ALPHABET / L'ALFABETO

a ah q koo

b bee r ehr-reh

c chee s ehs-seh

d dee t teh

e eh u oo

f eff-eh v voo

g zhee z dzeh-tah

h ahk-kah

i ee Foreign Letters

l ehl-eh j ee loon-gah

m ehm-eh k kahp-pah

n ehn-eh w dohp-pyah voo

o oh x eeks

p pee y ee greh-kah (or) eep-see-lohn

4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / ARTICOLI E

DIMOSTRATIVI

All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine)and the articles must agree with the gender. Masculinewords generally end in -o and feminine words generally endin -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you will justhave to memorize the gender. Keep in mind that articles areused before nouns or before an adjective + a noun.

Definite Article - The

Masculine Feminine

il eel sing., before consonants

la lah sing., before consonantslo low

sing., before z, gn, ps, or s +cons.

l' l sing., before vowels l' l sing., before vowels

i ee plural, before consonants

le lehplural, before consonants andvowelsgli lyee plural, before vowels, z, gn, or

s + cons.

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_articles.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_alphabet.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

6/94

Indefinite Articles - A, an, some

Masculine Feminine

A, An

un oon before consonant orvowel

una oon-ah

before consonants

unooon-oh

before z, gn, ps, or s +consonant

un' oon before vowels

Some

dei day before consonants

delledell-eh

before vowels andconsonantsdegli

deh-lyee

before vowels, z, gn,or s + cons.

Demonstratives - This, that, these, and

those

This and these

This These

Masc.questoquesti before a consonant

quest' questi before a vowel

Fem. questa queste before a consonant

quest' queste before a vowel

That and thoseThat Those

Masc.quel quei before a consonant

quell' quegli before a vowel

quello queglibefore z, gn, or s +consonant

Fem. quella quelle before a consonant

quell' quelle before a vowel

If you use thatand those as a subject, use these four forms:quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular,quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural.

5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS / PRONOMI PERSONALI

io ee-oh I noi noy we

tu too you (informal singular) voi voy you (informal plural)

lui, lei lwee/lay he, she loro loh-roh they

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_personalpronouns.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

7/94

Lei lay you (formal singular) Loro loh-roh you (formal plural)

The Lei form is generally used for you (singular), instead oftu, unless you're referring to kids or animals. Loro can also

mean you, but only in very polite situations. If you need tospecify an inanimate object as "it" you can use esso(masculine noun) and essa (feminine noun), but sincesubject pronouns are not commonly used in Italian, thesewords are somewhat rare.

6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ESSERE & AVERE

Essere - to be

I am sono soh-noh we are siamo see-ah-moh

you are sei say you are siete see-eh-teh

he/she/it is eh they are sono soh-noh

You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the differentconjugations imply the subject, but they are included in the

recordings.

Past & Future of Essere

I was ero we were eravamo I will be sar we will be saremo

you were eri you were eravate you will be sarai you will be sarete

he/shewas

eratheywere

eranohe/she willbe

sarthey willbe

saranno

Avere - to have

I have ho oh We have abbiamo ahb-bee-ah-mo

you have hai eye you have avete ah-veh-teh

he/she has ha ah they have hanno ahn-noh

Past & Future of Avere

I had avevo we had avevamo I will have avrwe willhave

avremo

you had aveviyouhad

avevate you will have avraiyou willhave

avrete

he/shehad

avevatheyhad

avevanohe/she willhave

avrthey willhave

avranno

Avere is used with many idioms and expressions thatnormally use the verb "to be" in English:

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itbehave.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itessereavere.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_behave.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

8/94

avere fame - to be hungryavere sete - to be thirstyavere caldo - to be warmavere freddo - to be coldavere fretta - to be in a hurry

avere paura (di) - to be afraid (of)avere ragione - to be rightavere torto - to be wrongavere sonno - to be sleepyavere bisogno di - to needavere voglia di - to want, to feel likeavere 20 anni - to be 20 years old

When avere is followed by a word beginning with aconsonant, the final -e is often dropped: aver caldo, averfretta, aver ragione, etc.

7. USEFUL WORDS / PAROLE UTILE

Flashcards also include subject pronouns.

and e eh always sempre sehm-preh

or o oh often spesso speh-soh

but ma mah sometimes qualche voltakwal-keh vohl-tah

not non nohn usually usualmenteoo-zoo-al-mehn-teh

while mentre mehn-treh especially specialmentespeh-chee-al-mehn-teh

if se seh except eccetto eh-cheh-toh

because perch pehr-kay book il libro lee-broh

very, a lot molto mohl-toh pencil la matita mah-tee-tah

also, too anche ahn-keh pen la penna pehn-nah

although bench behn-keh paper la carta kar-tah

nowadesso,

ora

ah-deh-so,

oh-rah

dog il cane kah-neh

perhaps,maybe

forse for-seh cat il gatto gah-toh

then allora, poiahl-loh-rah,poy

friend (fem) l'amica ah-mee-kah

there is c' chehfriend(masc)

l'amico ah-mee-koh

there are ci sonochee soh-noh

woman la donna dohn-nah

there was c'era che-rah man l'uomo woh-mohthere were c'erano che-rah-no girl la ragazza rah-gat-sah

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/ituseful.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_usefulwords.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

9/94

here is ecco ehk-koh boy il ragazzo rah-gat-soh

C' can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Lauranon c'- Laura's not here.

8. QUESTION WORDS

Who Chi kee

Whose Di chi dee kee

What Che cosa keh koh-sah

Why Perch pehr-keh

When Quando kwahn-doh

Where Dove doh-veh

How Come koh-meh

How much Quanto kwahn-toh

Which Quale kwah-leh

When dove, come, and quale are followed by (is), dove and come contract todov' andcom'; and quale drops its e to become qual .

9. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS

0 zero dzeh-roh

1 uno oo-noh

2 due doo-eh

3 tre treh

4 quattro kwaht-troh

5 cinque cheen-kweh

6 sei say

7 sette seht-teh

8 otto aw-toh

9 nove naw-vay

10 dieci dee-ay-chee

11 undici oon-dee-chee

12 dodici doh-dee-chee

13 tredici treh-dee-chee

14 quattordici kwaht-tohr-dee-chee

15 quindici kween-dee-chee

16 sedici seh-dee-chee

17 diciassette dee-chahs-seht-teh

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itnumbers3.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itnumbers.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_numbers.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itquestion.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_questionwords.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

10/94

18 diciotto dee-choht-toh

19 diciannove dee-chahn-noh-veh

20 venti vehn-tee

21 ventuno vehn-too-noh

22 ventidue vehn-tee-doo-eh

23 ventitr vehn-tee-treh

30 trenta trehn-tah

40 quaranta kwah-rahn-tah

50 cinquanta cheen-kwahn-tah

60 sessanta sehs-sahn-tah

70 settanta seht-tahn-tah

80 ottanta oh-tahn-tah

90 novanta noh-vahn-tah

100 cento chehn-toh

101 centouno chehn-toh-oo-noh

110 centodieci chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee

200 duecento doo-eh-chehn-toh

1,000 mille mee-leh

2,000 duemila doo-eh-mee-lah

million un milione mee-lee-oh-neh

billion un miliardo mee-lee-ar-doh

If a number ends in -tre, you need to add an accent: -tr.When you have a word that ends in a vowel, like venti, andanother word that begins with a vowel, like uno; the firstword loses its vowel when putting the two words together.Venti (20) and uno (1) make ventuno (21). One exceptionis cento; it does not lose its vowel. Cento (100) and uno (1)make centouno (101). Notice that cento does not have aplural form, but mille does (mila). And be aware that Italian

switches the use of commas and decimals.

Ordinal Numbers

first primo / prima

second secondo / seconda

third terzo / terza

fourth quarto / quarta

fifth quinto / quinta

sixth sesto / sesta

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

11/94

seventh settimo / settima

eighth ottavo / ottava

ninth nono / nona

tenth decimo / decima

eleventh undicesimo / undicesima

twentieth ventesimo / ventesima

hundredth centesimo / centesima

From eleventh on, just drop the final vowel of the cardinalnumber and add -esimo. For numbers like ventitr, trentatr,add -esimo but do not drop the final e. Ordinal numbers areadjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o isthe masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending.

10. DAYS OF THE WEEK / GIORNI DELLA SETTIMANA

Monday luned loo-neh-dee

Tuesday marted mahr-teh-dee

Wednesday mercoled mehr-koh-leh-dee

Thursday gioved zhoh-veh-dee

Friday venerd veh-nehr-dee

Saturday sabato sah-bah-toh

Sunday domenica doh-men-ee-kah

yesterday ieri yer-ee

day before yesterday avantieri / l'altroieri (m) ah-vahn-tyee-ree

last night ieri sera yer-ee seh-rah

today oggi ohd-jee

tomorrow domani doh-mahn-ee

day after tomorrow dopodomani doh-poh-doh-mahn-ee

day il giorno eel zhor-noh

To say on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc., use il before lunedthrough sabato, and la before domenica.

11. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / MESI DELL'ANNO

January gennaio jehn-nah-yoh

February febbraio fehb-brah-yohMarch marzo mar-tsoh

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itmonths.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_months.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itdays.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_days.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

12/94

April aprile ah-pree-leh

May maggio mahd-joh

June giugno joo-nyoh

July luglio loo-lyoh

August agosto ah-goh-stoh

September settembre seht-tehm-breh

October ottobre oht-toh-breh

November novembre noh-vehm-breh

December dicembre dee-chem-breh

week la settimana lah sett-ee-mah-nah

month il mese eel meh-zeh

year l'anno lahn-noh

Days and months are not capitalized. To express the date,use il (number) (month). May 5th would be il 5(orcinque) maggio. But for the first of the month, useprimoinstead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, amonth ago, etc., just add fa afterwards. To express last, asin last Wednesday, last week, etc., just add scorso (formasculine words) orscorsa (for feminine words) afterwards.

una settimana fa - a week ago

la settimana scorsa - last week

un mese fa - a month ago

l'anno scorso - last year

12. SEASONS / STAGIONI

Summerl'estate leh-stah-teh

Fall l'autunno low-toon-noh

Springlaprimavera

lah pree-mah-veh-rah

Winter l'inverno leen-vehr-noh

To say in the (season), just use in. In estate is in thesummer, in primavera is in spring. D'estate and d'invernocan also be used instead of in estate or in inverno.

13. DIRECTIONS / DIREZIONI

right destra

left sinistra

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_directions.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_seasons.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

13/94

straight diritto

North nord nohrd

South sud sood

East est est

West ovest oh-vest

14. COLORS & SHAPES / COLORI E FORME

white bianco/a square il quadrato

yellow giallo/a circle il cerchio

orange arancione triangle il triangolo

pink rosa rectangle il rettangolo

red rosso/a oval l'ovale

light blue azzurro/a cube il cubo

dark blue blu sphere la sfera

green verde cylinder il cilindro

brown marrone cone il cono

grey grigio/a octagon l'ottagono

black nero/a box la scatola

Colors are adjectives and must agree with the nouns theymodify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending.For example, rosso is masculine and rossa is feminine.Color words always go afterthe noun they describe:

una casa gialla - a yellow houseil cubo rosso - the red cube

To ask the color of something:

Di che colore il cielo? What color is the sky?Di che colore sono i tuoi occhi? What color are youreyes?

15. TIME / IL TEMPO

What time is it? Che ora ? / Che ore sono?keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh

At what time? A che ora? ah keh oh-rah

It's 1:00 l'una eh loo-nah

at 1:00 all'una ahl-loo-nah

(at) noon (a) mezzogiorno (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh

(at) midnight (a) mezzanotte (ah) med-zah-noh-teh2:00 Sono le due soh-noh leh doo-eh

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/ittime.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_time.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itcolors.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_colors.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

14/94

3:10 Sono le tre e dieci soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee

4:50 Sono le cinque meno diecisoh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-nohdee-ay-chee

8:15 Sono le otto e un quartosoh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwar-

toh

7:45Sono le otto meno unquarto

soh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh unkwar-toh

1:30 l'una e mezza eh loo-nah eh med-zah

6:30 Sono le sei e mezzo soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh

sharp in punto een poon-toh

in the morning di mattina dee maht-teen-ah

in theafternoon

di pomeriggio dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh

in the evening di sera dee seh-rah

at night di notte dee noht-teh

16. WEATHER / IL TEMPO ATMOSFERICO

What's the weather today? Che tempo fa oggi?

It's nice Fa bel tempo / bello

bad Fa brutto tempo / brutto

raining Piove / Sta piovendothundering Tuona

snowing Nevica / Sta nevicando

hailing Grandina / Sta grandinando

cold Fa freddo

cool Fa fresco

hot Fa caldo

freezing Fa un freddo gelido

foggy C' nebbiasunny C' sole / assolato

windy C' vento / ventoso / Fa vento

cloudy nuvoloso

humid umido

muggy afoso

stormy burrascoso

17. FAMILY & ANIMALS / FAMIGLIA E ANIMALI

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itfamily3.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itfamily.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_family.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itweather.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_weather.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

15/94

familylafamiglia

relatives i parenti dog il cane

parents i genitori father-in-law il suocero cat il gatto

mother la madre mother-in-law la suocera bird l'uccello

father il padre son-in-law il genero mouse il topo

son il figliodaughter-in-law

la nuora rabbit il coniglio

daughter la figliabrother-in-law

il cognato horse il cavallo

brother il fratello sister-in-law la cognata cow la mucca

sister la sorella stepfather il patrigno donkey l'asino

grandfather il nonno stepmother la matrigna goat la capra

grandmother la nonna

step/half

brother il fratellastro sheep la pecora

grandson/nephew il nipotestep/halfsister

la sorellastra goose l'oca

granddaughter/niece la nipote married sposato duck l'anatra

uncle lo zio divorced divorziato pig il maiale

aunt la zia separated separato hen la gallina

cousin (m) il cugino single (man) celibe deer il cervo

cousin (f) la cuginasingle(woman)

nubile

husband il marito bachelor lo scapolo

wife la moglie widow la vedova

man l'uomo widower il vedovo

woman la donna godfather il padrino

boy il ragazzo godmother la madrina

girllaragazza

twinsi gemelli / legemelle

18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS

conoscere-to know, be acquainted with sapere-to know (facts)

conosco conosciamo so sappiamo

conosci conoscete sai sapete

conosce conoscono sa sanno

Conoscere is used when you know people and places. It isconjugated regularly. Sapere is used when you know facts.

Sapere followed by an infinitive means to know how. Inaddition, the object must be expressed in Italian when using

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itknow.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_know.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

16/94

sapere. You cannot simply say I knowas in English, butratherI know it: Lo so.

Io conosco Mario. I know Mario.

Voi conoscete la Francia. You know (have visited) France.

Tu sai nuotare. You know how to swim.Loro sanno cantare. They know how to sing.

19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS

If a word is masculine singular, change the last letter to an i.If a word is feminine singular, change the last letter to an e ifit ends in a, or if it ends in e, change it to an i.

Singular to Plural Nouns

Masculine-o -i

-a -i

-e -i

Feminine

-a -e

-e -i

Words ending in -io can either change the o to i, or justsimply drop the o to form the plural. When the -i of-io isstressed, the plural is -ii; however, most words ending in -iodo not stress the -i, and so their plurals are formed bydropping the o. Compare: lo zio - gli zii and il figlio - i figli.

Some nouns ending in -co and -go may or may not insert anh before changing the o to i. There is no general rule for it.All nouns ending in-ca and -ga insert an h before changingthe a to e. Nouns ending in an accented vowel do notchange for the plural. (la citt (city) becomes le citt) Thereare some masculine nouns that end -a, and these nouns

change the -a to -i in the plural: il programma, il poeta, ilpianete, il pilota, il poema, il sistema. The plural ofl'uomo(man) is gli uomini, while the plural ofla mano (hand) is lemani.

20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Masc. Sing. Fem. Sing. Masc. Pl. Fem. Pl.

my il mio la mia i miei (myeh-ee) le mie

your il tuo la tua i tuoi (twoh-ee) le tue

his/her il suo la sua i suoi (swoh-ee) le sue

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itpossadj.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_possadj.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itplnouns.htm

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

17/94

our il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre

your il vostro la vostra i vostri le vostre

their il loro la loro i loro le loro

You may leave off the definite article before family relationwords in the singular. All other times, you must use them.Notice that loro does not change.

21. TO DO OR MAKE

fare - to do / make

faccio fah-cho facciamo fah-chah-moh

fai fah-ee fate fah-teh

fa fah fanno fahn-noh

Che cosa fa? What do you do (as a profession)?Io faccio il contabile. I'm an accountant.Che facolt fa? What's your major?Faccio architettura. I'm studying/majoring in architecture.

Idomatic expressions used with fare:fare una domanda - to ask a questionfare un viaggio - to take a tripfare un bagno - to take a bathfare una passeggiata - to take a walk

fare attenzione - to pay attentionfare un piacere - to do a favorfare una conferenza - to give a lecturefare l'attrice / il cantante - to be an actress / a singerfare l'universit - to study at university / be in college

Notice than in English we use the indefinite article (a or an)when talking about professions, but in Italian, you must usethe definite article.

22. WORK & SCHOOL

architect l'architetto teacher (m) il maestro

author l'autore teacher (f) la maestra

banker il banchiere professor (m) il professore

waiter il cameriere professor (f) la professoressa

waitress la cameriera hair stylist (m) il parrucchiere

saleswoman la commessa hair stylist (f) la parrucchiera

salesman il commesso secretary (m) il segretario

accountant il contabile secretary (f) la segretariadoctor (m) il dottore soldier il soldato

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itwork3.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itwork.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_workschool1.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itfare.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_domake.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

18/94

doctor (f) la dottoressa journalist il/la giornalista

musician il/la musicista office worker (m) l'impiegato

barber il barbiere office worker (f) l'impiegata

When stating your job or profession, use the verb fare + thedefinite article: Faccio il professore. I'm a professor.

biology la biologia architecture l'architettura

chemistry la chimica business il commercio

economics l'economia law la giurisprudenza

philosophy la filosofia engineering l'ingegneria

physics la fisica literature le lettere

geography la geografia political science le scienze politicheforeignlanguages

le linguestraniere

sociology la sociologia

mathematics la matematica astronomy l'astronomia

medicine la medicina dramatic arts l'arte drammatica

accounting la ragioneria computer science l'informatica

history la storia communicationla scienza dellacomunicazioni

psychology la psicologia physical education l'educazione fisica

When talking about your major or specialization, use theverb fare withoutthe definite article: Faccio geografia. I

study geography.

course, class il corso oral exams gli orali

department la facolt written exams gli scritti

subject la materia semester / trimesteril semestre /trimestre

Listen Ascoltate Correct! Giusto!Read Leggete Wrong! Sbagliato!

Repeat Ripetete All together! Tutti insieme!

Answer Rispondete One more time. Ancora una volta.

Write ScriveteHow do youpronounce...?

Come sipronuncia...?

Open yourbooks

Aprite i libri. How do you write...? Come si scrive...?

Close yourbooks

Chiudete i libri. How do you say...? Come si dice...?

Do the exercise Fate l'esercizio What does ... mean? Cosa vuol dire...?

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_workschool3.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_workschool2.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

19/94

Attention! Attenzione! Repeat, please.Ripeta, perfavore.

Very good!Molto bene /Benissimo!

OK. Va bene.

23. PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS OF PLACE

at, to a over / above sopra

in in under / below sotto

on / up su inside dentro

from, by da outside fuori

of di around intorno a

with con between tra

without senza among fra

for per near vicino a

next to accanto a farlontanoda

behind dietro before prima (di)

in front of davanti a after dopo (di)

across attraverso against contro

down gi toward verso

24. PREPOSITIONAL CONTRACTIONS

il lo l' la i gli le

a at, to al allo all' alla ai agli alle

dafrom,by

dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle

di of del dello dell' della dei degli delle

in in nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle

su on sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle

con with col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle

The only contractions forcon that are still used nowadaysare coland coi, but even these contractions are optional.

Usually no article is used with in before words denotingrooms in a house or buildings in a city.

Di is also used when showing possession. Italian does

not have the -'s construction that English uses, so you mustsay that whatever is possessed is ofthe person.

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_prepcontract.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itpreps3.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itpreps.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_preps.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

20/94

Questo cane di Marco. This dog is Marco's. / This isMarco's dog. (Literally: This dog is of Marco.)

25. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES Part 1: Part2:

Africa l'Africa Indonesia l'Indonesia

African africano/a Indonesian indonesiano/a

Albania l'Albania Ireland l'Irlanda

Albanian albanese Irish irlandese

America l'America Israel l'Israele

American americano/a Israeli israeliano/a

Argentina l'Argentina Italy l'ItaliaArgentine argentino/a Italian italiano/a

Asia l'Asia Japan il Giappone

Asian asiatico/a Japanese giapponese

Australia l'Australia Latvia la Lettonia

Australian australiano/a Latvian lettone

Austria l'Austria Lithuania la Lituania

Austrian austriaco/a Lithuanian lituano/a

Belgium il Belgio Luxembourg il Lussemburgo

Belgian belga Luxembourger lussemburghese

Bosnia la Bosnia Macedonia la Macedonia

Bosnian bosniaco/a Macedonian macedone

Brazil il Brasile Malta Malta (f)

Brazilian brasiliano/a Maltese maltese

Bulgaria la Bulgaria Netherlands i Paesi Bassi / Olanda

Bulgarian bulgaro/a Dutch olandese

Canada il Canada New Zealand la Nuova Zelanda

Canadian canadese New Zealander neozelandese

China la Cina Norway la Norvegia

Chinese cinese Norwegian norvegese

Croatia la Croazia Poland la Polonia

Croatian croato/a Polish polacco/a

Czech Republic la Repubblica Ceca Portugal il Portogallo

Czech ceco/a Portuguese portoghese

Denmark la Danimarca Romania la Romania

Danish danese Romanian romeno/a

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itcountries.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_countries2.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_countries1.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

21/94

Egypt l'Egitto Russia la Russia

Egyptian egiziano/a Russian russo/a

England l'Inghilterra Scotland la Scozia

English inglese Scottish scozzese

Estonia l'Estonia Serbia la Serbia

Estonian estone Serbian serbo/a

Europe l'Europa Slovakia la Slovacchia

European europeo/a Slovak slovacco/a

Finland la Finlandia Slovenia la Slovenia

Finnish finlandese Slovene sloveno/a

France la Francia Spain la Spagna

French francese Spanish spagnolo/a

Germany la Germania Sweden la Svezia

German tedesco/a Swedish svedese

Great Britain la Gran Bretagna Switzerland la Svizzera

British britannico/a Swiss svizzero/a

Greece la Grecia Turkey la Turchia

Greek greco/a Turk turco/a

Hungary l'Ungheria Ukraine l'Ucraina

Hungarian ungherese Ukrainian ucraino/a

Iceland l'Islanda United Kingdom il Regno UnitoIcelandic islandese United States gli Stati Uniti

India l'India Wales Galles

Indian indiano/a Welsh gallese

If the adjective is referring to a language, it will always be themasculine form. If the adjective is referring to a womaninstead of a man, then the adjectives ending in -o change toend in -a. The adjectives ending in -e do not change forgender. Also, the adjective americano usually refers to

someone living anywhere in the American continent, butmany people do use it to mean a person from the UnitedStates, instead ofstatunitense.

When talking about your country of origin, it is more commonin Italian to use the adjective of nationality. For example,instead of saying She is from Denmark, you would say Sheis Danish.

26. TO AND FROM PLACES

To FromCountry (singular) in da (+ contraction)

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_tofrom.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

22/94

Country (plural) negli da (+ contraction)

City a da

Vado in Francia. I'm going to France.

Vengo dalla Francia. I come from France.

Vado negli Stati Uniti. I'm going to the United States.

Vengo dagli Stati Uniti. I come from the United States.

Vado a Parigi. I'm going to Paris.

Vengo da Parigi. I come from Paris.

27. TO COME AND TO GO

Venire - to come Andare - to go

vengovehn-goh

veniamoven-ee-ah-moh

vadovah-doh

andiamoahn-dee-ah-moh

vienivee-en-ee

veniteven-ee-teh

vai vah-ee andateahn-dah-teh

vienevee-en-eh

vengonoven-goh-noh

va vah vanno vahn-noh

To make a verb negative, add non before it:

Non vengo a scuola in macchina. I don't come to schoolby car.

Ifandare is followed by another infinitive, then a must beused before the infinitive:

Vado a mangiare adesso. I'm going to eat now.

Other verbs conjugated in the same pattern as venire are:avvenire - to happen, to occurconvenire - to convenedivenire - to becomeprovenire - to come from, to proceed

sovvenire - to helpsvenire - to faint

Tenere (to hold, keep) verbs are conjugated very similarly tovenire too, except the voi form ends in -ete instead of -ite:appartenere - to belongcontenere - to containintrattenere - to entertainmantenere - to maintainottenere - to obtainritenere - to retainsostenere - to sustain, to supporttrattenere - to withhold, to detain

http://www.ielanguages.com/exercises/itcomego.htmhttp://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_comego.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

23/94

28. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS

To conjugate regular verbs, take off the last three letters (-are, -ere, or -ire) and add these endings to the stem:

Regular Verb Endings

-are -ere 1st -ire 2nd -ire

-o -iamo -o -iamo -o -iamo -isco -iamo

-i -ate -i -ete -i -ite -isci -ite

-a -ano -e -ono -e -ono -isce -iscono

Verbi Regolari / Regular Verbs

-are 1st -ire

parlare to speak dormire to sleep

cantare to sing partire to leave

arrivare to arrive sentire to hear

abitare to live aprire to open

amare to love offrire to offer

ascoltare to listen (to) servire to serve

cominciare to begin

domandare to ask

giocare to play (a game/sport)

guardare to look (at)/watch

imparare to learn

insegnare to teach

lavorare to work

mangiare to eat

pensare to think

studiare to study

-ere 2nd -ire

scrivere to write finire to finish

vedere to see capiretounderstand

credere to believe preferire to prefer

conoscereto know/be acquaintedwith

colpire to hit

leggere to read costruire to build

mettere to put pulire to clean

perdere to lose sparire to disappear

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_regverbs.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

24/94

prendere to take

rispondere to answer

scendere to go down/get off

vendere to sell

vivere to live

correre to run

dipingere to paint

ricevere to receive

Sample Regular Verb

Parlare-to speak

parlo parliamo

parli parlateparla parlano

The present tense and the preposition da may be used todescribe an action which began in the past and is stillcontinuing in the present. The present perfect tense is usedin English to convey this same concept.

Daquanto tempo Lei studia l'italiano? How long have youbeen studying Italian?Studio l'italiano dadue anni. I've been studying Italian fortwo years.

Proprio can be used to emphasize something and ittranslates as reallyorjust.

Ho proprio sonno. I'm really sleepy.Arrivo dalla banca proprio adesso. I just now got backfrom the bank.

29. REFLEXIVE VERBS

Reflexive verbs express actions performed by the subject onthe subject. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs,but a reflexive pronoun precedes the verb form. Thispronoun always agrees with the subject. In the infinitiveform, reflexive verbs have -si attached to them with the finale dropped. Lavare is to wash, therefore lavarsi is to washoneself. (Note that some verbs are reflexive in Italian, but notin English.)

Reflexive Pronouns

mi ci

ti vi

si si

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_reflexiveverbs.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

25/94

Common reflexive verbs:

to be satisfied with accontentarsi dito graduate (fromcollege)

laurearsi

to fall asleep addormentarsi to wash up lavarsi

to get up alzarsi to put on mettersito be bored annoiarsi to get organized organizzarsi

to get angry arrabbiarsito make areservation

prenotarsi

to be called chiamarsi to remember to ricordarsi di

to forget to dimenticarsi di to make a mistake sbagliarsi

to graduate (from highschool)

diplomarsi to feel (well, bad)sentirsi (bene,male)

to have a good time divertirsi to specialize specializzarsi

to shave (the face) farsi la barba /radersi to get married sposarsi

to stop (oneself) fermarsi to wake up svegliarsi

to complain about lamentarsi di to get dressed vestirsi

Io mi lavo. I wash myself.Noi ci alziamo presto. We get up early.Si sveglia alle sette. She wakes up at seven.

The plural reflexive pronouns (ci, vi, si) can also be usedwith non-reflexive verbs to indicate a reciprocal action.These verbs are called reciprocal verbs and are expressed

by the words each otherin English.

to embrace abbracciarsi to run into incontrarsi

to help aiutarsi to fall in love with innamorarsi

to kiss baciarsi to greet salutarsi

to understand capirsi to write to scriversi

to meet conoscersi to phone telefonarsi

to exchange gifts farsi regali to see vedersi

to look at guardarsi

Ci scriviamo ogni settimana. We write to each other everyweek.Vi vedete spesso? Do you see each other often?

30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS

Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before the -i and -iamo endings to keep the hard sound. Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare do not repeat the i in front of the -i ending.Notice that these verbs are only slightly irregular in spelling,

while the pronunciation still follows the normal conjugationpattern.

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_irregularities.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

26/94

cercare - to look for cominciare - to start

cerco cerchiamo comincio cominciamo

cerchi cercate cominci cominciate

cerca cercano comincia cominciano

31. PRESENT PERFECT (PASSATO PROSSIMO)

The present perfect tense is used to express something thathappened in the past, and which is completely finished (nothabitual or continuous). To form this compound tense, whichcan translate as something happened, something hashappened, or something did happen, conjugate avere orsometimes essere and add the past participle. To form the

past participle, add these endings to the appropriate stem ofthe infinitives:

-are -ato

-ere -uto

-ire -ito

Verbs that can take a direct object are generally conjugatedwith avere. Verbs that do not take a direct object (generallyverbs of movement), as well as all reflexive verbs, areconjugated with essere and their past participle must agree

in gender and number with the subject. Avere uses avere asits auxiliary verb, while essere uses essere as its auxiliaryverb. Negative sentences in the present perfect tense areformed by placing non in front of the auxiliary verb. Commonadverbs of time are placed between avere/essere and thepast participle.

Io ho visitato Roma. I visited Rome.Tu non hai visitato gli Stati Uniti. You didn't visit theUnited States.Abbiamo conosciuto due ragazze. We met two girls.

Maria andata in Italia. Maria went to Italy. (Note theagreement of the past participle with the subject.)Ho sempre avuto paura dei cani. I've always been afraid ofdogs.Hai gi finito di studiare? Have you already finishedstudying?

In addition, some verbs take on a different meaning in thepresent perfect: conoscere means to meet and saperemeans to find out (orto hear).

Reflexive Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

27/94

Since all reflexive verbs use essere as the auxiliary verb, thepast participle must agree with the subject. The word order isreflexive pronoun + essere + past participle.

Mi sono divertita. I had fun.Si sentito male. He felt bad.

32. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Part 1:

Part2:

The following verbs all take avere as the auxiliary:

to turn on accendere acceso to hide nascondere nascosto

to admit ammettere ammesso to offend offendere offeso

to hang (up) appendere appeso to offer offrire offerto

to open aprire aperto to lose perdereperso /perduto

to drink bere bevuto to permit permettere permesso

to ask chiedere chiesto to cry piangere pianto

to close chiudere chiuso to put, place porre posto

to grant,award

concedere concesso to take prendere preso

to conclude concludere concluso to promise promettere promesso

to know(people)

conoscere conosciuto to suggest proporre proposto

to correct correggere corretto to laugh ridere riso

to decide decidere decisoto solve,resolve

risolvere risolto

to disappoint deludere delusoto respond,answer

rispondere risposto

to defend difendere difeso to break rompere rotto

to say, tell dire detto to choose scegliere scelto

to direct, run dirigere diretto to write scrivere scritto

to discuss discutere discusso to suffer soffrire soffertoto distinguish distinguere distinto to turn off spegnere spento

to destroy distruggere distrutto to spend spendere speso

to divide dividere diviso to push spingere spinto

to exclude escludere escluso to translate tradurre tradotto

to express esprimere espresso to draw, pull trarre tratto

to do fare fatto to kill uccidere ucciso

to insist insistere insistito to see vedere visto / veduto

to read leggere letto to win vincere vintoto put mettere messo

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_irrpastparticiples2.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_irrpastparticiples.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

28/94

Sample Avere Verb: avere - tohave

(io) ho avuto (noi) abbiamo avuto

(tu) hai avuto (voi) avete avuto

(lei) ha avuto (loro) hanno avuto

Ho avuto can mean I have, I have had, orI did have.

33. ESSERE VERBS

In general, intransitive and reflexive verbs, as well asimpersonal verbs and verbs describing a change of state oran evolution of some sorts, take essere as the auxiliary verbin the passato prossimo. These past participles must agreewith the subject in gender and number by changing the final

vowel. Irregular past participles are highlighted.

to go andare andato

to arrive arrivare arrivato

to suffice, be enough bastare bastato

to be necessary bisognare bisognato

to cost costare costato

to depend dipendere dipeso

to regret, upset dispiacere dispiaciuto

to become, grow, turn diventare diventato

to last durare durato

to enter entrare entrato

to exist esistere esistito

to be essere stato

to arrive / to succeed giungere giunto

to get old invecchiare invecchiato

to die morire morto

to be born nascere nato

to be necessary occorrere occorso

to leave partire partito

to be pleasing [to like] piacere piaciuto

to rain piovere piovuto

to stay, remain restare restato

to go/come back in, return rientrare rientrato

to remain, stay rimanere rimasto

to return ritornare ritornatoto succeed riuscire (a) riuscito

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_essereverbs1.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_ppavereverb.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

29/94

to seem sembrare sembrato

to serve, be of use servire servito

to disappear sparire sparito

to stay, be stare stato

to happen succedere successo

to come back/return tornare tornato

to go out uscire uscito

to be worth valere valso

to come venire venuto

Sono nato a Torino nel 1965. I was born in Turin in 1965.Cosa successo? What happened?Lei stato malata ma niente di grave. She was sick, but itwas nothing serious.

There are also a few verbs (some with irregular pastparticiples) that use essere as an auxiliary when they areintransitive (no direct object), but avere when they are

transitive (with a direct object).

to change, exchange cambiare cambiato

to begin, start cominciare cominciato

to run correre corso

to grow (up), increase crescere cresciutoto diminish, decrease diminuire diminuito

to explode esplodere esploso

to finish, end, stop finire finito

to ripen, mature maturare maturato

to improve migliorare migliorato

to move muovere mosso

to pass, pass through/over passare passato

to worsen peggiorare peggioratoto go up, rise salire salito

to descend, go down scendere sceso

to live (be alive) vivere vissuto

L'inverno finito. Winter is finished.Abbiamo finito di guardare il film. We finished watchingthe film.

Sample Essere Verb: andare - to go

sono andato / sono andata siamo andati / siamo andate

sei andato / sei andata siete andati / siete andate

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_ppessereverb.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_essereverbs2.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

30/94

andato / andata sono andati / sono andate

Sono andato can mean I went, I was going, orI did go.Remember that -o is masculine and -a is feminine. The -iending indicates all males or males and females; whereas

the -e ending indicates only females.

34. FOOD & MEALS Part 1: Part 2:

breakfast la colazione lemon il limone

lunch il pranzo honey il miele

snack la merenda olive oil l'olio d'oliva

dinner la cena vinegar l'aceto

fork la forchetta jam la marmellata

spoon il cucchiaio yogurt lo yogurtknife il coltello cheese il formaggio

plate il piatto egg / eggs l'uovo / le uova

napkinla salvietta / iltovagliolo

fried eggun uovo fritto / un uovoall'occhio di bue

cup la tazzahard-boiledegg

un uovo sodo

glass il bicchiere soft-boiled un uovo alla coque

bottle la bottiglia poached egg un uovo in camicia

dishes le stoviglie cereal i cereali

silverware le posate soup la minestra / la zuppa

saucepan la pentola rice il riso

frying pan la padella salad l'insalata

can opener l'apriscatole (m) french fries le patatine fritte

bottle opener l'apribottiglie (m) peanuts le noccioline

corkscrew il cavatappi olives le olive

appetizer l'antipasto pastries le paste

first course il primo croissant il cornetto

secondcourse

il secondo cake la torta

side dish il contorno tart la crostata

pizza la pizza potato chips le patatine

beverage la bevandabiscuits /cookies

i biscotti

ice il ghiacciococktailsnacks

i salatini

dessert il dolce sandwich il tramezzino

http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_food2.mp3http://www.ielanguages.com/mp3s/italian/it_food1.mp3

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

31/94

ice cream il gelato roll il panino

cream la panna meat la carne

chocolate la cioccolata steak la bistecca

juice il succo chicken il pollo

wine il vino turkey il tacchino

milk il latte fish il pesce

water l'acqua (minerale) ham il prosciutto

soft drink la bibita lamb l'agnello

coffee il caff goat il capretto

(iced) tea il t (freddo) rabbit il coniglio

bread il pane liver il fegato

butter il burro pork il maiale

salt il sale beef il manzo

pepper il pepe bacon la pancetta

sugar lo zucchero veal il vitello

La merenda refers to the snack that children have around10 or 11 AM while at school, but it can also mean afternoonsnack. You can also use uno spuntino to refer to a snack ingeneral.

35. PIACERE & SERVIRE

Piacere - to like / Servire - to need

piaccio piacciamo servo serviamo

piaci piacete servi servite

piace piacciono serve servono

Past participle:piaciuto

Past participle:servito

Piacere (a) literally means to be pleasing (to) so to form asentence you have to invert the word order. You must alsouse the prepositional contractions with a.

Maria piace a Giovanni. John likes Mary. (Literally: Mary ispleasing to John)Gli studenti piacciono ai professori. The teachers like thestudents. (Literally: The students are pleasing to theteachers).

The most common forms are the third person singular andplural when used with object pronouns. The object pronouns

that are used with these two verbs are somewhat similar tothe reflexive pronouns:

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

32/94

mi I (to me) ci we (to us)

ti you (to you) vi you (to you)

gli /le

he / she (to him /her)

glithey (tothem)

To say I like something, use Mi piace if it is singular andMi piacciono if it is plural. Piaciuto is the past participle andit is used with essere. However, it always agrees with thesubject (what is liked) instead of the person.

Mi piace cucinare. I like to cook. (Literally: To me ispleasing to cook.)Gli piacciono i treni. He likes trains. (Literally: To him arepleasing the trains.)Ci piaciuta la bistecca. We liked the steak. (Literally: To

us was pleasing the steak.)Non le sono piaciuti gli spaghetti. She didn't like thespaghetti. (Literally: Not to her was pleasing the spaghetti.)

Stressed forms also exist for the object pronouns. Theyare nearly identical to the subject pronouns, except me andte are used for me and you (familiar). They are alwayspreceded by the preposition a.

A menon piace sciare. I don't like to ski. (Literally: To menot is pleasing to ski.)A loropiace viaggiare? Do they like to travel? (Literally: To

them is pleasing to travel.) Servire has the same construction as piacere. It is alsoused primarily in the third person singular and plural formsand takes an indirect object. When it takes a direct object, itsimply means to serve.

Ti serve della frutta? Do you need any fruit? (Literally: Byyou is needed some fruit?)Il pane serve a Marco. Marco needs bread. (Literally: Thebread is needed by Marco.)

Mancare can be used in the same way as piacere andservire to mean to miss orto lack. If used in the regularway, it means to be missing / absent.

Mi manchi. I miss you. (Literally: To me you are missing.)Chi manca? Who is missing?

36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES

almond la mandorla lettuce la lattuga

apple la mela lime la limetta

apricot l'albicocca melon il meloneartichoke il carciofo mint la menta

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

33/94

asparagus l'asparago mushroom il fungo

avocado l'avocado nut la noce

banana la banana oats l'avena

barley l'orzo olive l'oliva

bean (broad) la fava onion la cipolla

bean (kidney) il fagiolo orange l'arancia

berry la bacca parsley il prezzemolo

broccoli i broccoli pea il pisello

cabbage il cavolo peach la pesca

carrot la carota pear la pera

cauliflower il cavolfiore pepper il peperone

celery il sedano pine il pino

cherry la ciliegia pineapple l'ananasso

chestnut la castagna plumla prugna / lasusina

chives la cipollina potato la patata

corn il granoturco pumpkin la zucca

cucumber il cetriolo radish il ravanello

currant il ribes raspberry il lampone

cypress il cipresso rice il riso

date il dattero rye la segaleeggplant la melanzana sage la salvia

fig il fico seed il seme

fruit la frutta spinach gli spinaci

garlic l'aglio strawberry la fragola

grapefruit il pompelmo tomato il pomodoro

grapes l'uva turnip la rapa

hazelnut la nocciola vegetablesi legumi / leverdure

herb l'erba vine la vite

horse-radish la barbaforte walnut la noce

leaf la foglia watermelonl'anguria / ilcocomero

lemon il limone wheat il frumento

lentil la lenticchia zucchini la zucchina

37. TO TAKE, EAT OR DRINK

Prendere - to take, eat or drink and Bere - to drink

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

34/94

prendo prendiamo bevo beviamo

prendi prendete bevi bevete

prende prendono beve bevono

Past participle: preso Past participle: bevutoBere is only used to mean to drink when it is used in thegeneral sense, as is mangiare - to eat. The rest of the timeyou simply useprendere when referring to eating or drinking,similar to how we can use the verb have in English.

38. COMMANDS

-are -ere -ire

tu form (singular familiar) -a -i -i / -isci

Leiform (singular polite) -i -a -a / -isca

voiform (plural polite) -ate -ete -ite

noiform (Let's ...) -iamo -iamo -iamo

To make a command negative, add non before thecommand, except for the tu (singular familiar) commands,when you use non and the infinitive.

tu form Lei form voi form

Answer! Rispondi! Risponda! Rispondete!Don'tanswer!

Nonrispondere!

Nonrisponda!

Nonrispondete!

Irregular Commands

andare -to go

venire -to come

fare - todo

dare -to give

dire - tosay / tell

essere- to be

avere -to have

stare -to be /stay

sing.fam.

va' vieni fa' da' di' sii abbi sta'

sing.pol.

vada venga faccia dia dica sia abbia stia

plural andate venite fate date dite siate abbiate state

Let's andiamo veniamo facciamodiamo diciamo siamo abbiamo stiamo

The words avanti, dai and su can accompany commands togive emphasis, similar to come on!in English. Ifpure is used

with a command, it softens the intensity.

39. MORE NEGATIVES

non...mai never

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

35/94

non...pi no longer, no more

non...niente / nulla nothing

non...nessuno nobody, no one

non...neanche not even

non...n...n neither...nor

The non goes before the verb and the second part goesafter.

Non ho niente. I have nothing.

Nessuno and niente can also be subjects. In this case, nonis not used.

Nessuno venuto.No one came.

40. HOLIDAY PHRASES

Buon Anno! Happy New Year!

Buona Pasqua! Happy Easter!

Buon compleanno! Happy Birthday!

Buon Natale! Merry Christmas!

Buone feste! Happy Holidays!

Buona vacanza!Have a goodvacation!

Buon divertimento! Have a good time!

Buon viaggio! Have a good trip!

Tanti auguri! Best wishes!

Babbo Natale is Santa Claus and il panettone orilpandoro are the traditional cakes eaten at Christmas. ForEaster, the traditional cake is called la colomba. Be carefulwith the difference between ferie and feriale: le ferie origiorni di ferie are holidays when most places of businessare closed; the opposite is un giorno feriale, or a

weekday/working day.

THE ITALIAN NATIONAL ANTHEM: INNO DI MAMELI

by Goffredo Mameli

Fratelli d'Italia, l'Italia s' desta,Dell'elmo di Scipio s' cinta la testa.Dov' la Vittoria? Le porga la chioma,Ch schiava di Roma Iddio la cre.

Stringiamci a coorte, siam pronti alla morte,siam pronti alla morte, l'Italia chiam. S!

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

36/94

Italian brothers, Italy has arisen,Has put on the helmet of Scipio,Where is victory?Created by GodThe slave of Rome,

She crowns you with glory.Let us unite,We are ready to die,Italy calls.

41. IMPERFECT TENSE

The imperfect tense is also called the past descriptive tenseand corresponds to was doingorused to do in English. Theimperfect is used to describe a continued or habitual actionin the past, or to describe an action that was occurring in thepast, while something else happened. Time, age, weather

conditions as well as mental and physical conditions are allexpressed in the imperfect rather than the passato prossimotense.

The imperfect in Italian has the same ending for all threeverb groups. It is formed by dropping the -re of the infinitiveand adding the following endings:

-vo -vamo

-vi -vate

-va -vano

Avere is regular in the imperfect, but essere, bere, dire andfare are irregular. The stem of essere becomes er- forio, tu,lui/lei and loro, and it does not take the v, while the stem fornoi and voiis era- and it does take the v. The stems for bere,dire, fare, porre and tradurre are slightly irregular: beve-,dice-, face-, pone-, and traduce- but they take the regularendings of the imperfect.

essere - to be bere - to drink dire - to say / tell

ero eravamo bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo

eri eravate bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevate

era erano beveva bevevano diceva dicevano

fare - to do porre - to put / place tradurre - to translate

facevo facevamo ponevo ponevamo traducevo traducevamo

facevi facevate ponevi ponevate traducevi traducevate

faceva facevano poneva ponevano traduceva traducevano

Avevo fame. I was hungry.Era tardi. It was late.Non diceva niente. He wasn't saying anything.Aspettavamo in fila. We were waiting in line.Prendevo sempre l'autobus. I always take the bus.

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

37/94

42. TO BE/STAY AND TO GIVE

stare - to be / stay dare - to give

sto stiamo do diamo

stai state dai date

sta stanno d danno

Past participle: stato Past participle: dato

Stare means to be when used in progressive tense. If youuse it with a present participle, it translates to something ishappening, not something happens as with the presentindicative. Stare is also used in many health expressions.

Come stai? How are you?Sto bene. I'm fine.

Stare perplus an infinitive means "to be about to" dosomething.

Stavo per uscire. I was about to go out.Stiamo per mangiare. We're about to eat.

Dare un esame means to take an exam rather than togive an exam.

43. GERUNDS

Gerunds are formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive,and adding the following endings to the stem:

Gerunds

-are -ando

-ere -endo

-ire -endo

To express a progressive or continuous action, conjugatestare and add the gerund. Sto parlando italiano is I amspeaking Italian. (As opposed to Parlo italiano I speak

Italian.) There are only a few irregular gerunds: fare -facendo (doing), dare - dando (giving), dire - dicendo(say/telling), bere - bevendo (drinking), porre - ponendo(putting, placing) and tradurre - tradunendo (translating).

Che cosa stai facendo? What are you doing?Dove stanno andando? Where are they going?Stava dicendo la verit. He was telling the truth.

44. PLACES / AROUND TOWN

airport l'aeroporto library la bibliotecaalley il vicolo market il mercato

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

38/94

avenue la viale ministry il ministero

bakeryla panetteria / ilpanificio

monument il monumento

bank la banca mosque la moschea

bar il bar museum il museobarn il granaio palace il palazzo

barracks la caserma park il parco

bench la panchina path / wayil sentiero / ilcammino

bridge il ponte pharmacy la farmacia

bookstore la libreria pier il molo

building l'edificiopolice station /headquarters

il commissariato / laquestura

butcher's la macelleria post office l'ufficio postale

cafe il caff port il porto

castle il castello prison la prigione

cathedral il duomo restaurant il ristorante

cemetery il cimitero river il fiume

church la chiesa road la via

cinema il cinema school la scuola

consulate il consolato sidewalk il marciapiede

corner l'angolo synagogue la sinagoga

courtyard il cortile square la piazza

crosswalk il passaggio pedonale stable la stalla

dock il bacino stadium lo stadio

downtown il centro station la stazione

dry cleaner's la tintoria store il negozio

embassy l'ambasciata street la strada

factory la fabbrica suburb il sobborgo

farm la fattoria supermarket il supermercato

fire hydrant l'idrante temple il tempio

fountain la fontana theater il teatro

garage il garage tower la torre

grocery store la drogheria town / city la citt

hospital l'ospedale (m) town hall il municipio

hostel (youth) l'ostello della giovent traffic light il semaforo

hotel l'albergo (m) university l'universit (f)

house la casa village il villaggiohut la capanna zebra crossing le strisce

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

39/94

inn l'osteria zoo lo zoo

Words denoting buildings in a city, as well as open spaces,do not use the article afterin.

Sono in ufficio, non in biblioteca. I'm in the office, not in

the library.Non mi piace vivere in citt. Preferisco vivre incampagna. I don't like living in the city. I prefer to live in thecountryside.

45. TRANSPORTATION & VEHICLES

airplane l'aeroplano motorcycle il motociclo

ambulance l'ambulanza on foot a piedi

automobile l'automobile (f) pickup truck il camion

bicycle la bicicletta semi-truckil camion conrimorchio

boat la barca ship il bastimento

bus l'autobus (m) streetcar il tram

car la macchina taxi il taxi

ferry il traghetto tow truck il carro attrezzi

fire engine l'autopompa tractor il trattore

minivan la monovolume trailer il rimorchio

moped il motorino train il treno

To say bybus, car, etc., replace the article with in.

46. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO

volere - to want potere - to be able to, can dovere - to have to, must

voglio vogliamo posso possiamo devo dobbiamo

vuoi volete puoi potete devi dovetevuole vogliono pu possono deve devono

Past participle: voluto Past participle: potuto Past participle: dovuto

In the passato prossimo, these three verbs can use eitheravere or essere as the auxiliary verb, depending on whatauxiliary the main verb in the sentence takes.

Abbiamo potuto parlare. We could/were able to talk.Sono dovuto partire presto. I had to leave early.Lucy voluta venire con noi. Lucy wanted to come withus.

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

40/94

Use of these verbs in the passato prossimo indicates that itis certain that the action did happen, whereas in theimperfect the result of the action remains unclear anduncertain.

47. ASKING QUESTIONS

Yes / No Questions:

The easiest way to ask a question is to simply add aquestion mark to the end of the statement and using risingintonation.

Hai molto tempo libero?Do you have a lot of free time?

Add non vero? / vero? / vero? or simply no? to theend of the statement. This literally translates as it is not true,and can have several meanings in English, such as isn't

it/he/she, aren't you/they, doesn't it/he/she, don't you/they,etc.

Sei una studentessa, non vero? You're a student, aren'tyou?

If using a subject pronoun (or name), put it at the end orafter the verb.

Viene a casa Marco? Is Marco coming home?

Mangia la pizza il ragazzo?Is the boy eating the pizza?

Wh- Questions:

Interrogatives are followed by the verb. Remember thatquale agrees in gender and number with the noun itprecedes.

Quando vai in vacanza? When are you going on vacation?

Di chi questo libro? Whose book is this?

Che cosa fai oggi? What are you doing today?

48. HOUSE & FURNITURE

alarm clock la sveglia hook l'uncino

armchair la poltrona house la casa

ashtray il portacenere iron (flat) il ferro da stiro

attic la soffitta kerosene il petrolio

balcony il balcone key la chiave

basement il sottosuolo kitchen la cucina

basket la cesta ladder la scala

bathroom il bagno lamp la lampada

bathtub la vasca da bagno lawn il prato

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

41/94

batteries le pile light bulb la lampadina

bed il letto living room il soggiorno

bedroom la camera lock la serratura

bell (door) il campanello mailbox la cassetta postale

blanket la coperta matches i fiammiferi

blinds la persiana mattress il materasso

bookcase la libreria microwave oven il forno microonde

box la scatola mirror lo specchio

broom la scopa oven il fornello

bucket il secchio pantry la dispensa

camcorder la telecamera picture il quadro

camera la macchina fotografica pillow il cuscino

candle la candela pipe la pipa

carpet il tappeto pipe (water) il condotto

cassette la cassetta poker (fireplace) l'attizzatoio

CD player il lettore CD radio la radio

ceiling il soffito record il disco

chair la sedia refrigerator il frigorifero

chimney il camino roof il tetto

cigar il sigaro room la stanza

cigarette la sigaretta rug il tappetoclock l'orologio sheet il lenzuolo

closet l'armadio shelf lo scaffale

coffee table il tavolino shovel la pala

compact disc il compact disc shower la doccia

computer il computer sideboard la credenza

corner l'angolo sink l'acquaio

cupboard l'armadio sink (bathroom) il lavandino

curtain la cortina / la tenda sitting room il salottocushion il cuscino smoke il fumo

desk la scrivania sofa il sof

dining room la sala da pranzo stairs la scala

door la porta steps lo scalino

drawer il cassetto storage room il ripostiglio

dresser il com / il cassettone storey / floor il piano

driveway il viale d'accesso stove la stufa

DVD player il lettore DVD study lo studiofence lo steccato switch l'interruttore

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

42/94

film il rullino table la tavola

fire il fuoco tap (faucet) il rubinetto

flame la fiamma telephone il telefono

flashlight la pila tascabile television il televisore

flat / apartment l'appartamento toaster il tostapane

floor il pavimento toilet (WC) il gabinetto

floor (levels) il piano towel la salvietta

flower il fiore vacuum cleaner l'aspiratore (m)

freezer il congelatore vase il vaso

front walk la passeggiata VCR il videoregistratore

furniture i mobili wall (house) il muro

garage il garage wall (room) la parete

garden il giardino wastebasket il cestino

ground floor il pianterreno window la finestra

hearth il caminetto yard il giardino

Although in is one of the prepositions that forms contractionswith articles, the article is not used with rooms in a house.

Dormiamo in camera e mangiamo in sala da pranzo. Wesleep in the bedroom and we eat in the dining room.

49. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVEComparisons are expressed as follows:

pi... di / chemeno... di / checos... cometanto... quanto

more... thanless... thanas... asas... as

Pi and meno can be used with di or che. Di is used whencomparing two different things, while che is used when thecomparison is between two qualities of the same thing.

Le ciliege sono pi buone delle fragole. Cherries arebetter than strawberries.La mela pi verde che rossa. The apple is more greenthan red.Franco cos alto come me. Frank is as tall as me.

The Relative Superlative compares two or more thingsand expresses the greatest or the least degree. It is formedby placing the article before the comparative form of theadjective, or in front of the noun. And instead of thepreposition in, di (and its contractions), is always used withthe superlative.

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

43/94

Le mele sono la frutta meno costosa del mondo. Applesare the least expensive fruit in the world.L'oro il pi prezioso dei metalli. Gold is the mostprecious metal.Questo il palazzo pi alto di Napoli. This is the tallest

building in Naples. TheAbsolute Superlative expresses an extreme degreeor absolute state of something without comparison. This canbe expressed in several ways in Italian.

Drop the last vowel of the adjective and add -issimo, -issima,-issimi, or-issime.Le fragole sono dolcissime. Strawberries are very sweet.

Place the words molto, troppo, or assai before the adjective.Questa arancia molto buona. This orange is very good.

Repeat the adjective or adverb.Lei parla piano piano. She speaks very softly.

50. IRREGULAR FORMS

Some adverbs have irregular comparative, relativesuperlative, and absolute superlative forms. The mostcommon are:

Adverb Comparative Relative Superlative Absolute Superlative

bene

malemoltopoco

well

badlymuchlittle

meglio

peggiopimeno

better

worsemoreless

(il) meglio

(il) peggio(il) pi(il) meno

(the) best

(the) worst(the) most(the) least

benissimo

pessimomoltissimopochissimo

very well

very badlyvery muchvery little

51. CLOTHING & TOILETRIES

apron il grembiule skirt la gonna

barrette il fermaglio sleeve la manica

bathrobe l'accappatoio slippers la pantofola

belt la cintura soap il sapone

blouse la camicetta sock il calzino

bomberjacket

il giubbotto stocking la calza

boot lo stivale suit l'abito / il vestito

bra il reggiseno sunglasses gli occhiali da sole

bracelet il braccialetto suspenders le bretelle

brushla spazzola percapelli

sweater il maglione

buckle la fibbia sweatshirt la felpabutton il bottone swimsuit il costume da bagno

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

44/94

cap il berretto thread il filo

clothes gli abiti tie la cravatta

coat il cappotto T-shirt la maglietta

collar il colletto tracksuit la tuta

comb il pettine umbrella l'ombrello

contact lens le lenti a contatto underpants le mutande

cotton il cotoneunderwear / panties(women)

le mutandine

dress il vestito waistcoat il panciotto

earmuffs il paraorecchie watch l'orologio

earrings l'orecchino wool la lana

fashion la moda toothbrush lo spazzolino

glasses gli occhiali toothpaste il dentifricioglove il guanto makeup il trucco

handbag la borsa lipstick il rossetto

handkerchief il fazzoletto nail polish lo smalto per unghie

hat il cappello nail polish remover l'acetone (m)

jacket la giacca mascara il mascara

jeans i jeans blush il fard

mittens le manopole eyelinerlo spazzolino perunghie

necklace la collana eyeshadow l'ombretto

needle l'ago foundation il fondotinta

nightgown la camicia da notte lotion la lozione

outfit il corredo shampoo lo sciampo

overcoat il soprabito conditioner il balsamo

pajamas il pigiama shaving cream la crema da barba

pants i pantaloni razor il rasoio

pin lo spillo tweezers le pinzette

pocket la tasca nail clippers le forbicine

purse la borsetta nail file la lima

raincoat l'impermeable floss il filo interdentale

ribbon il nastro curling iron il ferro arricciacapelli

ring l'anello straightening iron la piastra stiracapelli

sandals i sandali hairspray la lacca

scarf la sciarpa hairdryer l'asciugacapelli

shirt la maglia powder la polvere

shoe la scarpa perfume il profumo

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

45/94

shoelace il laccio cologne la colonia

shorts i pantaloncini suntan lotion l'emulsione solare

silk la seta sponge la spugna

Portare means to wear, but it also means to bring. You can

use indossare or the reflexive verb mettersi forto wear /put on clothing.

52. TO WEAR

mettersi - to wear, put on (clothing)

mi metto ci mettiamo

ti metti vi mettete

si mette si mettono

Past participle: si messo

You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to partsof the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.

Mi metto la maglia. I'm wearing my sweater.

53. FUTURE TENSE

The future of regular verbs is formed by dropping the final -eof the infinitive and adding the following endings. For -areverbs, the a is changed to an e.

--ai-

-emo-ete-anno

Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h after the c and g inthe in order to retain the hard sounds. Verbs ending in -ciareand -giare drop the i from their stems in the future.

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but theystill use the regular endings from above:

to be essere sar- to remain,stay rimanere rimarr-

to have avere avr- to drink bere berr-

to be, stay stare star- to put, place porre porr-

to give dare dar- to come venire verr-

to make fare far- to translate tradurre tradurr-

to go andare andr- to hold tenere terr-

to fall cadere cadr- to draw, pull trarre trarr-

to have to,

must dovere dovr- to explain spiegare spiegher-

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

46/94

to be ableto, can

potere potr- to pay pagare pagher-

to know(facts)

sapere sapr- to look for cercare cercher-

to see vedere vedr- to forget dimenticare dimenticher-to live (bealive)

vivere vivr- to eat mangiare manger-

to want volere vorr- to begin cominciare comincer-

The future tense is commonly used afterquando (when),appena (as soon as), dopo che (after), and se (if) eventhough the present tense is often used in English. In additionto expressing the future, this tense in Italian can alsoexpress probability; but in English, the wordsprobably, can

ormustare used.

Non vedo Maria da molto tempo. Dove sar? I haven'tseen Maria in a long time. Where could she be?Sar ammalata o in vacanza. She must be sick or onvacation.

Notice that Italian uses the future tense afterse inhypothetical statements, whereas in English the presenttense is used.

Se domani far bel tempo, andr alla spiaggia. If theweather is good tomorrow, I'll go to the beach.

The future perfect (futuro composto) is formed with thefuture of avere or essere plus a past participle. Thetranslation in English is will have + past participle. It must beused when there are two actions in the future that do nothappen at the same time.

Alle sei, avremo gi mangiato. By six, we will have eatenalready.Far un viaggio dopo che avr superato gli esami. Hewill go on a trip after he will have passed his exams.

54. PRECEDING ADJECTIVES

Only a few adjectives go before the noun, the rest are placedright after it. Bello - beautiful, buono - good, grande -large, and brutto - uglyare the most common precedingadjectives, even though they don't have to go before thenoun. Bello and buono have alternate forms when theyprecede a noun.

Buono e Bello

Singular Plural Before a:Masculine

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

47/94

buonobuoni

z, s + consonant

buon vowel or consonant

Feminine

buona

buone

consonant

buon' vowel

Masculine

bellobegli

z, s + consonant

bell' vowel

bel bei consonant

Feminine

bellabelle

consonant

bell' vowel

If they go after the noun, then they can be formed in theusual way. The above forms are only for when they gobefore the noun. Be aware that grande can have alternateforms before nouns too. Grande can become gran beforemasculine or feminine nouns beginning with a consonant. Orit could contract to grand'before masculine or femininenouns beginning with a vowel. But you do not have to usethe alternate forms, whether or not you place the adjectivebefore or after the noun.

55. ADJECTIVES: FEMININE AND PLURAL

Masculine to Feminine and Singular to Plural

Masc. Fem.

-o -a

-e -e

Sing. Plural

-o, -e -i

-a -e

Some adjectives have two forms, others have four. Francese(french) has two: francese and francesi. Nuovo (new) hasfour: nuovo, nuova, nuovi, and nuove.

56. MORE ADJECTIVES

easy facile unpleasant antipatico anxious ansioso

difficult difficile good buono angry arrabbiato

simple semplice bad cattivo stingy avarocomplicated complicato big / large grande calm calmo

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

48/94

interestinginteressante

small piccolodisappointed

deluso

boring noioso young giovane depressed depresso

long lungo old vecchio entertaining divertente

short (length) corto intelligent intelligente

excited eccitato

correct giusto stupid stupido enthusiastic entusiasto

mistaken / wrong sbagliato elegant elegante generous generoso

expensive / dear carounfashionable

inelegante kind gentile

economical/cheap

economico rich ricco nervous nervoso

modern moderno poor povero good, able bravo

old/ancient antico skinny / thin magro worried preoccupato

open aperto fatgrosso /grasso

(un)satisfied

(in)soddisfatto

closed chiuso sincere sinceroalone /lonely

solo

tall alto shy timido tired stanco

short (height) basso strong forte stressed stressato

narrow / tight stretto gentle / kind gentile (in)sensitive (in)sensibile

wide / baggy largo generous generoso serious serio

(un)happy (in)felice darkscuro /bruno

lazy pigro

sad triste blond biondovivacious /bright

vivace

nice simpatico light (color)luminoso/ chiaro

sporty sportivo

cheerful allegro light (weight) leggero classical classico

(un)comfortable (in)comodo heavy / thick pesanteready /quick

pronto

Pronto also means hello when answering the telephone.

57. ADVERBS

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the femininesingular form of the adjective. Adjectives ending in -le or -redrop the final -e before adding -mente, if the l or r ispreceded by a vowel.

Adjective (feminine

form)Adverb

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

49/94

recentecomodafinaleregolare

recentementecomodamentefinalmenteregolarmente

recentlycomfortablyfinallyregularly

Note that the adverbial form ofbuono (good) is bene (well),and cattivo (bad) is male (badly).

The adverb sempre (always) usually follows the verb.Anche (also, too) always precedes the noun, pronoun orinfinitive to which it refers. When it precedes io, it becomesanch'.

Noi studiamo sempre. We always study.Vuole anche questo libro. He wants that book, too.Anch'io devo studiare. I have to study too.

58. SPORTS & INSTRUMENTS

athletics l'atletica banjo il banjo

badminton il volano bassoon il fagotto

baseball il baseball bow l'arco

basketball la pallacanestro cello il violoncello

bowling il bowling clarinet il clarinetto

boxing il pugilato cymbals i cembali

car racing l'automobilismo double bass il contrabbasso

cycling il ciclismo drum il tamburo

football il foot-ball americano English horn il corno inglese

golf il golf flute il flauto

gymnastics la ginnastica French horn il corno

handball la pallamano gong il gong

hockey l'hockey guitar la chitarra

horse-riding l'equitazione harp l'arpaice-skating il pattino maracas i maracas

jogging il jogging oboe l'oboe

rugby il rugby piccolo il piffero

sailing la vela saxophone il sassofono

skiing lo sci tambourine il tamburino

soccer il calcio / il pallone triangle il triangolo

surfing il surf trombone il trombone

swimming il nuoto trumpet la tromba

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

50/94

table tennis il ping-pong tuba la tuba

tennis il tennis viola la viola

volleyball la pallavolo violin il violino

water skiing lo sci d'acqua xylophone lo xilofono

wrestling la lotta

59. TO PLAY

Giocare-to play

gioco joh-koh giochiamo joh-kee-ah-moh

giochi joh-kee giocate joh-kah-teh

gioca joh-kah giocano joh-kahn-oh

Past participle: giocatoMost sports use giocare a (sport) without the prepositionalcontractions to mean to play a sport.

Giocano a pallacanestro. They play basketball.Mi piace giocare a calcio. I like to play soccer.Che cosa fai nel tempo libero? What do you do in yourfree time?Di solito faccio sport. Usually I play sports.

60. NATURE & GEOGRAPHYair l'aria (f) rain la pioggia

archipelago l'arcipelago (m) rainbow l'arcobaleno (m)

bank la riva river il fiume

bay la baia rock lo scoglio

barn la stalla root la radice

beach la spiaggia rose la rosa

branch il ramo sand la sabbia

bridge il ponte sea il marebud il bocciolo shadow l'ombra

bush l'arbusto (m) sky il cielo

capeil capo / ilpromontorio

snow la neve

cave la caverna soil il terreno

city la citt south il sud

climate il clima spring (water) la sorgente

cloud la nube / nuvola star la stella

coast la costa stem il gambo

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

51/94

comet la cometa storm il temporale

constellation la costellazione strait lo stretto

country il paese stream il ruscello

country(side) la campagna street la strada

current la corrente sun il sole

daffodil il narciso sunflower il girasole

daisy la margherita thaw il disgelo

darkness l'oscurit (f) thunder il tuono

desert il deserto tornado il turbine

dew la rugiada tree l'albero

dust la polvere trunk il tronco

earth la terra tulip il tulipano

east l'est (m) valley la valle

farm la tenuta view la vista

field il campo water l'acqua

flower il fiore fresh water l'acqua dolce

foam la schiuma salt water l'acqua salata

fog la nebbia watering can l'annaffiatoio

foliage il fogliame waterfall la cascata

forest il bosco / la foresta wave l'onda (f)

frost il gelo weather il tempograss l'erba (f) west l'ovest (m)

gulf il golfo wind il vento

hail la grandine world il mondo

hay il fieno

high tide l'alta marea North Pole il Polo Nord

hill la collina South Pole il Polo Sud

ice il ghiaccioNorthern

Hemisphere

l'emisfero

settentrionaleisland I'isola (f)

SouternHemisphere

l'emisferomeridionale

isthmus l'istmo (m) Arctic Circleil circolo polareartico

jungle la giungla equator l'equatore (m)

lake il lago Arctic Ocean l'Oceano Artico

leaf la foglia Atlantic Ocean l'Oceano Atlantico

light la luce Pacific Ocean l'Oceano Pacifico

lightning il fulmine / lampo Indian Ocean l'Oceano Indianolily il giglio Caribbean Sea il Mar dei Caraibi

7/28/2019 132604568 Limba Italiana

52/94

low tide la bassa marea Mediterranean Sea il Mar Mediterraneo

meadow il prato North Sea il Mare del Nord

moon la luna Red Sea il Mar Rosso

mountain la montagna Black Sea il Mar Nero

mountainrange

la catena montuosa

mouth (river) l'imboccatura Mercury Mercurio

mud il fango Venus Venere

nature la natura Earth Terra

north il nord Mars Marte

peninsula la penisola Jupiter Giove

plain il piano / la pianura Saturn Saturno

planet il pianeta Uranus Uranioplant la pianta Neptune Nettuno

pond lo stagno Pluto Plutone

pot (for plants) il vaso da fiori

61. OBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositions

io I mi me mi to me me me

tu you (s.i.) ti you ti to you te you

lui he/it lo him/it gli to him/it lui him/it

lei she/it/you (s.p.) la her/it/you le to her/it/you lei her/it/you

noi we ci us ci to us noi us

voi you (p.i.) vi you vi to you voi you

loro they/you (p.p.) li/le them/you loro to them/you loro them/you

1. S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singularpolite, p.i. means plural informal, and p.p. meansplural polite. For you (s.p.) and you (