migratia si tea populatiei
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Migration and Density – Major Problems for the Economic Future of Emerging
Economies
Gica Gherghina CuliţăUniversitatea Constantin Brâncoveanu – Brăila
Ciorăşteanu Gianina [email protected]
Mariana Mihă[email protected]
Abstract
The world is changing. Civilization has
moved from discovery and populating their territories through colonization to the next level.Those who recently tried to win a piece of land to settle are now driven by economically
developed areas to survive and lead a better life.We therefore return to the abandoned areas inuninhabited areas.
Steps to work the developed world now
repeat emerging states. Populations we aretalking about now migrate to areas that areeconomically developed but hundreds of
millions. And yet migration is not "free" (see thecase of China).
Cities evolving people becoming moremobile and products becoming more specialized,are all part of the development. Such changeswere visible in North America, Western Europeor North and East Asia. But the countries of Eastern and Southern Asia and Eastern Europenow face similar changes in scope and speed.World Development Report 2009 - "ReshapingEconomic Geography"[3] considers that such
transformations will remain essential to futureeconomic success in developing and emergingcountries should be encouraged.
These changes bring prosperity but do notoccur without risk and sacrifice. Evidence areexamples of three of the most prosperous placesin the world:
• The first is Tokyo, the largest city in the worldwith 35 million people, one fourth of Japan's
population, living in less than 4 percent of itsterritory.• The second is the United States, the largesteconomy in the world and is also the mostmobile, where approximately 35 million peoplechange their residence each year.
• The third proof is the Western Europe, thecontinent most connected in today's world,where countries trade out of about 35 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), more than half of them being accomplished between neighbors.
Man's habitat at the outset was dominated
by the need to find food, and hunting andforaging were rural pursuits. Not until the end of the last ice age, around 11,000 years ago, did hestart building anything that might be called avillage, and by that time man had been aroundfor about 120,000 years. It took another sixmillennia, to the days of classical antiquity, for cities of more than 100,000 people to develop.Even in 1800 only 3% of the world's populationlived in cities. Sometime in the next few months,though, that proportion will pass the 50% mark,if it has not done so already. Wisely or not,
Homo sapiens has become Homo urbanus.[6]Visitors can see the people crushed in
Tokyo trains. Millions of people voluntarilysubject to the possibility of suffering suchaccidents. A density map shows that Japan'seconomic. Tokyo generate much of the wealth inJapan and to get some of this people choose tolive near it.
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In the United States each year, days beforethe Thanksgiving holiday, some 35 million people trying to return to their families and their friends. It is early winter in some parts of thecountry, so many times, flights are canceled. ButAmericans accept the pain of leaving friends and
family, because economic activity isconcentrated in some parts of the country. To getsome of that wealth has to be close to her. This iswhy the 8 million Americans each year changetheir state of residence, migrating to reduce thegap to economic opportunities.
Over the Atlantic, Western Europe, another massive movement takes place every day but thistime not of people but of the products. Anexample is Airbus, which manufactures aircraftcomponents and assembles them in France,Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom and
other countries. Large sections of aircraft areloaded on ships and planes to special places indifferent parts assemble and produce them atscale. Countries in a region that was shared notlong ago now they trade with former enemies to become an increasingly integrated EuropeanUnion. As this integration has increased theeconomic disparities have decreased, making possible the specialization and economies of scale.
What is the reward for all this trouble? Amap of economic geography, which resizes areas
to reflect the country's GDP each show benefitsof big cities, people's mobility and integration of economies. United States, Western Europe andJapan dominate the world economy.
Big cities, migration and trade were keycatalysts of progress in the developed world inthe last two centuries. History is repeated now inthe most dynamic developing economies.Mumbai is the largest city in the world but is themost densely populated and the populationcontinues to grow. China is the largest economyin the world, but is the fastest growing and could
be among the most mobile. Southeast Asia maynot have formed a political union like Europe, but trade in goods between states are similar tothe EU region.
• Half of world production would fit into a smaller area thanAlgeria?
• Cairometropolitan area generates more than half of Egypt's production using 0.5 percent of thecountry's area?
• In the U.S., 96 percent of the innovations taking place inmetropolitan areas?
Increasing population density, rather than boosts in human brain power, appears to havecatalysed the emergence of modern human behaviour, according to a new study by UCL(University College London) scientists publishedin the journal Science.[1]
High population density leads to greater exchange of ideas and skills and prevents the lossof new innovations. It is this skill maintenance,combined with a greater probability of usefulinnovations, that led to modern human behaviour
appearing at different times in different parts of the world.
• 200 million Chinese immigrantstraveling to his native place to spend NewYear?
• Despite lower transport costs in the lastcentury, countries are selling even moreneighbors than with more distant?
• In 2006, Singapore, with 700 square kmarea of export of the same value (U.S. $ 300 billion) as the Russian Federation, which
has more than 16 million kilometerssquare?
• People take risks just to take advantageof special economic density. Despite theloss of lives among commuters and thosedue to living in slums like Dharavi,Mumbai population has doubled since1970. Starting in 1990, millions of Chineseworkers have migrated to closer economicopportunity concentrated along the coast.Just as Americans traveling for Thanksgiving, so more than 200 million
Chinese travel to China during Chinese New Year.Regional production networks in East Asia
are much more common than in WesternEurope's Airbus. East Asian countries may notsell airplane parts, but nations that were onceenemies, are now trading in auto parts or computers, the same frequency and speed as inEuropean countries. And the reward? We
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recognize the new forms of China, India and thecountries of South-Eastern Asia on the map of world economic geography. These forms contrastwith the African continent, which seems a peninsula deleted.
WDR2009 report claims that the situation
in some regions is good to have promotedchanges in the three dimensions of economicgeography:• higher density, as seen in the growth of cities.• Distances shorter, so that workers andcompanies migrate closer to the density.• Borders fewer, as countries weaken their economic borders to enter global markets and toreap the benefits of specialization and economiesof scale.
United States and Japan have reshaped theeconomic geography on the basis of past trends.
China reshape its economic geography now. Thisshows that there will be changes that will helpdeveloping nations in other parts of the world,especially Africa, to follow the path of developedcountries.[4]
Over half of world population live inmiserable conditions. Whether from our poorestAfrican or emerging, they are the greatestchallenges of current economic development.Seemingly disparate, they share one key feature:at different distances, they are the most visiblemanifestation of the importance of economic
geography of development.Precisely because of this breakdown is
required to follow a more balanced growth space.It is necessary to develop controlled growth of cities, a reduction of urban-rural disparities andshould be required to implement development programs that create jobs for people who live far from economic density.[5]
Bridging could be achieved by measures to protect companies from the developing worlduntil they are able to compete on the worldmarket.
But economic growth is rarely balanced.Efforts to obtain it at all costs may sometimes
endanger economic progress.Two centuries of economic development
shows that differences in income and productionare inevitable. Results of scientific researchconfirms that there is no reason to expecteconomic growth to be spread smoothly in space.
Developers of successful experience shows that production becomes more concentrated spatially.Success Nations established policies thatstandardize living standards. Economic production is concentrated, while living
standards are converging.In conclusion, any economic benefits would
bring the density required to follow a balancedgrowth as the region.
References:
[1]Adam Powell, Stephen Shennan, and Mark G.Thomas. “Late Pleistocene Demography and theAppearance of Modern Human Behavior”. Science ,2009; p. 324
[2]Negrea (Culiţă), G., “South-South Cooperation”.Economic Tribune Publishing House, Bucharest,2007, Introduction.[3]World Development Report 2009, “ReshapingEconomic Geography”, on http://www.worldbank.org[4]http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/default.html[5]http://www.esri.com/mapmuseum/mapbook_galler y/volume21/sustainable_dev1.html[6]http://www.economist.com/specialreports/
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