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    1.3.2. rile dezvoltate i rolul lor n economia global

    Printre rile dezvoltate poart o produc ie pe cap de locuitor ridicat din PIB, o parte semnificativ a industriei i serviciilor, de nalt calitate a vie ii.

    Printre principalele caracteristici ale rilor dezvoltate, este recomandabil s sealoce urmtoarele:

    1. PIBul pe cap de locuitor este, n medie, apro!imativ 2" de mii. #$%., i esten continu cre tere. &ceasta determin nivelul ridicat al consumului i a investi iilor, precum i nivelul de trai al popula iei n ansamblu. $uportului social 'clasa de mi(loc', valorile comune i bazele de baz ale societ ii.

    2. $tructura economic a rilor dezvoltate evolueaz spre ziruet dominare a

    industriei i o tendin pronun at de transformare a economiei industriale n post industrial. )n plin e!pansiune sectorul serviciilor, precum i ponderea popula iei ocupate n ea, este n frunte. Progresul tiin ific i te*nic are un impact semnificativ asupra cre terii economice i structurii economice.

    3. rile structura de afaceri dezvoltate nu este uniform. +olul principal apar ine un puternic preocuprile economice - /corpora iile transna ionale0. !cep ia este un grup de unele dintre rile mai mici din uropa, n cazul n care nu e!istnici o - de clas mondial. u toate acestea, n economiile dezvoltate este de

    asemenea caracterizat de ntreprinderile mici i mi(locii pe scar larg ca un factorde stabilitate economic i social. &ceasta afacere are pn la 23 din popula ia economic activ. )n multe ri, ntreprinderi mici ofer 4"5 din noile locuri demunc i afecteaz structura sectorial a economiei.

    6ecanismul economic de rile dezvoltate include trei niveluri: pia spontane, corporative i de guvern. &ceasta corespunde la un sistem dezvoltat de rela ii de

    pia i metode diversificate de reglementare de stat. ombina ie a acestora determin fle!ibilitate, adaptabilitate rapid la condi iile de reproducere i eficien a global mare de activitate economic n sc*imbare.

    7. stat din rile dezvoltate un participant activ n activitatea economic.8biectivele de reglementare guvernamentale sunt formarea cele mai favorabilecondi ii pentru autoe!tinderea capitalului i men inerea stabilit ii sociale i economice a societ ii. ele mai importante mi(loace de reglementare /sistemdezvoltat de drept comercial0 (uridice i administrative, /fonduri bugetare i fondurile de asigurri sociale0 fiscale, monetare i proprietate public. -endin a general de la nceputul anilor 9" este de a reduce rolul proprietatea guvernului dela o medie de ;5 din PIB. 6ai mult dect att, acesta este concentrat n

    principal n infrastructur. %iferen ele dintre ri n gradul de reglementare determinate de intensitatea func iilor redistributive ale statului, prin finan elor sale:

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    cel mai intens n uropa de . conomiile dezvoltate se caracterizeaz prin desc*iderea economiei mondialei organizarea regimului comercial liberal. ?eaders*ip n produc ia global

    determin rolul lor principal n comer ul mondial, flu!urilor interna ionale de capital, rela iile monetare i de decontare interna ionale. )n domeniul rilor dezvoltate migra iei interna ionale a muncii ac iona ca gazd a $tatelor #nite. $tatele #nite liderul economiei mondiale. $uperioritatea $#& a asiguratsuperioritatea lor n mrime i bog ie a pie ei, nivelul capacit ilor tiin ifice i te*nologice, sistem puternic de rela ii economice mondiale. el mai nalt nivel dePIB nseamn c $tatele #nite isi petrece mai mult dect orice alt ar cu privirela consumul de curent i investi iile. $trat mare 'clasa de mi(loc', este a!at pe standarde nalte de consum. )n $#&, o medie de 1,> milioane de construc ie de

    case noi, a vandut mai mult de 1" milioane de masini pe an. Industria modern $#& consum apro!imativ 13 de materii prime din lume.onturile $#& pentru mai mult de 23 vndut n rile dezvoltate de ma ini. )n acela i timp, mai mult de 17 din e!porturile mondiale de ma ini i ec*ipamente este n $tatele #nite ale &mericii.

    ?a nceputul anilor @" ai secolului AA n $tatele #nite o structur stabilprogresiv a economiei n care rolul dominant este (ucat de produc ia de servicii/peste 9"5 din PIB0, conturile industriei de 2;5 i doar apro!imativ 2,>5 din

    produc ia agricol. +olul sectorului serviciilor munc este c*iar mai mare ;"5.

    *eltuielile anuale de % dep e te c*eltuielile totale 6area Britanie, Cermania, =aponia, Cermania i Dran a. )nc (umtate de ar c*eltuielilor publice c*eltuie pe zonele de opera iuni militare. onturile $#& pentru peste >"5 dininova ii ma(ore generate n rile dezvoltate, inclusiv n domeniul te*nologiilor nalte.&ceste succese se datoreaz cre terii productivit ii muncii n sectorul non agricole, care a crescut cu 2,25 anual. e conduce la calitatea muncii la raportulde oameni de tiin i ingineri din for a de munc. 2,>5 din popula ia adult are

    studii superioare. Pozi ie puternic n $tatele #nite i prelucrarea corpului acumulate de cunostinte, furnizarea de servicii de informare: ;>5 din bncile dedate disponibile pentru rile dezvoltate, sunt concentrate in $tatele #nite. &cestlucru cre te dependen a de $tatele #nite ale &mericii la alte economii din lume.

    &cum $tatele #nite ale &mericii cel mai mare e!portator din lume, un investitorglobal de conducere i obiectul principal de investi iile strine, inclusiv un pie elor financiare bine dezvoltate, ceea ce mre te posibilitatea de a investi n cele maieficiente proiecte.

    uropa de de ri. &ceasta reprezint 235 din PIBul total i ;5 din popula ia lumii. )n conformitate cu PIBul acestor ri au avut loc de la 1 la 77

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    ntre rile lumii. Principalul forte al regiunii principalele ri: Cermania, Dran a, Italia i +egatul #nit. &ici se concentreaz la >"5 din popula ie i ;"5 din PIBul regiunii. &lte state sunt ri mici industrializate.

    uropa de

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    %up rzboi, =aponia a ridicat economia din ruinele la pozi ia de egalitate cu celemai dezvoltate ri ale lumii. +ealizrile economice de dup rzboi de =aponia afost al doilea nici unul n istoria lumii. Printre caracteristicile acestei ri:

    E investi ii de mareF

    E nivel relativ sczut al salariilor n prima etap de cre tereF

    E c*eltuielilor militare relativ micF

    E toatea rund de promovare a e!porturilor de companii na ionaleF

    E aracteristicile de management (aponez.

    conomie modern =aponiei n mare parte este format din ntreprinderi mici, carealctuiesc re eaua de furnizori i subcontractori de ntreprinderile mari.

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    1.3.2.

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    rile dezvoltate i rolul lor n economia mondial

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    Crupul rilor dezvoltate sunt state cu o economie de pia i un nivel ridicat de dezvoltare economic i social. riteriile de includere a unei ri n grupul rilor industriale sunt:

    #n nivel ridicat de dezvoltare economic i social, care este e!primat la un

    nivel ridicat n PIB global pe cap de locuitor, n special, /nu mai pu in de 12 mii dedolari pe an..0, $tandarde ridicate de via i a standardelorF

    8 economie de pia F

    %esc*iderea economieiF

    %omina ia din PIB n sectorul serviciilor /9"50 din industrie i agriculturF

    $*ift n industria de minerit i resurse industriile de nou industrie intensivte*nologieF

    #n nivel ridicat de mecanizare i productivitatea agricol, care rezult n 345din popula ia activ lucreaz n agricultur n aceste ri a da n ntregime alimente ara lor i agricultur transformat n sectorul de e!port a economiei n ma(oritatea rilor din acest grup

    Dondul 6onetar Interna ional include un numr de ri i teritorii dezvoltate /adic pr ile din unele ri care au un statut special, cum ar fi ong ong sau Croenlanda0, toate rile din uropa de

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    )n stadiul actual de dezvoltare a acestui grup de ri are cea mai mare poten ial te*nico tiin ific din lume, nu este doar un factor ma(or n dezvoltarea dinamic a economiei sale, dar, de asemenea, un factor decisiv n competitivitatea, care nrile dezvoltate este format din produc ie *ig*tec* industriale, agricole de nalt

    eficien , public important i costul activit ilor in*ouse de cercetare i dezvoltare,

    for a de munc de nalt calificare.

    rile dezvoltate sunt cei mai mari productori i consumatori de nalt te*nologie din lume: ponderea $#& n produc ia de produse de nalt te*nologie este de 395,=aponia 25, # 325. Ponderea produselor de inginerie n volumul total dee!port a(unge la 975 n =aponia, $tatele #nite i Cermania 745, $uedia 775,anada 725. )n acela i timp, $tatele #nite ale &mericii cu privire la importurilede 17 din e!porturile mondiale de ma ini i produse electronice. rile din acest grup sunt lideri n industriile, cum ar fi electronice, electrice, industria aerospa ial,

    auto, construc ii navale, c*imice, arme de fabrica ie i ec*ipament militar, etc.#tila(e agricole rile industrializate pierdut munc intensiv i sa transformat ntro capitalismul i industriile mari consumatoare de cunoa tere, foloseste

    biote*nologiei moderne. )n sectorul de servicii n aceste ri mai intens n cre tere cota de servicii de afaceri /financiare, de asigurare, de audit, consultanta,informare, publicitate, etc.0, servicii de sntate, educa ie, turisminterna ional.Ponderea c*eltuielilor de cercetaredezvoltare n PIBul rilor dezvoltate n ultimii 1> ani este destul de stabil la nivelul de 235. )n $tatele#nite, este de 2,45 din PIB, =aponia 2,5, Cermania 2,;5 din PIB, ceea ce ntermeni absolu i este o sum foarte impresionant.Poten ial tiin ific i te*nic a rilor industrializate este direct legat de nivelul de educa ie i calificare nalt a

    for ei de munc.

    )n $#&, de e!emplu, doar 11,95 din popula ia adult are mai putin de studiimedii, 34,;5 studii medii, 34,75 mai mare sau superioare incomplete.

    aracteristicile distinctive ale dezvoltrii economice a rilor industrializate sunt ncre tere n mod constant de investi ii brut, infla ie relativ sczut i oma(.

    Dactori importan i n dezvoltarea economiilor na ionale ale acestor ri este rolul lor dominant n comer ul interna ional cu bunuri, servicii, te*nologie, afaceri interna ionale i mi crile de capital de mprumut, rolul de centre din lume de atrac ie a for ei de munc, activit ile companiilor multina ionale, i altele.

    1.3.

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    1.3. rile dezvoltate n economia mondial

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    Pentru rile industrializate D6I consider c ara, care au un de mii. G PPP. &ceste ri i teritorii /pr i ale unor ri care au un statut special, cum ar fi Croenlanda i ong ong0, include toate rile din uropa de ori media mondial..F$tructura diversificat a economiei. )n acela i timp, sectorul de servicii ofer n

    prezent produc ia de mai mult de 9"5 din PIB /

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    u toate acestea, n ciuda slbirea relativ a pozi iei economice, rolul $#& neconomia mondial dup al %oilea +zboi 6ondial a fost ntotdeauna un lider. )n

    primul rnd, n compara ie cu orice ar a lumii, $tatele #nite ale &mericii are cea mai mare PIB mai mult de 1" trilioane de dolari. #$%. Pe an, respectiv, pia aintern mai ncptor din lume. %ar principalul factor n conducerea economic a

    $tatelor #nite este un lider n domeniul de progresul tiin ific i te*nic, la punerea n aplicare a rezultatelor sale n produc ie.

    $tatele #nite ale &mericii reprezinta in prezent 7"5 din costurile mondiale de mai(os +8 /lucrri de cercetare i dezvoltare0. Ponderea $#& n e!porturilemondiale de produse de nalt te*nologie este de 2"5. ea mai semnificativ

    plumb $#& n domeniul te*nologiei informa iei. )n prezent, $#& este concentrat;>5 din bncile de date ale rilor industrializate. )n plus, n cazul n care $#&encode n produc ia de alimente la nivel mondial, asigurnd, n special, au

    reprezentat peste >"5 din e!porturile de cereale din lume.%up destrmarea #+$$ i a sistemului socialist mondial, $tatele #nite au devenitsingura superputere mondial, care este liderii economice, politice i militare alelumii moderne. onservarea i consolidarea rolului de lider al $#& in lume 8fficial consacrat n oncep ia $ecurit ii a ionale.

    & doua for este centrul economic al uropei de

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    %ezvoltarea economic a uropei de

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    compania i statul acord o aten ie deosebit mbunt irii competen elor for ei de munc, implicarea lucrtorilor n gestionarea produc iei.

    &cest sistem nu este destinat a fi o descriere complet a factorilor de progreseconomic n =aponia, dar permite

    )n literatura de specialitate pentru a caracteriza dezvoltarea economic a =aponieifolose te termenul 'miracolul economic (aponez', care subliniaza succesulfenomenal al rii, care este de o a doua rata, i se separ ntro putere mondial cu o economie dinamic i competitiv pia desc*is tip /fig. 70.

    Dactori de succes economic n =aponia

    atura rela iilor de munc care promoveaz productivitatea i mbunt irea

    calit ii produselorDig. 7

    arat natura sistemic a succesului economic al rii. !perien a =aponiei este de interes pentru rile / ri 'catc*up'0, care ncearc s dep easc decala(ul de nivel ecoeconomic de dezvoltare a rilor industrializate.

    )n ultimii mai mult de dou decenii rata medie anual de cre tere a PIBului=aponiei a sczut semnificativ n anii @". &cesta a fost mult mai mic dect n alte

    ri dezvoltate capitaliste. &stfel, cre terea medie anual din PIB n 1;114" ,. &cesta sa ridicat la 7,>5 n 1411". 7,25 n " de ani lea sczut i mai multn 121>. &cesta a fost sub 15 pe an, cu toate c n 19 a crescut la 3,5, iarn 1; a fost de doar ",5.

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    aracteristici rile dezvoltate rile industrializate statele care fac parte din 8% /8rganiza ia pentru ooperare i %ezvoltare conomic0. &cestea includ &ustralia, 6area Britanie, &ustria, Belgia, %anemarca, Cermania, Crecia, Irlanda,Islanda, Italia, $tatele #nite ale &mericii, Dinlanda, etc. )n total, sunt 27 de state.

    rile dezvoltate au urmtoarele caracteristici principale:

    ivel ridicat de indicatori economici, cum ar fi PIBul pe cap de locuitor, calculatpe an. Practic valoarea sa este n intervalul de 1>3" mii. %olari. rile dezvoltateau o astfel de PIBul pe cap de locuitor anual, aceasta este de cinci ori mai maredect cea medie. $tructura economic diversificat. ste necesar s se ia nconsiderare faptul c astzi volumul de servicii sunt n msur s asigure produc iade mai mult de 9"5 din PIB. $tructura unei societ i de orientare social. Pentruacest tip de principala caracteristica este prezenta unui mic decala( a veniturilorntre boga i i sraci, precum i un puternic clasa de mi(loc, care are standarde

    relativ ridicate de trai.Con!"#$ "% %#&!&" 'n &(ono)"% )on*"%+,

    rile dezvoltate n economia global (oac un rol important. )n principal nprodusul intern brut general, ponderea acestora este de peste >75, n timp cee!porturile mondiale mai mult de ;"5. Printre statele din nivelul economieina ionale de o importan deosebit sunt cele care sunt membre ale Crupului celor

    apte /anada, $tatele #nite, Cermania, 6area Britanie, Dran a, =aponia i Italia0. &ceste ri dezvoltate ofer apro!imativ >15 din total e!porturi i 7;5 din

    produsul intern brut din lume. %ominarea ei in ultimele decenii n $tatele #nitemen ine. +olul $#& n economia mondial &stfel, n " de ani, economia $#&este destul de stabil n prima pozi ie la nivel de competitivitate. +ecent, cu toateacestea, este conducerea economic a acestui stat au slbit n mod semnificativ.&cest fapt se manifest n principal n reducerea de la 3"5 /1>"0 la 2"5 /2"120,

    ponderea $#& n PIBul total al orientrii economice nonsocialist.

    Principalulmotiv pentru aceast slbire a pozi iei &mericii n economia lumii este faptul crile dezvoltate, cum ar fi =aponia i rile din uropa de