psd 7108 lecture 1

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AlvinMcLean,[email protected]

925-969-3599

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Introductions

AlvinMcLean,Jr.,Ph.D. Ph.D.-PsychophysiologyandClinicalPsychology

(UniversityofWisconsin-Madison)

PostdoctoralFellowshipinNeuropsychology(UniversityofWashingtonSchoolofMedicine)

AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine-U.W.SchoolofMedicine

HealthcareCorporateExperience ExecutiveDirector-BrainInjuryRehabilitationTreatmentCenter SVPClinicalServices,MedicalInformatics-ParadigmHealth Co-Owner,CHCServices

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Introductions

Whoareyou? Howmanyyearshaveyoubeenintheprogram? Clinicalexperiencetodate? WhatdoyouwanttodowithyourPsyD?

Clinicalpractice Academia/research Consulting Business

AnypriorcourseworkinCognitivePsychology?

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Uponcompletionofthecourse,studentswillbeableto: Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandandcritically

evaluatehistory,theory,researchmethodology,andtheemergingtrendsincognitivepsychologyandcognitivescience.

Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandandcriticallyevaluatehistory,theory,researchmethodology,and

theemergingtrendsinthefieldofaffectivebasisofbehavior.

Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandhowthetwoareasofcognitiveandaffectivebasesofbehaviorintegrate.

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Gradingwillbebasedonstudentsperformanceon:

FourQuizzes FinalExamination GroupPresentation(inlieuofcriticalliterature

review)

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SourcesofStudiestoReview

Reader Textbook-lookatthereferencesectionofoneofthe

chaptersandidentifyastudythatseemsinterestingandlookupthepublicationintheonlinelibrary

Reviewofrecentcopiesofthejournalsrelatedtothecognitivepsychology,cognitiveneuroscienceoremotionalbehavior

JournalofCognitivePsychology AdvancesinCognitivePsychology CognitionandEmotion CognitiveNeuroscience CognitiveNeuropsychology

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CognitivePsychology

Scientificstudyofmentalprocesses Simplyputitisthestudyofthought Behaviorisexaminedbycognitivepsychologiststhesame

waythatphysicistsinfertheforceofgravityfromthebehaviorofobjectsintheworld.

MentalProcesses:remembering,attention,producingandunderstandinglanguage,solvingproblems,andmaking

decisions Thinkingissomethingthatisconstantlyhappening,yet

werarelystoptothinkaboutit

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OmnipresenceofCognitiveProcesses

PerceptionandSensoryMemory Organizeandinterpretincominginformation(e.g.,first

lecture)

Sensorymemoryholdsinformation,likeaninformationbuffer,justlongenoughtodeterminewhetheritseemsworthwhile

Attention Setofprocessesthroughwhichyoufocusonincoming

information AbilitytoattendisflexibleTrailMakingBTest Attentionisalsolimited

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ChallengesofCognitivePsychology

Oftentimes,theprocessesinvolvedincognitionarecomplexandhiddenfromview

Takeamomentandthinkaboutallthatishappeningaroundyou(perception,attention,memory,reasoning)

Complexityexamples Stroopeffect

DescribedbyJ.R.Stroopin1935 Nameofwordinterfereswithnamingofthecolor

somestimuliinfluenceusevenwhenwedontwantthemtodoso

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StroopColorTest

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HistoryofCognitivePsychology

1stcognitivepsychologyexperiment,16 FranciscusDonders,Dutchphysiologist,ophthalmologist Usedmentalchronometry

Measurestime-courseofcognitiveprocesses Measuredreactiontime:timeb/wpresentationofstimulus

andpersonsresponsetothatstimulus Simplereactiontime Choicereactiontime(pushoneoftwobuttonsinresponse

toastimulus)

Inferredmentalprocessofperception Mentalresponsecannotbemeasureddirectly,butcanbe

inferredfrombehavior(choicereactiontimesimplereactiontime=lengthoftimetomakeadecision)

Allresearchincognitivepsychologydealswithinferredmentalprocesses

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HelmholtzsUnconsciousInference HermannLudwigFerdinandvonHelmholtz(August31,

1821September8,1894)wasaGermanphysicianand

physicist.Hedevelopedtheophthalmoscope;proposedtheoriesofobjectperception,colorvision,andhearing

Theoryofunconsciousinference:Someperceptionsaretheresultofunconsciousassumptionsthatwemakeabout

theenvironment;pastexperienceswithobjectsmayimpactourperceptions

Twosheetsofpaperexercise

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HermannEbbinghaus(January24,1850February26,1909)wasaGermanpsychologistwhopioneeredtheexperimentalstudyofmemory,andisknownforhisdiscoveryoftheforgettingcurveandthespacingeffect.Hewasalsothefirstpersontodescribe

thelearningcurve.

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Ebbinghauslearnedlistsofnonsensesyllables(e.g.,DAX,QEH)

Whynonsensesyllables? Didnotwantactualwordstoinfluencehisabilityto

memorizeorrecallcertainwords Repeatedlistsandnotedhowmanyrepetitionsittookto

repeatthelistwithnoerrors;thiswascalledsavingsmethod

Waitedaperiodoftimeandthenrelearnedthelist Computedasavingsscore

Savings=[(initialrepetitions)relearningrepetitions]/initialrepetitions;thenmultiplyby100fora%

Forgettingcurve(seeFigure) Measuredbehaviortoinferprocessesofmemory

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WilhelmWundt WilhelmMaximilianWundt(16August1832-31August1920)wasa

Germanphysician,psychologist,physiologist,andprofessor,knowntodayasthefatherofexperimentalpsychology.

1879,foundedfirstlaboratoryofscientificpsychologyattheUniversityofLeipzig,inordertostudythemindscientifically

Carriedoutreaction-timeexperiments Developedanalyticintrospection

Procedureusedinwhichtrainedparticipantsdescribedtheirexperiencesandthoughtprocesseselicitedbystimulipresentedundercontrolledconditions

Problematic:introspectiondidnotseemtorevealthestructureofthought;resultsfromdifferentlaboratoriesoftendisagreed

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EdwardBradfordTitchener,D.Sc.,Ph.D.,LL.D.,Litt.D.(January11,1867August3,1927)wasaBritishpsychologistwhostudiedunderWilhelmWundt.Titchnerisbestknown

forcreatingstructuralism

Structuralism-Anattempttodescribethestructuresthatcomposethemind.Consciousnesscanbeanalyzedassensationsandfeelingsthatformthestructuresofthe

mind.

Togetattheirdata,structuralistsusedintrospectiontogetatwhatwashappeninginthemindandtounderstandwhatonewasthinkingandfeeling.Thiswasinfluencedby

theearlysensorybiologists

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WilliamJames,M.D.-1890s(HarvardUniversity)advocatefortheareaofpsychologycalled

functionalism. Functionalism-aroseintheU.S.inthelate19thcenturyas

analternativetostructuralism.Structuralismwasconcerned

withtheanatomyofthemind,whereas,functionalismfocusedonthefunctionofthemind.Functionalismreferred

tothestudyofhowamentalprocessoperates.Italsoreferredtohowthementalprocessfunctionsintheevolutionofthespecies,whatadaptivepropertyitprovidesthatwouldcause

ittobeselectedthroughevolution.FunctionalismwasalsoinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin.

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DeclineandRebirth

JohnWatsonandBehaviorism Developednewapproachtopsychologyby

studyingactualbehaviorsintheirownrightandnotworryingaboutconsciousness

Arguedbehaviorisobservableandobjective Studiedimpactofstimulusconditionsonbehavior

(stimulus-response) Mostfamousstudy:LittleAlbert

B.F.Skinner Studiedoperantconditioning:believe

reinforcements,notfreewill,determinedbehavior Publishedbookonverbalbehaviorthatclaimed

languagedevelopedthroughimitationand

reinforcement

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NoamChomsky,Linguist DisagreedwithSkinner,andbelievedlanguagedevelopment

wasinbornandheldacrosscultures

Defendedhistheorywith Childrensaysentencestheyhaveneverheard Incorrectgrammar

RealizationthattounderstandcomplexcognitivebehaviorsneedtoconsiderhowthemindworksinadditiontoS-R

RiseoftheInformationProcessingMetaphor Broadbentsflowdiagramdepictedthemindasprocessing

informationinasequencesofstages

Informationprocessingmodelsconceiveofcognitiveactivitiesasinvolvingaseriesofsteps,procedures,orprocessesthattaketime(e.g.,1/10second)

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Cognitivepsychologyisoneofthemorerecentadditionstopsychologicalresearch,

havingonlydevelopedasaseparateareawithinthedisciplinesincethelate1950sandearly1960sfollowingthecognitive

revolutioninitiatedbyNoamChomskys1959critiqueofbehaviorismandempiricism.

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TheCognitiveRevolution

Thecognitiverevolutionisthenameforanintellectualmovementinthe1950sthat

beganwhatareknowncollectivelyasthecognitivesciences.Therelevantareasofinterchangewerethecombinationof

psychology,anthropology,andlinguisticswithapproachesdevelopedwithinthethennascentfieldsofartificialintelligence,

computerscienceandneuroscience.

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TheCognitiveRevolution

ThecognitiverevolutionputforthaAkeyideaincognitivepsychologythatbystudyingand

developingsuccessfulfunctionsinartificial

intelligenceandcomputerscience,itbecomespossibletomaketestableinferencesabouthuman

mentalprocesses.Thishasbeencalledthereverse-engineeringapproach.

Bythe1970sbehaviorismasaparadigminpsychologicaltheoryhadlostfavorandbythe

1980sthecognitiveapproachhadbecomethe

mainlineofresearchinvestigationinpsychology.

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ThecognitiveapproachwasbroughttoprominencebyDonaldBroadbentsbook,

PerceptionandCommunicationin1958.Sincethen,thedominantparadigmhasbeentheInformationProcessingmodelofcognition

thatBroadbentputforward(i.e.,thinkingandreasoningaboutmentalprocesses,envisioningthemassoftwarerunningona

computerthatisthebrain.

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Otherpublicationsthathavebeeninfluentialinthecognitiverevolutioninclude:GeorgeMillers1956

PsychologicalReviewarticle,TheMagicalNumber

Seven,PlusorMinusTwo-stilloneofthemosthighlycitedpapersinpsychology;NoamChomskys1959

ReviewofVerbalBehaviorbyB.F.SkinnerandElementsofaTheoryofHumanProblemSolvingby

Newell,ShawandSimon;UlricNeissers1967book,CognitivePsychology.

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CognitivepsychologysmajorcontributiontoArtificialIntelligenceandpsychologyin

generalisthenotionofasemanticnetwork.Oneofthefirstcognitivepsychologists,GeorgeMillerisknownfordedicatinghis

careertothedevelopmentofWordNet,asemanticnetworkfortheEnglishlanguage.Thisworkbeganin1985.

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Thecognitivepsychologicalwayofconceivingmentalprocesseshaspervadedpsychologymore

generallyoverthepastfewdecades,anditisnot

uncommontofindcognitivetheorieswithinsocialpsychology,personalitypsychology,abnormal

psychology,anddevelopmentalpsychology.Theapplicationofcognitivetheoriestocomparative

psychologyhasdrivenmanyrecentstudiesinanimalcognition.

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AreasWithinCognitivePsychology

Duringthecourseofthisclass,wewillexploresomeofthefollowingareaswithincognitive

psychologyincluding: Cognitiveneuroscience Attention,perception Memory Problemsolving Judgmentanddecisionmaking Creativity

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CognitiveScience

CognitiveScience Studyofthemind(mentalprocesses)ascarried

outbymanydifferentdisciplines

Disciplines:cognitivepsychology,andresearchonthemindwithinthefieldsofcomputerscience,linguistics,neuroscience,anthropology,artificialintelligence,andphilosophy

SeeFigure

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C t T d

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CurrentTrendsCognitivePsychology

Therearecurrentlythreemainapproachesincognitivepsychology:

Experimentalcognitivepsychology,Computationalcognitivepsychology,andNeuralcognitivepsychology

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C t T d

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Computationalcognitivepsychologydevelopsformalmathematicalandcomputationalmodelsofhumancognitionbasedonsymbolicandsub-symbolicrepresentations,anddynamicalsystems

C t T d

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Neuralcognitivepsychologyusesbrain

imaging(e.g.,EEG,MEG,MRI,PET,SPECT,OpticalImaging)andneurobiologicalmethods(e.g.,lesionpatients)tounderstandtheneuralbasisofhumancognition.The

threeapproachesareofteninter-linkedandprovidebothindependentandcomplementaryinsightsineverysub-domainofcognitivepsychology

psd 7108 lecture 1

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