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CONSTRUCTIVE TYPES OF ADAPTORS FOR THE RAW VEGETABLE OIL USED AT DIESELMOTORS

/TIPURI CONSTRUCTIVE DE ADAPTOARE PENTRU UTILIZAREA ULEIULUI VEGETAL CRUD

LA MOTOARELE DIESELLecturer Ph.D.Eng. Dobre Paul - USAMV Bucharest

Assoc. Prof.Ph.D.Eng. Farca Nicolae - USAMV BucharestStudent Ggeanu Iuliana - Management Faculty USAMV Bucharest

Abstract: The present work describes the mainconstructive types of adaptors which allow Diesel motorsto run with raw vegetable oil as fuel.

The adaptors used at this time use differentmethods in what concerns the heating of the vegetableoil and also the way of commuting from diesel fuel to oil.- According to the type of heating, the adaptors can beclassified in: adaptors where the oil heating is made bythe thermal agent from the motors cooling system; adaptorswhere the heating is made using electrical resistances.- According to the manner of commuting, the adaptors canhave: manual commuting, and automatic commuting when theoptimum work temperature is reached. Emphasis should beplaced on the fact that the raw vegetable oil constitutes arenewable fuel, relatively easy to produce in ones ownfarm, which also leads to the energetic independence ofthe vegetable farms, and implicitly to the possibility of avegetable production growth without additional expense, bydoing the mechanical works at the optimum time.

Keywords: adaptor, vegetable oil, commuting, thermalagent, electrical resistance

Raw vegetable oil constitutes an excellent fuel forDiesel motors, especially for the ones that equip tractors

and agricultural machines. It is a regenerating fuel,relatively easy to produce in ones own farm, which leadsto the energetic independency of vegetable farms,implicitly to bigger possibilities to increase vegetableproduction without additional expenses, by accomplishingmechanical works at an optimum moment, withoutdelays in realizing the works caused by Diesel oil lack,respectively by lack of resources for acquiring it. Costsprice for vegetable oil is lower in comparison with theone of Diesel oil, having the possibility to be substantiallyreduced if it is produced in ones own agricultural unit orby purchasing, with full usage of secondary products(groats, barms, peels). In the case of using thevegetable oil as fuel for Diesel motors, pollution rate is a

lot smaller in comparison with classic fuel, practically thesulphur compound are missing.Thanks to the presence of oxygen in the vegetable

oils molecule, combustion in the motors cylinders isrealized with black forming in small quantities.

In table 1 are pointed up the principal qualitativeindex for Diesel oil and vegetable oils. Analyzing thedata from the table it is stated that the heating power ofthe vegetable oil is close to the one of classic fuel,resulting a fuel consumption/hectare with insignificantdifference between Diesel fuel and raw vegetable oil.

Rezumat Lucrarea i propune cunoaterea principalelortipuri constructive de adaptoare care permit funcionareamotoarelor Diesel cu ulei vegetal crud cai combustibil.

Adaptoarele folosite n prezent se deosebesc prinmodul de nclzire a uleiului vegetal i prin modul decomutare de pe motorin pe ulei.- Dup modul de nclzire se pot clasifica n: adaptoare lacare nclzirea uleiului se realizeaz cu ajutorul agentuluitermic din sistemul de rcire al motorului; adaptoare lacare nclzirea se realizeaz cu rezistene electrice.- Dup

modul de comutare adaptoarele pot fi: cu comutare

manuali cu comutare automat la atingerea temperaturiioptime de lucru. Trebuie subliniat c uleiul vegetal brutconstituie un combustibil regenerabil, relativ uor deprodus n ferma proprie, ceea ce conduce i spreindependena energetic a fermelor vegetale, implicitposibiliti sporite de cretere a produciei vegetale frcheltuieli suplimentare, prin realizarea lucrrilor mecanicela momentul optim.

Cuvinte cheie: adaptor; ulei vegetal; comutare; agenttermic; rezistene electrice

Uleiul vegetal crud constituie un combustibil excelentpentru motoarele Diesel, n special pentru cele care

echipeaz tractoarele i mainile agricole. Este un combustibilregenerabil, relativ uor de produs n ferma proprie, ceea ceconduce spre independen a energetic a fermelor vegetale,implicit posibiliti sporite de cretere a produciei vegetalefr cheltuieli suplimentare, prin realizarea lucrrilormecanice la momentul optim, neexistnd ntrzieri nexecutarea lucrrilor din cauza lipsei de motorin, respectiva resurselor pentru achiziionarea acesteia. Preul de cost aluleiului vegetal este mai redus n comparaie cu cel almotorinei, cu posibiliti de reducere substanial a acestuiadac se produce n unitatea agricol proprie din producieproprie sau din achiziii, cu valorificarea integral a produselorsecundare (roturi, drojdii, coji). n cazul utilizrii uleiului vegetaldrept combustibil la motoarele Diesel, gradul de poluare este

mult mai redus comparativ cu utilizarea combustibilului clasic,practic compuii sulfului lipsesc.Datorit prezenei oxigenului n molecula de uleiul

vegetal, combustia n cilindrii motorului se realizeaz cuformare de funingine n cantiti mult diminuate.

n tabelul 1 sunt evideniai principalii indici calitativi aimotorinei i ai uleiurilor vegetale. Analiznd datele din tabelse constat c puterea calorific a uleiului vegetal esteapropiat de cea a combustibilului clasic, de unde rezultun consum de combustibil/ha cu diferene nesemnificativentre motorini uleiul vegetal crud.

Table 1Main qualitative index forDiesel oil and vegetable oil /Principalii indici calitativi ai motorineii uleiurilor vegetale

Fuel type /Tip carburant

Heating power /Putere calorific

[kJ/kg]

Density at /Densitate la

15C[g/cm

3[

Viscidity at /Vscozitate la

40C[mm

2/s]

Cetanenumber /

Cifrcetanic

Inflamabilitypoint / Punct de

inflamabilitate[C]

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According to the commutation way it can be classified in: adaptors with manual commutation; adaptors with automatic commutation.

Dup modul de comutarese pot clasifica n: adaptoare cu comutare manual; adaptoare cu comutare automat.

Adaptors with automatic commutation can have: electronic command (through some electronic components

assembled as a command modulus); electromagnetic command (through some

electromagnetic relays).

Adaptoarele cu comutare automat la rndul lor pot fi: cu comand electronic (prin intermediul unor componente

electronice asamblate sub forma unui modul de comand); cu comand electromagnetic (prin intermediul unor

relee electromagnetice.

1. Adaptors with manual commutation and oil heatingusing hot water from the motors cooling system diagram3. This type of adaptor allows the starting of the Diesel oilmotor and the commutation through a double faucet withthree ways. For the oil heating there is incorporated a heatswitch connected to the motors cooling system. Thecooling liquid and the vegetable oil circulates in counter-current. The oils optimum work temperature is realizedwhen the motors cooling liquid temperature reaches avalue of 70-800C. Until it reaches that temperature , themotor has to work using Diesel oil. Although it is a simpleadaptor, it commutes relatively hard and needs a relativelybig period of time to reach the optimum temperature forcommutation on oil. Also, for its assembling it is necessaryto make modifications both to the motors supplyingsystem and to the cooling system.

1. Adaptor cu comutare manuali nclzirea uleiului cu apacald din sistemul de rcire al motorului figura 3. Acest tipde adaptor permite pornirea motorului pe motorin icomutarea pe ulei prin intermediul unui robinet dublu cu treici. Pentru nclzirea uleiului are ncorporat un schimbtor decldur racordat la sistemul de rcire al motorului. Lichidul dercire i uleiul vegetal circul n contracurent. Temperaturaoptim de lucru a uleiului se realizeaz cnd temperaturalichidului de rcire al motorului ajunge n jurul valorii de 70 800C. Pn se ajunge la aceast temperatur motorul trebuies funcioneze pe motorin. Dei este un adaptor simplu,comutarea este relativ greoaie i necesit o perioad de timprelativ mare pentru atingerea temperaturii optime de comutarepe ulei. Totodat pentru instalarea lui sunt necesare modificriatt ale sistemul de alimentare al motorului ct i alesistemului de rcire.

Figure 3 - General sketch for manual commutation adaptor and oil heating using hot water /Schema general a adaptorului cu comutare manuali nclzirea uleiului cu ap cald

RM Diesel oil tank; RU vegetable oil tank; PRU oil preheator; R commutation faucet; PA supplying pump; FG and FF fuel filters;PI injection pump; I injectors /RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei vegetal; PRU prenclzitor ulei; R robinet de comutare; PA

pomp alimentare; FGi FF filtre de combustibil; PI pomp injecie;I injectoare

2. Adaptors with manual commutation and electricoil heating - diagram 4. The commutation is identicalwith the first case, but the oil heating is made in a shortertime and motor cooling system modifications are notnecessary. The electrical heating is a efficient technicalsolution both for motors cold starting and working ,assuring the possibility to maintain temperature under

control, small size, simple and easy assembling, low cost.

2. Adaptor cu comutare manuali nclzirea electric auleiului- figura 4. Comutarea este identic cu primul caz, darnclzirea uleiului se realizeaz ntr-un timp mult mai scurt i numai sunt necesare modificri ale sistemului de rcire almotorului. nclzire electric este o soluie tehnic eficientchiar i la pornirea i funcionarea motorului la rece, asigurndposibilitatea de meninere sub control a temperaturii, a unui

gabarit redus, o montare simpli uoar, un pre de cost redus.

Figure 4 - General sketch for manual commutation adaptor and electric oil heating /Schema general a adaptorului cu comutaremanuali nclzirea electric a uleiului.RM Diesel oil tank; RU vegetable oil tank; PRU oil preheator; R commutation faucet; PA supplying pump; FG and FF fuel filters;PI injection pump; I injectors /RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei vegetal; PRU prenclzitor ulei; R robinet de comutare; PA

pomp alimentare; FGi FF filtre de combustibil; PI pomp injecie; I injectoare

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3. Adaptors with automatic cummutation and oilheating using hot water. For this type of adaptors, themotor commutation from diesel oil is made automaticly,throuh a thermostat, when the oil reaches a 70-800Ctemperature. The oil heating drawbacks are maintained asin the first case.4. Adaptors with automatic commutation and electricoil heating. In diagram 5 is presented the general

hydraulic sketch for the adaptor, and in diagram 6 ispresented the general electric sketch. It is superior to othertypes of adaptors, combining automatic commutationassists by a thermostat, with rapid oil heating using electricelements. The automatic commutation can be realizedusing electronic or electromagnetic components, throughelectro valves.

3. Adaptor cu comutare automati nclzirea uleiuluicu ap cald. La acest adaptor comutarea de pe motorinpe ulei se realizeaz automat, prin intermediul unuitermostat, cnd uleiul ajunge la temperatura de 70 800C.Se menin inconvenientele legate de nclzirea uleiului ca in primul caz.4. Adaptor cu comutare automati nclzirea electrica uleiului. n figura 5 se prezint schema hidraulic

general a adaptorului, iar n figura 6 se prezint schemaelectric general. Este superior celorlalte tipuri deadaptoare, mbinnd comutarea automat asistat de untermostat, cu nclzirea rapid a uleiului cu elementeelectrice. Comutarea automat poate s fie realizat cucomponente electronice sau electromagnetice, prinintermediul electrovalvelor.

Figure 5 - General hydraulic sketch for the adaptor with automatic commutation and electric oil heating /Schema hidraulic general a adaptorului cu comutare automati nclzirea electric a uleiului

RM Diesel oil tank; RU oil tank; EVTU and EVRU oil turn-return electrovalves; EVTM and EVRM Diesel oil turn-return electro valves ; I2 manualcommutation; PRU vegetable oil preheator /RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei; EVTUi EVRU electrovalve tur-retur ulei; EVTMi

EVRM - electrovalve tur-retur motorin; I2 comutator manual; PRU prenclzitor ulei vegetal

Figure 6 - General electric sketch for the electromagnetic adaptor with automatic commutation and electric oil heating /Schema electric general a adaptorului electromagnetic cu comutare automati nclzirea electric a uleiului

R1, R2, R3 electromagnetic relays; Tm1 command thermostat ; Tm2 protection thermostat; B1 and B2 electric heating elements; EVTU and EVRU oil turn-return electrovalves; EVTMi EVRM - Diesel oil turn-return electrovalves; I2 manual commutator on Diesel oil /R1, R2, R3 relee

electromagnetice; Tm1 termostat de comand; Tm2 termostat de protecie; B1i B2 elemente de nclzire electrice; EVTUi EVRU electrovalve tur-retur ulei;EVTMi EVRM - electrovalve tur-retur motorin; I2 comutator manual pe motorin

No matter the adaptors type, the motors supplyinginstallation must have a supplementary tank for vegetableoil. Usually the motors Diesel oil tank becomes an oil tank,and the supplementary, of smaller capacity (5-10 liters)becomes a Diesel oil tank, that being necessary only forthe engine start and its working until the oil is heated, alsofor eliminating the oil from the system before the engine

stops.To reduce thermic losses, the preheator is assembledas near as possible to the system supplying pump.

All the types of adaptors used so that the Diesel

Indiferent de tipul adaptorului, instalaia de alimentare amotorului trebuie s fie prevzut cu un rezervor suplimentarpentru uleiul vegetal. De regul rezervorul de motorin dindotarea motorului devine rezervor de ulei, iar cel suplimentar,de capacitate mai mic (510l) devine rezervor de motorin,aceasta fiind necesar numai la pornirea motorului ifuncionarea acestuia pn se nclzete uleiul, de asemenea

la splarea sistemului de ulei nainte de oprirea motorului.Pentru reducerea pierderilor termice prenclzitorul se monteaz

ct mai aproape de pompa de alimentare a sistemului.Toate tipurile de adaptoare utilizate pentru funcionarea

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motor will work using vegetable oil need oil eliminationbefore the engine stops for a longer period of time (thatallows the engine to cool). This implies that with 1015minutes before stopping the engine, the installation has tobe manually passed on diesel oil supplying to permit thesystem flush of oil and its charging with Diesel oil to allowan easy start of the engine.

motorului Diesel cu ulei vegetal necesit splarea de uleinainte de oprirea motorului pentru o perioad mai mare detimp (care permite rcirea motorului). Acest lucru presupuneca nainte de oprirea motorului cu 1015 min. instalaia s fietrecut manual pe alimentarea cu motorin pentru a permitesplarea sistemului de ulei i ncrcarea cu motorin pentru apermite o nou pornire uoar a motorului.

CONCLUSIONS1. Using raw vegetable oils in 100% ratio as biofuel forthermic motors with ignition by compression (Diesel) ispossible only if the engine is additionally equipped with anadaptor which allows the commutation from Diesel oil tovegetable oil and also to correct the oils viscidity.2. The correction for the oils viscidity is made by heating itat 70-80C temperatures.3. The oil heating can be made electrically or using hotwater from the motors cooling system.4. Electric oil heating is the recommended technicalsolution thanks to its efficiency even at cold motor startingand working, of maintaining temperature under control, oflow size and easy assembling, low cost.5. The commutation from diesel oil to vegetable oil can bemade manually, with adequate facets, or automatically,with electrovalves controlled by electronic orelectromagnetic devices, recommended being theautomatic commutation, which is more comfortable andeasy.6. For the Diesel engine to work 100% with vegetable oil,the supplying system must be equiped with an additionaloil tank.7. The assembling of the preheator and of thecommutation will be made in the proximity of the injectionpump to avoid thermic losses.8. For a good supplying system functioning and an easyengine start, it is imposed that the oil system is flushedbefore the engine is stopped for a long period of time and

its filling with Diesel oil.

BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Burnete N. Researches regarding the recicling of usedalimentary by using them as fuel for motors with ingnitionby compresion. Science Politics and ScientometryMagazine. Special edition , 2005.2. Dobre P. Adaptor for the functioning of Diesel motorswith raw vegetable oil. Patent demand 2009.3. Kusdiana D., Saka S.- Fuel 80, 693/2001.4. Lawton M. D., Ackrell L. F. - Operating internalCombustion engines with plant oil. Brevet de invenie,ianuarie 2006. U.S.A.5. Oren L. K., Talking R. - System and method for fueling

Diesel engines with vegetable oil. Brevet de invenie,martie 2007. U.S. A.6. Roca R i colab. The Formulating and testing of anoxygenated biodiesel fuel for the supply of motors withingnition by compresion. Grant 20047. X X X - Biocarburanii n Romnia.

CONCLUZII1. Utilizarea uleiurilor vegetale brute n proporie de 100%ca biocombustibili la motoarele termice cu aprindere princomprimare (Diesel), este posibil numai dac motoruleste dotat suplimentar cu un adaptor care s permitcomutarea de pe motorin pe ulei i totodat s corectezevscozitatea uleiului.2. Corectarea vscozitii uleiului se realizeaz prinnclzirea acestuia la temperatura de 7080C.3. nclzirea uleiului se poate face electric sau cu apa caldprovenit din sistemul de rcire al motorului.4. nclzire electric a uleiului este soluia tehnic recomandatdatorit eficienei la pornirea i funcionarea motorului chiar ila rece, a meninerii sub control a temperaturii, a gabarituluiredus i a montrii uoare, a preului de cost redus.5. Comutarea alimentrii de pe motorin pe ulei vegetal sepoate realiza manual, cu robinete adecvate sau automat,cu electrovalve controlate de dispozitive electronice sauelectromagnetice, recomandat fiind comutarea automatcare este mai comodi mai sigur.6. Pentru funcionarea cu ulei vegetal 100% a motoruluiDiesel, sistemul de alimentare trebuie dotat cu un rezervorsuplimentar de ulei.7. Montarea prenclzitorului i a comutatorului se va facen imediata apropiere a pompei de injecie pentru evitareapierderilor termice.

8. Pentru buna funcionare a sistemului de alimentare i pornireauoar a motorului, se impune splarea sistemului de ulei naintede oprirea motorului pentru o perioad mai mare de timp i

ncrcarea lui cu motorin.

BIBLIOGRAFIE1. Burnete N. Cercetri privind reciclarea uleiurilor alimentareuzate prin utilizarea lor ca i combustibili la motoarele cuaprindere prin comprimare. Revista de Politica tiinei iScientometrie. Numr special, 2005.2. Dobre P. Adaptor pentru funcionarea motoarelorDiesel cu ulei vegetal crud. Cerere brevet 2009.3. Kusdiana D., Saka S.- Fuel 80, 693/2001.4. Oren L. K., Talking R. - System and method for fuelingDiesel engines with vegetable oil. Brevet de invenie,martie 2007. U.S. A.5. Lawton M. D., Ackrell L. F. - Operating internal

Combustion engines with plant oil. Brevet de invenie,ianuarie 2006. U.S.A.6. Roca R i colab. Formularea i ncercarea unuicombustibil oxigenat de tip biodiesel pentru alimentareamotoarelor cu aprindere prin comprimare. Grant 2004;

7. X X X - Biocarburanii n Romnia.