gandire_ limbaj_comunicare - integral

8/17/2019 Gandire_ Limbaj_Comunicare - Integral

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GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJCOMUNICARE


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Hipocrate- 460 î.c.

“Creierul- cel mai puternic organ

al corpului...”

-Inima sediul mişcării si

vieţii psihice

-T.inexcitabilităţii cerebrale

Aristotel 384-322 î.c.


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- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos

după 1300 scrie: “creierul este...rece şi umed pt. a diminua

extrema căldură şi uscăciune a

inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabularasa şi a primi orice imagine, lax

şi moderat de vâscos pt. ca

lucrurile percepute să-l străbată

uşor...


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”O imagine știin ț ifică asupralumii care nu înglobează

problemele con știin ț ei nu poateavea preten ț ii serioase de

completitudine. Con știin ț a este

parte a Universului nostru și deci

orice teorie fizică care nu -i face

loc, e șuează în încercarea de ada o descriere fidelă a lumii” Încertitudinile ra ț iunii. Umbrele min ț ii.

R. Penrose . Ed. Tehnică. 1999


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- amprentă a identită ț ii

Gândirea

- for ț ă transformatoare- factor de sănătate


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The effects of laughter on post-

prandial glucose levels and gene

expression in type 2 diabeticpatients .Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life

Sciences 85


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In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance,phenotypic information not encoded in

DNA sequence is transmitted acrossgenerations. In germline-dependent mode,memory of environmental exposure in

parental generation is transmitted throughgametes, leading to appearance ofphenotypes in the unexposed future

generations. The memory is considered tobe encoded in epigenetic factors like DNAmethylation, histone modifications and

regulatory RNAs


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Environmental exposure may causeepigenetic modifications in the germline

either directly or indirectly throughprimarily affecting the soma. The latter possibility is most intriguing because it

contradicts the established dogma thathereditary information flows only fromgermline to soma, not in reverse. As such,

identification of the factor(s) mediatingsoma to germline information transfer intransgenerational epigenetic inheritance

would be pathbreaking


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Factors such as RNAs and hormones,including neurohormones and europeptides,

have previously been considered topotentially mediate soma to germlinecommunication in epigenetic inheritance

In last decade, small non-coding RNAs(sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs(siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and

piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) haveemerged as master regulators of geneexpression in eukaryotes


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It is in this context that we would liketo consider the genomic “darkmatter,” one of the major mysteries of the post-

genome era. Perhaps no other topic in

contemporary genomics has inspiredsuch diverse viewpoints as the 95% of the genome,previously known as “junk

DNA,” that does not code for proteins.Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline informationtransfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)


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E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about humanbehavior by studying ants, termites, and bee

http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html

http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.htmlhttp://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html


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Language defines the very

structure of information.This is more than an empirical

truth; it is a rational and

scientific necessity; the laws ofnature are a language.

The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the

Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.

Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.


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Maintenance of cognitive control is amajor concern for many human diseasecondition, therefore a major goal ofhuman neuroprosthetics is to facilitate

and/or recover cognitive function whensuch circumstances impair appropriatedecision making.

Robert E. Hampson et al l . Faci l i tat ion and Restorat ion o f Cognit ive

Funct io n in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuropro sthesis that

Uti l izes Minicolum n- Specif ic Neural Fir ing . J Neural Eng.2012


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A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)

enabled a real-time transfer of

behaviorally meaningful

sensorimotor information between

the brains of two rats.

A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor

Information. Scientific reports.2013


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•Snsibilitate odoranta

•Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor

•Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolar-

câteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/

molecule sau grupari chimice•Suportul genetic pentru receptori:

de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene

pseudogene

Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences

and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010


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The studies show that the onset of

the neural events associated with freedecisions precede the reported onsetof the awareness of intention, and

suggest that conscious intentioncannot be a causal factor for free

decisions. Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice.Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013


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Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre

Jülich in Germany and her team

announced that they had done it lastmonth, when they published a three-

dimensional reconstruction of a human

brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65-

year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20

micrometres thick, stained them, imaged

them with a light microscope and then

used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers

to piece the terabyte of data together.


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…Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk

are working with the German optics

company Carl Zeiss on a newelectron microscope that would

image even thinner slices- 25 nm“Then you get to see every little

damn thing in the brain, from every

neuron to every subcellularorganelle, from every synapse to

every spine neck.


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•The new machines will have 61

scanning beams operating inparallel and will shrink this time

down to months. Denk estimates

that this will allow them to make a

computational reconstruction- “a

mouse brain in a box”


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Denk’s lab scanned minuscule volumes of

mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of

the mammalian brain. But computing alone

was not able to reconstruct the 300

gigabytes of image data the effort

generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people

to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they

meander through the slices. “We’ll have todevelop algorithms to get machines to do

the job as well as the human eye.”Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. “The human brain produces in

30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.”


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Neuroscience research provides

basic discoveries about how thebrain works and about how the

brain controls behavior.These discoveries are then appliedfor the good of humankind.

Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.

From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013


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Comunicarea este liantul

Universului holistic


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Using MRI scans, scientist can now

read thoughts circulating in our

brains. Scientist can also insert achip into the brain of patient who

is totally paralyzed and connect it

to a computer, so that throughthought alone that patient can surf

the web, read, and write e-mails,

play video games, control theirwheel chair, operate housholde

appliance, and manipulate

mechanical arms.


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”Thequestion of all questions forhumanity, the problem which lies

behind all other and is more

interesting than any of them, is ofdetermination of man's place inNature and his relation to the

Cosmos”. Th. Huxley

C t f l


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Computers are now powerful

enough to record the

electrical signals emanating from the brain and partially

decode them into a familiardigital language. This makes

it possible for the brain to

directly interface withcomputers to control any

object around it.


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Centuries from now, one can

imagine placing our entireneural blueprint on a laser

beams, which will then sentinto deep space, perhaps the

most convenient way for our

consciousness to explore thestars.


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Scientists are going even

furthure, by connecting the brain

directly to exoskeleton thatthese patient can wear around

their paralyzed limbs. One day,

our astronauts may even explore

the planets by mentally

controling mechanicalsurrogates from the comfort of

their living rooms.


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Part of this rapid progress

has occured becausephysicists today have a good

understending of

electromagnetism, which

governs the electrical signal

racing through our neurons.


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Maintenance of cognitive control is amajor concern for many human diseasecondition, therefore a major goal ofhuman neuroprosthetics is to facilitate

and/or recover cognitive function whensuch circumstances impair appropriatedecision making.

Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes

Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012


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Neuroscience is awaiting for a

breakthrough: An essay bridging the

concepts of Descartes, Einstein,

Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the

explanatory formulations in this special

issue. E. Başar, Karakaş . Intern. J.

Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194 –201

... understanding the brain/body – mind

complex is possible only when thesethree are considered as a holistic

entity and not as discrete structures

or functions.

Câmpul electromagnetic este realitatea


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Câmpul electromagnetic este realitateaizică cu care suntem în contact permanent

şi nemijlocit, deşi nu avem simţuri pentru ao percepe. În odaia în care stăm, în parcurileîn care ne plimbăm, în noi înşine, totul este

lin de câmp electromagnetic, în fiecaremoment, datorită câmpului electromagnetic,iecare cută a fiinţei noastre este pătrunsă de

toate melodiile care se cântă pe Pământ, başi de şoapte din afara lui, rostite poate cumiliarde de ani în urmă.

A.Ţugulea- Câmpul electromagnetic? Ed. Agir, 2011


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- Canale ionice

- Pompe ionice

- Transportori ionici

Sistemul de transport ionic

membranar (STIM)


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Molecule

hidrofobeSubst.

steroidice

O2CO2N2

Apă

Glicerol

Uree

ZaharozăGlucoză

Na+, H+, K+

Ca2+, Mg2+

HCO3-, Cl-

Molecule

mici

nepolare

Molecule

mari

nepolare

Ioni


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Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts

B. 2008)

Extracelular

Citosol

Bistratlipidic

(3nm)

Retinal

legat de

lizina


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transport pasiv

transport membranar

difuzie

simpla

mediată

de canale

mediată de

transportori

mediată de

pompetransport activ

bistratlipidic

canal

proteic transportori

Gradient deconcentraţie

adaptat după MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008


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Distribuţia sarcinilor electrice


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Concentraţia intra- extracelulară a

principalilor ioni în celula mamiferelor(mMol)

Ion Extracelular IntracelularNa+ 145 12

K+ 4 155

Ca2+ 1.8 0.001(rep) – 0.1(activ.)

Cl – 123 4.2Mg2+ 1.5 0.8


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Potenţial de acţiune

5 0

0

m V PA

Na+

K +

Transmiterea şi procesarea


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semnalului în sistemul nervos

II. Transmiterea nonsinaptică

Transmiterea efaptică

Transmiterea auto- paracrinăTransmiterea hormonală

I.Transmiterea sinaptică

Transmiterea sinaptică electrică

Transmiterea sinaptică chimică



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I. Date generaleSNC - 1011 neuroni;

Transmiterea şi procesareasemnalului în sistemul nervos

- 1000 sinapse/neuron

- alte mecanisme de comunicare

- neuron=microprocesor ?


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Sinapsa chimică


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Sinapsa chimică

Segment

presinaptic

E

AGONIŞTI

ANTAGONIŞTI

Sinapsă excitatorie

Sinapsă inhibitorie

Celulă

glială

Segment

postsinaptic

Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor de


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Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor debiosinteză

Neurotransmiţător Enzime Activitate

ACETIL COLINĂ Colin acetiltransferază Specifică AMINE BIOGENE

Dopamină Tirozin hidroxilază Specifică

Epinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şidopamin b hidroxilază

Norepinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şidopamin b hidroxilază

Specifică

Serotonină Triptofan hidroxilază Specifică

Histamină Histidin decarboxilază Specificitate incertă

AMINOACIZI

GABA Glutamat decarboxilază Specificitate probabilă

Glutamat Enzime dinmetabolismul general

Cale specificănedeterminată

Glicină Enzime dinmetabolismul general

Cale specificănedeterminată

Peptide cerebrale neuroactive


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Peptide cerebrale neuroactiveclasificate după localizarea tisulară

Categoria Peptide

HORMONI ELIBERATORIHIPOTALAMICI

TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH

HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI Vasopresină, Oxitocină

PEPTIDE HIPOFIZARE ACTH, B-endorfină, A-MSH, Prolactină,LH, GH, TSH

PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE

VIP, CCK, Gastrină, Neurotensină, Met-Enkefalină, Leu-Enkefalină, SP,Insulină, Glucagon, Bombezină,Secretină, SST, TRH, Motilină

PEPTIDE CARDIACE PAN

ALTELE

Angiotensina II, Bradikinină,Calcitonină, CGRP, NPYY, Galanină,Substanţa K (Neurokinina A), Peptidede somn

Sinapsa Colinergica


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Transportorde colina

Transportor

Transportor

vezicular de ACh

Muscarinici

carbachol

edrofoniu

Muscarinici

atropina

Sinapsa Colinergica

M.Gravis ?...

ACh

ACh

fizostigmina

vesamicol

hemicolinium

AChAch

AChE

Colina + Ac-Colina + Ac-

ACh

Colina

AcCoA

ChAT

Nicotinici nn.

lobelina

Nicotinici musc.

suxametoniu

Nicotinici nn.hexametoniu

Nicotinici musc.

D-tubocurarina

BNCh 188


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La nivelul

cel maielementar,noi nu

suntem oreacţie

chimică cio sarcinăelectrică...


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Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for

Grandmother Scientific American. 2013

Membrane ATPases are capable


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Membrane ATPases are capable

of absorbing energy from

oscillating electric fields ofdefined frequency and amplitude

and using it to perform chemical

work. The concept of the

'electroconformational coupling'

is used to explain how anelectric signal can modulate the

activity of a membrane protein.Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989


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A brilliant new scientific

landscape that will reshapehuman destiny is now trully

opening up. We are now

entering a new golden age ofneuroscience.

Consciuosness is just another stateof matter, likea solid, liquid or gas

Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014


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Suntem

ale Pământului,

Vlăstare

de Puterea

însufleţite

Gândului

Tinere


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