PUmisa®s†rbs'VrSgnigGaemrikSg EdlxM∆Vndak'CUneTA[BYkeK .enAemsa1970, enATI®kugkg'tug (saFarNrdΩ®bCamanitucin) k~gsni~

siTkMBUl´n®bCaCn≤NÎËcin, ®BHGgðmças'supanuvgß, k~gnam®bCaCnlavVn®bkasenAmuxnaykrdΩmÂnI†CU-eGnLay, naykrdΩmÂnI†pS-yuSgdug (saFarNrdΩ®bCaFibety¥evotNam) nig®bFanaFibtIeg√øg-hfluyfU (evotNamxagt∫Ëg), nUvkarTTYlsðal'Cap¬ËvkarBIlav nUv«®BMEdneKaknigEdnsmu®Tbcç¨b∫n~´nkmıCa» .

x X x

bcçb∫n~enH (q~S2006), bJaKWGMBIkarcuHhtƒelxaGn†r®beTs (rvagkmı¨Ca-saFarNrdΩsgðmniymevotNam), (rvagkmıCa-saFarNrdΩ®bCamanitulav), (rvagkmıCa-´f) elI®BMEdnCa«sƒaBr»rbs'eyIg EdleKehAfa« sni†PaB, PatrPaB, mit†PaBCanicçnirn†» rvag®sukeyIgnigBYk®beTsCitxagd*eqI~mnImYy@enaH .

xM∆minhflanniyayGI√eT, [minhflan]sresrGI√eT GMBIkicçkard*sMxan'x¬SgNas'enH .

«®BHhtƒelxa – nerat†m-sIhnu» .q

munniyayGMBI «bUrNPaBTwkdI» EdlrdΩaPiVlhflun-EsnVnp†l'zan:

d*mhaGsçar¥enHdl'es†csIhnuCa «®BHmhavirkß®t ®BHvrraCbita ‰kraC¥bUrNPaBTwkdI nig‰kPaBExµr» eyIgcg'dwgfa – etIes†csIhnuVneTAeFI√GI√Edr CamYyBYkbnXatkrExµr®khmenAk~gvSgP~MeBj kalBIExkJÔa1975 ?etIes†csIhnuBMuEmnCa«®bmux´nkmıCa®bCaFibety¥»eT… ?? . ehIykalBIExemsaq~S1970, enATI®kugkg'tug®beTscin, etIBMuEmnes†csIhnueT…EdlCaG~kp†ÁcepI†mbegI˚tsni~siTkMBUl´n®bCaCn≤NÎËcin edIm∫IeKogKrkgT&BBYkeyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg [cUlQ¬anJn®beTskmıCa nigeFI√karkab'sm¬ab' b¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†®bCaBlrdΩExµreT… ?? (ebIeyagtamesov-ePA «kMNt'ehturbs'eyokkug» (A Vietcong Memoir by Toung Nhu Tang KWBYkem@yYneTAvijeT EdlCaG~kp†ÁcepI†mKMnitbegItsni~siTTI®kugkg'tugenHedIm∫IeFI√CaelsQ¬anJn®sukExµr) .

cMeJHeyIg˘˘˘ vahak'dUcCaes†csIhnu cg'cMGkLkelIy[ExµreTAvijesaH . ebIKat'minhflansresrnigminhflanniyayecjmkeT cuHKat'cSVc'rMelIkeLIgmkeFI√GI√Edr ?? . tamBiteTA KWKat'CamnusßsIueCar cg'[eKekatsresIrcMeJHs~a´dkMbiukkMb"ukrbs'x¬Án rYcehIyeVs´dykrYcx¬ÁncMeJHkM

husFM@ . Kat'sresIrVrSg-dWeK˙al EdlVnCYyKat'ykext†Exµr®VMBI fmkvij e®kayeBlVrSgQ~HCb"un˘˘˘ EtKat'benÊasVrSg EdlVnBuHEckTwkdIkmıCae®kam[eTAes†cyYne◊daykalBIq~S1949 . Kat'cg'[eKelIkGMnYtKat' GMBIkarQ~HkI†enAk~gtulakarGn†rCatiTI®kugLaeG EtKat'mincg'[eKniyayGMBIKat'GnuJÔat[yYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg tSgmUldΩanT&BenAk~gTwkdIExµrtambeN†ay®BMEdnTisxagekItenaHeT . ehIyenAeBlfIµ@enHeTot Kat'k*VnykbJ˙a®BMEdnExµr mkeFI√Ca«erOgkMb¬kkMEb¬g» rYcbnÊab'mkk*CMruj[es†ckUn sIuej"p†l'scçab&nelIsniÏsJÔabMeBjbEnƒmelIsniÏsJÔaq~S1985 .

ebItameyabl'rbs'eyIg ebIKat'minhflanniyaynigminhflansresreTKYrEtbiT®bdab'Etm†geTA˘˘˘ lÌCag (!!)

xage®kamenHCaGtƒbTcas'rbs'xM∆mYymancMNgeCIgfa «eyIg®Kan'EtsMumhakß®tGnuvt†ma®taTI8´nrdΩFmµnuJÔb"ueNˆaH ! - etIvaF©n'F©rx¬Sgk¬aNas'eTA… ?» cuHpßaykalBI´f©TI20 mIna q~S2005 EdlxM∆sUmelIkykmkcuHpßaysaCafIµm†geTot edIm∫ICakareqI¬ytbcMeJHGtƒbTes†csIhnuenAxagelI –

eyIg®Kan'EtsMumhakß®tGnuvt†ma®taTI8´nrdΩFmµnuJÔb"ueNˆaH !

etIvaF©n'F©rx¬Sgk¬aNas'eTA… ?eday lI-eDob ‹ ´f©TI20 mIna 2005

b"unµan´f©kn¬gmkenH elaksIhnuhak'dUcCax√l'x√aynwgerOgVt'bg'TwkdI®BHnKrsMebImNas' . TMngemIleTA dUcCaKat'elbf~SxuseTdwg VnCaecj®kLasary"agdUec~H ?

bJ˙aTSgBIrenH ekItmantSgBICMnan'GuglUvNas'mkehIy . ExµreyIgVt'bg'TwkdIkmıCae®kam «Cap¬Ëvkar» kalCMnan'Kat'esayraC¥elIkTI1 KWenAq~S1949mkem"¬H . ehIybJ˙a®BM®bTl'EdnExµrbcçb∫n~CamYyyYneTotesat k*siƒtenAe®kamraC¥nige®kamkarTTYlxus®tUvrbs'Kat'dEdl (Tsvtßq~S60) EdlCamUlehtud*cMbgmYyC®muj[ekItman®Bwti†karN_18mina1970.

enAk~¨gGtƒbTTSgBIrTSgbIrbs'Kat' cuHpßayk~¨g<®Bwti†b&®t‰ksar®bcS

Ex BMD ´f©TI16-17-18mIna2005>, elaksIhnueFI√emIlEtra®s†ExµrKµandwgG√I nigBMuVnæ BI«karehkhk»KµanVnkarrbs'Kat'rab'q~SmkehIyy"agdU-ec~aH (!!)

bMeP¬ceTAcuH ! k~gkarTamTarTwkdIkmıCae®kamBIyYnmkvij BIe®JHeTaHbIy"agNak*eday k*Kat'®CulCacUl<rWuE®tt>hYseTA ehIy @kicçkarGs'TSgenH vaVnF¬ak'eTACakatB√kicçrbs'bgbÌËnExµrkmıCae®kam Edl®tUveFI√tsflUTamTarTwkdIdUntaenaH mkCarbs'PinExµreyIgeLIgvij edayx¬Án‰geTAehIy .

bgbÌËnrbs'eyIg elakGs'esckI†sgÙwmrlIgeFgBIsIhnu ! ebIsIhnuKat'BitCa®sLaj'TwkdI®tg'mM†enaHEmn enaHKat'muxCamineFI√[rbUteTA®BHecAVvdaykalBICagkn¬HstvtßmunenaHeT . Kat'suxcit†Vt'bg'<kmıCae®kam>TSgmUl edIm∫Ib†ËrK~aeTAnwg®BHraCbl¬&g ®BmTSg‰kraCPaBbribUN·kalBIq~S1953 . mann&yfa elaksIhnuxatdImYycMehognKr edIm∫I[x¬ÁnVnesayraC¥ nigVn‰kraC¥ edayBMucSVc'eFI√kartsflUGI√FMdMueLIy KW®Kan'Ete®bIkgCIvBl-narIk¬ahanlIkSePI¬geQInigbMBg'ÚsßIbgÌÁtVrSgVnehIy .

db'q~Se®kayBIkarVt'bg'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam elaksIhnuk*eFI√kMhusmYyeTot KWVneTAcaj'eVkyYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg edayGnuJÔat[e®bI®Vs'TwkdIExµrenAtambeN†ay®BMEdnxagekIt eFI√CamUldΩanT&Brbs'BYkeK edIm∫Ic∫SgCamYykgT&BGaemrikSgnigsmı&nÏmit†eyokNamxagt∫Ëg .

enAral'sMbu®tq¬geqI¬y GnusßarN:nigkicçsn¥anana eyIgEtgsegteXIjBMumanxakxank~gkare®bIJk¥ «eKarB‰kraCPaBGFibety¥PaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdI» K~aeTAvijeTAmkesaH . Jk¥Gs'enH vaesIÊreTACaemsU®tcSrt'mat'riuleTAehIy . EtenATIbMput KWBYkkgT&ByYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIgenH‰gehIy Edl®tUvsIhnuBn¥H[cUlvay®bhardl'ebHdUgrbs'CatiEtm†g . sIhnuminehA®btibti†kareyaFaenaHfa Ca<GMeBIQ¬anJnkmıCa>eT BIe®JHvaCaT&BEdlsIhnuKat'xIçe®bI edIm∫I[cUleTAdeNI†mykGMNacmk®bKl'[x¬ÁnKat'CafIµ .

cMENkkgT&BsaFarNrdΩExµr EdlVnbUCaCIvitedIm∫IkarJrTwkdIExµrE®b®tLb'Ca®tUvsIhnuriHKn'fa CakgT&B´nbnBYkk∫t' nigCaVvbMerIc®kBti†®btikiriyaGaemrikSgeTAvij sUm∫IEtrhUtmkdl'eBlenHshrdΩGaemrikBMuEdlVnkan'kab'®sukExµrdl'm†gNaesaHk*eday (KµanmUldΩanT&BTIgrbs'GaemrikSgsiƒtenAk~g®sukExµr dUcenAyYnxagt∫Ëg nigenA®suk´feT) .

kMhusd*mhaF©n'FrmYyeTotrbs'sIhnu KWKat'VneFI√CaemdwknSbneB-CŒXatExµr®khm ®b®Bwt†«GMeBIsm¬ab'rgðal»eTAelI®bCa BlrdΩExµrGs'3

lannak' enAcen¬aHcab'BIq~S1975eTAdl'q~S1979 muneBlKat'hk'eTAcUl´dCamYyBYkGay"gyYn k~gGML¨gkn¬gmYyTsvtß e®kayBIGMeBIQ¬anJn´nkgT&ByYn EdlKat'F¬ab'BwgJk'kalTsvtß70[cUlQ¬anJn®sukExµreBjTsvtß80 .

sMusYrfa etIbJ˙a®BMEdnExµrnwg®tUvVnedaH®sayecj…eTenAe®kamsm&yraCaNac®kTI2 ? . cemI¬y KWGt'p¬ËvdEdl ! . kt†aEdlKµan®ckecj KWmkBIBYkem@ExµrEdlenAk~genaHmanrYmTSgsIhnupg Vn®tUvyYndkhUt®Blwg®BlHGs'eTAehIy . kMuniyaydl'eFI√kartva"TamTar sUm∫IEtelIkykbJ˙aenHmkniyayK~a‰gesaH k*minhflanTSgniyaypg .

yUr@m†g eyIgEtgæsUrsIhnubUlek¬v@ rebob«ehkhk» edIm∫I[q¬geTAputBImuxBImat'Kat' enAeBlNamankarE®skminsb∫aycit†BIsMNak'bgbÌËn®bCaBlrdΩExµrm†g@ .

<KN:kmµaFikar®BMEdnkmıCa> EdlmanTIs~ak'karenA®sukVrSgnigmanelaksflan-eb"gEsCa®bFan VnxitxMeFI√karGMJvnav ehIyGMJvnaveTot sMu[Et®BHmhakß®tnigraCrdΩaPiVl ®bkaslubsniÏsJÔaExµr-yYnecalEdl<GtItrdΩkmıCa>VneFI√kalBIq~S1979-80-82-83 nig85 edayGnu-elamtamsniÏsJÔasni†PaBTI®kugV"rIsq~S1991 . EtKµaneXIjes†cnigmÂnI†ExµrNaeFI√eT (!!)

niyayfa hflun-EsnmineFI√eTAcuH BIe®JHmkBICa «Gay"gyYn»... cuHsIhnuuEdlmin®BmeFI√EdrenaH etIKat'Ca«Gay"g»G~kNaEdreTA ? …mYyCab'EkÌl<kJÇHyYn>tSgBIGML¨gq~S60mk ? . erOgsMxan'mYyEdleyIgcgcS KWenAe®kayeBlsIhnuvil®tLb'cUleTA®sukExµrvij (´f©TI14viciœka1991)´f©TI25kum∏:1992 sIhnuVn®bkas[BiPBelakVnæxÊrxÊarfa – Kat'rkmineXIjmanyYnmYy®Kab'NaesaHenAk~g®sukExµr . BueTÏa (!!)

sIhnumineFI√tSgBIeBlenAesayraC¥rhUtcUlrWuE®tt ehIyepÊrraC¥eTA[kUn k*es†ckUnenAEtmineFI√dUcK~a . ebITSges†c“es†ckUnmineFI√nUvTegI√y"ag®sbc∫ab'mYy (tamma®taTI8´nrdΩFmµnuJÔ) y"agdUec~HeTAehIy etIcg'«sIueCar»niyayGMBIerOgGI√EdreTA (??)

xage®kamenH CakarbkE®be®kAp¬Ëvkar nUvGtƒbTrbs'sIhnu EdlKat'sresrcuHenAk~g<®Bwti†b&®t‰ksar®bcSExµr -BMD>rbs'Kat' –

«®Bwti†b&®t‰ksar®bcSEx«nerat†m-sIhnu«eb"kSg, ´f©TI16 mIna 2005

«´f©enH, KµannrNam~ak'GacbdiesFkarBitEdlfa kmıCa´nraCaNac®kTI2 VnVt'bg'mYyEp~k´nbUrNPaBEdndIeKaknigsmu®T Edlx¬ÁnmankalBIGML¨gq~S1963 (CamYynigkarvil®tLb'´n®VsaT®BHvihar) enAq~S1969enaHeT .

´f©enH, eKVndwgy"agc∫as'fa EdndInigEdnsmu®Trbs'eyIgmYyEp~kFM kalBICMnan'q~S1963-1969 kan'EtrYmcUlmk edayKµankartva"®bqSgGI√TSgGs' cMeJHEdleKehAfa«GFibety¥PaB» BIG~kCitxagTSgbIrbs'eyI-g (man´f, evotNam niglav) Edlm~a k'@VnebHeVcmYycMENkfIµEfmeTott´nnMrbs'Exµr .

CaåTahrN_, eyIgVnrkeXIjPUmimYycMnYnrbs'®bCara®s†eyIg EdlsiƒtenAxagk~gkmıCa´nsgðmra®s†niym ehIy≤LËvenHE®bCa3dg «BueTÏaeGIy» enAxagk~gTwkdI nsaFarNrdΩsgðmniymevotNam (evotNamxaggt∫Ëg) eTAvij... EdlkarJredaykgT&B (d*minecHcaj'nrNa) ´n«bgevotNam»rbs'eyIg .

eBlfIµ@enH, elak®KU Michel Buisson nigmit†Pki†VnKUsbJÇak'[dwgfa«bgeyokNam»enH Vnk¬ayeTACamças'PUmiExµrGs'enaHeTAehIy BIe®JHmkBIbgbÌËnrYmCatirbs'eyIg®kx¬SgeBk ®tUvCYldIeTA[eK …ehIyEdlF©n'F©rCagenHeTAeTotenaH Kat'lk'eTA[«bgeyokNam»Etm†g . elak®KUBuisson (VrSg) VneXIjnwgEP~k faBYkeyokNamruj«®BMEdnfIµ»BIevot-Namxagt∫Ëg cUlmkxagk~gTwkdIExµr´n«raCaNac®kTI2» .

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KWCakarBitehIyEdlfa enAe®kamkar®Kb'®Kgrbs'ln'-nl' (´nsaFarNrdΩExµr) BYkCnCatievotNamBI«evotNamxagt∫Ëg» (kmıCae®kam) VnepI∆sMbu®tmkCnCatieyokNamenAs√ayerog edaysresry"agc∫as'enAelIe®samsMbu®tfa «s√ayerog, ®beTseyokNam» (sic!) .( kkn – sIhnukMBugeFI√CaeP¬cfa enAeBlenaH KWx¬ÁnKat'enHehIy EdlCaG~keTAeKogKrnigBn¥¨HkgT&ByYn [hk'cUlmkQ¬anJn®sukExµr p†ilp†ac'GayuCIvit®bCara®s†x¬Án‰g nigb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti† ExµrswgJyGs'mYynKr .KiteTA... Kat'enAmanmux®kas'cg'dak'kMhuseTAelIelakln'-nl' EdlCaG~kxMkarJrTwkdIExµrenaHesaHeTAvij ? ) .

vaCakarBitpgEdrEdlfa kgT&Brbs'eg√øg-va"n'FIv Vnkan'kab'®kugG~kelOgrbs'eyIg rYcdUreQµaHfaCa «´shgmWy» (E®bfa ®kug´sh˚gfIµ …CaPasaVrSgehAfa NOUVEAU SAIGON ) .

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vil®tLb'eTAelak®KU Michel Buisson vij, Kat'VneXIjTahanevot-NamtSgx¬ÁneFI√CaemekIyelI®bCara®s†Exµrk~gPUmiExµrenA®suks~Ál .

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saFarNrdΩsgðmniymevotNam«VnbegI˚t»®BMEdnfIµ (Ca®beyaCn_xageK) edaysg'k~gGML¨gTsvtßq~S80, 90 nig2000 nUv«®ckT√arcUl»®BmTSgCIkE®BkenAk~grg√g'®BMEdnTwkdIrbs'eyIgq~S1963-1969 .

´f, xagEp~krbs'eK k*Vn«begIt»®BMEdnfIµ (Ca®beyaCn_rbs'eK) eda-ysagsg'p¬ËvFMBuHkat'ext†Exµrx¬H´n«raCaNac®kTI2» . dITSgenaH KWsiƒtenACit®suk´ftambeN†ayp¬ËvFMenAxagelI Edlcab'BI≤LËvenHeTA k¬ayCarbs'raCaNac®k´f .

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´f©enH TegI√Edl®kumrbs'‰˘å˘ va"-Kwmhug kMBugeFI√karCap¬ËvkarCamYy®beTsCitxageyIgTSgbI edIm∫Irk[dwgfa etI®BMEdnExµrmanPs†tagc∫as'Bit®VkdenA®tg'kEn¬gNa –

TImYy, saFarNrdΩsgðmniymevotNam, raCaNac®k´f nigsaFarNrdΩ®bCamanitulav minTTYlsðal'Cadac'xat nUvPaB®twm®tUvnig®sbc∫ab' n®BMEdnExµr k~gGML¨gq~S1963eTAq~S1969 (eTaHbIenAeBl®bCMukMBUl®bCaCn≤NÎËcinenATI®kugkg'tug, manBYkKN:®btiPU´nrdΩaPiVlbdivt†n_beN†aHGasn~evotNamxagt∫Ëg (®bFanaFibtIeg√øg-huflyfU), saFarBrdΩ®bCaFibet-y¥evotNam (naykrdΩmÂnI†pS-yuSgdug), NavLavhak'sat (®Tg'supa-Navgß ) VnTTYlsðalCap¬ËvkarnigCaåLarwk enAcMeJHmuxrdΩmÂn†ITI1 CUeGnLay (´nsaGarNrdΩ®bCamanitucin) karkMNt'®BMEdnkmıCa q~S1963-1969 nigVnsn¥ay"agehacNas'CaåLarwk k~gnam®beTsCati nig®bCara®s†erog@x¬Án eKarBCanicç man&yfaCaerogrhUteTA nUvKMnUssIma®BMEdnrbs'eyIg .( kkn – sIhnuKWCasmaCik´nsni~siTkMBUl®kugkg'tug k~gvtƒbMNgeKogKr®beTskumµynis†TSgbI [mkCYyc∫SgenAk~g®sukExµr edaymancinCaemex¬agenABIe®kay . ebIBYk®beTsTSgenaH Vnsn¥aCamYysIhnuenAmuxcinKWsIhnu®tUvvil®tLb'eTArkcinvij edIm∫Iniyay®Vb'fa BYkvaTSgbI®beTsGt'VneFI√tamkicçsn¥arbs'x¬ÁneT . EtsIhnuGt'VneFI√erOgh~wgesaHe®JHTImYyrvl'sb∫ayedayVnBYkExµr®khmelIk[eLIgeFI√Ca<®bmuxrdΩGs'mYyCIvit> nigTI2-rvl'VneLIgesayraC¥CafIµ . eyIgsMNUmBrfa ebI

sIhnuVndwgy"agc∫as' GMBIBYk®beTsTSgbImin®BmeKarBPaB®twm®tUv nigPaB®sbc∫ab'´n®BMEdnExµry"agdUec~HeTAehIy Kat'®tUvEtlubecalsniÏs-JÔaExµr-yYnq~S1979-80-82-83 nig85eTA edayGnuelamtamsniÏsJÔasni†PaBTI®kugV"rIsq~S1991 nigeyagtamma®taTI8´nrdΩFmµnuJÔExµr ? . etImkBIehtuGI√VnCaKat'min®Bmlubecal ? erOgenHgayesaHeTetI KWKat'eFI√EtxagEp~kExµreTAVnehIy ! ) .

TIBIr, kmıCa´nraCaNac®kTI2rbs'eyIg (tMNageday®kum ‰˘å˘ va"-Kwmhug) kMBugeFI√Gt†XatedayTTYlsðal'enAe®kamEP~kc∫ab'Gn†rCati fa®sukExµrBMuman®BMEdnBit®VkdeT .

karyl'®BmTTYlykCap¬ËvkarnUvkarcrcaK~aeLIgvijGMBIbJ˙a®BMEdnrb-s'eyIg KWhak'dUcCa®sukExµr «sm&yGgðrfIµ» ´neyIg TTYlsðal'x¬Án‰gfaBMudwg®BMEdndIeKaknigsmu®TenA®tg'kEn¬gNaeT .

enAk~g®bkarenH, kare®bIJk¥<Gt†Xat> KWBMuVnbMepI¬seLIy BIe®JH®sukmYyEdlTTYlsðal'fa x¬ÁnBMuman®BMEdnc∫as'las' nig®sbc∫ab' KWCa®suks¬ab' » .

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«®Bwti†b&®t‰ksar®bcSEx«nerat†m-sIhnu«eb"kSg, ´f©TI17 mIna 2005«b"unµanq~Skn¬gmkenH, BYkExµrkmıCae®kam Vnniyayy"age®cIn nigsr

esry"age®cInGMBI «PaBmin®twm®tUvnigPaBmin®sbc∫ab'» k~gkar®bKl'kmı-Cae®kameTA[evotNamenAk~gq~S1949edayVrSg .

xM∆k*Vnsresry"age®cInpgEdrGMBIerOgenHeTaHbIdUec~Hk*eday, k~g´f©enH, CakarsMxan'Edl®tUvbJÇak'fa –1- kalq~S1860, eBlkm¬SgGaNaniKmVrSgsMercyk (edaykm¬Sg)

nUvkmıCae®kam (EdleKehA<kUsSgsIun>tamVrSg) kgT&BExµrrbs'®BHVTGgðDYg nige®kaymkrbs'®BHVTnerat†m VneFI√kar®byuTÏK~ay"agx¬Sgk¬aCamYykgT&BCnCatiGNˆam EdlsiƒtenAe®kamGFiraCGNˆam – KWkgT&BExµrVnkarJrnKr, TwkdId*CaTIskar:´nkmıCae®kamrbs'eK eTaHbIkgT&B´nGFiraCGNˆamcg'®tYt®takmıCa nigbJçËleTAk~gTwkdIrbs'eK EdleKehAfaraCaFiraCaNac®kGNˆamk*eday .

( kkn – cuHcMENksIhnu etIehtuGI√VnCaKµankartsflUGI√®bqSgnwgVrSgy"agx¬Sgk¬a k~gkar®bKl'TwkdIenHeTAyYny"agdUec~H ? eyIgeXIjEtxagExµrb-JÇËnKN:®btiPUreb"HreV"HeTA®sukVrSg rYcehIy®tUvsIhnusgß&ynig®c-ENnfa CaBYkmnusßrbs'KNbkß®bCaFibety¥ VnbJÇa[rMlayKN:

®btiPUecal rYc[®bjab'vil®tLb'mk®sukExµrvij edayTukecal[GSgdMrInUvkicçkarGayuCIvitd*FMeFgrbs'Cati . ebIniyayfa sIhnuKat'ykkmıCae®kameTAdUrK~anwg®BHraCbl¬&g ®bEhl®twm®tUvCag . ‰kraCPaBEdlVrSgeVH[ExµrkalBIq~S1953 min®VkdCaC&yCMnH´n®BHraCbUCnIykicçenaHeT KW®sukExµrVn‰kraC¥EtyIehab"ueNˆaH e®JHeyIgVnVt'bg'<kmıCae®kam>TSgmUleTAyYneTAehIy) .

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2- VrSg, edaysMercVneCaKC&yk~¨gkareFI√GaNaniKmkmı¨Cae®kamedaydak'CaGaNaniKmrbs'x¬Án nigeFI√Caex®tx&NÎ nrdΩrbs'x¬Án (c®kPBrbs'x¬Án) VnsMerceCaKC&yk~gkarbJçb'rhUtdl'q~S1949 (q~SEdlVrSgTTYlsðal'sniÏsJÔa‰kraC¥kmıCa nigGNˆam´nGFiraCVvday) nUvkar®b-QmmuxGavuFK~arvagkgT&BExµrnigGNˆam, edIm∫IdeNI†meFI√Camças'´nEdndIkmıCae®kam . VrSgedIrtYrnaTICaecarTI3 lYcEp¬<m"arug> <kUsSgsIun> EdlkMBugEtGSgenAelIePI¬g .

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3- CamYykarelcpuseLIg´n «Gfl˜uhU» (hU-CImij) CavirbursCati´n®bCaCnevotNam (xageCIg kN†al nigxagt∫Ëg) saFarNrdΩVrSgKitrarSghU-CImijnigBYkevotmij kMu[deNI†mykkUsSgsIun . VrSgenHKitfa eda-y®bKl'kUsSgsIuneTA[Vvday ®bCaBlrdΩevotNamxagt∫ËgmuxCaeBjcit†eFI√CaGay"g´nc®kPBenHBMuxan . b"uEn†vaCakarKitxusd*Ga®kk'mYy, x√HkarBicarNanig minyl'dwgGI√TSgGs' GMBIbJ˙aCa®KwHmUldΩanrbs'evotNamnigkmıCa .

eyabl'rbs'xM∆¨ – cab'epI†mBI®bvti†sa®s†nigkarBitEdlBMuGac®bEkkVn enAeBlEdlVrSgcuHCan'dIkmıCae®kameBlNamk, kmıCae®kamenH BMuEmn®tYt®taedayBYkGNamb"ueNˆaHeT (cab'BIc®kPBGNammk), kmıCarbs'eyIg, CatieyIg nig®bCara®s†Exµrrbs'eyIg mansiTiÏnigkatB√kicçnwgp†nÊaeTas eTAelIPaBGyuti†Fm·y"agF©n'F©r´nsaFarNrdΩVrSg EdlenAeBlKat'Qb'ElgeFI√GaNaniKm®tYt®taelIkmıCae®kamehIy Kat'®tUv®bKl'®tLb'mk®beTskmıCaeyIgvij y"agehacNas'cMnYn50%´nkmıCae®kamTSgmU-

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dI KWVt'bg'nUv®Blwgrbs'x¬Án k~gzan:Ca®beTs k~¨gzan:CardΩ Ca®bCaCatiCa®bCara®s† nigk~gzan:CaCatisasn_ .

®BMEdnrbs'eyIgEdl®twm®tUveTAtamc∫ab'enH manEcgnigKUsy"agc∫as' enAelIEpnTIEdlVnerobcMeLIgnigeVHBumıpßay edayshrdΩGaemrikedIm∫IbMerIkar®tUvkarrbs'eKenAk~gsÂgðammYynig®beTsevotNam enAk~gTsvtß1960nig1970 . xM∆KitCa BiesseTAdl'EpnTIGKðesnaFikar EdlenAenAelIenaHmanKUsy"agc∫as'las' enAk~gma®tdΩany"agFM®Kb'®Kan' nUv®BM®bTl'rvag®beTs´fLg' ®beTskmıCa ®beTsevotNam nig®beTsLav . enAelIEpnTIGKðesnaFikarrbs'shrdΩGaemrikenaH (EdleFI√eLIgminEmnsMrab'«pðab'cit†» dl'®beTskmı¨Ca´n«nerat†m-sIhnu»eT) mancuHrhUtdl'PUmix~atEdltUctac TSgkUnE®BktUc@ bwgbYr GN†Ëg …k*kEn¬gEd-lmanTwk TSgp¬ËvlM p¬ËvefIµreCIg TSgkUnP~M TSgdMbUkGI√TSgGs' edayehtufakgT&BGaemrikSgnigpayrNbEdleKe®bIk~gkicç®btibti†karnanaenaH®tUvkarcMNucEdllÌitlÌn'TSgenH.

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dUcenHbJ˙aBMuEmnsiƒtenAelIkarKUsbnÊat'®BMEdnfIµmYyeTot rvag®beT-s´fLg' evotNam Lav nigkmıCaenaHeT b"uEn† (CakarmYyEdl®sbeTAtamc∫ab'Gn†rCati nigenAk~gTMenomTMlab'TMnak'TMngK~alÌrvag®beTsnana) KWkarsMu[®beTsCitxageyIgTSg3 (®beTs´fLg' saFarNrdΩsgðmniymevotNam saFarNrdΩ®bCamanitu®bCaFibety¥Lav) eKarBenAk~gTegI√ «enAelIdI» «on the ground», «sur le terrain même» nUvKMnUs®BMEdnk~¨gEdndIeKaknigk~gEdnsmu®T Edlmanrvag®beTs´fLg'nigkmıCa rvag®beTsevotNamnig®beTskmıCa nigrvag®beTsLavnig®beTskmıCa . KMnUs®BMEdnenaH CaKMnUsEdlmantSgBIq~S1963rhUtmkdl'1969mk EdlmanbJÇak'y"agc∫as'las' enAk~gEpnTIGKðesnaFikarshrdΩGaemrik (EdlmincUl

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etInrNaxagExµrEdl®tUvEtgtSgp¬ËvkaredayraCrdΩaPiVl´n®beTskmı¨CaTI2 edIm∫InwgeTABinit¥[dl'TIkEn¬genAelIKMnUs®BMEdnenH mYyKILËEm"-®teTAmYyKILËEm"®t kEn¬gNax¬HEdlenAdEdl nigkEn¬gNaEdlVnp¬a-s'b†Ër (®tg'enHeyIgCaExµr eyIgminyl'®BmTTYleLIy) enAtamkEn¬gnImY-y@ ? edayminKitBIbuKðlik rdΩVl b"Ulis nigkgT&BEdl®tUvmancMnYne®cInenaH nigniyayEtenAelI«G~kdwknS» Edl®tUvenAeFI√karnigeVHCMrMenApÊal'dl'TIkEn¬g eyIg®tUvEtgtSgeday®BHraC®kwt¥nUvG~kdwknSdUcmanxage®kamenH – tMNagKNbkß®bCaCnm~ak' tMNagKNbkßhfl√nsiunbiucm~ak'tMNagKNbkßsm-rgßIm~ak' nigebIGaceFI√Vn elaksflan-eb"gEs (®bFanKN:kmµaFikar®BMEdnkmıCa CaG~kln'-nl'niym-saFarNrdΩExµr BMuEmnCaG~ksIhnuniymeT) .

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CakarmYyEdlKYreCOVn ®beTsCitxageyIgTSg3 nwg®canecalnUvmeF¥aVyenH EdlCadMeNaH®saymYyeTAnwgbJa®BMEdn Edlmin®tUvmanTal'EtesaHenH . ®bsinebIbeTsTSgenH®canecal enHbgaj[eXIjfa®beTsTSgenHmanbMNgedayBit®Vkd k~gkarsm¬ab'®beTskmıCaeyIgehIyEdleKnwgeFI√[rlayeTAenAk~gGnaKtminCayUrb"unµanxagmuxenH » .(kkn – ebIeyagtamGtƒbTxagelIenH sIhnuVndwgrYce®sceTAehIyfaBYk®beTsCitxagTSg3enaH eKmuxCa®canecalEpnkar®tYtBinit¥emIl®BMEdnenHdac'xat . ehIysIhnuk*VnbJÇak'y"agc∫as'fa «®beTsTSg3enHmanbMNgy"agBit®Vkd k~gkarsm¬ab'®beTskmıCaeyIg» (sic) . ebIGJçwgeT etIehtuGI√VnCasIhnu®TSenAes©ømeTAekIt ? . ®bkarsni~siT®kugkg'-tug nigkicçsn¥amYycMP¬Ësrbs'BYkyYneyokkug... cat'TukfaePI¬…sIueCar«caj'eVkeK» rhUtesIÊrrlaynKreTAcuH . eyIgsUmq©l'fa – cuHehtuGI√Vnes†c“sIhnu niges†ckUnnerat†m-sIhmunI min®BmeFI√nUverOgEdlx¬ÁnGaceFI√Vn ? . erOgenHKW kareFI√esckI†®bkaslubecal «sniÏsJÔaExµr-yYnq~S1979-80-82-83 nig85» ? . eyIgcg'eXIj®twmEtbni†cb"uNwgsineTkicçkarepßg@eTot dUcCakardak'Jk¥bN†wgeTAtulakarGn†rCatiCaedIm vaCaCMhanTI2 EdlExµr®tUveFI√teTAmuxeTot . ebIsIhnuehIynigkUnmin®Bmcab'epI†meFI√®twmEtbni†cenHpg etIsgÙwmGI√nwgeFI√dl'eTA®bkarFM@enaH ? . dUceyIgVnniyayrYcmkehIydUec~aH ebIkalNamanbJaGI√rMeBIkrMeBIgekIteLI

g Tak'TgeTAnwgbJ˙a®BMEdn…bJ˙aVt'bg'TwkdIExµr sIhnuKat'®Kan'EteFI√Ca«ehkhk» edIm∫I[putBImuxBImat'Kat'eTAb"ueNˆaH . G~kEdlGacesckI†®bkaslubecalsniÏsJÔamanEtBIrnak'Kt'eTKW – ®BHmhakß®t nignaykrdΩmÂnI† EtCatMNag‰kraCPaB, GFibety¥PaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdIExµr . KN:kmµaFikar®BMEdnkmıCarbs'elaksflan-eb"gEs BMumanlk≈N:tamp¬Ëvc∫ab'GaceFI√VneT e®kAEtGMBIxM®bwgx~HEx~gCYyCMruj[bJaenHekIteLIg nigVnsMerceCaKC&yCasƒaBr . eyIgsUmKUsbJÇak'fa «bJ˙a®BMEdn» BMuEmnCabJ˙arbs'G~kNam~ak'eT EtKWCabJ˙arbs'®bCaCatiExµrTSgmUl (es†c BYkmÂnI†nig®bCaBlrdΩ) . karEbgEckExµrCakumµynis†niym, raCaniym (sIhnuni-ym) nigsaFarNrdΩniym vaBMu®tUv[ekItmaneLIy . ®kSgsartaCatiVnkt''®tarYceTAehIyfa G~kNaEdlCaemex¬ag veg√g sIueCar caj'eVkxµSgeFI√[TwkdInig GayuCIvitExµr®tUvxatricrilnigVt'bg' . eyIgVneCOCak'faKWemex¬ag«Xatksm¬ab'Catix¬Án»enH‰gehIy EdlkMBugCYys®tUvCitxag[bn†bMp¬ajkmıCa .⁄

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