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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2008

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Series Letters and Social Sciences, No. 1/2008

67

Romnia i jocul de interese al

Marilor Puteri n Primul

Rzboi mondial

Hadrian G. Gorun

Studiul de fa vizeaz raporturileRomniei cu cele dou blocuri beligerantedin Primul Rzboi mondial, n principal cuAntanta i maniera n care statul romn idiplomaia romn au urmrit s adopte oanumitconduit n relaiile internaionale.Conduita aleastrebuia sfie de aa naturnct spermitRomniei sperformeze caun actor independent i respectat pe scenainternaional, mai ales cde pe urma uneieventuale aliane fiecare parte inteniona,firete, s profite ndepliniindu-i astfel

propriile obiective.

Dac n primele decenii aleveacului al XIX - lea i cu prilejul Uniriicelei mici din 1859, Principatele Romneau cutat s se apropie de prototipullatinitii occidentale, Frana, care de altfeli oferise sprijinul su generos, sfritulacestui secol, cu precdere ultimii 30 de aniau marcat o reorientare ct se poate devizibil n politica extern a tnrului statromn. ntre anii 1870 i 1871 a avut loc uneveniment european demn de consemnat,

cu repercusiuni indirecte inclusiv asupraRomniei. Este vorba de rzboiul franco prusac. Acest conflict, finalizat prin tratatulde la Frankfurt din 10 mai 1871, s-a soldatcu eecul Franei, care s-a vzut nevoitscedeze Germaniei provinciile Alsacia iLorena. n urma evenimentului, Frana a

pierdut supremaia politico militar nEuropa, dobndit de ctre Germania.ngenuncherea Franei din 1871 a nsemnat

pentru Romnia renunarea la opiunea

Romania and the vested

interests of the Great Powers

during the

First World War

Hadrian G. Gorun

This study deals with the relationsbetween Romania and the two belligerentalliances during the First WorldConflagration, especially with Entente. TheRomanian state and the Romaniandiplomacy attempted to adopt a certain

behaviour in the international relations.Romania had to perform as an independentand appreciated actor on the internationalstage. Each of the two belligerent blocks,namely the Entente (France, England and

Russia) and the Central Empires (Germanyand Austria Hungary) tried to obtainRomanias support in the war in order tofulfill their own objectives.

Until the ' 70 s of the XIX - thcentury, France has been the traditional allyand friend of Romania. But after that, in1871, France was defeated by Prussia. Thetreaty of Frankfurt signed on 10 th Mai 1871granted the provinces of Alsacia and Lorenato Germany. This failure leaded to the

isolation of France. That is why thestatemen from Bucharest looked for analliance with the new main political andmilitary power of the Europe, Germany.France could not offer an aid to Romaniaduring the war of independence of 1877 -1878 because its policy was to preserve theintegrity of the Turkish Empire.14

After the treaty of Frankfurt we cansee a regrouping of the Great Powers fromEurope, which tried to create alliances. They


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tradiionalde pnatunci i o apropiere deGermania. Eecul militar a generat n modconcomitent izolarea diplomatica Franei,iar n virtutea politicii sale de prezervare aintegritii Imperiului Otoman, ea nu a fost

n msurssprijine consistent Romnia nvremea rzboiului de independen din1877 - 1878.1

Dup tratatul de la Frankfurt,asistm la o regrupare a Marilor Puterieuropene care vor lua iniiativa crerii dealiane, contiente csingure nu ar fi pututs i ndeplineasc obiectivele de politicextern. Imediat dupce a nvins Frana nrzboiul franco prusian, Imperiul Germanal kaiserului Wilhelm I a cutat sedifice

un sistem de aliane cu menirea de apermanentiza izolarea Franei. Promotorulacestei politici a fost cancelarul Otto vonBismark. Mai nti, n 1873 s-a creat alianacu caracter defensiv, denumit Alianacelor trei mprai, compusdin Germania,Austria i Rusia. Ulterior, va lua fiinTripla Alian (sau blocul militar alPuterilor Centrale), care nsnu includea iRusia. Dupparafarea acordului germano austro ungar din 1879, aliana PuterilorCentrale s-a constituit n 1882, odat cualturarea Italiei. n aceast perioad,incapacitatea Franei de a ajuta direct ieficient Romnia, precum i temerile iresentimentele pe care clasa politicromneasc le resimea fa de Imperiularist al Romanovilor, cea mai mare puteredin zona Orientului, au determinatBucuretiul scaute securitate i protecie2,aceast intenie concretizndu - se prin

semnarea tratatului de alian cu PuterileCentrale din 1883. A cntrit n alegereaopiunii i originea german a suveranuluiRomniei, regele Carol I de Hohenzollern.Dar acest act nu a avut ca rezultat un curscu totul nou i ireversibil n politica externromneasc. Indicii care s ne susinafirmaia exist. Bunoar, chiar dacinfluena politic a Franei era ntr-undeclin de netgduit n Romnia dup1871, se constat unele progrese n plan

financiar, industrial i bancar, graie n

were aware that they had not been able tofulfill by themselves the purposes of foreign

policy. The aim of Germany was to makecontinuous the isolation of France. This isthe reason for which it built up a system of

alliances. The first was the Alliance of thethree emperors, a defensive alliancepromoted in 1873 by the chancellor Ottovon Bismark. This alliance was made up byGermany, Austria and Russia. Then, themilitary block of Central Empires will beconstituted. But Russia was not a member ofthis block. After an agreement betweenGermany and Austria Hungary, concludedin 1879, Italy joined this alliance three yearslater.

France was not able to help directly andefficaciously Romanian Kingdom. TheRomanians feared Russian Empire of tsars.So, Romania searched for security and

protection.15 In 1883, the authorities fromBucharest signed a treaty with the military

block of Central Empires. The Germanorigin of the sovereign of Romania, CarolHohenzollern, was also important. ButRomanian foreign policy did not changeirremediably after this moment. There are afew evidences: financial, industrial and

banking progresses due to Frenchdiplomatic representatives from Bucharest.However, the German capital remainedsuperior to French and English capital. 16This situation is natural because the countryhad good relations with Germany.

At the end of the XIX thcentury, the isolated France approached toEngland and to Empire of tsars. Between

1891 and 1893, France and Russia signedsome agreements concerning the reciprocalmilitary aid if Central Empires attacked oneof them. In 1904, England and Franceconstituted the so-called Cordial Entente.Three years later, Russia and Englandconcluded an agreement dividing theirspheres of interests in Asia. So, the secondgroup of the main European powers, namelyEntente was made up. The members ofEntente were France, England and Russia.

The Balkanic wars caused an


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primul rnd diplomailor francezi acreditaila Bucureti. Totui, ponderea capitaluluigerman rmnea superioar,3 iar aceastrealitate este explicabil n condiiile ncare din punct de vedere politic ara

ajunsese s aib relaii privilegiate cuGermania.ntre timp, spre finele secolului al

XIX - lea a nceput constituirea celei de-adoua mari grupri a principalelor puterieuropene, anume Antanta, format dinFrana, Rusia i Anglia. Rusia s-andeprtat treptat de Austro Ungaria iGermania, apropiindu-se de Frana, ultimacutnd aliana cu Imperiul arilor pentru aiei din izolare. ntr-o primfaz, ntre anii

1891 i 1893, apropierea franco russ-atradus prin acorduri care stipulau ajutorulmilitar reciproc n eventualitatea vreuneiagresiuni venite din partea Triplei Aliane.Totodat, colaborarea franco englez s-amaterializat prin ncheierea aa - numitei

Antante Cordiale n 1904. Trei ani maitrziu, n 1907, formarea gruprii militare aAntantei a fost desvrit prin semnareaacordului anglo rus prin care cele doumari puteri i-au delimitat sferele deinfluenn regiunea asiatic.

Rzboaiele balcanice au reprezentatprilejul unei confruntri indirecte ntreAntanta i Puterile Centrale. PoziiileFranei i Imperiului austro ungar audiferit n ceea ce privete implicarea armata Romniei n cel de-al doilea conflict carea zguduit din nou aceast zon n 1913.Dei iniial Antanta a cerut Romnieiadoptarea unei poziii de strictneutralitate,

n cele din urm, intervenia Romniei departea Serbiei i a Greciei, care de altfel agenerat nfrngerea Bulgariei, s-a bucuratde girul autoritilor Triplei nelegeri, maiales a celor franceze. Dar amestecularmatei romne n lupta mpotrivaBulgariei nu a fost agreatde ctre PuterileCentrale, cel mai iritat fiind Imperiuldualist austro-ungar. Este cunoscut faptulc Bulgaria se numra printre protejateledublei monarhii. Indirect, gestul Romniei

reprezenta un afront la adresa Austro

indirect confrontation between Entente andCentral Empires. The policies of the Franceand Austria Hungary were differentconcerning the Romanian militaryinvolvement into the second conflict of the

year 1913. At the beginning, Entente askedfor neutrality but then its authorities agreedRomanian intervention in favour of Serbiaand Greece. The result of this interventionwas the defeat of Bulgaria. On the otherhand the decision of the Romaniangovernment was condemned by CentralEmpires especially by Double Monarchy ofAustria Hungary, which protected theSouthern neighbour of Romania. Austria Hungary perceived the Romanian action as

an offence to its power. After the peaceconcluded in Bucharest on 10 th August1913, Romania became the greatest powerof the region. France consented to this peaceand persuaded Russia to accept it.17 TheBulgarians were very uncontent because ofthe treaty of peace signed at Bucharest. Thistreaty offered Southern Dobrogea toRomania and after that the relations betweenBucharest and Sophia became worse andworse.

Although Romania hadconcluded a treaty with Central Empires, theRomanian government has never given upeconomic, cultural and even politicalrelations with the countries of Entente.Entente hoped to join Romania. Englandand France asked that Romania shouldimprove their relations with RussianEmpire. There was an essential condition ofthe Romanias entry in the alliance. On 14

th June 1914, the tsar Nicholas 2

nd

visitedConstana, a proof of the diplomaticapproach between Sankt Petersburg andBucharest.18

The First World War brokeout on 28th July 1914. The officials fromBucharest preferred to decide the neutralityof the country on 21st July/ 3 rd August.The treaty with Central Powers was notapplied. In fact this treaty stipulated casus

foederis, the obligation of Romanian

Kingdom to help Central Powers only if one


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Ungariei. Pacea de la Bucureti din 10august 1913, care a consacrat i a legitimatstatutul Regatului Romn ca cea mai mare

putere zonal, a fost aprobat de ctreFrana, iar la struinele acesteia i de ctre

Rusia.4

ntre Bucureti i Sofia vor existansn cursul primei conflagraii mondiale,friciuni permanente din pricina clauzelorteritoriale ale tratatului care atribuia parteade sud a Dobrogei, anume CadrilaterulRomniei.

n prima jumtate a anului 1914,pn la momentul declanrii rzboiuluimondial, dei Romnia avea semnattratatul din 1883 cu Tripla Alian, ea astrns legturile economice, culturale,

academice dar i politice cu stateleAntantei. Puterile Triplei nelegeri dejancepuser s i pun sperane ntr-odistanare a Romniei de Puterile Centrale.Intensificarea respectivelor legturiconstituia o dovad peremptorie n acestsens. Dac raporturile Romniei cu Frananu au fost vreodat cu adevrat ncordatechiar dac au cunoscut si momente deimpas, relaiile romno - ruse se cuveneauameliorate. Reconcilierea romno rusera vzutde ctre tabra Antantei drept o

precondiie primordiala aderrii Romnieila alian, obiectiv urmrit cu ardoare dectre factorii de decizie de la Paris, Londrai, mai mult sau mai puin, de la Sankt Petersburg. De aceea, considerm cvizitaarului Rusiei Nicolae al II lea laConstana, petrecut la 14 iunie 1914 s-anscris n cadrul acestor demersuri.5

Dup declanarea Primului

Rzboiului mondial la 28 iulie 1914,cercurile diriguitoare de la Bucureti aupreferat s decreteze neutralitatea rii,nepunnd n practic tratatul de alian cuPuterile Centrale din 1883. De altfel,respectivul tratat prevedea casus foederis,anume obligaia Regatului Romn de a venin ajutorul Triplei Aliane numai dacvreuna dintre statele componente aleacesteia era atacatde o a tera putere. ns,de fapt Austro-Ungaria a fost autoarea

agresiunii i nu Serbia i de aceea tratatul

of their members had been attacked by athird power. But Austria Hungarycommited the aggression, not Serbia.

France, England and Russiaconsidered the neutrality of Romania a real

success. After that, the both belligerentgroups increased their efforts and diplomaticpressures to obtain Romanias entry in theconflagration.

The authorities fromBucharest were aware that a permanentneutrality had been impossible. Theydesired national unity and the territories ofDouble Monarchy inhabited by Romanian

population. Although Romania had declaredits neutrality, the government leaded by the

prime minister Ion I. C. Brtianunegotiated with the both belligerents,Entente and Central Empires. France andEngland were the great powers which couldhelp Romania to get desired territories.Central Empires did not make any promiseconcerning the cession of Transylvania andBukovina. They promised only autonomyfor Transylvania and a boundaryrectification for the latter.19During the earlymonths of the First World War, anotherformer ally of Central Empires, namely Italyalso declared its neutrality. Romania andItaly signed an agreement concerning thekeeping of the neutrality. The two countrieshad to announce one each other eight days

before they left the neutrality. Theagreement will be renew at the beginning of1915.20 When we talk about the approach

between Romania and Italy we have to takeinto account the similarity of their interests.

The both states wanted territories of Austria Hungary : Romania aimed at obtainingTransylvania, Banat and Bukovina and Italyaimed at getting Southern Tyrol, Trentin andTrieste.

In 1914, 1915 and at thebeginning of 1916 there was a realdiplomatic competition between the two

belligerent blocks. England, France andRussia wanted to attract the neutralcountries, the former allies of Germany:

Romania, Italy and Bulgaria. Entente used


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din 1883 a devenit caduc.Declararea neutralitii romneti

sau a expectativei armate cu aprareafrontierelor, cum a mai fost denumitdecizia adoptat de Consiliul de Coroan

din 21 iulie/ 3 august 1914, a fost de bunaugur pentru statele Antantei. O arlegatprin tratat de Puterile Centrale a preferat sopteze pentru soluia neutralitii. Dupaceea, cele dou mari aliane i-auredimensionat eforturile i presiunilediplomatice pentru a obine concursulguvernului i armatei romne n rzboi.

Autoritile de la Bucureti eraucontiente c pstrarea unei neutraliti

perpetue era cu neputin n conjuncturile

actuale. Romnia dorea obinereateritoriilor locuite de romni care erauincorporate dublei monarhii austro ungare. Acest deziderat nu se puteandeplini dect prin ndeprtarea de TriplaAlian i prin participarea la conflictulmondial alturi de Antanta. Romnia i-a

proclamat neutralitatea dar n secret a purtatnegocieri cu ambele grupri, n principal cuAntanta, de aliana cu ea legndu-sesperanele de unitate naional aleromnilor, de alturare la statul naional a

provinciilor romneti ce se gseau subdominaia dublei monarhii. Aceasta dinurm nu a fgduit vreodat Romnieiatribuirea respectivelor teritorii, ci cel multautonomie pentru Transilvania i orectificare de frontier n Bucovina.6 n

primele luni ale celui dinti rzboi mondial,un alt stat legat de Centrali prin tratat,anume Italia, i-a declarat neutralitatea.

Cele dou ri care nu pus n aplicaretratatele cu gruparea austro-ungar, anumeRomnia i Italia au semnat un acord nseptembrie 1914, acord care prevedea

prsirea neutralitii de ctre una dintrecele doupri contractante numai dupun

preaviz de 8 zile, prin care s informezecealalt parte. Acordul va fi rennoit lanceputul anului 1915.7Apropierea romno

italian materializat prin respectivulacord are desigur la baz similitudinea de

interese ale celor douri. Ambele aspirau

the principle divide et imperato weaken therival group of powers.21

Entente and Central Empiresas well had military, strategic,economic,material and demographic reasons to attract

Romania. The military effort of Ententewould have been reduced. The enemywould have moved important troops fromthe Western front to the East. France wasthe state of Entente that desired the most theRomanian co-operation. France andRomania had territorial aspirations, the firstconcerning Alsacia and Lorena, the latterconcerning Transylvania, Banat andBukovina.

If France represented a great

power, the most important internationalactor of the Entente, its decisions beingoften adopted by the whole alliance,Romania was considered by the two greatgroups of rival powers as a pawn in theirunforeseeable and complicated vestedinterests. The points of view of France andEngland were almost the same relating tonecessity of Romanian intervention. Thiswas indispensable to strengthen the alliance.However, Russia sought to fulfill its ownexpansionist objectives and to subordinateRomanian intervention to its purposes.France and England, on one hand, andRussia on the other hand had cross purpose.

France and Russia wanted toobtain the support of all neutral states fromSouth Eastern Europe and Balkans:Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. Thediplomacy of Entente tried to persuade thecabinets from Bucharest and Sophia that

they should make war against DoubleMonarchy and Germany. France and Russiaattempted to create a block of Balkanicstates under the control and authority ofEntente. Romania, Serbia, Greece andBulgaria were the countries which had toconstitute the Balkanic alliance. Thisalliance would have been an important blowfor the interests of Central Empiresespecially if we think of the strategicimportance of the zone. In fact there was a

challenge for London, Paris and Petrograd.


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coincis cu privire la necesitatea atrageriiRomniei pentru consolidarea alianei,Rusia tindea s pun mai presus deinteresul coaliiei propriile obiectiveexpansioniste i eventual, s subordoneze

scopurilor personale intrarea n aciune aRegatului Romn.Antanta, n principal Republica

Francez i Imperiul Rus au plnuit s iasigure in corpore ajutorul militar alstatelor din zon balcanic, adugnd laSerbia, Romnia, Bulgaria i Grecia. Deaceea, a fost pus la cale formarea uneiasociaii a statelor balcanice, care ar fitrebuit s se alture Antantei. Pentrurealizarea acestui deziderat era nsnevoie

de concesii teritoriale reciproce ntre statelebalcanice. n opinia reprezentantuluidiplomatic al Romniei la Paris, AlexandruEmil Lahovari, guvernul romn putea sdeclare c era dispus s retrocedezeBulgariei Dobrogea sudic (Cadrilaterul).Grecia avea saccepte scedeze bulgarilorCavalla, iar Serbia urma s renune la o

parte din Macedonia. n schimb, Romniaar reclama obinerea Transilvaniei, Greciacea mai mare parte din Epir, iar Serbia,Bosnia i Heregovina9. Era propus o

prghie clasicde meninere a echilibruluiputerilor n zona balcanic, anumeacordarea de compensaii teritoriale. n celedin urm, dup mai multe contacte,

proiectul Triplei nelegeri de a reconstituialiana balcanic din timpul celui de-aldoilea conflict din aceast regiune, aliancare s includ i Regatul Bulgariei deaceastdat, a fost sortit eecului. Interesul

naional a prevalat n cazul fiecrei privizate, fiind mai presus dect interesulsubsistemului, anume Balcanii i dectinteresul sistemului, anume Antanta.Romnia s-a aflat n aceeai situaie eanedorind s procedeze la concesii care,

posibil, ar fi facilitat refacerea alianeibalcanice. Guvernul de la Bucureti, a creipoliticexternera conduscu abilitate dectre preedintele Consiliului de minitriIon I. C. Brtianu, nu dorea sfie singurul

care proceda la cesiuni teritoriale, care nu i

enter the war against Austria Hungary. Apolitical and military agreement in thisrespect was to be drawn up. The territoriesdesired by Romania were Transylvania,Maramure, Banat and Bukovina (as far as

the river Pruth).The Romanian authoritiesadopted a similar policy in the problem ofguarantees referring to future frontiers ofRomanian Kingdom. There were manycontradictions between the opposite pointsof view of Romanians and Russians on thisissue.23 France successfuly played the roleof mediator. Finaly, Russia had toacknowledge the territorial rights ofRomanians.

During their negotiations withRomanian government, Central Empireshave never promised to offer Basarabia.Wecan wander what happened if they did.Probably, the government from Bucharestwould decline the offering because theyconsidered Transylvania much moreimportant. This province was richer and hadan intense economic and cultural life. Therewas a powerful Romanian elite. Basarabia,the region between Pruth and Nistru, taken

by force from Romania in 1812, constitutedone of the reasons of misunderstanding

between Russia and Romania. The Congressfrom Paris of 1856 decided to give toRomania the south of Basarabia (thedistricts of Bolgrad, Cahul and Ismail). The

protectorate of Russia, ( inaugurated by theConvention from Akerman of 1826 andstrengthened by the treaty from Adrianopoleof 1829) was also replaced by the collective

protectorate of the seven European powers.After the Congress from Berlin of 1878,Basarabia was again completely undertsarist rule. In 1878, Russian troops tried tooccupy parts of the Romanian territory. Themoment of Romanian intervention wasdelayed because of the aversion and mistrustfor the Russians. During the XIX-th century,at the beginning of XX-th century andduring the First World War, Russia assumedthe authority of protector of all ortodox

peoples from Balkans but it only wished to


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erau avantajoase i condiiona efectuareaacestora de concesiile Bulgariei i aleGreciei.

Romnia a urmrit mereu s iconserve libertatea de aciune n timpul

tratativelor i n relaiile sale att cuAntanta ct i cu Puterile Centrale i rilebalcanice. Prin pstrarea libertii demicare, autoritile romne doreau sstabileascele nsele prioritile de politicextern ale rii, fr imixtiunea MarilorPuteri. Guvernul de la Bucureti nu doreaca ele sdecidn numele su.

Romnia a desfurat o politicidenticatunci cnd a fost vorba sobingaranii certe de la puterile Antantei cu

privire la dobndirea teritoriilor romnetiincorporate dublei monarhii austro ungarei frontierele aferente. Pe acest subiect s-auciocnit adesea punctele de vederedivergente ale romnilor i ale ruilor.10Frana a jucat cu suucces un dificil rol demediator, conciliind deseori poziiile opuseale Bucuretiului i ale Petrogradului, astfelnct Rusia a fost constrnsfinalmente, nufr regrete, s accepte doleaneleteritoriale ale romnilor.

n timpul negocierilor purtate cuguvernul romn pentru atragerea Romniei,Puterile Centrale nu au promis vreodat nmod concret atribuirea Basarabiei. Ne

punem ntrebarea ce s-ar fi ntmplat dacar fi fcut-o. Dar probabil cguvernul IonI. C. Brtianu nu ar fi fost prea receptiv,ntruct el nu acorda acestei provincii oimportan identic cu cea atribuitTransilvaniei, un inut mult mai bogat, cu o

via economic i cultural nfloritoare in care se afirmase deja o puternic elitromneasc. Basarabia, regiunea dintre Pruti Nistru, rpitRomniei ncdin 1812 aconstituit unul dintre motivele denenelegere dintre Romnia i Rusia. SudulBasarabiei, constnd din judeele Bolgrad,Cahul i Ismail, a revenit Romniei n 1956cu ocazia Congresului de la Paris, care ainstituit de asemenea protectoratul colectival Marilor Puteri asupa Principatelor

Romne, abolind garania unilateral a

conceal its expansionist tendencies. Theobjectives of Empire of tsars was thedomination over Straits Bosfor andDardanele and over the city ofConstantinopole. Romania had to prevent

the Russian march to the Straits and todefend its interests.There was a rumourconcerning an agreement between Englandand Russia on this subject. Then Romaniangovernment found out that only the

Northern part of Bosfor had been promisedto Russia while Constantinopole would

become neutral.24 Russian purposes of warrepresented a real threat for the sovereigntyand territorial integrity of Romanian state.This is the reason for which at the end of

1915, the royal government of Romaniarefused to allow Russian troops to cross itsterritory. They were to go to offer a militaryaid to Serbia.25

The Romanian governmenttried as much as possible to keep the secreton the negotiations with Entente. It desiredto remove the suspicions of the rival groupof powers. That is why Romania decided toconclude a trade agreement with Germany.

Entente and Romaniaperceived differently the necessity ofmilitary involvement of the latter. Ententeneeded Romanian aid to improve itssituation on the front. On the other hand,Romanian army was not prepared to fightfor a long timeand needed war materials andsupplies. This is one of the reasons forwhich Romanian authorities delayed themoment of military intervention. Romaniadid not enter the war in Mai 1915, when

Italy signed the protocol of London andbecame a member of Entente. TheRomanian authorities tactfully negotiatedthe details of political convention andmilitary convention with Entente. Ententeacknowledged territorial Romanian rights.The Romanian government insisted thatPolitical Convention concluded withEntente should stipulate the obligation forRomania and for the powers of Entente tomake general or separate peace only

together and the same time. Romania also


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Rusiei ariste, inaugurat cu prilejulConveniei de la Akerman din 1826 ireafirmat prin tratatul de la Adrianopoledin 1829. DupCongresul de la Berlin din1878, Basarabia a revenit iari integral sub

stpnirea arist. Tot n 1878, trupe ruse auncercat s ocupe pri din teritoriulRomniei. Momentul intrrii Romniei nrzboi de partea Antantei a fost aadaramnat i datoritaversiunii i nencrederiimanifestate fa de rui, cele punctate maisus i n continuare stnd mrturie.

n veacul al XIX-lea, la nceputulcelui al XX-lea i n cursul Primului Rzboimondial, Rusia i-a arogat calitatea de

protector al popoarelor ortodoxe din

regiunea balcanic, dar sub acest statutautoasumat se ascundeau de fapt tendinelesale hegemonice. Obiectivul de rzboiesenial al Imperiului arist era dominaiaasupra Strmtorilor Bosfor i Dardanele ia oraului Constantinopole. n 1915,Romnia considera necesar, pentruaprarea intereselor sale vitale, sse opunRusiei n marul ei spre Strmtori. Maimult, se rspndise tirea cRusia, n urmaunei presupuse nelegeri cu Anglia relativela Strmtori, ar urma s obin ntregulBosfor, mpreun cu Constantinopolul.Dardanelele ar fi devenit neutre. Mai apoi,s-a aflat c Imperiului Romanovilor i-ar fifost fgduit doar partea de nord aBosforului, iar Constantinopolul ar devenineutru, cea ce a mai temperat spiritele.11Scopurile de rzboi ale Imperiului aristerau percepute la Bucureti ca o ameninare

pentru suveranitatea i integritatea

teritorial a rii. Este i motivul pentrucare la sfritul lui 1915, guvernul regal s-aopus categoric tranzitrii teritoriuluiromnesc de ctre o armat rus care smearg s acorde ajutor srbilor12,considernd c o permisiune n acest sensar fi oferit ruilor un prilej pentru a lezaintegritatea teritorial.

n timpul negocierilor purtatepentru aderarea la Antant, cabinetul romns-a strduit ct mai mult posibil spstreze

secretul asupra acestora pentru a nu trezi

received the equality in rights with the GreatPowers at the general Conference of peace.But despite these commitments, just beforethe conclusion of the alliance betweenRomania and Entente, Russia managed to

obtain Frances agreement relating to a newanalysis of the promises.26 The GreatPowers did not desire to take into accountand to respect the interests and the aims ofsmall states.

Entente did not repect a fewof the obligations it assumed and Romaniassituation became very difficult at the end of1916.Wanting to preserve the independanceof its decisions in the relations with theGreat Powers during the First World War,

the Romanian government refused theRussian proposal concerning thereorganization of the Romanian army in theSouthern Russia at the beginning of 1917.The Romanian statemen rejected anytendency of the Russians who wished toimpose their point of view and tosubordinate royal army.

The king and the Romaniangovernment did their best to continue thefight against Central Powers at the end of1917 and at the beginning of 1918 but theexterior events made impossible anyresistance. These events were the conclusionof the armistice and the peace of Brest Litovsk by Soviet Russia and the invasion ofUkraine by the troops of Central Empires.Ukraine had been a buffer zone forRomanian state. The continuation of themilitary resistance meaned an act of suicide.However, France, England, Italy and United

States of America insisted for the keeping ofbelligerence. The peace of Buftea Bucharest concluded with Central Powersoffered to Allies the pretext to give up theircommitments. It is true that Romania didnot respect the article concerning theseparate peace, but the Great Powers did nottake into consideration the critical situationof the country, without offering extenuatingcircumstances.

But on 10th November 1918,

Romania re-entered the conflagration. Thus,


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susceptibilitile gruprii rivale, - careoricum bnuia Romnia- i a se expuneastfel unui atac. Tocmai de aceea, pentru amai nltura suspiciunile Centralilor, statulromn a procedat la semnarea unui acord

comercial cu Germania.Antanta i Romnia percepeau nmod diferit necesitatea implicrii n aciunea celei din urm. De pild, Antanta aveanevoie de aportul Romniei n funcie desituaia sa de pe front. Romnia ns eraobligat s i desvreasc pregtireaarmatei i s i completeze nzestrarea cumateriale de rzboi i muniii. Aceasta esteuna dintre raiunile pentru care nu s-aangajat n lupt nici n mai 1915 atunci

cnd Italia a semnat protocolul de laLondra cu Antanta i astfel Triplanelegere a devenit Quadrupla nelegere.Autoritile romne au dat dovad deevident tact diplomatic i politic atuncicnd au desfurat ultimele tratative pentrustabilirea detaliilor legate de conveniile

politici militarcu Antanta. Puterile dinaceast alian au recunoscut dreptulRomniei de a altura la statul naionalTransilvania, Banatul i Bucovina. Datoritinsistenelor romne, Convenia politic a

prevzut obligaia semnatarilor de a ncheiapacea general sau separat numaimpreun i simultan. De asemeni,Romnia i-a ctigat dreptul de a fi tratat

pe picior de egalitate cu Marile Puteri cuprilejul preliminariilor, al negocieri pcii ial conferinei generale de pace. Cu toateaceste promisiuni i a altora, chiar nainteca aliana sfi fost parafat, Rusia a izbutit

s obin n secret consimmntul Franeilegat de reexaminarea la o datulterioaraangajamentelor luate fa de Romnia irezervarea competenei de decizie naceastchestiune.13 Marile Puteri nu eraudispuse s in seama de promisiunilefcute statelor mici i de interesele acestora.

Antanta nu i-a onorat unele dintreobligaile asumate iar situaia Romniei vadeveni foarte dificil la sfritul anului1916. ntre aciunile Romniei prin care a

tins si pstreze independena de decizie

it was a winner state and consequently itsnational and territorial rights wereguaranteed as Entente promised in August1916.


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n relaiile cu Marile Puteri n cursulPrimului Rzboi mondial, este demn deconsemnat refuzul propunerii ruse cu

privire la reorganizarea armatei romne npartea de sud a Rusiei i respingerea

oricrei tendine a ruilor de a-i subordonaarmata romnn cursul cooperrii militare,oricum presratde mai multe momente denenelegeri i dispute.

Regele i guvernul romn au fcuttot ce le-a stat n putere s continue luptampotriva Puterilor Centrale la sfritulanului 1917 i la nceputul lui 1918, darfactori externi, independeni de voina lor,

precum ncheierea armistiiului i a pcii dela Brest Litovsk de ctre Rusia sovietici invadarea Ucrainei de ctre trupelePuterilor Centrale ,care pnatunci serviseca zon tampon au fcut de neconceputorice rezisten. Cu toate acestea, chiardaccontinuarea luptei armate nsemna unact de sinucidere n condiiile date, statelealiate, Frana, Anglia, Italia i S. U. A. auexercitat presiuni n favoarea meninerii

beligeranei.. ncheierea preliminariilor depace de la Buftea din 20 februarie/ 5 martiei a pcii cu Puterile Centrale de laBucureti din 24 aprilie/ 7 mai 1918 auoferit puterilor Antantei un pretext pentru ase debarasa de obligaiile asumate princonvenia politica din august 1916. Esteadevrat c Romnia nclcase articolul

privitor la pacea separat, dar Marile Puterinu au inut seama de situaia sa critic, frs i acorde circumstane atenuante ncondiiile n care Romnia i-a respectatcele mai multe obligaii iar Antanta le-a

eludat pe ale sale. ns prin reintrarea nrzboi din 10 noiembrie 1918, Romnia afcut n final parte din tabra nvingtoarei i-a redobndit dreptul de a se bucura decele promise n august 1916.

1Vasile Vesa,Romnia i Frana la nceputul secolului al al XX-lea (1900-1916), Editura Dacia, Cluj -Napoca,1975, p. 5.2George Cipianu, Dilemmes, options et risques dans les relations internationales de la Roumanie pendant laPremire Guerre Mondiale, inLa fin de la Premire Guerre Mondiale et la nouvellearchitecture gopolitiqueeuropenne, sous la direction de George Cipianu et Vasile Vesa, Presses Universitaires de Cluj, Cluj - Napoca,

2000, p. 14


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3 Mircea N. Popa, Contributions concernant les relations franco - roumains entre 1900 et 1914, in RevueRoumaine d Histoire, 1979, XVIII, nr. 3, p. 6044V. Vesa, op. cit., p. 46; Vasile Maciu, La Roumanie et la politique des grandes puissances la veille de laPremire Guerre Mondiale (octobre 1912 - aot 1914 ), in Revue Roumaine d Histoire, 1976, XV, nr. 4, p. 80 ;Paul Oprescu, Problema naional n politica extern a Romniei din preajma primului rzboi mondial, in

Revista de istorie, 1983, XXXVI, nr. 11, p. 11005M. N. Popa, Contribuii privind relaiile romno - franceze n anul 1914, inAnalele UniversitiiBucureti,1969, XVIII, nr. 2, p. 696Vezi Glenn E. Torrey, Romania and World War I, The Center for Romanian Studies, Iai, Oxford, Portland,19997Vezi Glenn E. Torrey, op. cit.8Hadrian Gorun, Demersuri ale Antantei pentru normalizarea raporturilor romno bulgare n vedereareconstituirii unui bloc al statelor balcanice, in Studia UniversitatisBabe Bolyai. Historia, volumul 51, nr.2, 2006, p. 1039 Archives du Ministre des Affaires Etrangres Franais ( A. M. A. E. F. ), Srie Guerre, Sous SrieRoumanie, D. 337, f. 19.10Vezi Hadrian Gorun, Les pourparlers russo roumains de 1915 au sujet des futures frontires de laRoumanie, in Transylvanian Review, vol. XVI, no. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 93 - 11211Arhivele Naionale ale Romniei ( A. N. R. ), Fond Diamandi, D. 29, f.11.12A. M. A. E. F. , Guerre, Roumanie, D. 353, f. 17113G. E. Torrey, The Years of Engagement, 1916-1918, inRomania and World War I, p. 21314Vasile Vesa,Romniai Frana la nceputul secolului al al XX-lea (1900-1916), Editura Dacia, Cluj -Napoca,1975, p. 5.15George Cipianu, Dilemmes, options et risques dans les relations internationales de la Roumanie pendant laPremire Guerre Mondiale, inLa fin de la Premire Guerre Mondiale et la nouvellearchitecture gopolitiqueeuropenne, sous la direction de George Cipianu et Vasile Vesa, Presses Universitaires de Cluj, Cluj - Napoca,2000, p. 14.16 Mircea N. Popa, Contributions concernant les relations franco - roumains entre 1900 et 1914, in RevueRoumaine d Histoire, 1979, XVIII, nr. 3, p. 60417V. Vesa, op. cit., p. 46; Vasile Maciu, La Roumanie et la politique des grandes puissances la veille de laPremire Guerre Mondiale (octobre 1912 - aot 1914 ), in Revue Roumaine d Histoire, 1976, XV, nr. 4, p. 80 ;

Paul Oprescu, Problema naional n politica extern a Romniei din preajma primului rzboi mondial, inRevista de istorie, 1983, XXXVI, nr. 11, p. 110018M. N. Popa, Contribuii privind relaiile romno - franceze n anul 1914, in Analele UniversitiiBucureti,1969, XVIII, nr. 2, p. 6919 See also Glenn E. Torrey, Romania and World War I, The Center for Romanian Studies, Iai, Oxford,Portland, 199920See also Glenn E. Torrey, op. cit.21Hadrian Gorun, Demersuri ale Antantei pentru normalizarea raporturilor romno bulgare n vedereareconstituirii unui bloc al statelor balcanice, in Studia UniversitatisBabe Bolyai. Historia, volume 51, nr.2, 2006, p. 10322 Archives du Ministre des Affaires Etrangres Franais ( A. M. A. E. F. ), Srie Guerre, Sous SrieRoumanie, D. 337, f. 19.10 See also Hadrian Gorun, Les pourparlers russo roumains de 1915 au sujet des futures frontires de la

Roumanie, in Transylvanian Review, vol. XVI, no. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 93 - 112

24Arhivele Naionale ale Romniei ( A. N. R. ), Fond Diamandi, D. 29, f.11.25A. M. A. E. F. , Guerre, Roumanie, D. 353, f. 17126G. E. Torrey, The Years of Engagement, 1916-1918, inRomania and World War I, p. 213

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